— D) Universities Press ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL Second EditionUniversities Press (India) Private Limited Registered Office 3-5-819 Hyderguda, Hyderabad 500 029 (A.P.), India e-mail: hyd?_upilco@sancharnet.in Distributed by Orient Longman Private Limited Registered Office 3-6-7152 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029 (A.P), India Other Offices Bangalore / Bhopal / Bhubaneshwar / Chennai Emakulam / Guwahati / Hyderabad / Jaipur / Kolkata Lucknow / Mumbai / New Delhi / Paina © Universities Press (India) Private Limited 1992, 2004 First published 1992 Reprinted in paperback 1994, 1997, 2000 ‘Second edition 2004 ISBN 81 7371 489 4 Typeset by AICRA Info Mates Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad 500 020 Printed at Orion Printers, Hyderabad 500 004 Published by Universities Press (India) Private Limited 3-5-819, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029 =Contents Preface to the second edition vii Preface to the first edition viii Acknowledgements xi Copyright permissions xii List of symbols xi List of abbreviations xvi I REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (IS:456-2000) 1 1 Design principles of reinforced concrete structures 3 1.1 General features 3 1.2 Loads on structures 3 1.3 Permissible stresses (working stress method) 4 1.4 Reinforcements in structural concrete members 4 1.5 Working stress method of design 17 1.6 Limit state method of design 26 2 Reinforced concrete T-beam and slab-floor system 35 2.1. Design example 35 2.2 Design of continuous RC slab 36 2.3 Design of T-Beam 38 2.4 Design of L-beam 41 Exercises 46 3 Flat-slab floor system 41 3.1 Design example (interior panel) 47 3.2. Design example (exterior panel) 52 Exercises 58iv Contenis 4° Columns and footing 4.1 Design example 4.2. Design example 4,3, Design example Exercises 5 Water tanks S.1 Types of water tanks 5.2 Design example (circular water tank) 5.3 Design example (rectangular water tank) 5.4 Design example (Intze-type overhead tank) Exercises 6 Retaining walls 6.1 Design example (cantilever retaining wall) 6.2. Design example (counterfort retaining wall) Exercises 7 Staircases 7.1 Design example 7.2. Design example Exercises 8 Portal frames 8.1 Design of portal frame with hinged base 8.2 Design of portal frame with fixed base Exercises 9 Grid or coffered floor system 9.1 Analysis of grid floors 9.2 Design exariple 9.3 Design example Exercises 10 Design of bridge deck systems 10.1 Reinforced concrete slab culvert 102 Design example 10,3 Design of RC T-beam bridge deck Exercises I STEEL STRUCTURES 11 Design principles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods of design 11,3 Riveted connections 11.4 Welded connections 115. Design specifications of structural steel members 59 59 68 B 15 15 76 82 87 107 108 108 14 122 124 124 126 130 132 132 143, 150 152 152 154 161 165 166 166 173 179 195, 197 199 199 199 200 202 20312 Structural connections 12.1 Design example (beam-column connection) 12.2 Design example (beam-to-beam connection) 12.3 Design example (welded crane bracket connection) 12.4 Design example (riveted crane bracket connection) Exercises 13 Flexural members 13.1, Design example (floor beams) 13.2. Design example (crane gantry girder) Exercises 14 Plate girders 14,1 Design example (riveted plate girder) 14.2 Design example (welded plate girder) Exercises 15 Steel columns 15.1 Design examples (single-laced column) 15.2 Design example (double-laced column) 15.3 Design example (battened column) Exercises 16 Column base and foundations 16.1 Design example (slab base) 16.2 Design example (gusseted base) 16.3 Design example (grillage foundation) Exercises 17 Roof trusses 17.1 Design example (steel roof truss) 17.2 Design example (tubular truss) Exercises 18 Water tanks 18.1 Design principles 18.2. Design example Exercises 19 Mill bents 19.1 Design principles 19.2 Design example (mill bent) Exercises Contents v 2a2 242 244 245 248 251 252 252 255 262 263 263 274 281 282 282 286 288 292 293 293 296 297 302 303 303 314 329 330 330 330 343 344 344 344 357vi Contents 20 Composite bridge deck systems 20.1 General aspects 20.2 Shear connectors 203 Design example Exercises TI APPENDIX References Index 358 358 358 359 373 375 385 388Preface to the second edition ‘The first edition of the book has been well received by engineering students, teachers and practising structural engineers. The book has established itself as a useful text and reference material in most of the engineering colleges and technical institutions in the country. The second edition of the book is now presented, incorporating the changes required in the text material of Part I: Reinforced Conerete Structures, con- forming to the revised Indian Standard Code 1$:456-2000. The revised code emphasises the importance of Limit State Design, while the working stress method of design is specified in the Annexure of the re- vised Indian Standard Code. Consequently, the design examples are presented according to the limit state design procedure enshrined in the new code. Part II comprising steel structures is reproduced without any changes since the relevant Indian Standard Code [S:800-1948 has not yet been revised. ‘The revised second edition should prove to be a useful text and a valuable reference for students, teachers and structural engineers. Bangelore N. Krishna Raju April 2004Preface to the first edition ‘The widespread use of reinforced concrete and structural steel in a variety of structural members in the construction industry has necessitated a proper un- derstanding of the design and detailing procedures adopted by structural engi- neers. This book presents the whole gamut of design and drawing of reinforced concrete and structural steel construction systems in one place. The prerequisite for studying the material in this book is an elementary course on analysis and design of reinforced concrete and steel structures gen- erally offered in the fifth and sixth semesters of the civil engineering degree course in various engineering colleges in India. ‘Typical solved examples of designs of various common structural systems widely used in buildings and bridges are presented in a logical sequence with particular reference to the national codes. The designs generally conform to the Indian Standard Codes 1S:456-2000, IS:800-1984 and the relevant LR.C. codes. In keeping with the adage that ‘Drawing is the language of the en- gineer’, the various designs are extensively illustrated by structural drawings complying with the recommendations of the Special Publication SP:34, Hand- book on concrete reinforcement and detailing, to cleatly expose the intricacies of detailing reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. S.J. units have been adopted throughout the text for all design examples, with a number of design exercises provided at the end of each chapter. Solving these design problems will help the reader to grasp the various design steps and the relevant code provisions and their application in design. An outline for the reader ‘The first ten chapters under Part I are devoted to the design and detailing of reinforced concrete structural systems used in buildings and bridges. The first chapter is devoted to the study of basic design principles of reinforced con- crete structures conforming to the specifications outlined in the Indian Stan- dard Code 18:456-2000, for members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion. Chapter 2 deals with the design and detailing of T-beam and slab floors, widely used in college and office buildings. Flat-slab floor systems commonly used for garages, libraries and warehouses are covered in Chapter 3. The design and detailing of supporting systems like columns and foundations, are presented in Chapter 4, Storage structures comprising circular, rectangular ‘and ovethead water tanks are covered in Chapter 5.Preface to the first edition ix The design of earth retaining structures, like cantilever and counterfort-type retaining walls, is presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 covers the design of rein- forced concrete staircase systems, Portal frames with hinged and fixed bases. generally used in industrial structures, are covered in Chapter 8. The design of grid or coffered floor systems, normally preferred to cover conference halls, auditoriums and assembly halls, is presented in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 is de- voted to the design and detailing of common bridge deck systems, like slab culverts, for small spans and T-beam slab decks used for medium spans in the range of 10 mto 20 m. Chapters 11 to 20 in Part Il cover the design and detailing of steel structural systems used in buildings and bridges. Chapter 11 presents a concise summary of the basic principles of design of structural steel systems in accordance with the Indian Standard Code IS:800-1984. Chapter 12 is devoted to the design of structural connections like riveted and welded connections, generally used to connect the various elements of a steel structure. The design of flexural mem- bers, like floor beams and crane gantry girders used in workshops, is presented in Chapter 13. Plate girders, generally used in industrial buildings and bridges, are covered in Chapter 14. The design of different types of steel columns and foundations is presented in Chapters 15 and 16. Chapter 17 is devoted to the design of roof systems like steel angled and tubular trusses, generally used to cover workshops and auditoriums where large column-free spaces are re- quired. The design of overhead steel water tanks is presented in Chapter 18. Industrial structures, like mill bents, which are generally used to house large workshops, are covered in Chapter 19. Chapter 20 is devoted to the design and detailing of steel composite bridge deck systems which are widely used in the ‘medium-span range for highway crossings. To the instructor The book covers suflicient material for a two-semester course which can be offered in the seventh and eighth semesters. The first ten chapters covering the design and drawing of reinforced concrete structures can be covered in about SO hours in the seventh semester, followed by Chapters 11 to 20, cov- ering the design and detailing of steel structures, in the eighth semester. The instructor should first highlight the basic steps of structural design with em- phasis on the national code specifications. The detailing of structures is best taught in a drawing class while the students are preparing working drawings of the various designs. The students’ attention should be frequently drawn to the notations, symbols and abbreviations prescribed in the Special Publication SP-34, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, during the prepa- ration of structural drawings. The detailed drawings being the final recipe for construction at site, the students must be guided in the preparation of structural drawings with emphasis on clarity, dimensioning, adoption of scale for overall and detailed drawings and in the use of symbols for different types of rein- forcements and their spacings. The instructor may set some design exercisesx Preface to the first edition to students based on the patie of practice examples provided at the end of each chapter, as this will immensely help the students to gain sufficient prac- tice and confidence to face the routine as well as the competitive examinations. I welcome constructive criticism and suggestions which will immensely help in updating future editions of the book. N. Krishna RajuAcknowledgements The various references compiled at the end of the book have been extensively used in the preparation of the text and are gratefully acknowledged. I wish to express my gratitude to the many people who directly or indirectly have con- tributed to the content of this book and facilitated its publication: to Professors K.TS. lyengar and Prakash Desayi of the Indian Institute of Science, Banga- lore for their constant encouragement during the preparation of the manuscript; to Professor M.K.LIN. Sastry and Dr. Neeli M. Janakiram of the University Visweswaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore for their valuable sugges- tions and constructive criticism; to Dr. C.S. Viswanatha of Torsteel Research Foundation in India for providing reference material and timely suggestions; to Shri MR. Jayaram, Chairman, Professor Y.A. Prahlada Rao, administrator, Professor B. Krishnappa, principal and Dr. H.V. Dwarakanath, head of the de- partment of Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Banga- lore for the financial assistance extended for the preparation of the manuscript. ‘Thanks are also due to K. Srinivas for preparing the final typescript and VB. Prasad for preparing the line drawings. Special thanks are due to the editorial and production staff at Universities Press for assisting the author with editorial suggestions for improvement of the text. I am grateful to my wife Pramila for extending the fullest cooperation throughout the preparation of the manuscript. N. Krishna RajuCopyright permissions The various tables and figures which are either reproduced or based on the original source material with the kind permission of the authors, publishers and Indian Standards Organisation are compiled below. