/  4
 
 
]egqm|sgtæ dmbkg _t}dg dg Tm|c`i
Acoiktæ dg _ogmezm VikgtgohmDgvc|tg`meti Tmi|gm m Vikgtgohm dmkki _qgk}vvi
 
_iogckm
 
CGDCV
-
Cssiogczgiem Gtckgcec Dg|mtti|g m a}ezgiec|g C|mm V|itmttm
 
Cd|gcVCE
Cd|gctgo V|itmotmd C|mcs Emtri|n 
_mb|mtc|gcti gstgt}medc
C|mc @c|gec V|itmttc
Ti||m dmk Om||cei
Ivme sm`gec| - V|ibmtti dg Ctmemi <668 ,Tm||gti|g m Gdmetgtæ, 
Tm|c`i+ 32 smttm`l|m <667
 
Tm||gti|g+ T}|gs`g+ Gdmetgtæ
 
-----------------------
 
_mssgiem Vistm|:
 
C|mm V|itmttm
+
Tm`c:
 
kc |mtm dg kcqi|i dmei`gectc Cd|gcVCE
 
C}ti|m:
 
Aclgi QCKKC\IKC
+
CGDCV
-
Cssiogczgiem Gtckgcec Dg|mtti|g m a}ezgiec|g C|mm V|itmttm 
Kc |mtm Cd|gcVCE
-
 
 Cd|gctgo V|itmotmd C|mcs Emtri|n
 
@cvvc dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm cd|gctgohm `c|gem m oitgm|m ohm hcei ittio|gtti kc Oc|tc dg Om||ceim)i+ ge |ii+ s}mkkm getm|mctm ckkc cdmgiem emk v|ig`i a}t}|i% Cbbgi|ec`meti Ittil|m <667% 
G ‛
_ittiso|gtti|g‐
dmkkc
OC\TC dg OM\\CEI
(
 C|mm V|itmttm oistgm|m m `c|gem cd|gctgohm
'-Oiei|zgi dg Bmtgiem C|mc @c|gec V|itmttc
Ti||m dmk Om||cei 
 
-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm @c|gec dg
@g|c`c|m 
 
(T|gmtm-Gtc'-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm @c|gec dg
Ti||m B}comti 
(L|gedgg-Gtc'-Vc|oi |mbgieckm
Dmktc dmk Vi 
M`gkgc \i`cbec
(\cqmeec-Gtc'-Vc|oi |mbgieckm
Dmktc dmk Vi 
Qmemti
(Qmemzgc-Gtc'-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm |mbgieckm
_metgec 
(_% Lmemdmtti T|ieti-CV-Gtc'-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm |mbgieckm
Ockceohg dg Ct|g 
 
(Ct|g-TM-Gtc'-Ziec T}tmkc Lgikibgoc
Tmbe÷m dg Ohgibbgc 
(Qmemzgc-Gtc'-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm |mbgieckm
Kmoomtc Ti|gei dg _ceb|
(Ohgmtg-Gtc'-\gm|qc Ect}|ckm |mbgieckm
B|ittc dmkkm Ac|ackkm 
(Ohgmtg-Gtc'-Ectgieckeg Vc|n 
@kjmt 
 
(D}l|iqegn-H|qctnc'-Ectgieckeg Vc|n 
Ni|ectg 
 
(Zcdc|-H|qctnc'-Ectgieckeg Vc|n 
L|gj}eg 
(V}kc-Hq|ctnc'-C|mc ]`gdc
Kcb}ec dg Ec|tc 
(Qki|m-Cklcegc'-Icg @c|gec dg Oci|km‟
Tmbe÷m dg V%ti Ackoiem|
(Qmemzgc-Gtc'-Vc|n v|g|idm
 Kcstiqsni itiĀjm
 
(]lkg-H|qctnc'-Vc|oi |mbgieckm
@ietm _ce Lc|tiki 
(Vmc|i-Gtc'-Vc|oi |mbgieckm dmk
Oiem|i 
(Ceoiec-Gtc'
 
- ‡‡ k‗cdmsgiem è kglm|c m b|ct}gtc+ cqqgmem c `mzzi getm|emt ctt|cqm|si kc t|cs`gssgiem dmkdio}`meti }aagogckm dg |ctgagoc dmkkc Oc|tc dg Om||cei dc vc|tm dmkk‗i|bcegs`i dg bmstgiem%
Km dctm dg Cd|gcVCE
 
(
Oistgt}zgiem m sqgk}vvi dmkkm cttgqgtæ
'
 
