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‘evident ta tnceputul dscutel parugenfaal reapootyy In seopal kadtarile exnyale alo rence sl Ge uyara,eocepeotaten. Teteroccliei ea earacter aromatic aint trata In nell ‘cunongtert problemelor fandsmentate ale domenialui, Aw font ‘li nceste capitole uni colorant, medicamente, pteeum si wait Littl inele hetrocictce. ‘aural si proteinele, draft deearbon st eltera lase (erpenoide, earotinode steroid) snt yrezemta sub “centile, de autooontrot al insuirit materataul, a sista fecd- a fost formulate o serie de intrebe recapitulative bazate po uprins in text. Alp itrebiri au fost formulate im seopul a Audits gi imaginati, Pentru uncle Intrebie,cousierate mat ‘au fost date gt rispunstrie eorecte i fire cit. “Taoaren fost indi, coneeputh al redactats ea in tot unitar, te publica inten singur volun. Nessie des tpt dud ‘aproximativ egale a impos tmpiyivn materilul im dou Tn volumul 1 nu fost meroduseeaptolle intreduetive,hidrocarbu- comput ale vor geape fonctions contin mama Iesitot simple oxigen). ste capabil si Tormexe legitush mip (ent, aot) le eror grape funcHonale contin earbon (comps Shoei et); de ascmenca aw fost ineluse capitlele tratind. despre Jou earcter aromatic unit pray natural, it mulfumeso celor ce mau sprint a realizar acestetn- rind adwe tnljraetcolegua meu a tng. The G. Dinu ‘ajutoral dat la definitivaren manusesiutoy devenarea igt- fl mat ales pentru observatile ute & competente, ‘rol dr. ing. Tain Pogany, cont. de. ing. Aurelia Ghen ‘ng, ocian Enescu le maljamese penta sugestie date 9 ‘ere tu contetbult ba elaeBientea text. Hana Birbuleen st eunmatet mele dr, lena Avram, limatal de tnfeegere si afectune pe éare Lou. eu ‘oestel cre. cUPRINS 1. an Maroc ae epee 2) Hire cen Segoe - Traut 2 stmt samp nal (2 ST parte i act 23. Kane eats GD. 33. Towa coated ; 24. tert coment 4) 35. blare oa aestte ace ()- Tana). >= Rapti na ee a nan SS Uh a agrmears a sy see Ree 4 ar cartes pena inate ae mete as Pagers sarees om oor soa anes Ste Sear Semin pe eb ten, rhe iene @ ora aaataa'bo ‘5A. Strucard, Proprielttcarnctercce ae leghtrlorstple (9). er ae Gerearmas cab eee em Be 45, Ppl ee 10, 6 Re tle hon a ae, Ite Gt (00, ear. Nemes (30 Ppt ratte (50 ven esha (39) eS SE Dinaae_ 69) lel, EL "tf 038 Fm Ayn ac cna (61. Tact pon ant tame! erect (2). ae ence Be sae 0 use coc Qe. Pea de abate» yon Citar. Somnath 2) Sours Propet rcs Sito ce snes nat 0) etn ri rc eas W'Sare au Mani nsmirate pes cinren sts 19. A Popeater). Act al sn 7) L le kad uy contami cx mete CD) eas ttt 2 ‘Ame 9 moe 2. (pests eerestn un. ica a Stein ther QM, Mata de ‘ia ropa! ce 20, Rts a> eet 0. ne 9 peo os eae tet cote ‘Guster. None Strat: aa cesta 8) ae Sr tte st ase ous (2) Mriede de Bete 020 NGS itunes pote ire Yataen tree GE) Prope tae q nna abe gta cols 0) ae anes pelinatars Scot out inten (60 Cae oy, Pagar destin en ete 307 Moe pre NOM Bete. sen en Temp amare, 08, Potene cates ea uel ent aarp C2. iss ate Os Int 0. 4 {deat mee mone 20) Bo Aico meter mao 37. 13% Ime Salen ater Ie Gets 1 Vase wpe eto eeu a mann pcr 0) Seis Ton emere all nie mole 5 YEE Dene ste tema a ec petther 88) ranae 98- 1 Coulee mt Saiee “AE ole = promt 980) SE, amples oot) TE Inter (7). (orem. ent, Atria 8 tT cna meet. Ensen. Diels OH. pues 0, ee mainte le G7. “ptr news scarier (3, } reuseable oil “Goats: Dutra 2. a G00. if Mn ces ttt ai | oso de cop tla ae "Sth lab Meee spn Se computer mga (2) SEEN hg, Ronan sme tga recite ermal tl spa abst (8). ci SE (48) S40); eis SLM ELM rent Frat a ah = Mt cero str 0, et ost csr sent (9 rs ee, Pot ae are “One Nomenoatrt AS) Ppt cect (2. ste (8) Met 8 ote ses fetes oo tri, Meee ue emant prrna " ‘ic 3 te toe eee ARS, nont ana rete tie nt ponte “amet er oo oot (4 STRUCTURA COMPUSILOR oRGANICL ree pi fatal return com Inoeputurite ini despre coxa ce nurnim. nica organic ine a Frnt eubostelor epee Respective eu pine ka legaturte ante ator tears struct comapusitor enganiel ma pot fr desparite for chime. ‘Trebue remareae ful ch totugt cimisti sits formlee Sugiat cavecte prvi sructura majo “ryanictcaniwcat, en tad line We9 jumdtate de serol lagerenataritiogaturior chimee ce uoese stent ‘Teorit din perie anterioard dein rit conceptubut de ean. La finial “secoltat at XVITIa, Lavoisier” conaldert eubsta f'n formate din tadicall"compusi™ adieh din grup (6,9 sau unger Cente Se tratsterh nechimbate 1 urate put © nti esr dedicat compet” de exeimplu radiata bens ECO vallyO, ldsonrete In aoca epoch se attibuia carbonulal ren routsten stomieh 8) in eomprsul nnit {HO (lal din mngdte nate), in lotunt {i avaial boraniy Cyl COOH’ (volat din “ae adeuieneny pein. tans re exist {Hf umire teats asta ‘eat, inotivele espe mal sus) im alcool tiie, (OH, clorurs Ge ell, CE, —Cl ete. Descoperrle din domenial electroehiniel, de ta inceputal scot ula) NIX ten (olfinerea metaelor aeaie prin eleieains, Davy, 1807), di ps In evidef existent ee ion posite # Soni negntivi, Aceste real fais eluate de chile orgenied a inspeat primele eoneepti despre natura forfelar ee nese atu inte ei. Aste a lu aete teria le reeeiadel Sau ore aatiod (Herzl, 161M). Potsvie neestel ort serail tmp * it tras ate et pin forte elettostatie us (1834) ek un stom de hideogen (leer fox deer (elector fe te aba) ongamieg 28 desta TUE tiara {Geshard, Tamrent, 1818). Nowe tele considers deja ub ‘Mantel organiee eu mite consttuc(lindividuale (aoleeal) $1 ate to FRuLint ajay into vom ordne sun rigid tere, Tria on Garson ae Tete bts ia natura forjelor eimice care uese atom molec. Than oa mat 0m ft progree pie inc pies ine ‘organic, bagate pe fenomennt sufetitiel.ompusll otgunil obi eat ente tutfgst incadrat it amuate ipare ern Huron, Ges ord, 1852), in care un yradiea compas” inlocnieste un atom de dro dentin nniecntcie de WTO, NH HC, Teoma tipuloe Introd ‘Sills organic ues defunct ebiod sat_grapaSuncfonal 8 de “Teri diy perioada entenfei. Tn deceniul dee ijn) seculula a XEXten fan predeat ourle de oneepht Doi hate pe observa Speen Ee day omnia to ea ie ‘Mlebiltate sh pastrat pins ta lele neasie, Se reeunoagte importa “Napacttifiidesaturaie aa atnniltatea”, adil wea eoulerior sa num Yaltoi cao. ruprietote fundamental, atomior (Frankland, 18 Give dot mal Gg (Cmigauro, 1858) se sabieste masa atomic ar ‘atu tn 12 4 a oxigenafal la 16) nu 6 2 8 eum se credes ianite eens gt Segara ant at sora Binp ecapronpo jumbtate de secl. to aeclagi an chimistl germ vc elulé sabileyt.teewvalenia tomb de carbon, iat ehimlstal waster pack algmilor de carbon dea seh Couper atrage atcha asupt capaci Inte esi forms de Lanjut sau een, Aig legstur nro in nity in chil, dat soso fae {Up veal mal iain (Simba nae de valent ‘Shorganiy find insh wllzat in mod eronat Itc a struturt O-line lar Dosinnil de structu 3.2 im plist ei asaya propmetaqion rubstanjolor a fost dati de Built {Eich amo op inane ot deere ctdetraetuen at inves, stetura oswlna propel e eeConfan noi teor srwetars: chimes este deft de fell, tnirul ‘Sireintite reciproce nie atomit moleeuel en alte euvinte, de wods de eeare'alstontior intre ek Teoria trustait nu foee refer Ia nara Fegitwnlor cc unese atom ier chy dar Te wcordS o Important czas cu CEN ineas atomor componen(t at moteculel ‘Teoria structarit preizeaxS eX molecule formate din acclas fe om de-atomt (eu seceng formals moleeulary v3.1. ¢) Th cate Huaflte reproce Iatre Atom sine acleag, slat Menice. Molectele for a eT: mer parte i in ini chime dient tee eu propia Hee Mdfttes Naeto kz prev ian de nmi teore wa iia pin asta. ‘Teoria ease m rruetart ne Refomen imma ks Womeril ce au n= in inrma ing dierte 8 ator Sateen cadr une moleeate, eat dear on li lswoyeriteunor forme de omer (¥-izomerie optic) ere au, fexpicate de teora reructutl Inform ef easiest 1a ga uli nse spatial af atemaulut de carbon. chinistul olsndex Mois inependent ehinistul tracer be Rell” tu anal 1874, a jira atonal a cava tetra ‘aleute sale orientate i cot ma os om, aes, ie sod weeometie al hel relat avind stomni de ear in entrul sia, Atal edn atone varbon st la aga wlreochiet (ster = pa “sn Unb greaet na cia epetide, en eaptol a totied dst ce ne reer structural react itaten compile in futic anjaren in spat atomilor meen Primele deeenit ale secoluad al XXden marched ineeputal eel ior descoperiss priving structure stoner. eaultatele acest des iviroice leg ait ewtild pentru ingelegerea fenomenelor eimice, dest sab am ete, incompletty erte wtizatscurent in chia orgies vp sprue sc ciel tt cot tcc sc ‘ ma hie sg ys Hain etn! rk ‘Teor electron strveti Prima imagine despre stoma de hidrogen,cempus dintr-un nuclew gy eu hrc post gun electron cu sare negativk, a fort Whit hi sstemat planeta (utherford, 1811). Se coosidort ek electro pte cu arent neat, se rotate in Jura! ncleul, parti Matin posits peo obit cieenar en ragn y. BI este mening 1 a - echilibr, i migenrea sa pe orbit pe forta eentitug, egi en forks rr cunt ocuoal Gauss Someltar SHEER. snlyate (eae TepaPARStromalut entem -t (in care m este mas eleetromulu,¢ este ‘itezay raga orbit create); pentru intreaga orbits cieulats UiSher, Conform legion eletzodinamici elanee, ea orice particu co Sneiasicteeh in migcare, electromul a tre i emt radii Imsgueticr, plein energie, so roteanch pe orbite eu raze fn ce mat tales, eoutopkndys final en nucle. ial atamulai de badgogen (N. Boke, 1913) pos tpleat Ct ronal pe ont fo aa pipe chile perm ae ‘Grormmnmentehetice int” taultipt male cotstantel Tar "Planck, Ke Gemre— nin ce m eptexinth numéral cane printpa, un OU Ineeg Cu yalinle 1,23 ete. iar-h ave valuaren 6020-402" ergrs sa fe as itil Gu age 2 9 te. a ae Tasch orbitlor permite, pe care ponte eveua ectronul, Pentru ston Le hedrogeny ruse aecstor orbite sluts ry o= 0330-403 Fy = 22 Hot cary ty = Ao1G-10-* cm clens raporlal- MerPerry este 1 24": eer 1e> (5a, Beeare obit corespund, taal anit mee de ner ‘Fes car valour eet proporytoualt cu) Eleetront, Targets Pe Shr ene go abate, cee. cals ea ‘anu elton de pen hive! de shetyle inferior peu alvel superior fe eideten aa feveninenleetohal de pe wn aivel fnferioe are loc eu emise(raditie) le energic. Trani peta aint permise nial daca se asoarbe sau se emi ‘aaumnita camtiate de eninge (o eames de energie, ho) a cite Yaloa ‘rebule sé conespandlt cu