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are based on 18:875-1987. Tables 1.3(a) to (d), 1.4, and 1.8 to 1.11 are reproduced from 18:456-2000. “Tables 1.3(@) and (0) are based on IS:3370 (Part 11)-1965 Table 10.1 is based on IRC:21-1972, clause 305.13. Tables 11.1, 11.2, 11.5 to 11.7, 11,8(a) to (f), 11.9 to 11.12, 11.13(@) to(e) and 11.14 are reproduced from 1S:800-1984. Tables 11.3 and 11.4 are based on IS:816-1969. Table 17.2 is reproduced from IS: 1161-1979. Tables 17.4 and 17.5 are reproduced from IS:806-1968. Tables 1 to 4 in the Appendix are based on SP:6(1)-1964, ISI Handbook for Structural Engineers. References are invited to the latest editions of these IS publications for fur- ther details. These publications are available for sale from the Bureau of In- dian Standards, New Delhi and its Regional, Branch and Inspection Offices at Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Bombay, Calcutta, Chandi- garh, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Madras, Patna, Pune and Trivandrum, Figures 3.4, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1(a) and (b), 6.2, 6.3(a) and (b), 6.4 and 7.4 are repro- duced with minor modifications from the book Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi with the permission of the author and pub- lisher. Figures 5.9 to 5.12, 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, 9.1 and 9.2 arc reproduced from the book Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi with the per- mission of the author and publisher. Figures 10.1 to 10.25 and 20.1 to 20.9 are reproduced from the book Design of Bridges, Oxford and I.B.H., New Delhi with the permission of the author and publisher.List of symbols Area of cross-section Area of concrete section Area of tension reinforcement Area of compression reinforcement Area of transverse reinforcement for shear Breadth of beam Effective width of flange Breadth of web or rib Distance between vertical stiffeners Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column Thickness of flange Effective depth Depth of compression reinforcement from compression face Modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of steel Eccentricity Elastic critical stress in bending Characteristic compressive strength of conerete Design strength Stress in steel in the least compressed edge Characteristic strength of steel reinforcement Design stress in steel Outstand of stiffener Moment of inertia Effective moment of inertia Moment of inertia of gross section Moment of inertia of cracked section Stiffness of meinber Length of column or beam Effective span Clear span face-to-face of supports Length of shorter side of slab Length of longer side of slab Span in the direction in which moments are determined, centre- to-centre of supports Span transverse to L}, centre-to-centre of supports, Bending momentxiv List of symbols Me NESSUS POR VS on ow Equivalent bending moment Modular ratio Depth of neutral axis ‘Axial load on a compression member Ultimate axial load A constant Radius Spacing of stirrups Thickness of web Torsional moment Shear force Ultimate shear force Total load Distributed load Modulus of section Axial stress Permissible compressive stress in concrete Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression Permissible stress in steel in compression Permissible stress in stee! in tension Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement Permissible bearing stress in a fastener Permissible bending stress in slab bases Permissible bending stress in compression Permissible bearing stress Permissible axial tensile stress in the member subjected to axial tensile load only Permissible bending tensile stress in extreme fibre Calculated average axial tensile stress Calculated bending tensile stress in extreme fibre (steel) Calculated bending tensile stress in extreme fibre (concrete) Calculated compressive stress in concrete Calculated bending compressive stress in concrete Nominal shear stress in concrete Permissible shear stress in concrete Maximum permissible shear stress Permissible average shear stress Permissible average bond stress Equivalent shear stress Slenderness ratio in the plane of bending AnglesSer List of symbols xv Poisson's ratio Density Ratio of total area of both flanges at the point of least bending moment to the corresponding area at the point of greatest bending moment Ratio of moment of inertia of the compression flange alone to that of the sum of the moments of inertia of the flanges, each calculated about its own axis parallel to the yy-axis of the girder, at the point of maximum bending momentaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.I Reinforced concrete structures (IS:456-2000)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.10 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Table 12a continued Occupaney classification Uniformly Concentrated distributed load toad, ud (Nim?) (ky) Corridors, passages and staircases including ire escapes ~ as per the floor serviced but not less than 40 45 Corridors, passages subject to loads greater than from érowas, such as wheeled vehicles, trolleys and the like $0 45 Be 45 18:875 (Pat 11987, Table 1, clauses 3.1.3.1 Guide for equirements of low income housing. Wher unrestricted assembly of persons is anticipated, the value of ud should be increased t 4.0 kN, With fixed seats implies tht the removal of the seating and the use of the space for ether purposes is improbable. The maximom likely loadin this esse i, therefore, closely controlled. Bs (workshops and factories) varies considerably and so three load- Ings snder the term “ight, medium’ and ‘heavy’ are induced in eer 10 allow for more econom- ical designs but the terms have no special meaning in themselves cther than the imposed toad for Which the relevant fcor i designed. Iti, however, important particularly inthe case of heavy weight Foads, to assess the actual loads to ensure tha they are notin excess of 10 kN/an: in cases where they ae in exces, the design shal be based on the actual loadings. For various mechanical handling equipment which are wed to transport goods, as in warchouses, workshops, store rooms, ec, the actual load coming from the use of such equipment shall be ascer- tained and desig should cater to such loads. Table SNe. 1.2b__ Imposed loads on various typos of roofs “Type of root Uniformly distributed Minimum imposed load Imposed load measured measured on plan ‘on plan area Fat, sloping or curved roof with slop up to and including 10° ‘Access provided 1SKNin? 3.75 KN uniformly disti- buted over any span of one metre width ofthe roof slab and 9 kN uniformly 1/8 D Refer clause 26.3.2 of 1S:456-2000 for further details Fig. LE Reinforcement specifications in RC slabs (1S:456-2000) (b) Reinforcements in beams In beams, the minimum area of tension reinforcement shail not be less than that given by the relationaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.18 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete If the assumed depth is greater than that calculated from eqn (1.1), the sec- tion is satisfactory and the reinforcements are designed for the singly rein- forced section. If the designed depth is more than the assumed depth, the section is redesigned by increasing the depth. If the depth is restricted, the section is to be designed as doubly reinforced. ‘The main tension reinforcement in the singly reinforced section is computed from the relation Au = (4a) (2) where As, = area of tension reinforcement (mm?) ‘M = bending moment (Nmm) ou = permissible tensile stress in street (N/mm?) j= level arm coefficient (values of j compiled in Table 1.5 are more cr less constant for balanced and under-reinforced sections) d = effective depth (mm) x= neutral axis depth. k= dimensionless ratio (x/d) ‘The number of bars required in the section can be ascertained from Ta- bles 1.6 and 1.7 which give the weight and cross-sectional area of the bars for a given diameter and metre width for different spacings of bars. ‘Table 1.6 Area, perimeter and weights of round bars Diameter ofbar Area Perimeter Weight (um) (um?) (mum) (kg/m) s 0 15.7 O15 6 B 18.8 0.22 8 50 351 0.39 10 Bp 314 0.62 2 113 a7 0.89 16 201 303 138 20 a4 8 247 n 380 oo. 2.98 25, 41 785 3.85 3B 616 $8.0 4.83 32 804 100.5 631 36 1018 3.1 7.99 40 1237 1284 9.86 45 1590 1414 1249 50 1964 157.1 15.41 ‘Source : Adapied from Concrete Handbook, 1969. The Concrete Assocation of India, Cement House, Bom- bay.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.22. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete When 7, < 1, the permissible shear stress in conerete as obtained from Table 1.3, minimum shear reinforcements are provided at a spacing s, given by the relation 18:456-2000, Achy clause 26.5.16 ws (at ) a7 wheres, = stirrup spacing along the length of the member Ary = total cross-sectional area of stirup legs effective in shear ‘fy = characteristic tensile’ strength of the stirrup reinforcement (Nim?) which shall not exceed 415 N/mm? = breadth of beam or breadth of web of flaiged beam When 7, exceeds 72, shear reinforcements are designed in one of the fol- lowing forms: © vertical stirrups « bend-up bars along with stirrups ‘Where bend-up bars are provided, their contribution towards shear resis- tance shall not exceed half that of the total shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcements are designed to-carry a shear equal to (V — 7ebd). The strength of shear reinforcements V, shall be calculated as given below. For vertical stirrups 18:456-2000, clause B-5.4 v= (2) (1.8) Sy For a single bar or a single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross-section, Vs = (srAw sine) (ug) where T: = design shear strength of concrete b= breadth of the member which for flangéd beams shall be taken as the breadth of web by d = effective depth ory = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement whiich shall not exceed 230 N/mm? Avy = total cross-section area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance sy 5y = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the members (maximum spacing is limited to 0.75 d or 450 mm, whichever is smaller) a = angle between the bent-up bar and the axis of the member (+ 45°)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.26° Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 1.6 Limit state method of design 1S.456-2000, clause 36.3 4S:456-2000, clause F-1.1 (a) Limit states In the limit state method of design which covers the various forms of failure, structures are designed for limit states outlined by several investigators®?!, There are several limit states at which the structure ceases to function, the most important among them being The limit state of collapse or total failure of the structure The limit state of serviceability which includes excessive deflection and excessive local damage. Excessive deflection adversely affects the fin- ishes and excessive local damage results in cracking or spalling of con- crete which impairs the efficiency or appearance of the structure. (b) Design loads and strengths The design loads for various limit states arc obtained as the product of the characteristic loads and partial safety factors and are expressed as Fa = Fy a2p where Fa = design load = characteristic load ‘7 = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and the limit state being considered ‘The design strength of the material fy is given by fa=flrm (1.22) where f = characteristic strength of the material “1m = partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being considered ‘The values of partial safety factors are shown in Tables 1.8 and 1.9. (©) Design equations (WD Singly reinforced sections ‘The depth of neutral axis x, is obtained as (1.23) For under-reinforced sections, the neutral axis depth x, is limited to a value of Sums > 0.53d for steel of f, = 250 Nimm? Zumax * 0.48d for steel of fy = 415 Nimm?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.30 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 18:456-2000, clause F-2.3 1S:456-2000, clause 40.1 18:456-2000, clause 26.5.1.6 For %y max > %u > Dy, the moment of resistance may be calculated by eqn (1.29) when (Dylr,) does not exceed 0.43, and by eqn (1.32) when (Dy/xu) exceeds 0.43, in both cases substituting ty max by (iv) Limit state of collapse in shear ‘The nominal shear stress r, in beams of uniform is obtained as Ty = (Vu/bd) (1.35) where V, = ultimate shear force due to design loads b = breadth of member (for flanged section b = by) d = effective depth ‘The permissible shear stress 7- in beams depends upon the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement as shown in Table 1.10, When Ty < Tey minimum shear reinforcement is given by (>) vs ‘Table 1,10 Design shear strength of concrete Percentage Permibeible shear stress in concrete 7_ ( N/mm) reinforcement Grade of concrete (100A /bd) Mis M20. M25—-M30.=«M35——oMa0 ous 028 ~~«(O2s~=S=C«292 30 0.25 035 0.36 036 037 0.37 0.38 050 046 = 048049050050 07s 0s 056057088088 1.00 050 (062s 125 ost = 067070 onto wt8 10 oss 072078076 ok a9 175 on 075078080 2.00 on 0798284888 2.5 O71 0.81 085 0.88 0.90 0.92 2.50 071 0.82 088 O91 0.93 0.95 2.15 071 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98 3.00 O71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01 Source + 15456-2000, loves 402 140722, 403,4132, 4133 41 Sand HAR Note "Th term Au is the are of longitdina wonenreiforoement which continue a let oe fective depth beyond the section being considered, except a supports where the fll area of tension renforce- tment may be used provided the deuiling conforms o clauses 26.2.2 and 26.2.3 of I5:4562000 If 7, exceeds re, as given in Table 1.10, but is less than 7- max as given in ‘Table 1,11, then shear reinforcements are designed to take up the balance shear (Yu — Tebd).aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.34° Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 4S:456-2000, clause 43.1 For beams and slabs, the ve (viii) Limit state of serviceability (cracking) The Indian Standard Code specifies that if the spacing of reinforcements spec- ified in Section 1.4(a), (b) and (c), Figs. 