<668- 4 m = bg}bei+ Vgemti (Tm'+
 Ri|nhiv t|c g bmti|g dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm cd|gctgohmoitgm|m m `c|gem d}|cetm g m`gec|g CGDCV dg
Lmeqme}ti Vc|oi
‐%
<668- 8 k}bkgi+ Vgemti (Tm'+
Geoiet|i dg |goieqioczgiem t|c g bmti|g dmkkm c|mm v|itmttmcd|gctgohm oitgm|m m `c|gem qikti ckkc dmagegzgiem dmkkc ‛
Oc|tc dg Om||cei 
‐%
<668- 33 cbisti+ T|gqgc dg Om||cei (rrr'+
 Qgmem cvm|tc } getm|emt k‗cdmgiem kglm|c mb|ct}gtc ckkc
Oc|tc dg Om||cei
}k lkib ‛
httv:))t|gqgcdgom||cei%lkibsvit%oi`
‐%
<668- <1 smttm`l|m
+
Vi|ti Ockm|g dg \isikgec (\i'
v|mi gk
Vc|oi \mbgieckm Qmemtidmk Dmktc dmk Vi
+ ittio|gzgiem }aagogckm dc vc|m dg 36 CCVV dmkkc ‛
Oc|tc dg Om||cei
‐%
<668- 1 ittil|m+ Lc|omkiec (_vcbec'+
V|mmetczgiem dmkkc
Oc|tc dg Om||cei
‐ ck
 Ri|kdOieb|mss V|itmotmd C|mcs
dmk‗G]OE emg m`gec|g dg
@mdVCE
% Ecom ‛
Cd|gcVCE 
‐%
<668- ?3 ittil|m+ Vi|ti Omsc|mi (Km'+
V|mmetczgiem dg ‛
 Cd|gcVCE
‐ ck ri|nhiv }‛Vmoc m bmtgiem dmkk C|mm V|itmttm‐ dmkkc
_iogmtæ Gtckgcec dg Lgikibgc @c|gec 
%
 <668- 2 ittil|m+ Lc|g+
kc |mtm Cd|gcVCE è v|mmetctc oi`m vitmezgckm ai|`c dg qgk}vvikiockm emk Oieqmbei Eczgieckm dmk
OiEG_@c 
‟Oie% Getm|}egqm|gtc|gi _o% @c|m%
<668- 38 dgom`l|m+ @g|c`c|m (Ts'+
\g}egiem t|c ‛
 Cd|gcVCE
‐ m kc |mtm dmkkm ]egqm|gtædmkk‗c|mc lckocegoc vm| k‗cqqgi dg v|ibmttczgieg oiebg}etm ge c`lgti Cd|gctgoi%
 <667- <6 amll|cgi+ Ti|gei dg _ceb|i (Oh'+
 Ri|nhiv ‛
 Cd|gcVCE
‐ ge tm`c dgV|ibmttczgiem M}|ivmc m vitmezgckgtæ dmkkc |mtm vm| kc v|mvc|czgiem dg ocedgdct}|m%
 <667- <6 `c|zi+ Qmemzgc+
V|mmetczgiem dg ‛
 Cd|gcVCE
‐ ck
_ckiem Ec}tgoiGetm|eczgieckm dg Qmemzgc
} gegzgctgqc dmk Oi`}em dg Ohgibbgc (Qm'%
<667-32 cv|gkm+ Bmeiqc+
kc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
è v|mmetctc oi`m vitmezgckm ai|`c dg qgk}vvikiockm emkkc mgiem vitm| dmkkc |cmbec getm|eczgieckm
_kiragsh 
dg Bmeiqc
%
<667-7 `cbbgi+ Nivm| (_kiqmegc'+
kc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
cv|m+ gegm`m ckk‗
]egqm|sgtæV|g`i|snc
dg Nivm|+ gk v|ibmtti
HMC\T ia Cd|gc 
emk v|ib|c``c
GVC Cd|gctgoi%
 
<667-4 bg}bei+ L|gj}eg (O|iczgc'+
kc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
è gem|gtc+ } geqgti dg
 RRA @mdVi
 m
_}eom
+ emk oietmti dmk v|ibmtti
@mdVCE _i}th 
vm| kc |mbgiem cd|gctgoc%
Bkg
‛Cdm|metg‐
cd Cd|gcVCE
(
EBI+ Cssiogczgieg+ ]egqm|sgtæ+ Gstgt}tg dg \gom|oc
'
 
-
 CGDCV
 C% Gt% Dg|mtti|g m a}ezgiec|g C|mm V|itmttm (httv:))rrr%cgdcv%gt)'  -
 RRA
@mdgtm||cemce V|ib|c``m Iaagom(httv:))rrr%`mdvce%i|b)'-
_]EOM
 Ciogctgie ai| ect}|m+ meqg|ie`met ced }tcgeclkm dmqmkiv`met- _vkgt-O|iczgc(httv:))rrr%}eom-t%i|b)'-
 C]KMDC 
Kiock Moiei`go Dmqmkiv`met Cbmeow+ Qki|m-Cklcegc (httv:))rrr%c}kmdc%i|b)'-
 Cd|gctgn Ometm|
- Qki|m-Cklcegc (httv:))rrr%c}kmdc%i|b)'-
]egqm|sgtæ dg Tm|c`i
+ Dgvc|tg`meti Tmi|gm Vikgtgohm _qgk}vvi _iogckm (httv:))rrr%}egtm%gt)'-
]egqm|sgtæ dg Tm|c`i
+ Dgvc|tg`meti dg _ogmezm Lgi`mdgohm Oi`vc|ctm (httv:))rrr%}egtm%gt)'-
]egqm|sgtæ dg Lc|g
+ Dgvc|tg`meti dg Ziikibgc (httv:))rrr%ziikibgc%}eglc%gt)'-
]egqm|sgtæ dg Likibec-OG\_C 
+ Omet|i Getm|dgvc|tg`metckm dg \gom|oc vm| km _ogmezm C`lgmetckg-\cqmeec (httv:))og|c%c`l|c%}egli%gt'-
GZ_ C!@
+ Gt% Ziiv|iagkcttgoi Cl|}zzi!@ikgm -Tm|c`i(httv:))rrr%gz%gt)'-
Oiesi|zgi @c|gi Emb|g _}d+
Omet|i _ogmezm C`lgmetckg- Kceogcei (Oh'(httv:))rrr%emb|g}d%gt)'-
Tg`m V|ijmot
+ Likzcei-Kiedie (httv:))rrr%tg`m-v|ijmot%oi`)'-
Omet|i _t}dg Omtcomg
-Vmoc|c (httv:))rrr%omet|it}dgomtcomg%i|b)'-
Tmthws
\mmc|oh Getgt}tm (httv:))rrr%tmthw%i|b)'-
Lk}m Ri|kd Gestgt}tm
\mmc|oh ced Oiem|qctgie- O|iczgc (httv:))rrr%lk}m-ri|kd%i|b)
 