diferenta de energie ntze‘ele douk nivele AP pnt contr in edn eral neon Ht ‘in freceufle strane pt cal el dye vl in Papo en tvlalcal mat irae in energy nuit laren fundamentals BU modeluai atonal de Biasogen Tul Hobe, fort efeuute ‘cotaie orbiter, raza sh freevenfle spectral aft, care ovine ee SUishte deermincte experimental ‘ta omit cu wumst atone Z mat ‘move vind del ma ta leteoal hu pot ft obinate date cantitative ‘teorin electronic tnind seuma de orindutea,clementelor in sistema peioie(Menlelcer, 1804-1871) td ein chimieh @ raglor ‘ie suufeste, pe ze empire, unee eter eave st kx buen ordi TShvomtor in'dhara fovea de eeetront a atomior mus gre. Con form geese! for ekectroni egvese pe mal mle ivee a einer energie fe deter do antral tal can etoile SRE gar in uo eetron) ge (Got cet!) ocupa prim SEPP de devine complet in hella; cotiquatia sabi pent per soa int eos dubltl de ectrout Eee Semen {Patented pesodi,eeetoni se ores st tna doles ay eau enrgie mat mare dest primal Aceta oe eompleleash succes ei a 2, Strectura compusiior organict ‘ite un eletoony pink La pt eetroni, fn elemental ak ecules canal (We,"Cu‘propriedate de oe mrt fell, Penta eementle inp {hah pom contigarfia elects stabi estate eletronh epiod Cu slomenta st mixprezscle, soi, Incepe completes nivel He euersie superioans, Ay ane ingot Are opt electron, ba ntl wnt, weep aa nti oe 8 2, Teor bi, llc hain Hab cli ome a nit goal ee rack ia emir fa be ci ia. ieee en er cadena Ra On ae eS a SO car ato cde i Hiv kr celilalt accept electeouii si debe configura wee wd sit sink trap inte ol prin forte eletrstaton; in magtre o eletane- ide aod props pega ecteoraenta sone") ‘ea det dow eale est in com cite aul dee tron aa fiscare atu portigpaee elon}; fa naytereo gitar de Alot lect at lg event ‘ tn eo do atom care partilp 1a formarea eovalengel a i avvonfigurtie election de gaz ere (dublet pent valu, le exenplu). Logue eval formats fn jurul drogen, wet. 2, Structure compugilororgoniet 28 ast Zee en mar nga Sansa erp eet pea ini ‘at a nein esa ener ag enna en ia hoy eet Bind tens sen de mes Gah £210 oct + AOD, Fe a ea arMtzoste NS! sh tant oto ‘iat aah ‘Aci al tare * Dash tne — Ald sb v5 coeent ta a ened at (teen Gea "rete MO, sede wei, el cy 2. Structiira compusitor organict ge a ee ae oa 1. Bern napartcipant Ait ace Tai apt’ corn tice, "Beorin ehectroniek defiteyte sub mumele de electront nepartteMyaah ersten aves aa int re og, fame see ww rea Tan parte inapatipanlt poe hun parte Ia formaren de Igaturt dovatente ea atom eu defi de eet {eon (peoton sau molec eu atomt ca octet ineomplet) "Teoria clectronied (N. G. Lewis, 1823) ‘as 0 definite al larg & notion de ald st Ina, Cin aol esto define ex nt campus eapabil st aceepte 0 pereche Ue elestontlaro bath compu eapabil se doneze o' pecehe. de ec tfont Hste event cio bazd hw's te i fa Troe, ceea ce ‘Ste vali @ pentru scat (Acta Lewis not Eni oat, de ex A Gi," con otecie eu Stor} custet inoomplet ea BPy AICI, BAC). ogra covalent format ine bad un acid Lewiy ut legate ‘i se deoneette fisie de alte covalenfe ea dirk USrprcinedst anierl Ge nae st perce de letron os formes ‘ovale 1 ro ape { jonul HE ifn jonel BFy Tegitaite dintre atom sint echiva- Jente ita ele. In primal eva donor de cletront (Dasa Laws) este n0~ hhseul'iar inal deal dolla ca, ional de Paneat. Legtuleconrdina tive wreararterdipolat. le s0 noteagh wert aat= ieptat spre ton eteptor. Act tema art m3 tt me Lae ein Spe Uo 0 ot pent 2 Structura compugilor organict taketh nepeeepnet 80", W's > I EnCOO 14h, in Syren te isrton en maces e EPeageef came ar scores Polaritatea une Iegituni covalente_se_exprimprin_momente! decries tipslomentid Tegatur (ea il male) Maman cere el ae ca, abel min nt ss pent ea a i panies alse 4, Potritatee motroueor eovalente, Yn. moleculele-nepolats ‘mate din atom diferith central areiilor positive eatespande et eel ‘Sreinllor agave. bx imleette pore, aceste centre ny ra ees 9 Inoleenla aren moment leciie permaent, molecule devine polar. Mo ene lr melvin teptesisama Veto momen igg ale legitunlor alt mnleeult. St depinde de factor! geomet. In Imoleule ch tetricorura de carbon, Oy, datonth-simetrct molecu, 109 io CH,—U1 poluitaten logitur’CH,Cl na este nalhilatt 9) Inala are moment lecrie, = ,88 D. be Ae “a A ea a us ox © os 2, Structure. computor orgie rat soled sa ses a moment de feta Aste, bn ‘ anata determinate lett epertpnis a a0. arta mtncctan sens econ legatartor Nitya 248, D. fh setument In ae en efcte muses contra; ese compensa feet tee ee (o> 38) iE ounces leghtanur_eslente in molecu engine sponte ai ate capone cis. Se uaa pentru acvania Fee ears sro sla ere Atom poate pa {iva oP Tsp hades © jwotonul apes de exemple: pets nr et en potartate negate vor fa G43 go — oxo + % 6 eps de dectron to egitar covaene, Sarto oat ante etn et ign eon Ine agai int teal pre Sena aE Peat monte hae ieee rn gt de eB Matt atom de eatbon. Deplasaressletronor wel Teg coat pee uaa Stunt ce tueyte fet induce we notes eu Z Pfc PBiletiad exatcnad in rupare afoul de hidrgen Tet covalent Iigatur #0 Bee Sah [Ati sau grupele de atomi cate contin elemente electrogatece