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The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan.
197 1 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather
information and skil l s learned in process and
present it in an eas il y access i bl e format. That
INF LATOCOOKBOOK came l oose leaf in a vinyl bin der
that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausa li to.
The first print in g was 2000 copies .
The experiences that qualified us as ' Inflato-
experts' occurred over an 18 month period in
which we designed. built, and erected i nflatab l es
for a variety of cl i ents and situat i ons.Charley
Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap
in flatag l es out of polyethylene and tape and
support them with used fans from Goodwi l l . That
was in the fall of 1969. The first one bui l t was
the l arges t, a 10Q'xlOO' white pill ow that was
bui l t for t he ill fated Wt l d Fest i val in
San Francisco, then after be i ng turned down fo r
Stewart Brand's Liferaft Earth Event, final l y
had i ts day at Altamont . There fo ll owed a year
in which we built numerous demo -in f l atables at
schools, .conferences, festivals and gatherings
around the state of California and beyond.
ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shap i ro, Kelly
Gl oger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip
Lord, Doug Hurr, Mi chael Wright,Curtis Schre i er,
Joe Hall, and Doug Miche l s.
The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was designed, and
put together by: Ch i p Lord, Curtis Schreier,
Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez , Doug Hurr, Doug
Mich els .with he l p from: Sy l via Oreyfus, Char l ey
Tilford, and Sot iti Kitrilakis .
Th i s SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new
form for ease of printing and di stribution. It
gets a new cover and binding. and some mate rial
has been omitted for update. St ill its a good
buy at the or i gi nal price of 3.00$, only at one
place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Ca lif 9410 1
- ANT CORPS 1973
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RECYCLING
The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it, but when it gets many holes in it, it
is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage
can - it will probably end up as land fill and never decompose. The best thing you can do
with it is BURN it. When polyet hylene burns it breaks down into CO
2
, H
2
0, and carbon
which is t he ugly black smoke produced but which will preci pitate out of the air qui ckly
and be absorbed by the earth.
It is possible t o recycle poly chemically, but it's an elaborate process and all the big
manufacturers find it more profitable to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum),
We think inflatable shelter is a much bener use for petroleum than buming it in an internal
combust ion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren' t in any one place long
enought to leave marks on t he earth after t hey're gone.
~ .. '

,

Clear Polyethylene
.... 10 tQ. tL--4 mil
u..... 10dl tt."'"
Mesh-:teinforoed Plastic
"' ...... ll!.o ..... _-
low.. 3 . xlllO).lL"'"
. Black Polyethylene
...... 1
0
--'"
.. thAD lo.r.o-1t. .....
"bout
FHA
Steel.niDforad. Woyera wire meSh, DOI1-ravd
edges, mo.tcd with liquid
c:dIub.e BumiDa' of 9>:10t
mesh is 1091bs.; of lul4t mesh lS71bs. Lub
sevo::nJ. seasons. Cut With scissors.
WOIl't rot ot' mild ..... , Keeps out Jjght,
ultra-violet raY$. Lasl$ J to s times loaget in
sunli&bt tlwI dea:r polyethylene. Salt-proof,
paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't becWDaged by COI".
rosive compost 5ibge ..ods. Cut to tile willi
scisaon. Available in 6 to fO-tt. width!.
Utility Plastic for .carpets"
11 0",(2 1 Milk-white tnnSluCJeft1 atm.. 30 iDc:he -..ilk. Giyas
effect OD. -b&thmom 1Irindows, shower doon.. IckaI. f..- temporvy .
carpet tuIIDer5. Diamond embossed 6Jm (1)
ribOed fdm (2) is "'IOl'e pliable; both typQ c:aD. be easily deaud by '
shaking. Sold pel" foot or in rO&. - . _.
1
Fi..... "2 ltibbocl fi... . . ",
l'u it. Shippiq ...t.. oz. . Per It. ShiJl1)iD 1Ribt .. =
32 32 ..
32 W 42276C. _: ....... S30 .. !I5 . 32 W 42272C ..... _ .$19095
, 1,'
AccesaorieIJ to
anchor plastics

( .. ond 5 I Snap Fallene ... Snap rovtn waOO 04

1ncl000000oitdoor V{oterproof CIaTh Tope. 60-1.