'-
@i|gbmeis+
@c|gem `c``ck |mmc|oh ced oiem|qctgie iogmtw- _kiqmegc(httv:))rrr%`i|gbmei%i|b)'-
Aiedczgiem Omtcomc
iek} (httv:))aiedczgiemomtcomc%i|b)'-
Oiesi|zgi OGQGOC 
(httv:))rrr%ogqgoc%oo)'-
GTCOC 
 Ciogczgiem _qgk}vvi Kiockm (httv:))rrr%ciogczgiemgtcoc%i|b)'-
Oii|dgec`meti T}tmkc Oistc Tmctgec
(httv:))goikgl|g%lkibvit%oi`)'-
Zcdc| Ect}|m
+ V}lkgo getgt}tgie ai| @cecbm`met ia Ect}|m V|itmotmd C|mc ge Zcdc| Oi}etw-O|iczgc (httv:))rrr%zcdc|-ect}|m%h|)'-
_glmegn Ect}|m
+ @cecbm`met ia Ect}|m V|itmotmd C|mc ge _glmegn Oi}etw- O|iczgc-
_MKO
+ _iogmtæ vm| k"Moikibgc dmkkm Kcb}em m dmkkm Oitm (httv:))rrr%mko%gt)'-
MoiQgm
(httv:))moiqgm%emtie%i|b)'
 
 
 
OC\TC dg OM\\CEI
 
Oistgt}zgiem+ ilgmttgqg md getm|qmetg dmk Emtri|n dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm oistgm|m m `c|gem dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi+
 Cd|gcVCE 
(
 Cd|gctgo V|itmotmd C|mcs Emtri|n
'
Ilgmttgqi v|geogvckm dmk Emtri|n
è k‗cqqgi dg }e v|iomi tmoegoi c }vvi|ti dmg ibbmttg bmti|g dg c|mm v|itmttm vm| gk |cbbg}ebg`meti+ met|i gk <63<+ dmkk"ilgmttgqi agcti dck
Ri|kd _}``gt ie _}stcgeclkm Dmqmkiv`met 
 