i cary nt mal atfightor de electron det idrogenal 4 nuDeNe ge Sedigtonre de etron’s foetal ateigttarde'electroot se natetsk & coat erate cigeathcal cane vet indrepiat spre ato aeigaor “edome Ato stu rupee de ston care sine nal putin atagator ‘letrontoeit hidrogeml {loa eo refer) reer ect Rept ene “s KF, Stedgttor de electron, engte eu mnieea eleetronegtl ‘Mai In pesiguda aa efoetul-—Tereste cu mrites oumsrulst ato witanoaata fe et sncina lear positied crest, electron int i paterie tray spre acted respect). Gh Nigconicr In cul yet supe, de exemple tect —T ene ati mi Ie eet muaigel atomic ste mal mie (eu maven yolumulu, atrsetin nucle (eitegorass deonreee strate intermestiate seeutie at nucle Grape ea tart porch intteag, 2, Sinctune compusitr orgenit » XR, vor aves efvet —J, de atragere de electroni, puternice. Bfcete nes ngs aa grape a varin pid een {inal RO" (arupe OH are cfc) grape seh (etl tl n gene fal tet, Hy Becta indetiv ae transite in eaten int 1a postinatis fei atm de eaebot, de estempl eaten ‘f. Legions wutipe, Logics dubs este format, coutora to ei elton, die dg pease We eletronl oe Tete rip in re ‘perce de ection Th tno ete be Raprenntd prin dow, respect ret linge de venga subneloginduete ent repent lee ‘om xe nptennts prin pute numa electron epartelpan Dx De os X ge Deplanir de eectroni tn togitar dude 9 triple. Teoria electronic proved ponte hgaturle mulipe (mater de efctal indactv) post ‘tea deplaskit te pereeh de eleeroni spre nul din ech dou etomt Jogiturt (efect 2). Trebuie aubliiat it et teorla eleetrouel nu Tac ‘lferengies ine ole dou ty tre peeweht do. electront at legit rnnitipte. Se diting dont tipor ve deplas Depla trea total de ceetro pre gta, de oblee, eel mat ectrontgatly poor Bimele de deplasre de sectront dénamioh sn fet retromersl se noteat sub, Ho" Atorl eave pimeste eletroni capt 0 sarc eg ‘ie Intrenga fr celal atom, mas ex an sextet de electron, dee de ‘tar fn electron, va ave o sircink poativa, Deplasares eletromerh dis ‘nies are foc mumok in cal ane eft eh, tn poze, Unt rea int care delerming scessts deplinare totals [ie eererePractanty), Un exemplu cask teoustituie Tene ional de cian, “CN leitura dubia carbon gxigen di eraparet. carbon. Pixaresfonului Nt era car af omy cu eo oe el font ai duble rgituri C0 spre atom! de oxigen, mit eet ulterior are le fxarentnud proton cedat le HEN (ot etre de deplasare de clcttoni in logitari dubs saw tripe: const into deledere periatsn clettonon spre nul atorok. Neasth dep ne ote permanent test hn molerult nse el faamnentay ‘Shona ul reactant Ha pnts ume de deplasre de eectront sated a0 2, Structura compusitor onpanil fn formularen curentd, deplasinen sali de nobuten’,yrapele CH, respingitonte de electroml,produe o goer feplamre, Ui) a electautitor Tegetue able spre fuparesmargala Cie Depwlsates ‘totals aloe ln prezenja anal eactant, de exenpla lt ficaies nul provn ta stom polaaat negate. algae de 0 fa steme cu nae legituel dale tre omitting deplastele de electron st mi promimjace, Electron ‘cues pani inermesiae, age mu mai corespund en formule prin care ce Mabotacant moteulele. Ck asifel de elect nuit irk mecomer mt ect te congener dat aa lar i er C"tarenl despite, postive al nezatve, earespunain de lamice de vleeieoal. Dupd cam ea ardtat, deplasarcs ike coretea tol 2eactat, fv enevalrectil strue Sorespauaitaare acestor formule (ormeturd Hmia) nit exist Ine. {nolo reat parti electron ete intermedia inte cele ‘camtate prin formes moleeula are Meter mesomerd_(aie20 i mies, mee —- pate in limb reac) Etre formule se pine sem- ful unel gai eu Geek espete on simbolalimezomeret (Fe Amity 1821). cacao Giyct= or-d, e+ diy ‘Conjuguten este un fenomen general in ssteme en, mal multe logitur evens legiturd ble satel eu electron neparticipar ccnp apo eta erbotit ptf repeentn pin smn ‘Faomenul conjugate ileal octal profunde gi va th dtiventat pe lang tn expatolele ummabtoare. sich Inve compas x oudulatoie pi tiuaitatar portion und prin celeree ecu yeah me: \ 2, Structure compugitor organi a taming se cmt atm nal ae poe es ‘pn Seen pn ea 3 Sanpete epee cn i at forma oe wi saree te vas sw aug ne opera una (BA Sprarne ‘Duane rasp enti tate um de mp nga). at tem Fria seta ied acs angie Sohn a es aha oan pr es fala Sie pc cua rt te mal areang ‘oa wc at aia we eeu maa mar lengli de nd devine npr cou ar Beas nat te Hi ra fe ins mace on a ay, be Sern re tan aac ae a da, new SOS se ma Sito gue comle reni miare con, arpa tr moe ner anemone Ete escaping a weer lyin conan So LA WE ig eon es fn sistems mneroscopicelinitate, de exempta 0 era de view, ‘ibeaile sin refletate Ta inrgiie sistema, #1 pein inairen dou Tnde (a eator ungine de dl > indeplineste condiia, wi — 2% ne esto an nude titre in seria Ty 28 ete ar, Tange sitert fr mater unde stafionatee Vibratia crespunaifoare pentri » — 1 se umgte ibrefie fundamental; celelatc Vibro se nunwse ermonie heram punete de emerge iaximd (antinodurt eorespmmzia nit alin ‘punched energie neo din eauzaSnterteren(l (uur). Numarul nok fude'penirnovitrajio le orintt este egal eu xt (i. 2. } 2 Strvtury computor roti iN Panien