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 are complied with, cracking is controlled and if greater spacing is used, the expected crack width should be checked ban an empirical formula given in Annexure G of the Indian Standard Code IS:456-2000. ‘Table 1.12 Modification factor ky for different values of p, and different grades of 100Ay bd 02 03 o4 os 06 os 10 12 1a 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 steel (Refer Fig. 4 of 18:456-2000) ) ‘Values of for Fe 280 232 212 190 174 154 14 132 126 421 116 142 109, 107 195 104 103 Fe ais 1.60) 1.40 127 17 LL 1.02 097 093 0.90 088 086 084 082 0.80 078 077 0.76 Table 1.13 Modification factor ke for different 2000) 1004, poe (Ie bd. 0.00 025 050 os 1.00 125 150 1.00 1.08 Lis 120 125 129 133 Pe values of pe (Refer Fig. 5 of IS:456- ( 1004. bd. 175 2.00 225 250 2.15 3.00 ) Fe 5000 124) Lis 1.07 1.00 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.83 og 0.79 07 0.75 0.73 on O71 0.70 0.68 al deflection limits may generally be as- sumed to be satisfied provided that the span/depth ratios are not greater than that specified in clause 23.2.1 of the Indian Standard Code. ke 1.36 139 1a 1.45 1.48 10aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.38 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 1S:456-2000, clause G-1.1 18:456-2000, clause 40.2.1. 23 us -anna-(M) _ ANS Age (11.87 x 10%) = 0.87 x 415Ay x w25[1 - (wittss)] Solving, Ag = 278 mm” Since the moment at the centre of span is nearly the same as at support, the same reinforcements can be used at critical sections. Using 10 mm diameter bars, the spacing is ye (Se) = (a) = 282 mele ‘Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 280 mm c/c at the centre and supports. (b) Distribution reinforcements Au = 0.12 percent of gross cross-sectional area (0.0012 x 1000 x 150) = 180 mm*/m Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c. 6. Check for shear stress 22.55 x 10 it aye (Ma (Fez 2 Nomina shear sess = 1, = (4) aoe) 0.18 N/mm’ 100A 100 « 278 ( bd ) = (aoe) 022 For slabs, k = 1.30 for 150 mm thick slab Hence (kr.) = (1.3 x 0.29) = 0.377 Nimm? Since kre > Tw shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. Design of T-Beam 1, Cross-sectional dimensions Effective span = (c/c of column supports) = L = 10.5 m Effective depth of beam (for heavily loaded beam) = (span/15) = (1050/15) = 700 mm Effective depth = = 700 mm Overall depth = D 750 mm. Depth of rib 600 mm ‘Width of rib = by, 300 mm Effective flange width = by = |(Lo/6) + by + 6Dy}aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.42. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 18:456-2000, clause 23.1.2 1S:456-2000, clauses 41.3 and 41.4 3. Factored moments and shear forces The L-beams are monolithic with the R.C. columns, The fixed-end moment (v#yL2/12) is approximate and yields safer values even if the ends are partially fixed. At the support section, bending moment is computed as My = (wyl?/12) = (27 x 10.52/12) = 248 KNm At the centre of the span section, the bending moment is given by the relation My = (wyl2/24) = (27 x 16.52/24) = 124kNm Maximum shear force at the support section is Vy = (0.5wL) = (0.5 x 27 x 10.5) = 142 KN 4, Effective flange width by = (Lo/12) + bw + 3Dy (10500/12) + 300 + (3 x 150) = 1625 mm by +.0.5x space between ribs 300 + (0.5 x 2700) = 1650 mm Hence by = 1625 mm 5, Torsional moments at support section ‘The analysis and design for torsion should conform to Section 41 of IS:456- 2000. Torsional moment 7, is produced due to dead load of the slab and the live load imposed on it. (Total self weight of rib) = (18 ~ 4.5) = 13.5 kN/m. Total ultimate load on L-beam = (13.5 x 10.5) 1.5 =213 KN Factored shear force = Vy = (0.5 x 213) = 106.5 kN Distance of the centroid of the shear force from the centre line of the beam as shown in Fig. 2.4 is 0.6625 m. ‘Therefore torsional moment = 7, = (106.5 x 0.6625) = 70.6 kNm 6, Equivalent bending moment and shear force Equivalent BM = Mg = My + M, i+ Bs) 17 —ap¢f L+.(750/300) =! ro.6[4* Ca) and M, = x{ | = 145 kNm Mg = (248 + 145) = 393 kNm Equivalent shear force is Ve = Vy + 1.6(Ty/b) = 142 + 1.6(70.6/0.3] = 518.5 KNaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.50. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Overall depth near drops Effective depth Overall depth (middle strips) Effective depth 5. Check for shear stresses Shear stress is checked near the column head at a section (D +d) near the column head. Total load on the circular area with (D +d) as diameter is given by IS: 456-2000, w= FO+ d) Wy clause 31.6 4 = 705 +0.27)? x 18 = 44.3 kN The critical section for shear in flat slabs is shown in Fig. 3.3. Critical section for shear Fig. 3.3. Critical section for shear in a flat slab Shear force = (total load) — (load on circular area) = (18 x 6 x 6) — 44.3 = 603.7 KN Shear force per metre of perimeter 603.7 603.7 = [oral = [ean] 86 _ (108.6 x 107 2 Shear stress = (sca) 0.40 N/mm Permissible shear stress = kere 15:456-2000, where k, = (0.5 + 8.) clause 31,6.3.1 and @. = (L/L) = 1 Therefore k, = (0.5 +1) = 1.5 but not greater than 1.0aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.54° Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Genin = 0.7 = 0.7 for (La/L1) = 1.0 =(f+2)\e (jac) = Hence = (1 + 2) = (: + aa) =2.43 and In = (6— 1.5) = 4: 3. Bending moments Total load = W = (wulaln) = (18 x 6 x 4.5) = 486 KN Therefore M, = (¥) = (=) =274kNm According to 1S:456-2000, the moments in an end panel are computed and distributed according to the following proportions. Interior negative design moment s (075-; 28 s) ce 0.10 =(0 75 - $5) 274 = 194 kNm 1S:456-2000, clause 31.4.3.3 Positive design moment = (09-25), 1+ = (06 - $3) a = 141 kNm Exterior negative design moment 0.65 0.65 - (2) m= (33) 2- 73 kNm. ‘The moments in the column and middle strips are obtained as given below. Interior negative design moment in Column strip = (0.75 x 194) Middte strip = (0.25 x 194) 146 kNm_ =48kNm Exterior negative design moment in Column strip = 55kNm Middle strip =0aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.58 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Exercises 3.1 Design Loading = 10kKN/m? Column grid = 8mx8m Materials: 'M 20 grade concrete 32 33 34 35 Fe 415 grade HYSD bors. Design an interior panel of the fat slab with drops. Design the fiat-slab panel and skeich the reinforcement details. A fiat slab is required for an office floor 30 m x 20 m. Column grid 6mx4m Live load 6kNim? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 HYSD bars Design an interior plane to support this load and sketch the reinforcement de- tails, Design the exterior panel of a fat-slab floor system for a warehouse 25 m x 25 m divided into panels of $ m x 5m. ‘Superimposed load = 6kNim? ‘Column size = 400 mm x 400 mm Height between floors = 4m Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 HYSD bars Design an exterior panel of the flat slab and sketch the reinforcement details. A flat-slab floor is proposed for an office. ‘Column grid 6mx8m Height between floors 35m Size of columns 400 mm x 400 mm Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars. Design an interior and exterior panel of the floor. An office floor measuring 35 m x 40 m is to be provided with a flat slab. ‘Column grid Tmx8m Diameter of supporting 350 mm column Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars Design an interior and exterior panel of the floor and sketch the reinforcement details.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.62. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 15:456-2000, Reinforcement in the central band width of 2m clause 34.3.1 ] (2 x 468) = 749 mm? Minimum reinforcement = (0.0012 x 2 x 1000 x 600) 1440 mm? > 749 mm? Hence provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/e (Ay = 754 mm?/m) 9. Check for shear stress (@) One-way shear The critical section for one-way shear is located at a distance ‘d’ from the face of the column. Factored shear force per metre width (longer direction) Vi = (250.5 x 0.7) = 176 KN ) =0.228 _ (00x 1257 * \ 1000 x 550, 15:456-2000, 100A, clause 40.2.1.1, ( mE ) Table 19 Permissible shear stress Nominal shear stress = 1) = 2) _ {176x108 ~ (11000 x $50, Since Ty < ksTe, shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. (b) Two-way shear The critical section for two-way shear is located at a distance of 0.5 d from the face of the column. 1S:456-2000, ‘Shear force on critical section clause 31.6.1 Vu = [3 x 2) — (1.05 x 0.85)]250.5 = 1280 kN Periphery of the critical section 9 = 21.05 +0.85) = 3.8 m _ (Ya) — (1280x1000) _ ‘ ws (#4) = (a Tat 350) = 0.612 N/mm 1S:456-2000, The permissible shear stress = kyr clause 31.6.3.1 where k, = (0.5 + 6) but 1 and 7. = 0.16 fz B. = (0.3/0.5) = 0.6 Hence ks = (0.5 + 0.6) = 1.1 but limited to 1 and 1 = 0.16/20 = 0.715 N/mm?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.66 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete IS:456-2000, clause 40.2.1.1 IS:456-2000, clause 40.1 IS: 456-2000, clause 40.4 45:456-2000, dlause 26.5.1.3 From Table 19 (1S:456-2000), 7- = 0.28 N/mm? Permissible shear stress = kyre = (1 x 0.28) (kere) > Ty shear stresses are within safe permissible 0.28 N/mm’, since imits. 5. Design of strap beam Service load on beam = w = (111 x 1.5 x 1) 166.5 KN/m Factored load = wy = (1.5 x 166.5) 250 kN/m ‘Therefore M, = 0.125w,L? = (0.125 250 4?) . st kNm Vy = O.Swul = (0.5 x 250 x 4) Depth of strap beam computed based on shear will be cea = tint that based on moment. Assuming Tr; = 1.2 N/mm?, += ()- (8) oom Adopt effective depth = d = 1150 mm overall depth =D=1200mm Ma = (08% Aud [1 - $25] 7 415Ae (500 x 10°) = (0.87 x 415Ay, x 1150) [! STOR Solving, 4s = 1288 mm? Provide 4 bars of 22 mm diameter (Ay = 1520 mm*) Vu 500 x 103 2 Shear stress = Ty = (#) = eo) 1.086 N/mm’ 1004y'\ _ (100 x 1520 ( bd ) ~ (a iat) S053 Refer to Table 19 (IS:456-2000) and read Te = 0.40 N/mm? < 1, Hence shear reinforcements are required. (0.40 x 400 x 1150) 100 Balanced shear force = Vas = [20 - = 316 kN Using 8 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups, the spacing is 2 (Ce Tee ) = 262 mn Adopt 8 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 250 mm c/c in the strap beam. Side face reinforcement of 0.1% of web area as specified in the code is provided. ‘The details of reinforcements are shown in Fig. 4.3.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.70 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 18:456-2000, clause G-1, 18:456-2000, clause 40.2.1. My = 08TfpAnd [ - al (33.84 x 10°) = (0.87 x 415Aq x 200) [i ~ AISAg 103 x 200 x 20, Solving, As; = 496 mm? Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/e (Ay = 565 mm?) Area of distribution bars = (0.0012 x 1000 x 250) = 300 mm? Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c (As; = 393 mm?) Working shear force at a distance of 200 mm from the face of column is V = 180.5(0.5 — 0.2) = 54.15 KN Factored shear force = V, = (1.5 x $4.15) = 81.3 KN _ (81.3 1000) _ a #) = (Sarco) = OAON/mny (3) = ( 100 x 565 ) =028 Shear stress = 7, = bd 1000 x 200 From Table 19 (1S:456-2000), read the permissible shear stress as kgte = (1-10 x 0.38) = 0.42 N/mm? Since k,t- > 7,, Shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. 5. Design of strap beam Load on strap beam 271 KN/m. The strap beam is analysed for maximum bending moment and shear force with column forces at C and D as reactions, Maximum positive working BM occurs at a distance of 1.67 m from column C and has a magnitude of Mmax(positive) = 374 kNm Factored Mmax(positive) = (1.5 x 374) = 561 kNm Maximum negative BM at D = (0.5 x 271 x 1.22) = 195 kNm Factored Mmax(negative) at D = (1.5 x 195) = 293 kNm Adopt width of strap beam = b = 500 mm . [im _ ‘561 x 108 Effective depth = d = \/ o7397-5 = \/ (138 x 20 x 500) = 638 mm Depth required from shear consideration will be larger, Hence, adopt d = 950 mm and overall depth = D = 1000 mm. The tension reinforcement for maximum BM in the beam is computed using the relationaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.74 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 46 ‘A combined trapezoidal footing is to be provided for two reinforced concrete ‘columns carrying axial loads 505 KN and 630 KN. Design the footing using the following data. Cross-section of column 400 mm x 400 mm Spacing of columns 4moc SBC of soil 100 kN/mx? Materials: 1M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars ‘The heavier column is near the property line and the footing cannot extend by more than 250 mm beyond its face.5 Water tanks 5.1 Types of water tanks 415:3370 (part Il)-1965, clause 3.3.1 1S:3370 (Part Il)-1965, clause 3.4.2 18:3370 (Part IV)-1967, clause 3.1 ‘The most common types of RC water tanks are 1. Tanks resting on the ground 2. Underground tanks 3. Elevated water tanks on staging ‘Water tightness is an important criterion in the construction of water tanks. Usually richer mixes with M 20 to M 30 grade concrete are used. The permis- sible stresses in concrete under direct tension and bending (Table 1.3e (i) are restricted to control cracking in concrete. The permissible stresses in steel are compiled in Table 1.3e(i). ‘There are three types of joints between the tank walls and floor. 1. Flexible or free base 2. Fixed base 3. Hinged base In the case of a free or flexible base between the tank wall and base slab, the walls are free to slide and expand, and the hoop tension developed in the circular walls due to hydrostatic pressure can be calculated easily. However, for hinged and fixed bases the coefficients for moments and ring tension need to be considered. These coefficients are expressed as a function of the non- dimensional parameter (#?