(R__D'^3Pdg v|i`}iqm|m k"gtgt}zgiem dg |mtg dg c|mm v|itmttm `c|gem m oitgm|m%Ge cooi|di oie bkg g`vmbeg getm|eczgieckg v|mg emkk‗c`lgti dmk _}``gt dmkkc Tm||c (R__D' tme}tig emk <66< c Jihceeml}|b m dmkkc
Oieqmezgiem s}kkc Dgqm|sgtæ Lgikibgoc 
(OLD'+ ceohm g vcmg |gqgm|cohg dmk@c| Cd|gctgoi iei+ geacttg+ ohgc`ctg c |gd}||m kc vm|dgtc dmkkc lgidgqm|gtæ `mdgcetm k"gdmetgagoczgiem m kc v|ibmttczgiem dg }e gtm`c |mbgieckm dg |mtg (emtri|n' dg c|mm oitgm|m m `c|gem moikibgoc`metm mo}kt}|ck`metm |cvv|mmetctgqm bmtgtm ge `cegm|c maagocom+ md c o|mc|m km oiedgzgieg acqi|mqikg ckkc |mckgzzczgiem dg tckm gtm`c met|i gk <63<%Ge ittm`vm|cezc+ vig+ ckkc dg|mttgqc m}|ivmc <668)=1)OM (‛
Dg|mttgqc S}cd|i s}kkc _t|ctmbgc vm| k"C`lgmetm @c|gei 
‐ dmk 32)1)<668'+ k"cttgqczgiem dmk Emtri|n dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi-
 Cd|gcVCE
g ckkgemc:- ckkc |gohgmtc dg ctt}czgiem dg t|ctmbgm tm`ctgohm+ s}ckg s}mkkm qiktm dckkm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem+ ageckgzzctm ckkc bmtgiem dmkkm cttgqgtæ }`cem ohm hceei }e g`vctti }kk"moigtm`c `c|gei m oitgm|i>- ckkc |gohgmtc (c|t% 3?+ vc|cb|cai 4' dg `mttm|m ge ctti `g}|m dg v|itmzgiem vczgckm ohm oiet|gl}gocei ckkc o|mczgiem dg |mtg oim|metg m |cvv|mmetctgqm dg ziem `c|gem v|itmttm%Cdm|goiei qikietc|gc`metm ck Emtri|n dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi -
 Cd|gcVCE
g ibbmttg bmti|g dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm `c|gem m s}mkkm oitgm|m gk o}g vm|g`mt|i è ge vc|tm c oietctti oie gk`c|m^<P+ oc|cttm|gzzctm dc v|ilkm`ctgohm oi`}eg m oiedgqgm oieemm oie kc t}tmkc m kc oi||mttc a|}gzgiem dmkkm vmo}kgc|gtæ dmk `c|m m dmkkc oitc cd|gctgohm% Mm oitgt}goiei g ‛
eidg
‐ dmk Emtri|n%Kc Oc|tc ecom dckk"mgbmezc+ ai|tm`metm vm|omvgtc+ dg }e v|ib|c``c dg oii|dgec`meti dmkkm czgieg |gb}c|dcetg kc bmtgiem dg c|mm v|itmttm `c|gem m oitgm|m dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi%K"Cd|gctgoi hc dc m`v|m |cvv|mmetcti }e oikkmbc`meti t|c tm||m m o}kt}|m dgqm|m+ diqm iei tctg t|iqctg kgeb}cbbg oi`}eg+ e}iqm ai|`m dg oi``m|ogi m diqm+ ai|m vg÷ ohm ckt|iqm+ kc kgemc dg oitc hc|cvv|mmetcti- emk lmem m emk `ckm - k"gdmetgtæ m kc |gom|oc dg }ei qgk}vvi t|cea|ietckgm|i% Vm| }e oieikgdc`meti dmkkc oimgiem iogi-moiei`goc dmkk"moi|mbgiem cd|gctgoc^?Pè gedgvmeclgkm oiegdm|c|m gk |gvmttic`lgmetckm s}ckm mkm`meti t|}tt}|ckm emkkc v|mvc|czgiem m emkk‗cdizgiem dg vgceg m v|ib|c``g+ oie vc|tgoikc|m |gb}c|di ckkm c|mm vg÷ meglgkg m q}kem|clgkg+ s}ckg iei s}mkkm dmkkc acogc oitgm|c+ diqm goieomet|cei cttgqgtæ moiei`gohm ohm oc}cei }ec ai|tm v|mgiem }kkm |gi|m c`lgmetckg%Vm| }e"cdmb}ctc bmtgiem dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem dmkk‗Cd|gctgoi è s}gedg emomc|gi:- dmageg|m km v|gi|gtæ dg oiem|qczgiem dmkkc lgidgqm|gtæ dmkk‗moi|mbgiem `c|gec m oitgm|c cd|gctgoc+ ceohm vm| `mzzi dg qck}tczgieg dg bcv ceckwg>- gdmetgagoc|m g vi|tcti|g dg getm|mm md gk ki|i kgqmkki dg dgvmedmezc dckkm |gi|m dmkk"c`lgmetm (cd mm`vgi oiki|i ohm ivm|cei emk mtti|m gttgoi m emk t}|g`i'>- oigeqikbm|m g ibbmttg kiockg+ v}llkgog m v|gqctg+ ge t|ctmbgm md ilgmttgqg dg t}tmkc oi`}eg m oiedgqgg+ ck agem dg v|i`}iqm|m emkkm c|mm v|itmttm }ei qgk}vvi itmeglgkm>- gdmetgagoc|m g |gohg kmbctg ckkc vm|vmt|czgiem dg v|ctgohm gkkmbckg emg oiea|ietg dmkk"c`lgmetm `c|gei m oitgm|i+ s}gedg |gohgc`c|m km gtgt}zgieg ck agem dg ikkmogtc|em k"maamttgqi getm|qmeti>- v|i`}iqm|m }ec bmtgiem dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm }kkc lcm dg tcedc|d m v|itioikkg dg bmtgiem oi`}eg m oiedgqgg>- dgq}kbc|m kc oieiomezc m k"cvv|mzzc`meti dmkkm vmogagogtæ c`lgmetckg+ iogi-moiei`gohm m o}kt}|ckg (`ctm|gckg md g``ctm|gckg' dmkk‗Cd|gctgoi>- mqgdmezgc|m m v|i`}iqm|m gk |}iki dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem emk oiet|gl}g|m ckkm v|gi|gtæ eczgieckg dg oiem|qczgiem dmkk"c`lgmetm m dmkkc lgidgqm|gtæ m)i dg |gd}zgiem dmkkc viqm|tæ>- dgaaiedm|m md cvvkgoc|m g oieomttg dmkkc bmtgiem getmb|ctc dmkkc acogc oitgm|c m dmk `c|m+ ceohm m iv|ctt}tti ckkc k}om dmg oc`lgc`metg okg`ctgog bgæ ge ctti>- oi`v|medm|m g v|iomg vikgtgog m c``gegt|ctgqg ohm vi|tcei ckkc o|mczgiem dg e}iqm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem m v|i`}iqm|m k‗gtgt}zgiem dg e}iqm c|mm v|itmttm ck agem dg c`vkgc|m kc |mtm dg vc|ohg m |gm|qm+oie vc|tgoikc|m cttmezgiem c itmem|m kc t}tmkc dg tgvikibgm c`lgmetckg ceoi|c vioi |cvv|mmetctm>- gedgqgd}c|m m oieo|mtgzzc|m km ivvi|t}egtæ dg agecezgc`meti eczgieckg m getm|eczgieckg ge itmbei dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem m dmk a}ezgiec`meti dmk Emtri|n%Ckk‗getm|ei dmk oietmti dmo|gtti+ m vm| oiet|gl}g|m ckkc iddgaczgiem dmkkm mgbmezm gedgqgd}ctm vm| k‗moi|mbgiem cd|gctgoc+ kc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
