Basic electronics

Optical interfaces: Detect and control

Ohms law
Current = voltage / resistance I=V/ V=I! Definitions Voltage = potential energ" / unit charge# units = Volts Current = charge flow rate# units = $mps esistance = friction# units = Ohms %!ample Voltage drop when current flows through resistor V& ' V( = I

V& I V(

)chematics
)"m*ols represent circuit elements +ines are wires

Batter"

)ample circuit

V esistor

,round

,round voltage defined = -

.arallel and series resistors

)eries same current flows through all .arallel save voltage across all Parallel circuit I = V/ & 0 V/ ( = V/ 1/Reff = 1/R1 + 1/R2 I V
+
&

Series circuit V= &I0 (I= Reff = R1 + R2

eff

V
eff

&

I
(

I&

I(

/ote: these points are connected together

esistive voltage divider

)eries resistor circuit educe input voltage to desired level $dvantages:
1 simple and accurate 1 comple! circuit can use single voltage source

Disadvantage:
1 dissipates power 1 eas" to overload 1 need load 22 ( Resistive divider I = Vin/ eff = Vout/ ( Vout = Vin (R2 / (R1 + R2) )

Vin
+

Vout
/ew schematic s"m*ol: e!ternal connection

& (

Varia*le voltage divider

3se potentiometer 4= varia*le resistor5 6ost common: constant output resistance

Variable voltage divider Vout = Vin (Rout / (Rvar + Rout) ) /ew schematic s"m*ol: potentiometer

I Vin

Vout

var out

Capacitors
Charge = voltage ! capacitance 7=CV Definitions Charge = integrated current flow # units = Coloum*s = $mp ' seconds I = d7/dt Capacitance = storage capacit"# units = 8arads Ca acitor c!arging curve time constant = C %!ample Capacitor charging circuit Vin Time constant = RC =
Vout

I V 7

Vout
Ca acitor c!arging circuit V = V 0 VC = d7/dt 0 7/C d7/dt 0 7/ C = V/ " = C V (1 # e$ (#t/RC)) Vout = Vin (1 # e$ (#t/RC))

= C t

+ /ew schematic s"m*ol: capacitor

$C circuits
eplace *atter" with sine 4cosine5 wave source V = V- cos4( f t5 Definitions 8re9uenc" f = cosine wave fre9uenc"# units = :ert; %!amples esistor response: I = 4V-/ 5 cos4( f t5 Capacitor response: 7 = CV- cos4( f t5
1 1 1 1 I = ' ( f CV- sin4( f t5 Current depends on fre9uenc" negative sine wave replaces cosine wave ' <- degree phase shift = lag

Resistive ac circuit
V- cos4( f t5 I= 4V-/ 5 cos4( f t5

Ca acitive ac circuit <- degree phase lag

V- cos4( f t5 I= ' ( f CV- sin4( f t5

/ew schematic s"m*ol: $C voltage source

)implified notation: ac'circuits

V = V- cos4( f t5 = V- =e!p4( > f t5 0 c?c?@/( Drop c?c? part and factor of &/( V = V% e$ (2 & f t) = V/ A

evisit resistive and capacitive circuits esistor response: I = 4V-/ 5 e!p4( > f t5 = V /

Capacitor response: I = ( > f CV- e!p4( > f t5 = 4( > f C5 V = V/ AC

Definition: Impedance# A = effective resistance# units Ohms Capacitor impedance 'C = 1 / (2 & f C) esistor impedance 'R = R lies to ca acitive circuits also (m edance ma)es it loo) li)e *!ms la+ a Capacitor response I = V / AC

%!plore capacitor circuits

Impedance AC = &/ 4( > f C5 +imit of low fre9uenc" f B 1 AC ''C infinit" 1 Capacitor is open circuit at low fre9uenc"

+imit of low fre9uenc" f B infinit"

1 AC ''C 1 Capacitor is short circuit at low fre9uenc" Ca acitive ac circuit
V- cos4( f t5 I = V/AC

evisit capacitor charging circuit

eplace C with impedance AC Charging circuit looDs liDe voltage divider Vout = Vin 4AC / 4A 0 AC5 5 = Vin / 4& 0 ( > f C 5 ,o+# ass filter Crossover when f = & / ( C = 1 / 2 # is time constant lower fre9uencies Vout B Vin = pass *and higher fre9uencies Vout B Vin / 4( > f
Ca acitor c!arging circuit = ,o+# ass filter Vin = V- cos4( f t5

C 5 = attenuated
,o+# ass filter res onse time constant = C =

Vout
log4Vout5
Dnee f=&/(

logVin )ingle'pole rolloff E dB/octave = &- dB/decade

log4 f 5

Inductors
Voltage = rate of voltage change ! inductance V = + dI/dt Definitions Inductance + = resistance to current change# units = :enr"s Impedance of inductor: ', = (2 & f ,) +ow fre9uenc" = short circuit :igh fre9uenc" = open circuit Inductors rarel" used
Ca acitor c!arging circuit = ,o+# ass filter Vin = V- cos4( f t5 -ig!# ass filter res onse

Vout +
log4Vout5
f= /(>+

logVin

/ew schematic s"m*ol: Inductor

log4 f 5

Capacitor filters circuits

Can maDe *oth low and high pass filters
-

,o+# ass filter Vin = V cos4( f t5 I C I

Vout

-ig!# ass filter Vin = V cos4( f t5 I

-

Vout I

.ain res onse

logVin

.ain res onse

logVin

log4Vout5

Dnee f=&/(

log4Vout5
f=&/(

log4 f 5 P!ase res onse phase

f=&/(

log4 f 5 phase

log4 f 5 P!ase res onse

- degrees

log4 f 5
'<- degrees

- degrees '<- degrees

f=&/(

)ummar" of schematic s"m*ols

+

Batter"

esistor

.otentiometer

$C voltage source

Capacitor

.otentiometer
('inputs plus center tap

Inductor ,round %!ternal connection /on'connecting wires Diode

# +
Op amp

Color code
esistor values determined *" color Fhree main *ands
1 &st = &st digit 1 (nd = (nd digit 1 Grd = H of trailing ;eros

Color /um*er *lacD *rown red orange "ellow green *lue violet gra" white & ( G I J E K L <

%!amples
1 red# *rown# *lacD 1 ( & no ;eros = (& Ohms 1 "ellow# *rown# green 1 I & J = I?& 6ohm 1 purple# gra"# orange 1 K L G = KL DOhms

Capacitors can have G num*ers

1 use liDe three colors