3;l lridth. W1. 6 oz.. Roll $1.19
Daub .. -fcc.d Mounting Tape. Strong ivory paper
lrith adhesive t.cklllf on b:>th sides.. 54-11. roll.
nw W1." oz . . Roll 7k
,!o.11e Cloth Tap
M&kei : .... cdlm\ sealant for air duct.., }OUIlII( Qr
:1IIOUi..1iriiplastiC sboetIna:. 6O-foot ron. 2-1n.. width.
l2"W-.4291:1-';'WU lb ... . : .... Roll $1.65
. \'.t:b..tNdc ... mill 0ne .... 1 I._"""",,*,,,",, troo
.............. --.
-;
..
p/:',
quidtly. Crowns all 2x2llIch pn:smre 5e115itive tape.
Studs on tape ocwood SCIt1JS. 10 each per pkg.
4 Tape-lItOUnted dud. for smooth surfac:ea.
32 W 429D3-Pq . '" 10. Wt." 0&. . . , pq. fie
5 Screw-in Stud. lor rough surfaces.. .
32 of 10. WL 4 01.. . Pq. 99c:
6 Breon G_. t.d Pla,tIc Ti. DowI\J.. ;Pressure.
sensitive a.dhesive. 4.!ix2.in.
32 W 42902-Pq. 01 10. WL 4 oz. .. ...... . pq. 990:.
'7 Molding Strip. Rei!! treated taW. For
moullting sheeting. " in. by 36 in. long.. .
32 W oi l s.. WL 1 lb. ..... Pte. SSt ,
8 IutlOrl 510.... 101" -anchoring ph$tk til
grouod. 61n;long, DOtchtd. Pkt. of 40.
13 W'lml-5hiPPinll 6 ""-. ....... pq.

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...
Si nce.polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil about 20 Ibs. ) a fan usual ly is a
better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support
the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume ai r sources; fans give out more
air at lower pressure. In measuring t he output of a fan or blower there are two considerations:
number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that
air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy W<1'( to measure static pressure.
A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble.
Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see
Anchoring section) . You can tet1 how mu(:h pressure your seams will wi thstand. Make
your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best
withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail
inthe side of the bubble and then you .are .. wind's mercy ...
.' i
, . ".
,-
Remember that for a public event it is . I ...
necessary to have a back-up fan that will , "'
support t he whole bubble if t he nu'mber . (' .1...(, '" " J ... . (./
one fan should fai l. Each fan must be " \..v . -:.ro' . _, -'
capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per
person indise the bubble. Having a working
generator on hand is iI good idea if your
power source is at all dubious. (We have
panicked when a fuse inside a locked
buildi ng blew.J'
This;s the 100' pil low before we put a net on it. When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up t he li ttle
strings we had taped to it for tiedowns. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40'X l 00' sai l tl1at you see in this picture.
All the little string9 popped and the bubble took off. We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release
all the air. Imagining a sail boat with a sail t hat big will give you an idea of t he magnitude of force involved. This was an
extreme case of low pressure, bu't you get the idea . . . . .-._--'--_._ ......
rl
1
II
,
de1ivery tube
A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). '
They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output.
I usually try to match up a used fan r am buying with something in their catalog for an
output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company
credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as t heir prices are about 1/2 to 3/5
retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run jf you get it wholesale, "
but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public
events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good.
About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time
office fan that he talked the city of New York out of when they air-conditiOf'led some
offices. This fan is a 24" di ameter, l' h.p., direct-dri..,e, two-speed fan with' a cast-aluminum,
t hree-prop air-foil bl ade and a sturdy, close-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about !
5,000 CF M at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at 1''' pressure. Having a strong guard on any
fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people. .
Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability.
The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the
'blade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move
around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wi nd - it is a
good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move
without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans t his way. (A good invention
might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.)
>.
eJ" best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, sixblade .
by a * h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got
The original motor (l' h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so
i
WARNING,
Fl)NKY GENERATORSI
EAT FAN MOTORS
test your ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place
to test it for you. The replacement '%. h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers
we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor
that shuts t he motor oft automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading,
incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation
Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is
a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC
MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately
12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard high ly recommended. ""," screen is good.
(Hinge pins are remdveabfe for transporting.)
Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with
electrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog.