clectron, un sistem vibrtoru siroular en raza 7, conform i ontalatort extn condita ex pernnetrul orbit ie utr tte Fu ane t S euatla de’ ee saat aeons oman eagles i eter comet arc eater ae ene Spi mtd omone Sep! Sees ne eee pee ht nb ean cat a at apd ans eee et eens split Sta ceca a Ronn es Seeds eee earn ar i EB a SSS fire cotespamte tin nore elroy a steal densitate inane este expr Considering electronal in migcare cx mnt stationar tvdimensi Tepestuts anplitudiven hel electronice, Kevolvaten eta as, prim integrate, duce la valorl semnificalive ale fune(iet de und, pen aie ale ae erate ft lor peopl, leterminte de smmeree enentice principale mn ete). Ateasth caracteristiesinelde conceplsa euamtcae (in eee tree Ih ite purines veleriate pinto wminith ener vomit, in Gare esial-caw nit ace probable Wee Ett ele TBVWattinee dec, fecate, cite» stnre w electron i aTome 2, Structura compuyttor organiet - or rnaLeatiee ale coyote! de und ste determinat “Pentru n= exint sigur venisth pat ea dee, umarl sol de nul annem lee al ae deen ingur obitaly pente n Grbtal pentma n= 3 ext 9 orbtal te : | | 2 | 3 | 4 silos aumewieeea |r| 4s __ Hungate somos scpansod_ele ind ae hekcogen Wt orbital i, aceasi m au energie. xn 3 en quo a1, hal i ae mena enh 2 lal alae ert pmtere tee Race teen oes | BoC sae tet er tania mee aes aoa 2 ‘simbolurile 2, p, d, uate din spectroscopie si cu literele alfabetatui, een Ty Bet rai oy a oon el ov cunt aac thse tgs Q@@ee9 § ef ® © ® Ee @® ® 1@ ihe tei Simavineritaler atomic, Opal + aa, sutse erie cu onli aie facut Were Orbntl are deste, lotro ucla atomic in cmt do nA, demi cu ta ‘Stractura compuslior organic! se cet cama ras GLY ei tn ls ie a ae sea ies la ly eta et fe ee ae eer cia A {i reprezentathinfunctie de distanja Ping de auclen pein curb din fg Be, (* Ox Pie 2 ~ Hepmntaren erate Simetra orbital p este diferits de cea a’orbitalilr ‘Orbital int formula de obice co. dous ors de Juma apts etre kas ae Sia Sree nol ‘ "| i’ | if bre 26 — patra emt i mae “ea eet Orbital p sit orienta in spa in ditetia celor tel axe de coor: donate, Se dating orbital pq py Pentru claritete vor fi reprezentat fiecareseporat decarece i 86 strain eu orbital» (ig. 21) ve a a a Limitele orbitalilor nu pot fi trasate exact. Orbital im, oar spat in care oxat cau nl mare probate dew gas letra 2, Structura computor organi % 4 . Ragt tn cuperen cu eodroni a orbital alot ‘rin oSapatta cf lets! arial ntl e formeasd elementals stench pete, Aaa re le eypetarea uo regal ana ‘un orbital poate fi ecupat de tas i i (Prinepiut do exefudere at Tut Pau, 1025) opengl orbite- oan ame gece epee aige erates eas sabetias fy deck orbital p gd) se cup tal tleare orbital al ee ees eee cE Faas wet sot mm SEETTH | fetttl sttt puoroepee= s¢¢he¢eeet thttetet 34, — Ontos eile esr seit st 1, Orhitalt molecular’. Legiturt eovalente Intro reprezentare simplifica s¢ poate imagina formaren une ua ie ca Sm ace ly Un electro, print-o apropere lr I pati iru apropiert a dv atoms, lao anazivh datanl,nueele fier ato fap sh ex Te anne os » 12 Structura compusitor orgenit ‘ite atzactis aspen norutui de estrous celualt atom sonal tr hese Intrepttewd Gin ein ce mak woul, Mail Hvtrepitrundert ieeMtctermnat de rasira nuctelor. Se aj ase tao distant £ ae, 29. — Nagai ete ie Shanken te Ce ‘ni ups care incep sk ae maniteste resplugerle intne nucle. Aces duhanty(dstanta Ingerauclers) corespunde Tung! legituri coven {er (in molecula de hidrogen ea eate de 0,74 A) Curba variate emerge in Tiport cu ditanta intenstoule pentru hidrogen este redat in fhe. 29. ‘Poult unes regull generate, yan intrepatrundes oM oe antes oy traci det Tezaro prin Oi on gt ere heal o fare de resplngere rg. 210,~ siwle eo a {he de anogtand sno "set lente prin inerepitrunderes a dol orbital atomic (egiturto,). 8 mnet frbital eu im obital p(legitark og) sow 8 dol oAalt p legit zy, sh Togturt =) — “Leplture oun Orbital stomied s a simeteie seri. Prin iniceps- Arunderee acento result an orbital moleeuTar > alungit (ex cin dru) don langul axel care uneste co} dol tom, Orta do antler ‘re fori pain tutes (Cg. 2.1) 2, Struct compusilr organil a ‘a intrepitrumlereo orbital atomic, in coral format te aun, eR es, a cape e sit ma ma ee bea caer ehitabor ent ml avant (le val, Q Oe orem rst oem 0 tng 1931), 0 fegaturs covalent exe ali mat egbis eit catiaten de daetyic ea ices in formar et energia de formers lpr ca SaeTtge-"Hste evant ed leguurive In mehr formar 80 del ‘es energie sine in nrc im enengl, eet mai sable, verge were Era petra cs giana meri et Taree cape sa cate egals cu ener co oe eben friars fecaturc Chverl de formate legatuat in moteeta de hidrosen etka Ae a a ‘gtan o'rayy Orbitalilp ax dali dia spain, Us fngcopitnderes fun tals peels al wal dn ob asi, ieedte de Tengu ane de Topi la celllelt we mieynensS. Orbit de anulegitursy din ces respinger, are wpa dn Hot In forms tori i. 2 ae 2h — na de etn yf eon oy ntropitrunderen doi orbital p-de-a lungul axel formesz. Loa are 2d gen teks hem ite Toi use rene antihegarsig. 