/D1) where H = height of tank diameter of tank and t= thickness of tank wall. ‘Typical designs of circular, rectangular and Intze-type water tanks are out- lined in Sections 5.2 to 5.4.76 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 5.2 Design example (circular water tank) Design an RC circular water tank resting on the ground with a flexible base and a spherical dome for a capacity of 5,00,000 litres. The depth of storage is to be 4m. Free board = 200 mm. Use M 20 grade concrete and Fe 250 grade I steel. Permissible stresses should comply with the values recommended in 1S:456-1978, clause 44.1 and 1S:3370 (Part Il)-1965, clauses 3.3.1 and 3.4.2. Draw the following views: * Cross-section of the tank showing reinforcement details in dome, tank walls and floor slab. * Plan of the tank showing reinforcement details. 1. Data Capacity of circular tank = 5,00,000 litres Depth of water = 4m Free board = 200mm Materials: M20 grade concrete Fe 250 grade I steel 2. Permissible stresses 18:3370 (Pare 11 Table eae om = 1.2 Nima? (for tank walls) *" 1S:456.2000, = 2.8 N/mm? (for dome ring beam) : , 5 a clause B21.) 7% = SNimm! and Table] "= US Nf mo = 13 3. Dimensions of tank If D = diameter of tank (Fig. 5.1), CZ x4) = (2mm i) Therefore D = 12.6 m [oan Fig. 5.1 Circular water tankWater tants 77 4, Design of spherical dome 126m {(1/5) x diameter} (5) x 12.6} = 2.5 m Base diameter of dome Central rise of dome If R = radius of the dome, (R-2.5)? ? 6,32 Therefore R 92m Referring to Fig. 5.2, Semi-central angle = 43.2° Therefore sin 0 = 0.6847 cos 6 = 0.7289 Assume thickness of dome = 100 mm Sepecicl Fig. 5.2. Details of dome of circular water tank (a) Loads Self weight of dome = (0.1 x 24) 2.4 KN/m? Live load and finishes 2.0 kN/m? Total load w = 44 kN/m? (b) Stresses in dome Merigional a7 = ( wk ) 1+cosé78 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Meridional compressive stress _ (23.41 108 ~ (1000 100 0.2341 N/mm? < 5 N/mm? wR 1 sain (wo) 44 x9.2 1 -( -0.1 ) (0-799 - iam) = 60.72 KN/m? 1.06072 N/mm? < 5 N/mm? ‘Suess is within safe limits. (©) Reinforcement in dome Since the stresses are very low, a nominal reinforcement of 0.3% of the cross- sectional area is provided. Ay = (2 one 100) = 300 mm? to x50) Spcing of 8mm diameter bars = ( = 166mm Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 160 mm c/c both meridionally and circumfer- entially. (@) Ring beam Horizontal component of thrust Ti cos (23.41 x 0.7289) = 17.06 x 12.6 tex 128 7.06 KN/m Hoop tension in ring beam = ( ) = 107.47 KN 107.47 x 10° An = ( nS Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter (As, = 1256 mm?) If A, = cross-sectional area of the ring beam, allowing a tensile stress of 2.8 N/mm? in concrete, we have the relation ) = 935 mm? 1S:456-2000, clause B-2.1.1 rR a (x += wa) - 107.47 x 10° a kT = 28 Ac + (13 — 1)1256 ‘Therefore Ac = 23 310 mm? Adopt a ring beam of size 200 mm x 200 mm with 4 bars of 20 mm diam- eter as hoop reinforcement and stirrups of 6 mm diameter at 150 mm c/c.Water tanks 79 5. Reinforcement in tank walls (0.5 wHD) (0.5 x 10 x 4.2 x 12.6) 264.6 KN Tension reinforcement per metre of height (8 x 103 1S Maximum hoop tension A, ) = 2300 mm? Using 16 mm diameter bars on both faces, Spacing = (ea) = 174 mm Provide 16 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c at the base section on either face of the wall. 6. Thickness of tank wall Ift = thickness of tank wall, from cracking considerations 0.SwHD _ 1000r+ (mm — 1)Ag 246.6 x 10° oro 1000r + (13 — 1)2646 ) © ret Therefore ¢ = 188.7 mm. Adopt 190 mm thick tank walls. 7. Curtailment of reinforcement in tank walls Spacing of hoops is increased towards the top. Minimum reinforcement at the top = 0.3% (2 x 1000 x 190 7. a 2 00 = $10 Therefore spacing of hoops (using 12 mm diameter bars on both faces) 1000 x 113 x 2 = (ae) = 396 mm Maximum spacing > 3 times thickness of wall > 3x 190 > 570mm80. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Adopt 12 mm diameter hoops at 300 mm c/e at the top of the tank on both faces for # height of 1 m from the top. Spacing at a depth of 2 m below the top is given by (0.5 x 10 x 2 x 12,6)10° ~ nS = 1095 mm? 1095 = 367 mm cle > 300 mm cle Spacing of 16 mm diameter bars on both faces = (Ceeex?) Distribution and temperature reinforcement is provided in the vertical direction. Area of vertical reinforcement = 0. -(* ed ~ 100 ‘Spacing of 10 mm diameter bars on both faces - (os x2 a ) =274 mm Use 10 mm diameter bars at 270 mm c/e 8. Tank floor slab Provide nominal thickness of 150 mm for the base slab. Minimum area of reinforcement Ay = 0.3% (2 x 150 x ce) Too 450 mm‘ in each direction. Provide half the reinforcement near each face. Therefore Ay for each face = 450/2 = 225 mm? 1000 x 50 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars = ( i ) = 220mm ‘Use 8 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c in both directions, at the top and bottom faces of the tank floor slab. The details of reinforcements in the dome, tank walls and floor slab are shown in Fig. 5.3.Water tanks 81 Spherical dome al $6 @ 150 (ties) $8 @ 160 (meridional and circumferential stress) Tank wall Strip painting 12 @ 300 (hoops) Joint sealing ie | # 16 @ 300 (hoops) t 7 g10@270 200] $16 @ 300 (hoops) Details at A 22m . $8 @ 200 (both | Strip ‘ways and both faces) s painting 1 Sd Tio 15 Layer of ur felt Layer of M 10 grade concrete Sectional elevation -— n +} Topdome reinforcements 8 @ 160 (meridional and circurnferential steel) Plan e802 Floor sab reinforcement M 20 gnide concrete Fe 250 grade I steel , 4 seam 190 Tank wall 1 ops) F Fig. 53 Reinforcement details in circular water tank82. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 5.3 Design example (rectangular water tank) Design a rectangular RC water tank (resting on the ground) with an open top for a capacity of 80 000 litres. The inside dimension of the tank may be taken as6m x 4m. Design the side walls of the tank using M 20 grade concrete and Fe 250 grade I mild steel. Draw the following views: + Cross-sectional elevation of the tank showing reinforcement details in tank walls, * Pian of the tank showing reinforcement details. 1. Data Capacity of tank 80 000 litres Size of tank 6mx 4mm Free board = 150mm Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 250 grade I mild steel oo = =7N/mm? = 115 N/mm? (on faces near water face) 125 N/mm? (on faces away from water face) m =13,Q=141,j=0.84 2. Dimension of tank Referring to Fig. 5.4, ‘ 80.000 x 10° Height of water = (ae Free board = 150mm Height of side walls H = (3.35 +0.15) = 3. (L/B) = (6/4) =1.5<2 25m 7 H=35m x wt LP Fig. 54° Rectangular water tank It is assumed that the walls function as a continuous slab subjected to water pressure above (H/4) or 1 m from the bottom, and asa cantilever for the bottom, im. ‘Therefore intensity of pressure p (H — h) at XX 10 x 2.5) = 25 kKN/m?Water ranks 83 Alternately, the design Tables of IS:3370 (Part IV)-1967, clause 2.2 can be used for the computation of moments in tank walls. 3. Moments in side walls The moments in side walls are determined by moment distribution L=6m,B8=4m pL?) _ (25x 6) _ (z)=( 2 ) ae 2 2 (%) = As ) = 112.5 kNm pB\ (25x 4) _ (0B) - (Sx) - atm PB) (25x #)\ _ (8) = 242) <1 The moment distribution together with the BM diagram is shown in Fig. 5.5, oa 6m 06 +375, 425/416 +59/-59 kN (@)Moment distibution (b) BM diagram Fig. 5.5. Momenus in tank wails84° Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Moment at support ‘Moment at centre (long walls) Moment at centre (short walls) 4. Design of long and short walls Maximum design moment =59kNm 59 x 10° Therefore Tax 1000 = 204mm Adopt effective depth =215mm Overall depth = 250mm Direct tension in long wall 7 = (0.5 x 25 x 4) = 50 kN Direct tension in short wall T = (0.5 x 25 x 6) = 75 KN Referring to Fig. 5.6, ‘Ay (long wall comers) = (4 =) + ( r) oui ou Therefore Ag = [# z 10) = = Jo x 90) ees =3480 mm? 1000 x 314 Spacing of 20 mm diameter bars = ( Ser ) =90 mm ee Adopt 20 mm diameter bars at 80 mm clc (Ay = 3928 mm*) 215 ————+ Ly T 7 i T Y\ = | 250 ——————+| T=pullin steel Net moment = (M~ 7x) Fig. 5.6 Moment and direct tension in tank wallsWater tanks 85 Reinforcement at centre of span (long walls) _ [G3 x 10%) — (50 = 103 = 90) 125 x 0.84 x 215 2500 mm? * x *) 125 Half the bars from the inner face at support are bent towards the outer face at the centre, providing an ares of (0.5 x 3928) = 1964 mm, For the remaining area of (2500 — 1964) = 536 mm?, provide 16 mm diameter bars at 150 mm cle. For short walls, bend 50% of the bars towards the outer face at the centre, 5, Reinforcement for cantilever moment (For | mheight from the bottom) Cantilever moment = (3.5 x 10 x 1/2 1/3) = 5.833 kNm — (5.833 x 108) 2 Therefore Ag = (weeps) = 323 mm Minimum reinforcement = 0.3% = (C22ag 2) 100 = 750 mm? Reinforcement on each face = (0.5 x 750) = 375 mm? 1000 x 50° Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars. = ( ao ) = 130 mm cle Adopt 8 mm diameter bars at 130 mm c/c on both faces. 6. Base slab The base slab rests on the ground. Provide 200 mm base slab with 10 mm. diameter bars at 300 mm c/c, both ways on each face. The reinforcement details in the rectangular tank are shown in Fig. 5.7. For analysis and design of circular overhead tanks and conical tanks, refer to Krishna Raju '6!786. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete $4 250] ¢m ——____+} 0 ABE 419.9 200 +] 250 fac and both ways: 1M 20 grade concrete Fe 250 grade I steel 920@ 160 Vertical steel 8 @ 130 ‘All round, both faces Fig. 5.7 Reinforcement details in rectangular tankWater tanks 87 5.4 Design example (Intze-type overhead tank) 1S:3370 (Part I1)-1965, clauses 3.3.1 and 3.4.2 Design an Intze-type water tank of capacity 1 million litres, supported on an elevated tower comprising 8 columns. The base of the tank is 16 m above ground level and the depth of foundations is 1 m below ground level. Adopt M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade HYSD bars, The design of the tank should conform to the stresses specified in IS:456-1978, clauses 44.1 and 44,2. Draw the sectional elevation of the water tank showing reinforcement details in the dome, tank walls, ring girder, columns, braces and foundations. 1. Data Capacity of tank = 1 million litres = 1000 m? Height of support tower 16m Number of columns = 8 Depth of foundations = I mbelow ground level Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars 2. Permissible stresses For calculations relating to resistance to cracking Oa =1.2N/mm?, og = 1.7 N/mm, oy = 150 N/mm? For strength calculations, the stresses in concrete and steel are the same as those recommended in clauses B-2.1 and B-2.2 of 1S:456-2000. Occ =5N/mm?, m=13, Q= 0.897, 0.906, och = 7 N/mm? 3. Dimensions of tank Ra100 j ‘eadus) | Fig. $8 Details of dome of Intze-type water tank88° Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete freee 3-345 Fig. 5.9 Salient dimensions of an Intze tank Referring to Fig 5.8, let D = inside diameter of the tank. Assuming the average depth = 0.75 D, we have (2 x o1sp) = 1000 m? Therefore D = 12m Height of cylindrical portion of tank = 8m Depth of conical dome Diameter of the supporting tower Spacing of bracings ‘The salient dimensions of the tank and staging are shown in Fig. 5.9. 4. Design of top dome Thickness of dome slab ¢ = 100mm Self weight of dome = (0.1 x 24) 2.4kNim? Live load 1.5 kN/m?Warer tanks 89 Finishes = Total load w If R =radius of the dome D_ = diameter at base = 12 m = central rise ((1/6) x 12] = 2m (eare*) - (SS) =iom R ar 2x2 Semi-central angle cos = 8/10 = 0.8 ‘Therefore 6 = 36° 50’ Meridional thrust 7; Circumferential force = wR (cose = } = (4x10) (os-4+ ~ "8. = 10 kN/m 22.22 x i) Meridional stress = ( oo 100 = 0.22 N/mm? < 5 N/mm? = 0.10N/mm? < 5 N/mm? 1600 x 100 ‘The suesses are within safe limits. Providing nominal reinforcements of 0.3% _ (03x 100 x 1000) _ 2 Ag = (Rea) = 300 mm Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 160 mm c/c both circumferentially and merid- ionally.90 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 5. Design of top ring beam Hoop tension F, = (43%) = (BBagea 2) ioe we 12 106.6 x 10° — 4) = 7. 150 ) 10 mm? Provide 8 bars of 12 mm diameter (Ay = 904 mm?) If Ae = cross-sectional area of ring beam 106.6 x 10° (ae) = 2 ‘Therefore Ac = 77.082 mm? Provide 300 mm x 300 mm top ring beam, with 8 bars of 12 mm diameter as main reinforcement and 6 mm diameter stirrups at 200 mm c/c. 6. Design of cylindrical tank wall Maximum hoop tension at base of wall 2 where w= density of water = 10 kN/m? h = depth of water Therefore F, = (e*) = 480 KN/m Tension reinforcement per metre of height Au = (= x10 =< 2 io ) 3200 mm’ Provide 20 mim diameter bars at 180 mm c/c on each face (Ay, = 3492 mm?) Tension reinforcement required at 2 m below the top is dy G x 3200) = 800 mm? Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 180 mm c/c on each face. If t= thickness of side wall at bottom, ( 480 x 10° a aa) = 1.2.Therefore ¢ = 358 mmWutertanky 91 Adopt 400 mm thick walls at the bottom, gradually reducing the thickness to 200 mm at the top. Distribution reinforcement required at the bottom is given by Age (eae) = 606 mm? Provide 100 mm diameter bars at 100 mm c/c on both faces. 0.2 200 x 1000 Atthe top, Ay = ( we ) = 348 mm? Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm cfc on both faces. ‘The details of reinforcements provided in the cylindrical tank walls at different heights are shown in Table 5.1. forcements in water tank walls ain hoop steel Vertical distribution ich Face steel, each face (nm ele) (ram ce) 10-180 10-300 16-200 10-280 20-180 10-180 7. Design of bottom ring beam Loads on ring beam + Load due to top dome = (meridional thrust x sin 9 ) = (22.22 x sin36° 50') = 13.3 kN/m «Load due to top ring beam = (0.3 x 0.3 x 24) = 2.16 KN/m «Load due to cylindrical wall = (42) x 8x 24 = 57.6 kN/m + Sclf weight of ring beam (assuming a section 1.2 m x 0.6 m) = (1.2 x 0.6 x 24) = 17.28 KN/m Therefore total vertical load V; = 91 kN/m Horizontal force H =V cot = (91 x cotds®) = 91 kN/m Therefore tension due to vertical loads is given by ‘HD 91x 12 (2) ~ (Fag) ass92 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Hoop tension due to water pressure Hii (=) = (2 x8 x08 x 2) = 288 KN ‘Therefore hoop tension = (Hy + Hw) = ($46 + 288) = 834 KN 4: \ Aa= (22*) = 5560 mm? 15 Provide 18 bars of 20 mm diameter (Ay = 5562 mm’), Maximum tensile stress = 834 x 10° 2 2 = eres ueaiteeoy i a all Provide a ring beam 1200 mm wide and 600 mm deep with 18 bars of 20 mm diameter and 10 mm diameter stirrups at 180 mm cic. 8, Design of conical dome Average diameter of conical dome = 4 10m Average depth of water = (8+2/2)=9m ‘Weight of water above conical dome = (7 x 10x 9x 2x 10) = 5655 KN Assuming 600 mm thick slab, Self weight ofslab = (xx 10 «2.83 «0.6 = 24) = 1280 KN Load from top dome, top ring beam, cylindrical wall and bottom ring beam (7 12 x 91) = 3430 KN Therefore load at base of conical slab = (5655 + 1280 +3430) = 10 365 KN Load/unit length V2 = (23) = 413 kN/m Meridional thrust T = Vzcosec @ = (413 x cosee 45°) = 584 kN Meridional stress “(8 = * | = 0.973 N/mm? ° aaa) 0.973 N/mm? < 5N/mm Therefore the stress is within safe limits.Water tanks 93 Hoop tension in the conical dome will remain maximum at the top of the conical dome slab since diameter D is maximum at this section, Hoop tension = (peosec 9 +q cot @)(D/2) Water pressure p= (10 x 8) = 80 kN/m? ‘Weight of conical dome slab per unit area is computed as 9 = (0.6 x 24) = 14.4 kN/m? 6 = 45° D = 12m Therefore H = (80cosec 45° + 14.4.cot 45°)(12/2) = 765 kN 5100 mm? 765 x 10° Th a= (ee cn (a Provide 25 mm diameter bars at 180 mm ¢/c (Ay = 5470 mm?) on both faces of the slab. 0.2 x 600 x 1000 5 (GE DY Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 130 mm c/c on both faces along the meridians. Distribution reinforcement 765 x 10° (600 x 1000) + (15 595) 13. N/mm? < 1.2. N/mm? ‘Maximum tensile stress. = ( Stress is within safe limits. 9. Design of bottom spherical dome Assume thickness of dome slab = 300 mm Diameter at base D =8m Central rise r = (1/5 x 8) =1.6m If R = radius of the dome (2R -r)r = (D/2)? (2R - 1.6)1.6= 4 Therefore R = 5.8m Self weight of dome slab = (2x4 x 5.8 x 1.6 x 0.3 x 24) = 420 KN94 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Volume of water above the dome Qn x 5.8 x16 axe =woedt =r xa@42) -( 5 5 (58-16) = 440m? ‘Therefore weight of water = (440 x 10) = 4400 KN Therefore load ondome = = (420 + 4400) = 4820 kN Be _ (4820) _ #7 Load/unit area w = (- =) = 96 KN/m! Meridionel thrust 7; = (a) 4. cos = (8) = 0.724. Therefore 0 = 44.5° 96 x 5.8 140.724 323 x 10° 300 x 1000, Stress is within safe limits. Circumferential force = wR (cosa - a=) Therefore 7) = ( ) = 323 KN/m Meridional stress = ( ) = 1.07 N/mm? = (96 x 5.8) (0 724 - 80.1792 kNm all 1724 = 80.2 kNm 80.2 x 10° 300 x 1000 Stress is within safe limits. Provide nominal reinforcement of 0.2 % hg = (2:25 300. 1000 N10 Hoop stress = ( ) = 0.267 N/mm? = 600 mn? Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c circumferentially and meridion- ally. 10, Design of bottom circular girder Thrust from conical dome T= 413 kN/m acting at an angle a = 45° to the horizontal.Water tanks 95 ‘Thrust from spherical dome 7 = 357 KN/m acting at an angle @ = 44.5° to the horizontal. Net horizontal force on the ring beam = (Tycosa + Tos 8) = [(413 x 0.707) — (357 x 0.713)} = 38 KN/m Hoop compression in the beam (= 152 KN Assuming the ring girder to be 600 mm and 1200 mm deep, 152 x 10° 2 Hoop stress = (am) = 0.21 N/mm’ Stress is within safe limits. Vertical load on ring beam = (T1sina + Tzsin 3) = ((413 x 0.707) + (357 x 0.70)] = 542 KN/m = 17.28 kN/m =560kN/m Self weight of beam Total load w Total design load on the ring girder W = (Dw) = (7 x 8 x 560) = 14.074 KN The circular girder is supported on 8 columns. The moment coefficients for different numbers of columns as per Ramam- rutham '* are compiled in Table 5.2. Table $.2 Moment coefficients in circular girders supported on columns Nomber Negative Positive Maximum Angular ‘Angle of BMat BM a twisting distance between columns support centre moment for maximum the of spans or torque torsion columns n XK a Ky ° ° 4 0.0342 00175 0.0053 wn 0 6 0.0142 0.0075 0.0015 n 4 o 8 0.0083 0.0041 0.0006 9 3 45 10 0.0054 0.0023 0.0003 7 0 % 12 0.0037 0014 0.00017 6 1s 2» Source : Ramamnitham S, 1978. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, 8th edn, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Det, p20.96 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 18:456-2000, clause B-5.4 Using the moment coefficients given in Table 5.2. Maximum negative BM at support section = (0.0083 WR) = (0.0083 x 14.074 x 4) = 467 kNm Maximum positive BM at mid-span section = (0.0041 WR) = (0.0041 x 14.074 x 4) = 231 kNm Torsional moment = 0.0006WR = (0.0006 « 14 074 x 4) = 34 kNm Shear force at support section v= (4) = 880 kN Shear force at the section of maximum torsion (at an angle of 9.5° from column support) v= = (s80 180 ) = sane (a) Design of support section Therefine’ dt = 4| “OT ~ J Adopt effective depth d = 1150 mm, cover = 50mm. 467 x 10° 2 Ag = (we 0.9 x at) BOOB at 931 mm Provide 6 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay = 2946 mm?) 880 x 10° 2 T= (aa) = 1.27 N/mm 100A. 100 x 2946 ( bd ) ~ (a ) = 0426 From Table 1.3b, 7 = 0.27 N/mm? Since 7- < 7), shear reinforcements are required. 0.27 x 600 x 1150 Shear borne b: = (22 ee ee = 186 kN. Balance shear = (880 186) = 694 kN18:456-2000, clause B-6.4.2 1S:456-2000, clause B-6,3.1 Water tanks 97 Using 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups, spacing = (1504 9113 x 1150) _ 1 - 694 x 10° ~ item Adopt 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 110 mm cle near supports. (b) Design of mid-span section Maximum positive moment M = 231 kNm. =( 231 x 106 Ae 150 x 0.9 x 1150, ) = 1488 mm? But minimum area of reinforcement in the section _ (2 x 600 x 1200 = 2 100 ) = 2160 mm Provide 5 bars of 25 mm diameter at mid-span section and 4-legged stirrups of 10 mm diameter at 300 mm c/c (©) Design of section subjected to maximum torsion T =34kNm D Vo =S521KN M =0 a +2/t) =34 (: + ie) =60kNm Therefore Me, = (M+ M,) = (0 +60) = 60 kNm 60 x 10° ~~ \T50x 0.9 x 1150 =120mm 600 mm = 150mm As ) = 387 mm? But minimum area of tension reinforcement gee (2 x 600 x 1200 = 2 100 ) = 2160 mm’ Provide 5 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay = 2455 mm?) Equivalent shear Ve = (V + 1.6(7/6)) = (sa +1.6x i) = 612 KN 06 _ (612x108) 4 = (333) = 0.88 N/mm 1004s, _ 100 x 2455) ( bd ) = (Sots) -°298 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete From Table 1.3b, r; = 0.24 N/mm? Since 7, > 7, shear reinforcements are required Using 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups with the side covers of 25 mm and top and bottom covers of $0 mm, spacing 15:456-2000, _ (Antsy 4x 113 x 150 clause B-6.4.3 a= (< = =) (waas = 0.24)600, ) = 188 mm Adopt 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 180 mm c/e. 11, Design of column of supporting tower The supporting tower comprises 8 equally spaced columns on a circle of 8 m diameter. Loads on columns 4 074° Vertical load on each column = 3 = 1760 kN + Self weight of column of height 16 m and diameter 650 mm = (F * 0.65" x 16 x 24) = 127 N 4 + Self weight of bracings (3 numbers at 4 m intervals, 7x8 8 (size 500 mm x 500 mm) = (3 x05 x0.5 x «28) = 57kN ‘Total vertical load on each = (1760 + 127 + 57) = 1944 kN Wind forces on column Intensity of wind pressure = 1.5 kN/m?. Reduction coefficient for circular shape = 0.7 © Wind force on top dome and cylindrical wall = (8+ 2/2) x 0.7 x 15 x 12= 114 kN + Wind force on conical dome = (2% 10 x 0.7 x 1.5) =21 KN + Wind force on bottom ring beam = (1.2 x8 x07 x 1.5) = 11 kN + Wind force on five columns = (5 x 0.65 x 16 x 0.7 x 1.5) = 55 KN * Wind force on bracings = (05x8x3« 15) = 18kN ‘Therefore total horizontal wind force = (114421 + 11 +55 + 18) = 219 KNWater tanks 99 Assuming contraflexure points at mid-height of columns and fixity at base due to raft foundations, the moment at the base of the columns is computed as Mo= # x4) = 438 kNm 2 If M, = momentat the base of the column due to wind loads = (114 x 23) + (21 x 17) + (11 x 16) + (6 x 12) +(6 x 8) + (6x 4) = 3299 kNm_ and V = reaction developed at the base of exterior columns, M, =0M+~r7 n v 4\? 3299 = 439 + > [2 ~+4(5) | Therefore V = 179 kN Therefore load on leeward column at base = (1944 +179) = 2123 kN. Moment in each column at base = (438/8) = 55 kNm Axial load P = 2123 kN Bending moment M = $5 kNm Eccentricity e = (M/P) = (55 x 10°/2123 x 103) Since eccentricity is small, direct stresses are predominant. Using 8 bars of 32 mm diameter and lateral ties of 10 mm diameter at 300 mm cle. Ase = (8 x 804) = 6432 mm? Equivalent area of composite section 2 ae (“= +15 x13 x 22) = 0.45 x 10° mm? Equivalent second moment of area of composite section 4 2 Le (2 335 ) + (15 « 13) [tsar +e x01 (22) ] = 13.48 x 10° mm100 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Direct compressive stress Be (22 x10 fee = \ 0.45 x 108 ) = 4.71 N/mm? 55 x 10% x 325 os) = 2 3a x10 1.32 N/mm’ Bending stress = o/,, = ( Permissible stresses in concrete are increased by 33.33% while considering the wind effect, 15:456-2000, Geo, Oey clause B-4.1 On oa) SO Therefore 471 1.32 (5 Txia3) = 084 <1 Stress is within safe limits. 12, Design of bracings Moment in brace = (2x moment in column x V2) M (2 x 55 x v2) = 156kNm Section of brace = 500 mm x 500 mm Therefore b = 500 mm, d= 450 mm ‘Moment of resistance of section M, = (0.897 x 500 x 450") = 91 x 10° Nmm = 91 kNm Balance moment Mz = (M ~ Mi) (156 - 91) 65 kNm 91 x 10° 2 Ag = (po eI _) 2 i (aa x09 x oF) 976 mm 65 x 10° 2 As, = (3) = 707 mm’ Ag = (Ag, + Asn) = 1683 mm? Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay = 1964 mm2) at the top and bottom since wind direction is reversible. Length of brace L = (2 x 4 x sin22.5°) = 3.06m Maximum shear force in brace _ ( moment in brace ~ \172Tength of brace15:456-2000, clause B-5.4 and Table 23 Water tanks 101 156. (ss 556) OREN ty (= 1e = 2 wo) 0.45 N/mm’ 100Ag) _ (100 x 1964) _ (Sa*) - (aoxaar) =" From Table 1.3b, T; = 0.37 N/mm Since 7, > 7e, shear reinforcements are required. Shear borne by concrete _ (0:37 $00 x 450 ~ 1000 Balance shear = (102 ~ 83) = 19 KN Using 10 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups, spacing _ (230.2 x 79 x 450 a= 19 x 10° But 5, ® 0.75d or 450 mm, whicheveris less. Therefore sy = (0.75 x 450) = 337 mm Adopt 10 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups at 330 mm c/c )) = s31 860 mm 13. Design of foundations A circular girder with a raft slab is provided for the tower foundations Total load on foundations = (1944 x 8) = 15.552 kN Self weight of foundations at 10% = 1555 KN Total load = 17 107kN SBC of soil at site 250 kKN/m? ‘Therefore area of foundation = (17107/250) = 68.4 m? If a raft slab with equal projection on either side of a circular ring beam is provided and if = width of raft slab, then (wx 8 xb) = 68.4m Therefore b = 2.72 m Adopt a raft slab of 5 m inner diameter and 11 m outer diameter (b = 3 m) (a) Design of circular girder ‘Total load on circular girder W = 15 552 kN 15 552 x8 Load per metre on girder = ( = 618.8 KN/m102 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Referring to moment coefficients given in Table 5.2, the maximum moments in the circular girder are computed. Maximum negative moment at support = 0.0083 WR = (0.0083 x 15 $52 x 4) = 516 kNm Maximum positive moment at mid-span = 0.0041 WR = (0.0041 x 15 552 x 4) = 255 kNm Maximum torsional moment (at 9.5°from either support) = 0.0006WR = (0.0006 x 15552 x 4) = 37.3 kNm Shear force at support section Yin (aes x x i) Zan Shear force at section of maximum torsion 618 x mx 4x95 180 ‘The Support section is designed for a maximum negative moment ve (s- ) = sean M = 516 kNmand a shear force V = 972 KN. Assuming the width of section b= 750 mm, 516 x 10° Effective depth d 875 mm? Adopt d = 930 mm, overall depth D = 1000 mm and cover = 70 mm. — (516x108) _ 2 Au = (a x09x 7) = 2680 mam Provide 6 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay = 2946 mm?) _ (92x10) _ 2 n= (Ba) = 139N/mm! 100Ay\ _ (100 x 2946) _ ( bd ) = (Fae) <0 From Table 1.3b, 7- = 0.26 N/mm? Since 7, > Te, shear reinforcements are required. Shear bome by concrete _ {0.26 x 750 x 930 = 1000 ‘Therefore balance shear = (972 — 181) = 791 kN ‘Using 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups, oe Adopt 120 mm spacing for stirrups. = rer aw ) = 222mmWater tanks 103 Reinforcement required for mid-span section Rem ( 255 x 10° 230 x 0.9 x 930, But minimum reinforcement is given by ag = ( 28582) _ (0.85 x 750 x 930 “ i 415 Provide 3 bars of 25 mm diamejer at mid-span section. The section sub- jected to maximum torsional moment and shear should be designed for the following forces: ) = 1325 mm? ) = 1429 mm? T =373kNm = D= 1000mm V =562kN 6 =750 mm M =0 d=930 mm [+94] - ana [erst = 51kNm IS: 456-2000, clause B-6.4.2 = (M-+M,) = (0451) =51kNm 51 x 106 2 Aum (= x09 x mi) = 265 mm Minimum area of reinforcement = 1429 mm? Provide 3 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay = 1473 mm?) Equivalent shear 18: 456-2000, Ve = (V + 1.6(T/b)} = [562 + 1.6(37.3/0.75)] = 641 KN clause B-6,3.1 641 x 10° 2 ne (Sas) = 0.92 N/mm “st*) From Table 1.3b, 7- = 0.21 N/mm? Since 7, > 7-. shear reinforcements are required. (op 0 750 x 930) ~ 495 KN Balance shear = (oa - ee) 1000 Using 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups, anon)104 Strucuural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 1S:456-2000, Table 23 Adopt 12 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 190 mm c/c (b) Design of raft slab Maximum projection of raft slab from face of column - C =") = 1.125 m 155.52 Soil pressure = (wey ) = 206 KN/m? Considering 1 m width of raft slab along the circular arc, 206 x 1.1? 2 Maximum BM = ( ) = 124.63 kNm Provide 500 mm overall depth with an effective depth d = 450 mm to con- tain the shear stresses within permissible limits. ro ( 124.63 x 108 - > 330 x 0.9 x 55) 1205 etn Provide 25 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c to reduce shear stresses (Ay, = 2454 mm?) Distribution reinforcement = ee) = 600 mm? Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 180 mm c/e Shear force at a section 450 mm from the face of the column is given by V = (206 x 0.65 x 1.00) = 134 kN 134 x 103 2 ve (ceco'as0) = 029 N/mm 1O0Ag) __/ 100 x 2454 ( bd ) = (ours) From Table 1.3b, re = 0.31 N/mm? Since 7, < Te, Shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. The thickness of the footing is retained at 500 mm up to a distance of 500 mm from the column face and thereafter gradually decreased to 250 mm at the edges. The details of reinforcements in the various structural elements of the intze-type tank are shown in Figs. 5.10, 5.11 and 5.12. 0.545Water tanks 105 8-#12 f #6 @ 200 (ties) Aagteam [P4l—#10@ 180 2m | 10@ 280 L fo #16 @ 200 1M 20 grade concrete Ln yso@ose Fe415 grade HYSD bars 2m 7 | #20@ 180 Hl t= #20 180 : 1200 x 600 ring beam lim . + 400 Lens #12@ 120 j 600- #25 (both ways) #10 @ 180 #25@ 180 ties) 6-425 #108 130 6-#12 #12@ 110 (ties) $-938-Zo dp Fig. 5.10 Reinforcement details in an Intze tank106 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 6-425 #I2@110 =| 600 T 6-425 6-4 1200 a PLB sas 5-025 Ring girder 8-432 Circular column 8-932 650 mm dia i 7 x x “4%0 @ 300 ies) | 650 Ke #10 @ 300 ies) Section XX 4-42 #10. 330 200 x 200 fillet | 500 #25 L se T sons 650 =f 650 Fig. 5.11 Reinforcement details in ring girder, columns and braces 650 | 650 1 650 #10@ 300 inet | diseoa #12@ 180 6-425 Fig. 5.12 Reinforcement details in ring beam and raft slabWater tanks 107 Exercises S.A 53 54 Design a circular water tank resting on the ground with a flexible base and a spherical dome using the following data: Capacity of tank = 750000 litres Depth of storage sm Free board 500 mm Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars Permissible stresses in concrete and steel should comply with the values rec~ ‘ommended in IS:456-1978, clauses 44.1 and 44.2 and 18:3370 (Part I1)-1965, clause 3.3.1 and 3.4.2. Draw the cross-section and plan at the bottom showing reinforcement details. Design a rectangular RC water tank resting on the ground for a capacity of 10 00 000 litres. Design also the side walls of the tank using the following data: Dimensions of tank 8mx Sm Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars Draw the following views: ‘© Cross-sectional elevation of tank showing reinforcement details in tank walls. «Sectional plan showing reinforcement details. A circular RC water tank of 5 m diameter and 3 m height is supported by a tower consisting of six RC columns on a circle of 5 m diameter. The tank is to be designed to hold water up to-a depth of 2.75 m. Design a suitable dome, circular water tank and staging using the following data: Height of tower 12m Spacing of bracings 4m Intensity of wind pressure 1.5 KN/m? SBC of soil at site = 150KN/m? Materials: M 20 grade concrete, Fe 415 prade HYSD bars, Sketch the reinforcement details in the overhead tank. ‘An RC Intze-type water tank supported on six columns is required to store 2.00 000 litres of water, Design the Intze-type water tank using the following data: Height of stagingabove = = 2m ground level SBC of soil at site = 150 kN/m? Basic wind pressure = 2kN/im? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars ‘Sketch the reinforcement details in the various structural components of the tank.61 6 Retaining walls Design example (cantilever retaining wall) Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain an earth embankment with a hor- izontal top 4 m above ground level. Density of earth = 18 kN/m3. Angle of internal friction ¢ = 30°. SBC of soil = 200 kN/m? Coefficient of friction between soil and concrete = conerete and Fe 415 HYSD bars, Draw the following views + Cross-section of retaining wall showing reinforcement details. «Longitudinal section showing curtailment. .5. Adopt M 20 grade 1, Dimensions of retaining wall sant i son 2 (1 sine Minimum depth of foundation = 7 G Find 200 18 Overall depth of wall H = (4+ 1.2 Thickness of base stab = (22) = (5202) — 433 mm 72 12 Adopt thickness of base slab = 450mm Height of stemh = (5.2-0.45) = 4.75. m Width of base slab b = 0.5H to 0.6H 0.5H =2.6m 0.6H=3.12m -. adopt b= 3m 2. Design of stem Maximum BM at base MaKe (F) “ (585) (F) 1) (18 x 4.753 ~ (!) (228%) - onanH=52m Retaining walls 109 Factored moment = M, = (1-5 x 107.2) = 161 kNm Effective depth required for balanced section is [tot x10 O18 x fab aR fab = V onse x20 x10 138 x20 x10 = 742mm Assuming an under-reinforced section and to provide a suitable thickness to resist design shear force at base of stem, adopt an overall thickness of 450 mm which is the same as the thickness of the base slab and tapering to 200 mm at the top. The overall dimensions of the cantilever retaining wall are shown in Fig. 6.1(a). 1200 TRI TRI. ~ TTI STIS, \ Cantilever siab (stern) vw \" as eK whe % pak (earth pressure) 12m | w, ‘Toe slab | 44 Heel slab 450m a 18:456-2000, clause G-1.1 bet m—e} 450m fp} 1.55 m ——+} Fig. 61a Cantilever retaining wall—overall dimensions Adopt effective depth at base of stem = 400 mm Reinforcements at base section of stem are computed as As fy bd fa (161 * 105) = (0.87 x 415 Ay x 400) [: ee My = (0.87 fy Ay d) [: -HO Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Solving, Ay = 1180 mm? Provide 16 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres (Ay = 1340 mm?). Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 percent of cross-section = (0.0012 x 1000 x 450) = 540 mm?/m Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 250 mm centres on both faces (Aw = 630 mm?), 3. Stability calculations Pressure distribution at the base is computed by calculating the various forces acting and taking moments of all forces about the heel point a (Table 6.1). Table 6.1 Stability calculations Loads Magnitude Distance = Moment of load froma about a oy co) Nay Wy = (0.2 x 4.75 x 24) 22.80 1.63 37.62 + (0.5 x 0.25 x 4.15 x 24) 14.25 1.83 26.07 Wy = (3 x 0.45 x 24) 32.40 1.50 48.60 Ws = (1.55 x 475 x 18) 132.50 o78 103.35 Moment of earth pressure wi 4.19) =k x18 A - - 107.17 Total 201.95 222.81 Distance of the point of application of the resultant from end a EM) _ (322.81 () = (i ) slo Eccentricity e = (¢ ~b/2) = (16~3/2) = 0.1 m ()=(@)-08 rae Maximum and minimum pressures at the base are given by nF (108) ) 201.95 ( 6x01 It = 1, Omax = 80.76 KN/m? Omin = 53.84 KN/m?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.114. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete IS:456-2000, Table 19 6.2 Minimum percentage of reinforcement in shear key = 0.3% = (0.003 x 450 x 1000) = 1350 mm? Provide 16 mm diameter bars at 140 mm c/c, 8 Shear stress at junction Networking shear foree=V = (1.SEP— pW) (1.5 x 81.12) — 100.975 = 20.7kN Factored shear force =V, = (1-5 x 20.7) = 31.05 kN Nominal shear stress = 7%, = _[(31.05 x 10°)/(1000 x 400)] = 0.077 N/mm? 100 Ay 100 x 1350 ( bd ) ~ Co) = 0335 From Table 19 of IS:456-2000 (or Table 1.3b of the text) permissible shear stress is read as tT: = 0.40 N/mm? > 0.077 N/mm? Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. The reinforcement details in the retaining wall are shown in Fig. 6.2. Design example (counterfort retaining wall) Design a counterfort retaining wall based on the following data: Height of wall above ground level = 6m SBC of soil = 160 kN/m? Angle of internal friction ¢ = 33° Density of soil = 16kN/m? Spacing of counterforts = 3mele Adopt M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars Draw the following views showing reinforcement details: + Sectional elevation midway between counterforts + Sectional elevation through counterforts + Sectional plan at base of counterfortsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.118. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Distance of the point of application of the resultant from point a is =M_ (ute?) ata SW \ 43849 +. eccentricity e = (2 — b/2) = (2.66 - 4.5/2) = 0.41 m But (6/6) = (4.5/6) = 0.75 m .€< (b/6) .’. maximum and minimum pressure at the base are given by 438.49 /, 6x O41) _ 9 Onax = Ge (: = ) = 150 KN/m 431.28 (6 x0.41\ _ e Onin = “Fe ( 7G ) = 45 KN/m’ The maximum intensity of pressure does not exceed the permissible value of 160 kN/m?. The pressure distribution at the base of the retaining wall is shown in Fig 6.3b. (45 kN) (150 kN/m?) Fig. 6.26 Pressure distribution at base 4, Design of toe slab ‘The maximum bending moment acting on the toe slab is calculated by consid- ering moments of all the forces about the point c. The computations are shown in Table 6.5 for one metre lengih of the wall. Maximum working moment in toe slab =M = (71.14 — 11.4) = 59.74 kNm Factored moment = M, = (1.5 x 59.74) = 89.61 kNm_ Effective depth of toe slab = 400 mm 15:456-2000, Reinforcements in toc slab are computed using the relation clause G-1.1 41S As (89.61 x 105) = (0.87 x 415 Ag x 400) |1 — (10> x 400 x 20). Solving, Ay = 644 mm?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.122. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 150200 Horizontal links #6 @ 200 6750 “#10 @ 280 —} #i2@ 150\[b ]/- upright stat NeaiaL TNE #10 @ 200 #10 @ 280 #10@ 280 L #10@ 2 f f Heel 450 slab I 1 1 #12@ 150 ¥12@150 #10@280 #12@150 #10@ 280 em f220}—— 3280 —e} SS 10 ‘Sectional elevation at counterfort sional elevation midway ‘between supports tom} T #6. 200 OTe 150 oatay I om ; ¥10@ 280 P | ~ Counerfon ne: Hesieonnl inks — | al Vertical links #10 @ 200, | 5-93 sas Raum Radon $$$ im ——_______- [M20 grade concrete Sectional plan at base of counterforts M2) eee Fig. 6.4 Reinforcement details in counterfort retaining walls Exercises 6.1 Design a cantilever type retaining wall to retain an earth embankment of 4.5 m above ground level using the following data: Density of earth 18 kN/m? Angle of internal friction & 30° SBC of soil = 150 kN/m? Coefficient of friction between soil and concrete 04 Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars Skeich the reinforcement details in the retaining walls.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.126 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete 6. Check for shear stress 18:456-2000, Vy = 39 KN clause 40,2.1.1 and Table 19 ty = (Vu/bd) = (39 x 10°) /(1000 x 175) = 0.22 N/mm? 10044) _ / 100 x 754.\ _ ( bd )= (ste 5) ie Permissible shear stress = (k;7~) = (1.2 x 0.44) = 0.528 N/mm? > 7, Hence shear stress are within safe permissible limits. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 7.1. beam ‘Tread (7) F300 L ‘ede Rise (r) = 160 rise 160 1 on #16@ 160 j m | ; Fig. 7.1 Reinforcement details in staircase 7.2 Design example The general arrangement of a staircase in a multistorey housing complex is shown in Fig, 7.2. The risers are 150 mm and trends are 250 mm. The stair slab is embedded into the wall up to 200 mm. The height between floors = 3m. Live load =3 kN/m?. Adopting M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade HYSD bars, design the staircase and draw a longitudinal section showing the reinforcement details in the flight.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.130. Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. ‘The longitudinal section of the staircase with reinforcement details is shown in Fig. 7.4. =| 200 #1000 =} 1250 ———=}+—— 1000 ———- 200 #10@ 180 Tread #10 180 #10 @ 180 160 mam (waist thickness) #6@ 140 Fig. 7.4 Reinforcement details in staircase For analysis and design of tread-riser type of staircase refer to Reinforced Concrete Design by Mallick and Rangasami**, Exercises 7.1, Design a dog-legged staircase for a public building to be located in a staircase room 6 m long and 3 m wide. Height between floors 3.6m Live load on stairs = SkN/m? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars. ‘The stairs are supported on beams over walls. Sketch a flight of the staircase showing reinforcement details. 7.2 The height between the floors of a multistoreyed building is 3.90 m. Design the staircase using the following data: Size of the staircase room 5.25 mx 4.25 m Width of the staircase 15m Risers 150mm Treads 250 mm Live load on floor ‘5 kN/m* Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 250 grade HYSD bars. ‘The stairs are supported on beams 400 mm thick. Sketch the reinforcement details.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.134 Structural design and drawing: reinforced concrete Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 180 mm c/c (Ay, = 157 mm). Maximum shear force in the slab at supports is computed as IS: 456-2000, Venax = 0.6(g + g)L clause 22.5.1 ).6(3.63 + 1.5)4 and Table 13 =1231N Factored shear force = V, = (1.5 x 12.3) = 18.45 kN ‘ Vu\ _ (18.45 x 1000 Nominal shear stress = 75 = (#) = ( eae ) = 0.185 N/mm? 100Ay\ _ (100 x 393.) _ ( bd )- (sami) 0298 Refer to Table 19 (1S: 456-2000) and read the value of permissible shear stress as IS: 456-2000, kre = (1.3 x 0.42) = 0.546 N/mm? clause 0.2.1.1 and Table 19 Since Ty < ksTc, shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. 4, Design of portal frame Effective span of beam = 10 m If d = effective depth, (acts) = (3) = 121015 (heavy loading on beam) effective depth ) ~ \a 10 x 10° 10 x 10° ( Tz ) = £83 mmo (23%) = 666 mm Adopt effective depthd == 700 mm overall depth D 750mm width of beamb == 450 mm (a) Loads on frame Loads from slab = (5.13 x 4) = 20,52 kN/m Self weight of beam = (0.45 x 0.63 x 24) 6.80 KN/m Self weight of finishes 0.68 KN/m Total load w 28.00 kN/m Height of centre line of beam above hinge h = (4.0 +0.10 —0.5 x 0.75) =3.72m ‘The moments in the portal frame are analysed by moment distribution. The portal frame with loading is shown in Fig. 8.1.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Portal frames 139 (P/fex) = 0.04, p = (20 x 0.04) = 0.8 ‘Ag = (pbd)/100 = (0.8 x 450 x 600) = 2160 mm? Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter on each face (Ay = 2512 mm?) and 8 mm diameter ties at 300 mm c/e throughout the column (@ Design of hinge In the case of columns with independent footings, a hinged base is assumed since rotations are possible at the base. At the hinge portion the concrete is under triaxial stress and can withstand higher permissible stress”. Permissible stress in concrete at the hinge = (0.5 x 20) = 10 N/mm? Area of hinge required = (AS) = 14.000 mm? Area provided = 450 x 150 mm Working shear at hinge = 52.15 kN Factored shear at hinge = 78 kN IfAw area of bars required to take the shear at hinge section. @ = inclination of bars to vertical taken as 45° as shown in Fig. 8.3. fe 150—4 100 Rind bri N Nd 100 a T 4-#16 A Spiral 6mm dia BE} tela renee men long 6-#10 & Fig. 83 RC hinge at base of columnaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Grid or coffered floor system 153 with transverse loading. Timoshenko’s orthotropic plate theory”? is generally applicable for the analysis of bending moments, torsional moments and shear forces in the grid. Fig. 9.1 Deflection characteristics of grid floors The vertical deflection a at any point in a typical grid shown in Fig, 9.1 is expressed as en ( '89) sin(mx/ax) sin(ay/by) "7 1(4) +a) + GH) where q = total uniformly distributed load per unit area, az and by = length of plates in x-and y-directions respectively.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Grid or coffered floor system 157 where 2a = 200 mm 2b = 600 mm For (b/a) = (300/100) = 3, ky = 0.263 From Timoshenko and Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, Chapter 11, Section 95. _ (0.263 x E x (200)3 x (600) — ( 2(1+ 0.15) ) = 5.488 x 10°E mm* $. Deflection at centre of span q=6.5kN/m? E = $100./f, = 5100/20 = 25.49 106 kN/m? ‘De\ _ (0.00415E\ _ (0.00415 x 25.49 x 106 Op] is = 5.089 _ (0.00415E) _ (0.00415 x 25.49 x 10° 16) 16 ( 2 ) _ (2ogesssee) __ ( 0.0005488 x 25.49 x i) She =161 aR 12? x 18 12? x 18 = 0.3794 ‘The deflection at the centre of plate is given by the equation _ 164 sin(nx/a,) sin(ny/by) "| G)+(#s)+ (8)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.S:456-2000, clause 40.1 and Table 19 9.3 Grid or coffered floor system 161 Solving, Ag = 1700 mm? Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ay, = 1964 mm?) Maximum ultimate shear = (1.5 = 2 x 13.4) = 40.2 KN _ (Vu) _ (40210) _ 9 = ($5) = (Bpzagn) = 0979 Ni Assuming two bars to be bent up ncar supports, Ag at support = 982 mm? 1004y) __ (100 x 982) _ ‘Cn ) = (a x 3) =08 From Table 1.10, 7, = 0.57 N/mm? Since 7) < 7, provide nominal shear reinforcements using 6 mm diameter ‘legged stirrups. Spacing is given by _ (Anhy\ _ (2% 28x 415) _ a= (8) =( 04 x 200 )) = 290 mm Provide 6 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups at 250 mm c/e at Suppor, in- creasing the spacing to 400 mm towards the centre of span. ‘Maximum moment in the central rib in the y-direction (long span) is M = (2x77 x 15) = 231 Nm. Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter (Ay, = 1256 mm?) and 6 mm diameter 2-legged stirups at 250mm c/c near the supports. Since the torsional moments are small in magnitude, the section provided with nominal reinforcements can safely resist these moments. The moments in the slab being small, nominal reinforcements consisting of 6 mm diameter bars are provided at 200 mm in- tervals in mutually perpendicular directions. The reinforcement details in the typical sections of the grid are shown in Fig. 9.3. Design example ‘An RC grid floor is to be designed to cover a floor area of 12 m x 18 m. The spacing of the ribs in mutually perpendicular directions is 1.5 m c/c. Live load n floor is 2 kN/m?. Adopting M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade HYSD bars, analyse the grid floor by the 1S:456-2000 method and design suitable reinforcements in the grid floor. 1, Data Size of grid = 12mx 18m Spacing of ribs = 1.5 mefe Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD barsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Grid or coffered floor system 165 Exercises 91 92 93 94 ‘An RC grid floor of size 9 m x 12 m is required for an assembly hall. Design the grid floor using the following data: Rib spacing in the short ‘and long spandirections = = 1.5m Live load = 4KN/m? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars. ‘Sketch the reinforcement details in the grid. An RC grid floor of size 12 m x 12 mis required fora sports complex. Design the grid floor using the following data: Rib spacing = 2m Live load = 1LSKN/m? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars. Sketch the reinforcement details in the central ribs. An orthotropic grid floor of reinforced concrete is required to cover a floor of size 16m x 20 m, Design suitable reinforcements in the grid beams using the following data: Spacing of grid beams = 2m Live load = 1.SKN/m? Materials: M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the grid beams. ‘An RC grid floor of size 12 m x 18 m isrequired for a conference hall. Design the grid floor according to the 15:456-2000 method, using the following data: Rib spacing in both = 15m directions Live load = 4KN/m? Materials: 'M 20 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars, ‘Compare the moments obtained from the orthotropic plate theory with those resulting from the 1S:456-2000 method.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Design of bridge deck systems 173 10.2 Design example IRC:21-1987, clause 303.1 Desiga an RC slab culvert for a national highway to suit the following data: ‘A two-lane carriage way (7.5 m wide) Footpaths on either side (1 m wide) Clear span = 6m Wearingcoa = = 80mm Width of bearing = 0.4m Materials: M25 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars Loading: IRC class AA tracked vehicle Design the RC deck slab and sketch the details of reinforcements in the longitudinal and cross-sections of the slab. 1. Data Clear span = 6m Width of bearing = 04m ‘Type of loading class AA Materials: M 25 grade concrete Fe 415 grade HYSD bars 2. Permissible stresses oa =8.3N/mm — m=10 o=200N/mm? j= 0.90 3. Depth of slab and effective span ‘Assume thickness of slab at 80 mm per metre of span for highway bridge decks. Overall slab thickness. = (80 x 60) =480 mm Adopt overall slab thickness as 500 mm. Using 25 mm diameter bars with clear cover of 25 mm, Effective depth 500 - (25 + 12.5) = 462.5 mm Width of bearing 400 mm Effective span is the least of (i) (Clear span + Effective depth) = (6m+0.4625 m) = 6.4625 m (ii) Centre-to-centre of bearings (6m+04m) =64m Effective span L 64m The cross-section of the deck slab is shown in Fig. 10.10aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ARC:21-1987, clause 305.15 IRC:21-1987, clause 304.7.3.1 Design of bridge deck systems 177 7. Design of deck slab Effective depth required is computed as M 185 x 108 a= Ve5-( 1.1 «x 1000, Effective depth provided = 462.5 mm M 185 x 106 2 Au= (4 a) = (as aaa) 2272 mm 100 x 491 22a Adopt 25 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c as main reinforcement. BM for distribution reinforcement 5) = 410 mm Spacing of 25 mm diameter bars ) = 220 mm 03M, + 0.2My = (0.3 « 113) + (0.2 x 72) = 49 kNm Using 12 mm diameter bars, Effective depth = [462.5 — (12.5 +6)] = 444 mm a, = (49x 10° «* \ 20009 «4 Spacing of 12 mm diameter bars ) = 613 mm? _ (1000 x 113 ~ 613 ) = 184mm Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 170 mm e/c as distribution reinforcement. 8. Check for shear stress As per IRC:21-1987, shear stresses in the slab are checked as follows: Design shear stress = 7, = (V/bd) where V = design shear force b = width of section d = clifective depth Permissible shear stress in slabs without shear reinforcement is computed as Te = hy ka Teoaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Design of bridge deck systems 181 Dead weight of wearing coat = (0.08 x 22) = 1.76 KN/m? ‘Total dead load 6.56 kN/m?* Live load is class AA tracked vehicle. One wheel is placed at the centre of the panel as shown in Fig. 10.16. pew & " a 3.76 m =| 01m be b+ 8-2. m >} Fig. 10.16 Position of wheel load for maximum bending moment u = (085 +2 x 0.08) = 1.01 m v = (3.60 +2 x 0.08) = 3.76 m (3)- (8) 00 (= (8) 0m k= (?)= (®)- 0.625 Referring to Pigeaud’s curves (Fig. 10.4). = 0.085 and m; = 0.024 «Mp = W(m, +0.15m2) = 350(0.085 +0.15 x 0.024) = 31.01 kNmaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Design of bridge deck systems 185 5. Design of longitudinal girders {a) Reaction factors Using Courbon’s theory”, the IRC class AA loads are arranged for maximum eccentricity as shown in Fig. 10.18. w + Coatin Pata iy Ais of bridge 0375 m 125 m=} 2 m ——= f+ 2.5m =f 125m an Fig. 10.18 Critical position of IRC class AA tracked vehicle Reaction factor for outer girder is me | Ix 2.5% 1 R Sisal) ag Ux 25? 1.107 W Reaction factor for inner girder is 2W, 2W, Kon rlts.o) = 7) If W = axle load = 700 kN and W, = 0.5 W Ra = (1.107 x 0.5W) = 0.5536 W Rg = (0.667 x 0.5W) = 0.3333 W (b) Dead load from slab per girder The dead load of deck slab is calculated with reference to Fig. 10.19. Weight of (1) Parapet railing = 0.700 kN/m (2) Wearing coat = = (0.08x 11x22) = 1.936 KN/m (3) Deck slab = (02x 110 x24) = 5.280 KN/m (4) Kerb = (05x 0.6 x 1x24) = 7.200 KN/m 15.116 N/m Total dead load of deck = (2 x 15.116) + (6.56 x 5.3) = 65 kN/maa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Design principles 213 TT9 SIP GT IRL “PREL-OOR'S | NI wz ee « #€ ir Sho oh. su me we 8t Of ve le aw oF Is 8s wo a ua 8 6 ool 067 Of we Se of * ar cs 6S oo ee 6h $8 Cs zl 8z 1e ee “ Ir ow os os 9 te se 18, Ls % Ol etl Lz tf se oe ae ar a is 9 el u“ £8, 68 6 Or oI or st -og Ip tr Os vs 65 so st 08 SB 6 6 80l air St se Orth 9 9 9 uw we GTO or we wv or ss 8s 9 OL 08 +8 06 96 ol at wl Of a w 9 hk % 66 MTL oo ts ss ow 9 8 so ro! on stl ole os a o uw 8 8 w 8 Fol sect we ws et a a a ee? tor 901 Het eto ss 0 a a a for 6ol eer tera 9 cad 9 OL Si 6L By 68 86 zl Lot al oz ‘bel out 89 OL tL sh 08 8 B 6 Wor 901 ou str 821 oe Or rk B88 8 8H SLL von Tel BEL OT is wR ee an zr eel orl ont Git oor 08 o 0s oF st Cc St or 81 Ol v1 a or g esa Panwuos 4ST QRLaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.262. Structural design and drawing: steel Exercises 1d 13.2 B33 134 Design a simply supported beam to support a uniformly distributed live load of 40 kN/m. The effective span of the beam is 8 m. The compression flange of the beam is restrained laterally due to the RC slab cast over it. Sketch the cross-section details of the bear. A shopping complex 15 m x 36 m in plan isto be covered by a roof consisting of secondary and main beams. The secondary beams are spaced at 4 m inter vals, span over 5 m, and support an RC slab 100 mm thick. The main beams spanning over 2 m are supported on columns. If the live load on the roof is 1.5 KN/m?, design the secondary and main beams and draw the cross-sections ofthe members toa suitable scale, ‘The main beam of abridge flooris 9 m long and is simply supported at the ends. ‘There are cross girders at every 3 m intervals, transmitting a load of 120 kN on the main girder. Design the main girder section and draw the cross-section of the girder. Design a simply supported gantry girder to carry an electric overhead travelling crane using the following data: Capacity of crane 100 KN ‘Weight of crane excluding trolley $0 kN Weight of trolley 25 KN imum approach of crane hook 12m Distance between centres of crane wheels 35m Distance between centres of gantry girders = 16m Span of gantry girders 8m Weight of rail section 0.3 kN/m Height of rail section 75 mm Draw the cross-section of the gantry girder to a suitable scale,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.266. Structural design and drawing: steet Trial section Ara, (mm?) 2 angles ISA 150 x 150 10 (2 x 2903) = 5806 2 plates 10 mm thick (2 x 10 x 400) 8000 1/8 web area (1/8 x 6 x 1400) 1050 Total area = 14856 Deduct for rivet holes in tension flange using 20 mm diameter rivets. Angles-2holes (2 x 21.5 x 10) 430 mm? Flanges-2 holes (2 x 21.5 x 30} 1290 mm? Total area = 120mm? Net flange area = (14856 — 1720) = 13136 mm? which is greater than 11583 mm? required. The cross-section adopted is shown in Fig, 14.3. 7. Check for stresses 3 xx for web = (8) = 13.72 x 10" mm* Inx for plates = 2 (@3) +.2(400 x 20 x 715)? = 81.8 x 108 mm* yx for flange angles = 2(2 x 622.4 x 10*) + 2903(705 ~ 40.6)? = 51.8 x 108 mm* Total Ixy = (13.72 + 81.8 + 51.8)108 = 147 x 108 mm* Deduct for rivet holes in Flange plates (2 x 21.5 x 30 x 710?) = 13.0 x 10® mm* Flange angles (21.5 x 26 x 625?) = 4,3 x 10° mm* Total Ixy forholes = 17.3 x 108 mm* Net [yx for section = (147 ~ 17.3)108 = 129.7 x 108 mm* +, maximum bending stress = (2) __ (2695 x 108 x 725 ~ 129.7 x 108 Hence assumed trial section is safe. ) = 150 N/mm? < 165 N/mm? 8. Curtailment of flange plates If L; = length of curtailed top flange plate a) = area of top plate L = span length ‘A= total ares of flangeaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.280. Structural design and drawing: steet sopayé a1oyd pops fo sporag Er pL “By oo tds w o¢ pad over poproat z TM spusyns ampowsonuy wops2s-s8015 | . eet bee — ana wow sp91 ed wonenstg, tire + val wu 9 beorc =the ove =| Prom wry 9 I osi-s emunuzt ouayns Suuse9 pug 091 1-9 Pras ron wns 9 wun 9 1 — 05 T amd ofuey uw sz I 00 | -|aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.286 Structural design and drawing: steel be — 325} 65 x 14 lacing bar IsWB 400 22 mm dia. rivets 65x 14 lacing bar + End tie plate 10D x14, 523 ——+} Fig. 15.3 Elevation and plan of single-laced column 15,2. Design example (double-laced column) Design double lacing for the columns based on the same data as in design example 15.1.