12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS
1200 to 6IOCI CFM. 1 &. 2Speltd Tot . ll y En( lose-Q' C.yton Motol"$. Alulllinum Blltdes
U" FAN
$27 69 at a savinI up to 30%. Tb.l.II ven- frame with venturl dlschule. A bible pre-
turi_fr.me prefl!ITed everywhere punched motor hue taatent to vert cal. suPPort.
lftI s. u. bec.nse of ealle of Installation with O-boIL'l supplied. Panel has mOWltlDJr hole
IlIId efficient ventUaUon. Kit comes ' In each comer t or easy, seeu", mountlnJC.l1arcI_
complete. Totally-enclo&ed Dmon 1500 RPM ware kit included. Panels are 4"" wider I nd
sbaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM .split- hlll:her than fan blade sUe. For Ihutten, see
p'base, llSV. 60 Cy. motors: Motors ru,"",";-'.L!'""""e, ... ",;;:;",;;;-'
RPM 1ItU.!I
lroo 1200 1/20 7C867 S3O.3O $18.12 $ 17.53 13
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In order to arrive at how much ai r the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area
of holes it wi ll take for this air to pass through the bubble whiie maintai ning the proper
pressure in the bubble requires a seri es of calculations. Since the amount of air aTI! going
to pass through depends on the heating and cooling requirements. we must figure out woat
conditions ate going to make it hotter and how much hotter, then balance this with the
factors t hat are going to cool the bubble.
HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine
2) people. inside
COOLI NG FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin
4) passing air through the bubble
How to figure these follows:
1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSHINE
Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approxi mately 300 BTU/sq. ft./hr. of direct sunshine
(sun at 90 degrees to the su rface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset or as the
angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes.
It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you
are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat 98in will be somewhat less,
but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than
necessary rather than a littl e less ....
2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE
Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/person/hr. This
depef,ds on the level of act ivity of t he people. If the bubble is going to be-i n full sun, this
figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun.
HEAT GAIN
HEAT LOSS DUE TO CONDUCTI ON THROUGH THE BUBBLE SKIN
a '" (AH THU)
Q .. conduction loss in BTU!hr
A " surface area of t he bubble (not counting that
whi ch is one the ground)
APP. HEAT GAIN DVE TO SUN
T " the diffe rence in temperature insi de and outside
the bubble in degrees Fahrenheit
U " heat transfer coefficient for polyethylene (a.bout 1.2)
AN&LE
4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING AIR THROUGH THE BUBBLE
Qair .. heat loss in BTU/hr
W .. cubi c ft. of air moved per hour
C
p
.. heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft
3
)
T .. difference between inside and outsjde
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
Now in order t o use t hese fi gures, add together all the gains from heat and people. subtract from
t his the heat loss due t o cond uction, and solve the 4th formula for W or the amount of air you
are QOing to have to move.
5)""
In order to pass this much ai r t hrough a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes for the air to
flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance
curve (which has been determined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the required
number of CFM to be moved, and the following formula:
TO e U 8 8 ~ e
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lpHv
2
)
Pd "'2"G
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= pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft.
under normal conditions
= density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3
= air velocity at the hole (in ft.Jsee.)
= acceleration due to gravity
:. 64 ft./sec.2
v = (approx) 30 for normal conditions
Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with:
NOPE I ITS c-Z. HERES
"rN XAfYlPt.E TO SHOW
YiJV HdW. ,GO OVER
V ={ CFM at which fan is operating) (from calculation 4 above)
feet of opening
60 seconds
(the variable here to change minutes to seconds)
YO()R MSVMPT/()N5 HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN for determining fan and size
EXAMPLE
(fllN ifftl&e,E ,Erc) ANP 50'X50' pillow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will
CALCVLAT I ON5 BERJIlE be about half the pill ow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. There.will probably
8UY,/IIe;. be about 100 people at medium tohi!tl activity as there will be rock music. Outside
temperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K.
W
-- Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ...
. 0' 3 r"T} -SS'uwnii'9Glfoal':l.Lrnl=-:-"22'5506;oo's,o,q-yttr-----
1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun
(see chart) will gain,
\\
1 50 BTU/hr/sq ft. 1250
"-L ',,, 1 '" \f x 150
OV 187500 BTU gain/hr
\ 'ic "".., from SUD
z v 2)Body heat gain1l0
. gener,ating 500BTU/hr/person =
EXfhS' r.t (" "t, l ' 0,000 BTU gain per hr
3)Conduction Loss-

.<?, Q=MTU
Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr
Loss from conduction
.ox
ta
187,500 T yO" ooo - 85 ,0 0
Total Ga in per hour .