213) “ 2, Structura compupilor organics Lagitari x. 0 a gene a ttl! p viento parse), so pot ntrepltrande la alto hgatu Pe anata ge 2), 38 ae gets penre scuparra ox lara enitalilormentrt sta vs uti ep etna ea ier, ‘Peau Ora de ntiegtar 9 un > repent spleen Malina cae of seupte cu lero in ede mnt le moe “Oraparce eu eieetfont x ofall de legadura. urmeastaeeleagt tiie, in acest ear Ins graviterd tn jarula dou nce Cet dot q final cre caph ca oc molecular oot ssp fy {ty "Densiatce esronshnmstn ipl ne ote ook Mio cn pret pe exer fren Cea ma avorabit be atnge prin contopires all 3p. Orbit safe! fora Crd ine aria ues” rbital ibid fennel este dealt 3 c"Riner! Mat). Orblal hiilsal ne i a frineags inte et unghurt de 90" (a “ipat ste sod de hie ‘Orbital macular hibridivel ai earbownta. Yn atonal ber de eae bn. cet patsu-alteunt ue lena ae af evpartisal satel dr eee (et apt ops In-ota 20h os eleteoa obi pee una In eS 2, Structura compusitor organict A ‘hears eu spin parse. Su influent atnilor eu ea econ eoyate Ridroges rat Ata ese por contop a ain ee el 98, at Aes Ee eens | wee | ee f et eet er a Bat ie a i r sus de cautan ier st im diesite sei ae ‘ioritsare sp? (traci). La formanen molecule de CH orb cata a ata earn ee a oe or tale Postial dp (eu energle ma are) x forma impred seer inte Gh energetic gr geomet, numeri brio ta ee hidare opt tdewareceprovin dinc-an ort «(ol ori pielan UA compouent vx ouenta Porta ea hibridire Sys hit mt sarc In ener ia are dest ‘Stunt pentru aren [eit energie te promonare sent fara Ie ae trateres oritaito, Tx Tornasea, Weston eovalente (e Bia ae formar leit se oie, 2.16 ane repnezenta cite uno din co pate bial Bn sigh PE akon in gare C“HL gape th OC 9 PP ra 21 oni tet item oT) OAD e etna CI ah, 8 td —€ ei pote onal hibrizal apa atonal de estbon sn ore tation sel mat metre od pon Aceulta eorexpue He 2a cP unui tetrgedr segulat tA ceal entra eas ete ese dear itr) Coen tize axel a dca 9p? (Lats The inte ele) ete de 107 (105). Teria mera nani ade at Eh muport tortie seta telradie al ttm de earn, propos fe wun Hot ach In anal U8TO (7. § 2A gitura covatenté simpli CH fe spry dot a speap, dort siete Stina orton sp em? ea Sota Hrs tar anu adel Teedtarle au hangin definite earaetensie a umtnesrveae Oer ex birearbune saturate CH car ae Oot Kiar OG, 1H a eens Himtttt nrtidpet we stata hv ae opt We 218 — Gonna etal Hg 218. — tears 9 Cg tt Sana ‘Ribridiare sp (eigoml), Prin coatopitea orbital 2x al atoms: I de carbon ex doc orbital 3p fa nagere tet orbital brainy. Aco ‘aso names orbital ibiizayi ap deoarece a formarea Lot ait parti mal do orbital pun orbital p rime nehibeid- BAe, Orbiter Hint mal sarac in energie dest oma op (ig. 2.15). ‘Bian staan seal plan fans lor fanmea Inte ole unghie de ‘Lor, Orbitalal nobidiantp (mal bogat io energi) oat ite-un pla Jerpendicalar pe lanl eslorlalf rel orbital, ex un lob deasupen gt unl ‘edboudtal ase plan lg. 2.10 Un atom de sarbon hibridin pt apace tn grup metil, Oy care ‘ae tol agar OH o spe gym orbial 73 acebta ponte f vacant (ato: ‘ttion) sn oeapat oa wn feston (rai ber) tm compan at alr ele ‘ate dont carbons, hibidznren p* ete carctorticb entra IH Hodritivare op (igoosls. Prin cootopiren orbialulul 22 cu wn ‘ingur orbital p tau mayere dot orbialthibvidizat sp (i. 2.20) tana Aovorbtall p edie (6g. 2:15). Orbital brief ep sn clin, fungal diate a iad de 180° On dot oetallp nelibidiatt formes CED ae eS Gaal ne ‘mtr of unghlust de 90" (cle din oritaitatomici). La compasit carbon uh ws atom do carbon ca hibridizare ap aparo in metilenn triplet (©. ‘up. compast halozena) ta cago atomal do carbon op are douk legivurl G=H colioore gi dol orbitalt nehibidizat orientagt ortogonal, ov fo olte un electron (ig. 2.21). z 2, Siructura compusilor organil a Bnergit de dimetere Teoria mecanie cuantleh a leghturlor cov. Jente demonetreaah oo frmaea tune lgitur covalente ttre do atom ‘lps ser Ot nap beg ots mes, per “ia molecule biatomice nergia de diocire a logstuit este eg eu cenengia do disocire molecull (tabel 2.3). En piss (i ver mele Materiel) mpd cae alm 21a) 2, Structura compugilor organics SoN onto 1188 piel ns sg tebatcrene rants eters Le nt i et a tet a cn cena teat nh i er diet ae i pre ache pe oo Son eee oe eas pets we ear cet t woe et teem oder sie epee gael anaes seater i at Roti a Hydra (Despey nodal de determinate al energior de legturk v, Tertno- REE an Led cnt prineipalelor sa esrme: vowyens be AeMACHE Ror: MOLLE Porte dere fate moto aon nepolre inn gener lore eve pal rior sy dr ann emo rats a aren ity saten soe ind tan ne oleae devin it ae uoost,moloase im mize rp se ase 1s i ma iy mast anee de lee faunal Feapree sat mie. 2, Structura compusilor orgonict 8 Porte intermolecular de tip van der Waals exist intre molecule ptr aaron test ale tt tat re tiarireswuprafeloe de eontaet ponbite re molecule, De atwrs panetale ie feehere le seator subntange crese eu eimea, molecule respeecy (tnt moleclara. De-ex- meteaul CH, eu, mash molertlart 16, a2 PLL 161 lar bata! Ci, eu hase mien. 98, flere ls 0” Porjle de atratie Yat der Waals mein # eperiunea nize molec tale co compan rele eristaline molecure’ lo find tlabe Hi energile Aeron tnt mich De nen punetele de tape le aeetor: vee