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1 6 Column base and foundations 16.1 Design example (slab base) A built-up steel column comprising two ISWB 400 RSI sections with their webs spaced at 325 mm and connected by 10 mm thick battens, transmits an axial load of 2000 KN. SBC of soil at site = 300 KN/m?. The safe permissible stress on the concrete bed = 4 N/mm?, Design a suitable foundation for the column adopting a slab base, and sketch the details of the foundation 1. Data Axial load on column = 2000 kN Permissible compressive stress on concrete = 4 N/mm? Column built up of two ISWB 400 RSJ sections conriected by 10 mm thick battens. 2, Column base 2000 5 Area of base plate (BR) 0.5 m’ Using a square base plate, Side length of base plate = V0.5 = 0.706 m Adopt a base plate of size 750 mm x 750 mm. Referring to Fig. 16.1, the projection of the base plate from the edge of the column is obtained as a = greater projection 0.5(750 — 420) = 165 mm smaller projection = 0.5(750 — 525) = 112.5 mm Intensity of pressure on base plate w= (ee - 2 750 x =) =O Naaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Colunn bese and foundations 299 Two tiers of girders will be used. 2200 Bottom-tier area = ( ) = 7.33 m Using a square grillage, side length = Y7.33 = 2.72 m Adopt a grillage of size 2.75 m x 2.75 m. Allowing 125 mm concrete cover on all the sides, the overall size of the gril- lage block = (3.0 m x 3.0 m) 2, Design of top-tier girders ‘The bending moment is obtained as M = que Ly) where W = axial load on column = 2000 KN L= length of grillage = 2.75 m 0.15 m Ly = length of base plate M= Meas ~ 0.75) = 500 kNm Allowable stress can be increased by 33.33% since the beams are encased in conerete. 1.0 = (165 x 1.33) = 220 N/mm? Section modulus z= (#) = (S221) _ 297 x 10! mm? oe 220 Using three beams in top tier, Z for each beam = (23*) = 756600 mm? Use ISMB 350 having the section properties Zxx = 778900 mm* y= 14.2 mm fy = 8.1 mm ‘The maximum shear force is given by V = ( x) (L- Li) 20, 2000 = G 7 3) (2.75 - 0.75) = 730 kN Shear force per beam = (730/3) = 243.33 kNaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.314 Structural design and drawing: steel 17.2. Design example (tubular truss) Design a tubular stee! truss to suit the following data: Span of truss ‘Type of truss Roof cover Spacing of roof trusses Wind pressure = 1.0 KN/m? Steel tubular sections conforming to IS:1161-1976* are available for use. Draw the elevation of the roof truss. 1. Dimensions of the truss ‘The fink truss and its slient dimensions are shown in Fig. 17.5. Span of roof truss Central rise Slope of truss tan 8 0 = 26°34 The purlins are spaced at 2.25 m intervals located at node points. 16m Fig. 17.5 Salient dimensions of fink-type tubular roof truss 2. Dead loads Self weight of GC sheeting per purlin at 0.18 KN/m? = (0.18 x 2.25) = 0.405 KN/m Self weight of purlin at 0.1 KN/m = 0.100 KN/m Total dead load = 0.505 kNm 3. Live loads Slope of truss 26°34 Live load on truss = 0,75 — (10 x 0.01 +6.5 x 0.02) = 0.52 kN/m? Live load per purlin per metre = (0.52 x 2.55 x cos 26°34’) 1,05 kNaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Roof trusses 319 7. Loads on truss (a) Dead loads Sloping length of rafter AD = V8? +42 =9 m Spacing of trusses = 4.5 mele ‘Weight of GC sheeting on half truss (plan area at 0.18 KN/m?) = (45 8 x 0.18) = 648 KN ‘Weight of purlins (5 nos) at 0.10 KN/m = (5x O.1 x 4.5) = 2.25 KN Self weight of roof truss _ (Span = ( aoa +005) 16 = (3m +008) = 0.10 kN/m? ”. Weight of half-roof truss = (0.10 x 8 x 4.5) = 3.6 KN +, total dead load on half-roof truss. = (6.8 + 2.25 +3.6) = 12.33 KN * z x 12.33 Dead load on intermediate-panel points = (“=") = 3.08 kN a Dead load on half truss = (4) = 154kN (b) Live loads Live load on half truss = (0.52 x 8 x 4.5) = 18.72 KN Live load on intermediate-panel points = BR) = 4.68 kN Live load on end-panel point = (¥) =2.34 kN (c) Wind loads Maximum wind load acting perpendicular to the sloping surfaces Wind load on intermediate-panel points = —(72.9/8) = -9.1 kN Wind load on end-panel points = —(9.1/2) = -4.55 KNaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Roof trusses 325 Try light tube section with 25 mm intemal diameter and 33.7 mm outer diam- eter Effective length of member = (0.7 x 2500) = 1750 mm Area A = 254 mm? Radius of gyration r= 11 mm Slendemess ratio = (¢) = CR) = 159 From Table 17.4, the permissible compressive stress = 43.7 N/mm? 254 x 43.7 om) =1LKN > 7.33kN .*. safe compressive load on member = ( ji Tensile stress C3) 30.3 N/mm? < 125 N/mm? Member CG Maximum compressive force = 13.82 kN Maximum tensile force 12.38 kN Length of member 2250 mm Effective length of member = (0.7 x 2250) = 1575 mm Try 25 mm internal diameter medium tube section with outer diameter 33.7 mm. Area A = 307 mm? Radius of gyration r = 10.8 mm “, slenderness ratio £ = asS = 145.8 r 10: From Table 17.4, og¢ = 52 N/mm? 307 x 52 Safe compressive load = ( = 15.96 KN > 13.82 kN zi zi 307 x 125 Tensile load capacity of member = (Aa) = 38.37 KN > 12.38 kN Hence adopt 25 mm intémal diameter medium section. 9. Design of typical welded joint In the case of tubular trusses, the junctions of the tubes are connected by welded joints. The length of the curve of intersection of two tubes intersec- tion at an angle is determined as follows: Referring to Fig. 17.7 in which a tube of diameter d intersects at an angle 8 with another tube of diameter D, the intersecting lengths a and b are computed by the relation om (Q)eontaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.18.1 18.2 1 8 Water tanks Design principles Steel tanks are widely used for storing water, gas and other liquids. In railway yards, steel tanks are generally used to store water for locomotives. Due to the high maintenance cost, steel tanks are gradually being replaced by reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete tanks, Steel water tanks are generally build up of steel plates which vary in thick- ness from 5 mm to 18 mm, depending upon the depth of water stored. These plates are available in widths of 1.25 m to 5.0 m and the joints between the plates are covered by T sections or angle sections. Steel flats are used as stays at mid-height of the tank and are connected to vertical stiffeners. The stays are designed to support the overhanging portion of the tank extending beyond the edge beams supporting the tank. ‘The supporting beams in two tiers are designed for flexure and shear. The beams are supported on steel columns which in tun are interconnected by bracings at regular intervals to improve the lateral stability of the staging against wind loads. The columns are supported on concrete foundations through base plates. The design of a steel water tank is illustrated by the fol- towing example. Design example Design a rectangular steel water tank to store 130 KL of water. Height of staging 2m SBC of soil 50 KN/m? Intensity of wind pressure KN/m? Permissible beariag stress on concrete. = 4.N/mm? Materials: Plates of 1.5 m width and standard rolled steel angle sections. The permissible stresses should conform to the specifications of IS:800- 1984 and IS:805*5. Draw the elevation and plan showing the details of the tank.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.336 Structural design and drawing: steel Moment distribution B c A 043 | 0.57 037 | 0.43 b 17 a far a7 fan +17 [kNm 17 e485 5 = -17_| “18 —=— 36 | «49 49 | 6 —e +18 418 —- woo | 42s 24s | 09 = x18 7 td fas tags | ne 07 407. —= 4035 | 1098 098 | o35 =~ -07 ow —— 57_| 016 >< 0% _| 4057 —— +029 | +029 —= s14 | 1038 038 | o14 —— -029 02 | -030 +030 | +022 ° 421 21 a fa 0 fxm BM (kNm) Fig. 185 Analysis of bending moments in a continuous girder Depth of webd, = 152.7 mm Thickness of web = 5.7 mm D = 200 mm Effective length L. = 0.7L = (0.7 x 3000) = 2100 mm ay) _ (152.7) _ (4) = CE ) = 26.7 <85aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.20.1 20.2 20 Composite bridge deck systems General aspects ‘The most common type of composite bridge deck comprises an RC continuous slab supported by steel plate girders, This type of bridge is economical in the span range of 10 m to 20m. In a composite bridge deck, the individual materials are used efficiently since concrete is strong in compression and stee! in tension. This type of bridge deck facilitates speedy erection of prefabricated steel girders and considerably reduces the cost of form work*S, The saving in the overall depth of the beams leads to saving in the lengths of approaches in the case of embankments, Victor” has reported that the ficxural stiffness of a composite beam will be about 2 to 4 times that of a corresponding steel beam and this results in reduced deflections and vibrations. Composite bridge decks ccan also be constructed using precast, prestressed concrete girders supporting an RC continuous slab. Shear connectors ‘Shear connectors are the most important structural elements in a composite bridge deck, provided at the junction of the slab and longitudinal girders. The main function of the shear connector is to prevent separation between the steel girder and the in situ concrete slab, by transferring the horizontal shear along the contact surface without slip. The most common types of shear connectors used in bridge construction are the rigid connectors such as T-connectors, channels or stiffened angles and flexible connectors such as studs. Spirals or mild steel loops are also used as shear connectors. The capacity of a shear connector is computed according to the empirical relations specified in IRC:22-1986%°, Q = capacity of a shear connector or one pitch of a spiral (kg) d = diameter of round bar used in stud or spiral (cm) F, = cube crushing strength of concrete at 28 days (kg/cm?) fo = permissible bearing pressure on concrete taken as 0.25F. ¢/A/Ap but limited to 0.6F- A = area to which the bearing force is transmitted, i., the product of the width of the top flange of steel beam and the depth of concrete slab ‘Ay = area of transmitting face of the connectoraa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.364 Structural design and drawing: steel (©) Flange plates Approximate flange area required = (Mobs =(ca-%) 2470 x 10° _ 10 x 1000 165 x 1000 6 = 13303 mm? ' L L Fase wan = (5) w (5) = 400 mm to 450 mm Adopt B= 500mm “ 13303 Thickness of plate = ( 0 ) =26.6 mm ‘Adopt flange plates 500 mm x 30 mm The section selected is shown in Fig. 20.5. Flange plate -+—— 500 ———+ =] 10mm web —— p—— oF Fig. 20.5 Cross-section of plate girderaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.368 Structural design and drawing; steet () Properties of the composite section Referring to Fig. 20.6, equivalent area of concrete in terms of steel is given by Ace = (=) = 46200 mm? Modular ratio m = 13 | si ——| Fig. 20.6 Properties of composite section ‘A¥ = (46200 x 1210) + (500 x 30 x 1045) + (1000 x 10 x 530) + (500 x 30 x 15) = 77102000 A = 46200 + (500 x 30) + (1000 x 10) + (500 x 30) = 77200 mm? _ (77102000 “ \77200 )) = 1000 am . comp = (46200 x 2102) + (aa SLOG |_ SO" ) 12 12 + (40000 x 4707) = 271 x 10'° mm*aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Il Appendixaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Appendix 381 ‘6561 TRG NON WoHDDs [pon [RAMON sanTIG FURTORAS JOF YOORPUDH IST P2sm05 cor come oun ve ost «ot casiva ou cont uoteys oor <0 onary 6x0 evs, oxo owavsr sexs seve, xo weve ey ‘meme fer) ana onong se sS_wmt Panos Ey HT,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.www.universitiespress.com Structural Design and Drawing: Reinforced Concrete and Steel provides, in SI units, an integrated design approach to various reinforced concrete and steel structures, with particular emphasis on the logical presentation of steps conforming to Indian Standard Codes. Detailed drawings along with carefully chosen examples, many of them from examination papers, greatly facilitate the understanding of the subject. This book caters to the needs of senior undergraduate and postgraduate students of civil engineering in almost all Indian Universities. It will be especially useful for students of structural engineering and practising structural engineers. This second edition conforms to the revised Indian Standard Code 1S:456-2000 which emphasises the importance of the Limit State Design. Consequently, the design examples are presented according tothe Limit State Design procedure enshrined in the newcode. N Krishna Raju, Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, earned his B.E. degree from the University of Mysore, M.Sc. (Engg.| from the University of Madras and Ph.D from the University of Leeds, UK. He has taught at the College of Engineering, Madras, R.E.C., Calicut, Lanchester College of Technology, UK, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and K.R.E.C., Surathkal. He was a visiting Professor at the University of Basrah, Iraq during 1979-82. Dr. Raju, a double gold medallist, is the recipient of the UP Government National Award for Excellence in Technical Authorship, the Birla Award for outstanding Concrete Technologist of Karnataka for the year 2001 and several awards from the Institution of Engineers (India). He has published extensively in international and national journals and has authored several books — Design of Concrete Mixes, Advanced R.C.C. Design, Design of Bridges, Prestressed Concrete, Numerical Methods for Engineering Problems, Design and Drawing of R.C.C. and ‘Steel Structures, and Advanced Mechanics of Solids and Structures. He has been actively involved in research and consultancy relatedto plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. He is a member of the Institution of Structural Engineers (London), the Institution of Engineers (India), the Indian Concrete Institute and the Indian Society for Technical Education. Cover: OSDATA, ISBN 81 73 7 1 » vi Universities Press resi 73t N Krishna Raju: Structural Design & Drawing: Reinforced Concrete and Stee] (Second Edition)