= ;!A,OOQ" ,
4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ihrougb
ilUl;8Rx
150,000 =(W)(.016)(20)
Two medium-size fans (around
W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour
,480 ,0 00
60 = W expressed in CFH
5000 CFH) migh t be a good
solution, providing good control
over the xaxx.xxaiaxi air-flow
W = 8 ,000 CFH
5 )
v.=(m
30 = V )
r ft opening
60
or
as wellaas a double blower system
opening = 4.5 sq ft.
Rough guess your door openings i x:tkia a bit
zxzaxXakaxZk smaller to allow for
zka(inevitable)tears which will increase
the area of air leakage.
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ANCHORING
If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system,
For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these
could be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier. anchoring. There are
a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges,
taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi.permanent installation
where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation on' a smooth
floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees.
fire hydrants), or where it wou ld be easy to drive tent stakes or augers.
The anchoring system must wi thstand not only windloading but also the internal air
pressure of the structure. Precise structural should be left to 2 engineers,
3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close
enough estimate of what anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and
second wi th wind loads.
PRESSURE LOAD ... On any suriace that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or
a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by
the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball. park figures on figuring
pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a pov.-erful direct ,drive fan is
2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib.fsq.ft.). A normal working pressure is llb./sq.ft. On a water
manometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib.fsq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep
a structure up with as little as Y.lb./sq.ft.
Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on
this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature. ' The tension is the
downward force you need per foot of edge.
TIft '" (P)(Rc) TI ft downward force needed
per foot of edge
P pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.)
Rc .. radius of curvature (in feet)
EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in' New York City was
200' X 60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors were parking meters
spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressur!! which
the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned
between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of
width) between meters) . Tension = (30)(2Ib./sq.ft.l and
Tension per rope " (9)(30J(2Ib./sq.ft.) .. 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test
3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used.
If you want to do an inflat.able with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): findthe
total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit
of length of the perimeter.
WINDLOADING
To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind.
(len"gth)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be
up to 10Ib./sq.ft. on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A
lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will ...... createmeo..-e.:
negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble.
Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the
back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane
wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III
would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative presS'-:Jre on the
outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A struct ure to be left up for
more than, say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to
postpone due to high wind) should be designed for 101b./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure
50' long and 15' high, the design force would be which is 7500 Jbs
force on the structure.
FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.l '" wind load
If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents
to the wind in a good, high wind.
I
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TOTAL LOAD
This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring
sy5tem has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor
point (such as when a square pill ow with a square net anchored down at each comer presents
one comer to the wi nd). then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on
each anchor. If the wind is coming di rectly against one side, then the windload divided by
the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for
each anchor.
TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS
TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the
whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into t he edge over
a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove t he inflatable by lifting it over the
bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because t he plastic floor
is eliminated. this type of inflatable wou ld also be good for a .gre!!!l house, storage facility, pool
cover, etc. These types might t end to last lcoger, t oo, because they are more static so people
probably wquJdn't walk through the wall s or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic.
WEIGHTED EDGE
Weighted Edge is anythi ng heavy that can be laid on the edge of the plastic or
taped into the edge. See illustration.
I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer T ~ i n g program
in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) that tied down
to a pieC1l of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A
20' diameter ci rcle of this phone cable weighed about 200 Ibs. The phone company
usuall y just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between
the"cable and the edge of the plastic. Thi s could be desireable if you want to circulate
a lot of air, but if you have pressure problems a flap could be taped on inside the
bubble. like on giant Bi rdAir and most commercial inf latables. A section of the detai l
might look like this:*
Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each
tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points
on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an
approximate shape, reinforce t he edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and
running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the
t ie-downs throug, the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress
at the point where the tie-<iown meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize
wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes
can be made in the same way as this.
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PNEUM,I..TtCS: At
HYBRID STRUCTURING
ATtIJ'f _no Mr. Bird', tmpre.lve c:hNw.
m.n1l1nd h_lng Mr. Lundy' . enthuulIm I
lIrilh to introci.lct . note of construct ..... pn-
6lim11m. P..JmImc.lly. I comider thet the
tppUc.t1on in the field of ItrUctures of
pnlUmltic techniques Is 106 involved whh
tpfving norrnal structural Ind shelter prob-
E
L 'It'h1l.1h.lntwmittent enclowre of
. "mmlng pool, or protection of trMtitionli
, ormruetion wori( b extremely uMfuI, ... ch
IIPPllcadom, if 100 iNkietpreld, can well re-
aJl, in the fo'lowlng actionf which .re detri
menU! to increasing the development of V
pneumatic technology:
11 Over-emphasis may be given to the static
siting of .ir structures..