g v|iviem oi`m vc|tm dg }e vg÷ c`vgi emtri|n dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm dmk@mdgtm||cemi m dg ckt|m |mtg ohm cooi`}ecei km c|mm v|itmttm m}|ivmm+ viemedig oi`m getm|kio}ti|m ge |cvv|mmetcezc m c itmbei dmkkm vmo}kgc|gtæ moikibgohm+ o}kt}|ckg md moiei`gohm ohm oc|cttm|gzzcei gk `c|mm km oitm dmkk‗Cd|gctgoi% Km |mtg dg c|mm v|itmttm+ i cd ckti qcki|m c`lgmetckm+ bgæ ivm|cetg emk @mdgtm||cemi+ s}ckg: kc |mtm dmg bmti|g dg c|mm `c|gem v|itmttm emk @mdgtm||cemi -
@mdVCE
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eie v}ü ohm getm|acoogc|g ceohmoie |mtg mgtmetg m |cvv|mmetctgqm dmk ‛`iedi Cd|gctgoi‐+ ceohm m eie ageckgzzctm }egoc`metm ckkm v|ilkm`ctgohm c`lgmetckg m bmtgieckg dg c|mm v|itmttm i cd ckti qcki|m c`lgmetckm+ s}ckm kc |mtm dmkk‗ciogczgiem
M}|i|mbgiem Cd|gctgoc 
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c|ceei g v|itioikkg m bkg t|}`metg `mg c dgvigzgiem dc gtgt}zgieg m}|ivmm m getm|eczgieckg ageckgzzctm ckkc maagogmezc bmtgieckm dmbkg metg bmti|g dmkkmc|mm v|itmttm+ eieohç ckkc bmtgiem getmb|ctc m itmeglgkm dmk tm||gti|gi+ s}ckm k‗GOZ@ (
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ilgmttgqg svmogagog
dmkkc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
iei+ s}gedg+ g mb}metg :3% `mttm|m ge |mtm g bmti|g dg c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem+ o|mcedi gem|bgm t|c dg ki|i m oitgt}medi }e c|ohgqgi dg t}ttg g ibbmttg ohm bmtgoiei+ i iei oigeqiktg+ emkkc bmtgiem dg c|mm v|itmttm i c|mm cd cktiqcki|m c`lgmetckm dmkkm oitm i dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi><% v|i`}iqm|m oc`lg dg geai|`czgieg tmoegohm m gtgt}zgieckg t|c g `m`l|g dmkkc |mtm>?% oiet|gl}g|m c `gbkgi|c|m kc bmtgiem dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem `mdgcetm k"ctt}czgiem dg gegzgctgqm dg getm|mm oi`}em vm| bkg metg bmti|g+ t|c o}g gk `gbkgi|c`meti m kc dgaa}giem dmkkm oieiomezm m dmkkmtmoegohm vm| kc bmtgiem m k‗}tgkgzzi dg tcedc|d m v|itioikkg dg bmtgiem oi`}eg m oiedgqgg>4% |gviedm|m ckkm cvmttctgqm dg ckt|g ctti|g oigeqiktg emkkc bmtgiem dg c|mm v|itmttm (c}ti|gtæ oi`vmtmetg+ vi|tcti|g dg getm|mg+ %%%'>=% cgtm|m g bmti|g dg ibeg gebikc c|mc v|itmttc caageohç vicei bmtg|m kc ki|i c|mc oi`m vc|tm dg }e emtri|n>1% v|i`}iqm|m |gom|ohm ageckgzzctm ckkc oieiomezc gc dmkk‗moikibgc dmkk"Cd|gctgoi emk }i gegm`m gc dmg |cvvi|tg ‛aggog‐ m o}kt}|ckg t|c g eidg dmk emtri|n+ oie vc|tgoikc|m |gb}c|di c:² |cooiktc dg geai|`czgieg }kkc lgidgqm|gtæ m kc dgt|gl}zgiem dmbkg hclgtct `c|geg m dg s}mkkg oitgm|g dmkk"Cd|gctgoi>² |cooiktc dg geai|`czgieg }bkg cvmttg moikibgog+ `c ceohm c s}mkkg iogi-moiei`gog m o}kt}|ckg dmkkm oitm cd|gctgohm>² }tgkgzzi dg gtm`g geai|`ctgqg bmi|mam|mezgctg tcedc|dgzzctg c }vvi|ti ckkm dmoggieg m }tgkg ck `iegti|cbbgi+ ohm geok}dcei k‗}i dg gedgocti|g c }vvi|ti dmkkc bmtgiem>² qgk}vvc|m gk oieomtti dg omet|g dg geai|`czgiem dc dgm`gec|m m |medm|m dgvieglgkg vm| gk v}llkgoi>2% v|i`}iqm|m kc o}kt}|c kiockm m kc ckqcb}c|dgc dmkkm t|cdgzgieg dg bmtgiem dmk `c|m m dmbkg c`lgmetg oitgm|g>8% oiet|gl}g|m ckkc |gom|oc md ckkc oieo|mtgzzczgiem dg agecezgc`metg emomc|g vm| kc |mckgzzczgiem dmbkg ilgmttgqg s}g v|mqgtg%Km
 Czgieg v|gi|gtc|gm
dmkkc |mtm
 Cd|gcVCE
iei :Ge |mkczgiem ckk‗ctt}czgiem dmbkg ilgmttgqg vmogagog ogtctg+ km cttgqgtæ v|gi|gtc|gm ohm qm||ceei get|cv|mm dc Cd|gcVCE iei:c% bc|cetg|m k"cttgqgtæ dg mb|mtc|gcti geai|`ctgqi m dg v|g`i oii|dgec`meti t|c g eidg dmk emtri|n>l% o|mc|m m `cetmem|m }e c|ohgqgi dg c|mm v|itmttm `c|gem m oitgm|m cd|gctgohm moiedi kc `mtidikibgc qgk}vvctc dc RRA+ \CO _VC m G]OE-@md>o% |mckgzzc|m }e"gedcbgem ageckgzzctc c ocvg|m+ vm| ibeg c|mc v|itmttc cdm|metm ckkc Oc|tc+ m gk v|iomi gtgt}tgqi è cqqme}ti ge `cegm|c vc|tmogvctc t|c g ibbmttg v}llkgog v|mvitg m g ibbmttg kiockg eieohç cqm|gagoc|m s}ckg iei km `idckgtæ i|bcegzzctgqm m dg bmtgiem ctt}ckg m m s}mtm aceei |gam|g`meti c v|itioikkg m gegzgctgqm ohm v|mqmdiei kc vc|tmogvczgiem t|c metm bmti|m m ckt|g ibbmttg v}llkgog m v|gqctg>d% cttgqc|m kc `cvvct}|c m kc qck}tczgiem dmkkc tgvikibgc dg
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Cd|gctgo V|itmotmd C|mcs Emtri|n 
'+ sgstm`c getmb|cti dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm oistgm|m m `c|gem dmkk"Cd|gctgoi+ emkkc
 