erste ‘molecular sine weizutes de es. CH are pat. ~ 18, butanl ~ 158" et IMajoritaten substanfln? organiceflerb gt ae topese pint Ia 360" (Pesto cet eraperaturt aloe descompuner). lee irscie tntre mateo cu moment elesrie permanent (moleenie polar) sit mal puternice, fd de tipulforfelar de frac “ipo. Punctele de frbere ale acestor molecule tnt mai Tiieale ‘deci sie tniet Mdrocarior en mast molenlart egal, im eare-atrctile ‘int numa de tip van der Waals. De exempla, aeetaha CH,COCHy ea fase tolecalar 58, flere lo 50 iar Duta cu aceeas! mash molecular, Herve kn 0 kite! cde pe fara (nrg ree) te ears ere no 00S tt a bet cen Ieee me Tele Sn pn ma ges cm ae PR ee eos ee eee ane eae ica Soh ea nea gee cece {tell aor de ulroge din grapele funcional stn one eee es eae ee eee ieee ame naan eet salle GOW Here te Ve lar omer sty dnetieteray CHOC aa Inerenard oy iis tia ee 8 Mrwth Expl emer preston “ 2 Structure compusilor organict SN aS, ee ee eel ‘eC rier some nl de cov? a sri ea te a ee eee on ape ee ea ose ToT an ae ee ae ma LOBONS, (CHOyeOy, CHOON, CHLOE, cen in tai tomato his mae spe are Ty ‘ yaa nee tac ep x~crt=ct +1? aout, +11? 46 24 Gare it soma care an ta ter mecmicranee suit Sat et pealngs © ms sata ‘evocation Sey cars ot ARS SSI pete cecvonte eat az Be cnt et sens a et nt a St i a mitra aed wi ite? = EMapemenat seb prenbe £0 alam dl ssa pet, tm fede de ea (2EE cele eel mea lege Se gu i a nie tat epee» dt fe 2a Gos nctan ge ie 9 ar cae Ps iE ga tt apo cho SG RMA veut tetrad mace CEN, CCl, mC 0, CaM, OME, CHG, Cetra? 3, MERODE DE CERCETARE IN CHIMIA ORGANIEN, Chino oni tot pram, deb inspite deg anor ean detain pate pers bjntea intra Hefei i fails dette ntacers abalone marae co Tinind de concepfiile fundamentale ale teoriei strueti potrivid it tuestevubtanel determi propre fice Bilge deren ale seman sompeor anzit SRE tt xs so eoptse fate eae essa prism or Sleni. ioe ea a deer eat Fenrds WU stabiitesgrudulsl de pate al ubatanjel se fa Itnor proprets fisce msurable exac,eare pot fl exprimte prin val Imumetica Aces valont numeri represiaeh opustane fisice le sls pe buea eitora un individ ehimfe poate ft distin de oneare aul ‘Tle eanstante frie a la bax ca fenomen fe, existenja un one de atmayieintermoleeaiar, do ex. punt de Clerbere, ponctul {opie tolubivate ee a ‘irioo ox la bia modificisttemporate (ub dite forme) tle energie legitusior distro ‘omit component al molec Ute! ale Torfelor iatramoleclare. le Tepresintd. inegistrares fori uct propel lectromaguetica (spectral intraros mu vib} oe prope maguetioe (apectrul de reronan mast duct espa), aul electric (dipole) sat opt ((otapia planalus lamanit polanzate) ete. Acest grup de constant fx ‘aructerution ae substanfeh, whee dae Hind conser ‘Paine arent” loos (U0 ex petal infra) "y Bardicarn, Suetonjele organ. pute pris {nid}, eine (lide of eromatoerteros in uneloazun ek Se "pea ou Pare pris ere na zat po deren ex presiuale de vapor! ale componentaior unt amestoc Thi "Teuperutea de fiebere sau punctul de Tirbere (pt) ropresi ‘temperature In cate presume da vapor! Ueda este egal eu pres hes amblanta ba fierberen uns sabstante pur sub prostine Coastal “ 3. Metode de corcetare in chimia organica se aboarbe «dara fri x temperature sistemulul xh yarieae, CHldune ‘thorbit (aldara laenth de vaporizae) reprints emerge e en [pentru invinge forte de wtractie diate molecule cata ta treet. Instore de vapor sa eorepunde ew diferente incre ennsin citi (de mire) a moleutor fn sage ich 3 ea hn sare gael ‘Parifcarea prin crnalisre se sea pe diferenta de sotubiitate ‘substantia cad i rece, ntran amumat dzolvant pe propretten farcieristiety ersatelor ie nu htlude rabstente tai th momenta {rma or Qh eeateren ui rsa pe fede sale xe dey meee de ‘eeagt fel, Impurtifile se indeparteaes ta fanetie de slubitate tr fn Aicotvantel ater ek Impurities mat grew soit det cust ‘le se indepirteart prin fitrarea solujiet cade; Wack sint nal alae, lo Fini aiznvate tn ichidul de ertslizare aio tum). dupl tl? frarea substan ersallaates La ental faction acete pur Ui prods ecundart de resetc, Dob presets neo importa na mare chiar deett produc majortaz: Operate de purieany pia crt ‘ave se repetd de obit de tat multe or, png end tele constants tice, ae'ex, punetal de opie, spectrle TH, HM ete, ale sabtanfet nu tal ‘ora "Temperatara de topte sau punctl de topie (pepe. ne mature care ovubstanta cristata ne tanstonnd bras a near, Hi. La substanfete pure, ea conespande eu Panett a sla ‘Punetal de topes a substaitelor impure este de oblel tat sehaut deci al subwanfed pure: Punctal de topire mist nre cantiie yale do fbstang care au edlasi pat de taper, dar snk aiferte ine He ete fe patin 10" tat acizat dest st ubatanget pe, Panetal de topire mint inte un preparat puri un preparat de cola fe dar par feu punet de topine mal actaut dest petal va ‘ven vali internediaze ti elo crete pe min ee n rms opera Ate puniteae, subsianfa devine tal anlar "a topitea ne substan se coum eldunt(cdura Intent de topire) ‘care femizead.toleeueloe vat hail Wintto rea erst ‘eervin sietiednecoats penta ivinge forele de rei (ehergn poten {init