2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional
structures be made.
3) The fixed-period accommodation avail
able with air structures may only be exploi-
ted for disaster or random-use of air struc-
tures.
All these actions can retard the investigation
of new applications requiring improved and
more complex air-structures. In addition the
development of new materials and fabricat-
ion techniQUes snould be related to new
applications rather than concentrate on trie
perfection of existing applications since
these very applications are still extremely
arbitrary.
White space exploration and defence pro-
grams provide a valuable technical "spin-off'
of the development air-structure technology,
its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the
near future, the technological advance of air
structuring related to civil and social activit-
ies. Too many architects and desi{11ers wait
to see what NASA and various Defence pro-
jects will produce. This conference must
increase the content and frequency of ex-
change between scientists, engineers, manu-
facturers, architects, planners and social
administraton_ An immediate task could be
to agree on the semantic definition of the
various structures and systems we are now
discussing (airsupported structures; air-
inflated structures; air structures; pneumatic
membrane structures; sealed pneuma"i: ic
structu res).
I n this paper, reference to air structures
ir.:;:ludes air-supported and air-inflated
structures, together with air-controlled and
air-moved structures. In addition, we must
keep mutually aware of the alteration of
attitudes of authorities and others to the
employment of air structures. In September
1965 the Department of Architecrure and
Civic Design of the Greater London Council
refused to license a high-pressure air-beam
structure for temporary use as a place of
public entertainment on the grounds that it
constituted merely "a tent withou_t poles or
frame". In December 1965 the same depart-
ment of the G L C were prepared to consid-
er the use of the identical structure on
receipt of calculations related to stability.
Only when a continuous exchange is estab-
IMtdc.n "IndNlW.i 'giroups- hi my c.-
..chlteci:t tnd phy.icll pI.nnen make
eccure!l' aJblUntlltld on
pneumatic UdtnolOW. At 'itl, mge of the
conference II1.t some.epec:tI of thi' tech-
nology which are of ... Intcnst to mt
an ...-ch it8ct:
a) Multi-memb,-.ne construction which
enIIbfes variable preauriution tnd contain-
ment (ct. paper by R. Szilard).
bl The lNllilllbility and performance If):if-
ication of trlfllParent membranes .
cl The contrd of light and radiation by
both membranes. intennembrane conatruct
Ion and contained gaaes. or l!quidl (ct. p.,..-s
by R. S:dl.-d and N. Laing). V
dl The containment of granular tubatances
between membranes to control humidity,
sou nd transference etc.
e) The capacity of controlled air movement
through the material of the membranes. Such
a possibility enables changes in the norm"
methods of foul air evacuation.
fl Multi layer bonding enabling v.iable cel
constnJction. Such hybrid construction can
enable the simultaneous use of hi!ll presaJre
seated volumes and low pressure air-support-
ed volumes..
gl UltrHonic bonding enabling an increased
variation of membrane material. An incre.
sed use of various materiats is urgently
required not only to enable varying structur-
al perfonnance specifications to be met but
also to achieve varying textural qualities.
h) Further information on the perform-
ance of hi!ll and low pressure structures in
movement. "tie existing U K inflatable
vehicle transporter which both protects the
vehicle and propel s it on the Hovercraft
principle is an example of this. Movement
must include the employment of the Hover
craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M)
principle.
iI Selfpacking, on deflation, of large vot-
ume membranes.
il A new method of costing airstructures
which is related to the variation of use and
not merely material and unit plant cost. Any
mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must
be accepted as a structural element.
The variation and individual control of vol -
umes singly or in combination enables the
separation of membranes related to the
elimination of particular adverse conditions
Ict. paper by R. Szilard).
As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist
in the conventi011al sense, their pneumatic
equivalents no longer need to provide the
additive structural support normally reo
quired. Only col lective stability is requ ired
and the air one breathes can become the
major structural force. This being so, the
interior fittings or divisions of such
sbUctures become relatively more perman
em (see the interior of Lundy/Bird US
Atomic Energy Commission's travelling
exhibit).