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 Cd|gcVCE
vit|æ mm|m c`vkgcti+ mezc kg`gtczgieg bmib|cagohm+ oie k‗ilgmttgqi dg v|i`}iqm|m vikgtgohm dg gtm`c c itmbei dg czgieg moiei`gohm itmeglgkgoiedittm oie gk `mtidi dmkkc vc|tmogvczgiem m oiedgqggiem dmg v|ilkm`g kiockg md moi|mbgieckg%Tmti cdittcti ckk"}eceg`gtæ k"8 k}bkgi <668 ge Qgkkc Agkgceg c Vgemti (Tm' m |ctgagocti+ dckkm v|g`m dgmog c|mm v|itmttm+ gk <1 mttml|m <668 ge Vi|ti Ockm|g dg \iikgec (\i' emk Vc|oi Qmemti dmk Dmktc dmk Vi
 
Kc Oc|tc dg Om||cei è oitgt}tgqc dmk Emtri|n dmkkm C|mm V|itmttm oitgm|m m `c|gem dmk @c| Cd|gctgoi -
 Cd|gcVCE
 
^3P -Ri|kd _}``gt ie _}tcgeclkm Dmqmkiv`met+ Vkce ia G`vkm`metctgie% ?3(o': (‛qgk}vvc|m m acogkgtc|m k‗}i dg dgqm|g cvv|ioog m t|}`metg+ geok}dmedi %%% kc oitgt}zgiem dg c|mm `c|gem v|itmttm ge cooi|di oie km kmbbg getm|eczgieckg mlcctm } geai|`czgieg ogmetgagohm oi`v|mg emtri|n |cvv|mmetctgqg+ met|i gk <63<‐‡^<P -‘@c|gem ced Oictck V|itmotmd C|mc‗ `mce cew dmagemd c|mc rgthge i| cdjcomet ti thm `c|gem meqg|ie`met+ tibmthm| rgth gt iqm|kwgeb rctm| ced ciogctmd aki|c+ ac}ec+ ced hgti|gock ced o}kt}|ck amct}|m+ rhgoh hc lmme |mm|qmdlw kmbgkctgie i| ithm| maamotgqm `mce+ geok}dgeb o}ti`+ rgth thm maamot thct gt `c|gem ced)i| oictck lgidgqm|gtw mejiw c hgbhm| kmqmk ia v|itmotgie thce gt }||i}edgeb% _mo|mtc|gct ia thm Oieqmetgie ie Lgikibgock Dgqm|gtw (<664'%TMOHEGOCK CDQGOM IE THM M_TCLKG_H@MET CED @CECBM@MET IA C ECTGIECK _W_TM@ IA @C\GEM CED OIC_TCK V\ITMOTMD C\MC_+ _OLD+ 46 vcbm (OLD Tmohegock _m|gm ei% 3?'^?P -Ce Moi|mbgie g c kc|bm }egt ia kced i| rctm| oietcgegeb c bmib|cvhgockkw dgtgeot cm`lkcbm ia vmogm+ ect}|ck oi``}egtgm+ ced meqg|ie`metck oiedgtgie% Thm li}edc|gm ia ce moi|mbgie meoi`vc ce c|mc rgthge rhgoh g`vi|tcetmoikibgock ced mqik}tgiec|w v|iomm `it t|iebkw getm|cot‐ (RRA <66?'% Moi|mbgie oiem|qctgie ‛g ce mqik}tgie ge thgengeb+ vkceegeb+ ced cotgeb ct thm vctgck ced tm`vi|ck ockm lmt }gtmd ai| }ooma}k lgidgqm|gtw oiem|qctgie‐%
 
 
 
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ohm `g|c ckkco|mczgiem dg }ec |mtm m}|ivmc dg c|mm v|itmttm+ gdmetgagoctmbmem|goc`metm oie gk ei`m dg _gtg dg Getm|mm Oi`}egtc|gi ^=P+ qiktm v|iv|gi c tm`vm|c|m kc gt}czgiem dg }ec oiem|qczgiemdmkkc ect}|c ivm|ctc iki } ‛gikm amkgog‐%Gk kg`gtm dg tckm vikgtgoc emk oietmti @mdgtm||cemi md Cd|gctgoi è+ ikt|m ck |gtc|di ohm tc oietcedi k‗gedgqgd}czgiemdg gtg
Ect}|c <666
c `c|m+ kc kg`gtctc oi`vmtmezc dmkk‗]egiemM}|ivmc a}i|g dcg vcmg `m`l|g% Ogü oi`vi|tc ohm k‗getm|i kcti`m|gdgieckm dmk lcogei `mdgtm||cemi |mtc mok}c dc tckmvikgtgoc dg ckqcb}c|dgc ikt|m iqqgc`metm ckkc g`viglgkgtæ dgoiet|ikki } ogü ohm cqqgmem ge cos}m getm|eczgieckg%Vm| gk
@c|m Cd|gctgoi
kc gt}czgiem |g}ktc ceoi| vg÷oi`vkmc dcti ohm g vcmg dmkkc oitc i|gmetckm+ v}| mmedii|`cg lme getmb|ctg oie g gtm`g moiei`gog m}|ivmg+ dg actti+eie iei illkgbctg cd cvvkgoc|m tck}em ei|`ctgqm+ oi`m s}mkkmge `ctm|gc dg t}tmkc c`lgmetckm% V}| getm|mcedi s}mtg tmgvcmg }e `c|m vgooiki m ohg}i+ dg lcg aiedckg `c ckki tmitm`vi dg b|cedm |gkmqcezc moiei`goi-oi``m|ogckm+ ckki tmi`idi ge o}g ki aceei k‗Gtckgc+ kc _kiqmegc m c B|mogc+ vcmg ohm bægedgqgd}cei k}ebi km ki|i oitm gv|g`g gtg dg Ect}|c <666%
^4P Og g |gam|gom ge vc|tgoikc|m c d}m Dg|mttgqm Oi`}egtc|gm: kc Dg|mttgqc27)467)OMM
‛]oomkkg‐
dmk < cv|gkm 3727 m kc Dg|mttgqc Oi`}egtc|gc 7<)4?)OMM
‛Hclgtct‐
dmk <3 `cbbgi 377<% Met|c`lm |momvgtm emkkc kmbgkczgiem gtckgcec m dgqme}tmge l|mqm tm`vi gk e}iqi s}cd|i dg |gam|g`meti vm| km e}iqm t|ctmbgm dg oiem|qczgiemdmkkc ect}|c%^=P Ge |mcktæ ck v|ib|c``c Ect}|c <666 aceei |gam|g`meti gc g _gtg dgGetm|mm Oi`}egtc|gi (_GO' gedgqgd}ctg ge im|qcezc ckkc oigddmttc
Dg|mttgqcHclgtct
+ gc ceohm km Ziem dg V|itmzgiem _vmogckm (ZV_' gedgqgd}ctm geqmom }kKc lcmdmg o|gtm|g gedgoctg dckkc
Dg|mttgqc ]oomkkg%
C kgqmkki getm|eczgieckm km gbkm }tgkgzzctmiei |gvmttgqc`metm: _OG (
_gtms ia Oi``}egtw G`vi|tceom
' m _VC (
_vmogckV|itmotgie C|mcs
'%
 Cd|gcVCE
g `}iqm }kkc ogc dmkkc vigtgqc mvm|gmezc dg
@mdVCE
ohm t|c gk <661 mgk <667 hc oitgt}gti gk v|geogvckm
emtri|n 
dg c|mm `c|gem v|itmttm dmk @mdgtm||cemi>oii|dgecti dck
 Rra A|ceom
emkk‗c`lgti dmkkm gegzgctgqm
G]OE
% Gk }oomi |goieiog}ti cks}mk gtm`c dg |mtm+ vm| s}ceti ceoi|c bgiqcem+ è kmbcti v|iv|gi ckkc ai|`}kc dg lcm ohmoigeqikbm g gebikg
`cecbm|
dmkkm ikm c|mm v|itmttm+ |g}omedi oië c qmgoikc|m }e |mckmgetm|mm c kcqi|c|m gegm`m } ilgmttgqg oi`}eg m oiedgqgg%
@mdVCE
ecom oi`m }ec gegzgctgqc
 litti`-}v
ohm dck lci+ ogiè+ o|mc s}mkkmoiedgzgieg dg oikkcli|czgiem tclgkm t|c ivm|cti|g dg c|mm v|itmttm ge Vcmg t|cea|ietckgm|gohm+ v}|t|ivvi+ eie è acogkm dc ittmem|m ctt|cqm|i bkg i|dgec|g oceckg dgvki`ctgog dmbkg _tctggetm|mctg%Emkkc tmc ogc m emkki tmi c`lgti g iei `im kc c|mm v|itmttm dmkk‗Cd|gctgoi }gegzgctgqc dmkk‗
 C|mc @c|gec V|itmttc dg @g|c`c|m
+ bgæ `m`l|i cttgqi dg
@mdVCE
+caagceocti dckkc czgiem cttmetc m dmogc dmkk‗gtgt}medc
 C|mc @c|gec V|itmtc Ti||m dmkOm||cei%
Oie gk vcc|m dmk tm`vi hc gegzgcti c v|medm|m oi|vi
 Cd|gcVCE
-
 Cd|gctgoV|itmotmd C|mcs Emtri|n 
+ }ec tclgkm |mtm dg kcqi|i (
emt-ri|n 
' t|c km c|mm v|itmttmdmkk‗Cd|gctgoi+ `c|gem m oitgm|m ohm g |gt|iqcei emg v|geogvg m embkg ilgmttgqg me}eogctg emkkc
Oc|tc dg Om||cei
%Gk 1 ittil|m <668 c Lc|omkkiec+ ge _vcbec+ g è tme}tc kc Oieam|mezc `iedgckm |gqiktcckkc oiem|qczgiem dmkkc ect}|c i|bcegzzctc dckk"
G]OE
(
GQ Ri|kd Oiesm|qctgie Oieam|meom
-
Getm|ectgieck ]egie ai| Oiesm|qctgie ia Ect}|m
'% Ge s}mti oietmti+ emkk‗c`lgti dmkkmcttgqgtæ dg
@mdVCE
+ è tctc vi|tctc }k vcei|c`c getm|eczgieckm kc |mcktæ dg
 Cd|gcVCE%
 K‗ioocgiem è tctc iaam|tc dckk"geoiet|i i|bcegzzcti dc
Thm Ect}|m Oiesm|qceow 
+
Amdm|vc|ohg
m
 RRA A|ceom
+ dck tgtiki ‛
_vmmdgeb }v thm mstclkgsh`met ia c oihm|met+|mv|msmetctgqm ced maamotgqmkw `cecbmd moikibgock emtri|n ia `c|gem v|itmotmd c|mcs gethm @mdgtm||cemce9
‐%
 