Movement of such internal parts must alsO
be investigated. The use of air-pallets for
such intermittent movement is extremely
valid. The use of an air-conditioni ng plant as
the structural pressure fee<i is onlv one
;
. .

; .-"=-".
-". ".
671721 D5 1 1
Paper given at 1st International Colloquium
on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart
example of the advantage of co-ordinated
use of air within such structure"s. Methods of
cleaning and mOl/ement related to the whole
or part of the structure should also be indu-
dod_
I n the past major urban congregation
areas were detennined by the location of a
large pennanent structure providing mass
accommodation or shelter such as the
Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the
Market Hall and Itle Sports Stadium. With
the use of air structures such permanence is
not requiredand so the additional restrict-
ions of the fixed site should now be avoided.
I n effect large air structures can enable
planner5 to r:everse the pattern of traditional
urban congregation and seNicing nodes
found in existing towns or cities. In new
proposed urban settlements such nodes need
no longer be pennanent generators of fixed
urban patterning.
Theuse of air structures to provide sAon-
term small and medium sized ~ i a l facilities
enables the siting of shon-term mobi le
housing to be independent of towns offering
similar facilities.
Air structures are already used to provide
industrial production space panicularty
where the demand for such space is likely to
fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the
mobile factory, but it must be further devel-
ope4 and its potential further exploited .
Work on disaster control and emergency
planning has, over the past years, produced
a wide range of pneumatic appliances and
applications such as fabddams,
dracones, vehicular hover-pads and
GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses
of air structures have not yet been seen as a
method of reducing the dependence of
emergency planning. That is, they have not
been viewed as a potential asset to society
enabl ing rapid yet variable control and com-
munication to be achieved. Such realisation,
backed by increasing design and develop-
meht work, can enable air structures to
contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity
in society's continuous control of the
physical environment.
This conference and the possibilities of
future exchange that it has created must
assist in establishing new priorities for future
work. While I accept the fact that develop-
ment of present projects is by no means per-
fect. a desire to achieve greater accuracy in
-the immediate tasks must not impair our
realisatiol"l. of the future potential.
Pneumatic.s, as far as partial or total structur-
ing are concerned, are likel y to stagnate un-
less this is realised. The field of valid applica-
tion has scarcely been touched.
The determination of the extent, inter-
action and location of activities that require
buildings is no longer a sufficient brief.
The quantitative assessment of the valid
social life related to panicular location must
also be made and designed for.
This then is the major role for <-if structures
now and in the future .
L

L
L
,
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A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWSPAPER'
DAILY
Faculty Urges U.C
Contr%f Air Labs
Some dared to enter, others iust gaped at this huge plastic air container In
Tr;ou", .... , ..... F310,"
lower Sproul Piau .it the U.C. Campus
Breathing- That's Their Bag
3F,IlKELEY- A 4O-by.w-foot can cam pus e ~ ~ ... iih their The voice invited onlookers affixed small yellow cl'rcles to
piastic bag was the theater, Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) per- to take shelter in lbe CAP oruookers' foreheads. ''These
~ : z g ~ a.nd prop yesterday Illr formed outdoors at the Uni 1500 which, it said, had been are sensors w.mch can be
vemty of california campus tested "in Akron under gov- monitored by a Human Re-
a chWingly realistic bit of as part of a three-day Envi. ernment contract," The air &lurces Sat e III t e whidl is
theater about a "day when the ronmentai Teach-in. system inflating CAP 1500 also t r-a c kin g your fmaJ move-
air becomes too polluted to As an 'air raid siren drew screens out deadly pollutants, ments," it was amiably ex.
breath!. U.C. students to lower Sproul the voice sai d. p I a fn e d by a I man called
"Air Emergency" was ~ n Plaza, a monotone loudspeak. Those who didn't go Into "F310," who described him
er voice informed them that CAP 1500 were given "nega sell as a " human mentad pro.
ceived and built by a Sausall an "air failure" had occurred tive census forms" to fill out g ram m e d only to answer
to "family" of dropout ar and those who couldn't escape before dying. questions from the press."
chilecls called the Ant Farm. from the pollution would die Whitejacketed Ant Far m The teach-in toncludes to..
The commune, touring. Amerir -- wtthin""1S"li'illitites. members wearing gas masks day.

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