Gk qcki|m cbbg}eti dmg
 Emtri|n
 
vm| km c|mm v|itmttm `c|gem m oitgm|m g è vm|omvg|m emk `i`meti ge o}g ck
 @c|gem _}``gt
G]OE-ROVC dg
 
Rchgebtie
dmk
<662
+ g è gegzgcti c vc|kc|m } dio}`metg }aagogckg dg
‛oi||gdig‐ dg oieemgiem moikibgoc t|c c|mm v|itmttm
% Km tmoegohm dg vgcegagoczgiem m bmtgiemvmectm md }tgkgzzctm ckk‗getm|ei dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm+ iv|ctt}tti k‗cvvkgoczgiem dmbkg t|}`metg qikietc|g vm| kc itmeglgkgtæ+ oiemetg|mllm|i+ ceohm oie |mkctgqcm`vkgogtæ+ dg qgk}vvc|m t|ctmbgm m vgceg dg czgiem oiedgqgg ceohm } tm||gti|g dgaagogkg dc bmtg|m }egtc|gc`metm oi`m s}mkkg oitgm|g% Kcddiqm+ geacttg+getm|cbgoiei |mcktæ `ikti dgaam|metg t|c ki|i+ s}mkkm caam|metg ck `c|m m s}mkkm dmkkc tm||cam|`c+ dgqm|m itti `iktg v}etg dg qgtc+ c`lgmetckg+ moiei`goi-iogckgm c``gegt|ctgqi-gtgt}zgieckg+ c}`metc k‗g`vi|tcezc dg }tgkgzzi dg gtm`g ‛oidgagoctg‐ s}ckg iei km |mtg dg oiivm|czgiem% G
 Emtri|n 
tclgkg vm|`mttiei dg ac|mtmi|i dmkkm mvm|gmezm ckt|}g oiemetmedi dg |cbbg}ebm|m g |g}ktctg qik}tg oie `cbbgi|m m`vkgogtæ%V|itioikkg oi`vkmg vmectg md cvv|iqctg }k vgcei getm|eczgieckm oi`m s}mkki vm| kc
Bmtgiem Getmb|ctc dmkkm Ziem Oitgm|m (GOZ@'
cvvcgiei oi`m gvg÷ k}ebg`g|cetg ceohm m+ gemqgtclgk`metm+ iei s}mkkg oie km `cbbgi|g dgaagoiktæ dg cvvkgoczgiem m eie cttgqctg+ vm| i|c+ ctt|cqm|i }ec cdmgiem vietcemc dgt}ttm km vc|tg getm|mctm% Cvvc|m mqgdmetm ge tckg a|cebmetg oi`m ceohm }k vgcei kmbgkctgqi m`m|bm ai|tm kc qikietæ dg o|mc|m
 Emtri|n 
t|c km c|mm v|itmttm%K‗mkmqctc
s}ckgtæ v|ibmtt}ckm |gohgmtc dckkc Oi`}egtæ M}|ivmc
+ geagem+ vm| s}ck}es}m tgvi dg ocedgdct}|c c agecezgc`meti è dgaagogk`metm|cbbg}ebglgkm emkkc gt}czgiem ge o}g g `}iqiei ibbg b|ce vc|tm dmkkm c|mm v|itmttm gtckgcem+ m vg÷ ge bmem|ckm cd|gctgohm+ iv|ctt}tti oitgm|m m `c|gem% Gk `iedidmkkm c|mm v|itmttm è ai|tm`metm }vvi|tcti dck ‛
tm|zi mtti|m
‐+ s}mkki mezc ageg dg k}o|i dmkkm Ciogczgieg+ Iek} m Oiivm|ctgqm+ ohm ivm|cei oieoi`vmtmezc+ v|iamgieckgtæ m vcgiem% Kc oc|gtæ dmkkm |gi|m moiei`gohm v|iqmegmetg dckki _tcti vgebm m`v|m dg vg÷ tckg |mcktæ bmtgieckg c ac|mcaagdc`meti }g v|ib|c``g dg agecezgc`meti oi`}egtc|gi% G
 Emtri|n 
+ k}ibi dg oc`lgi dg mvm|gmezm m dg }tgkg geai|`czgieg vm| kc |gom|oc ogmetgagoc+ ge }e tckma|cebmetm
iei dgqme}tg oië+ ceohm }e oietmti ge o}g+ emk oiedgqgdm|m cko}eg ilgmttgqg+ g viiei }eg|m t|ctmbgoc`metm km ai|zm v|ibmtt}ckg
%

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