fete), adiakfortle de atrcte tiermoleclare fat teFonce {ier fin"putieae in posite fixe, ordonate ule reel! ral Parifcaren prin cromatografie eae utiliza, sub diterte variate, peniru isolates 3 purifcane mibasaglr lehide 1 slide fete eroangraice oar prinepil ausorbfe anwestee aos 4 substanfe peu adsorbant(colid sa Heh 6 desrbti feee! eat onentey separat Logratia lchid solid (cromatogratiopo_eolognd)_ conti tn ears eom{ive amestcul de sta po elon impute fn abeorbont sols dex, onid de aluminiy mau bigaid de aca mort 3. Melode de eercetare tx chimia organicd e {oat ei muni rm fe wae sua ematograti dy gave, se nse pe repartit mogile sg salotat a ine o tar etn stayionaiy opin e-o oa, ea supa e Ugh ee purr ste exe oral clean fam mtn deit olouna se mentine Vefmonatat tao saul tempera ot separare componencelbr. Componente tm vty st be nt os {ster pent fe tar, one pated ual prt a fepeda i ut trenate epee lesies a ennand Prevent stan Iesirn cto, 46 eeunongte eu detcetore de difeteUlpurs poss ‘a lgaturk race de inplifenre x inegitrae auton, care sri caste ale ctor vapaftte int proportionale eu antittes dosent {Gn promente mofue). Metoda seep entry dost aie pent fepanan preparative Stetodct de eromatograte in tral subir eronmogrtie pe hei, folosec dept fut stajonart In pitt eda tn sara ndaorbnt goed slum at siieage de elternfeutiuat de mlimetrt, dept pe pled ae nat den cia a sa iia filtro). Americal de substanfe se depune tun pune star) sv estrone {ute 8 ple (au hirie), apot plagh cau hirtn ne inte Ie Scope coninind 9 canta mick do eluent: Bizet nntrensad, prt Caplaitate, en vite diferieycomponentele sinetecuas des sor Ja thtodele cromatogatice cate caracteriae tpl te, Flint (fe) Bldepindede loan, tempera, mal putin despa lal {chide ear) de even tented neha onen intotdcou rnd se Aescre 0 astfel de eromatogtnmg. Metadele eromatogratcy testes ‘uod eoreat in pictienLaboetiaareor de chime ongaey presi ava Sseporie eantative st doz tii emit! foure' mie! de substang Sables competes et-sudatante pare: Compsita uni sub stant ow determin prin ince amaliiee be pe ‘dere tals ‘tanatin produ de-anter Analise cementaréeanttated, push a punet de Justus von Liebig A830) 4 perfostimath pentru nical de ¥: Pre U0i5 pecan cterminntesconfautahil ih catbon Hl hidrogen. Meta cutie, : ‘abstan pars (3 mn) {i care tree un earn de oxigen si cate se i azent oxidant (oxide eupray eromat de phim} ell ty r-utelo meted nat nn tubal ate gol teste ills late electri, 1a 800 In uceste candi, extbon st hidrogentl dssubsfee Sngaee st transtrmateeanttativ in oxide earbon septa aifesnt cape in vate de advo ittite a prea. Uiah dn van tie ahorbqle este ump are con ha dn va fae it oer aera pa le pe ‘cron. Aroini be dovcust dupé metods Dumas (1851) prin amdetes xu stantet in presen de oxid de expr, Un enrent de blonsd de caren neat naotal degut su fr ‘ada (azatometeay, np strojine bios deeashors Din vol ‘cunts ni Cte “6 1. Metode de cercetare in chimia organid 4 ehnil mai not produ de ade sat dora gas roma Foronta brad: Din datele abalsel eementate calileash co posite’ prosenteals ach contnatel feciral cement hn 100 grame de Fubstantt Temps procental ain teeare element en masa avamicd Slow seri Beacon Scr nent oly ‘expat tn ao pentru ven valor intel se parte en mo leet mad mis obeindt-se te formula empire xt bru a saan De exeamp, prin analiza elementar'’ net tabstanfe se neste S011 259%; tafeutal duce fa formula Brots Cle ade Oly asa waar Formula bruth arath numal ch roporiul numeric intre © si Hin subwtangt este Te Pentru © 309% s 1 20%, printe-un aloo similar se obi frum ratify adled CH, Forinata wolectars, Prin forma pagina aug de to soins Tole ‘sll ea Tormnls rata son ponte fe un aniliply lnreg sl, Penta a ‘tabi formals molecular eae deel notear® Conoureréa, mse male Taney afy a eabetanyel 1s alien subianfei cu formula trata CH, (oetanul), mass mole- cular find 16, formule molecular corespande’ cu formula, brat. In ‘aul sustanfel eu formula brats CH, (etal) masa molecular tern hath experimental este de 30; formula moleculara este dublol formulet Toray dect formals etancial eete Call (CHls—Cll)- ‘sheet ete htaccess pt de Heche de oste ont tr's So Sten raitaat- 3b, a a i a cee a ently anaes des ig i St ere eter a ae mene ia et Pera rt, Norma de arta dene most So sranjate al tomitor in apaiiel moloeular, Ta molecule ample en de ox. Imotan fy etn Gylly tetaclorgrh de rarbon OO, metanel CHO ete 2. Melode de cercetare tn chimia organ formula moleeulart corespunde unc siugure formule de structuts, Ka Aedace din formula malecand,respetil valenfele atmo ep 1a moleolele formate din mis mt atom, sceeast form ‘ular coresyunde mal miultor foruine pe toveturd,diferte inte sep ‘modal In eafo aint Legal tam tre el Aecyta tnt Ieomee fe tr ‘conform teutil facta iene ao ef feprenntt wii hi Mest de ot pein ‘eile ale see hee, he exc fubstan cu formile moleculars G.1,0 ponte Hl reprezensat pet armed structury diferite prin uoodat de aranjare al acolo le ile fi dimetleterah ia Alcoa ile earicteristice clase sleoollo (puncte te ingiturlor de hidrogen, um atom de Baroxen, SaamecHLOe ay Dineteerl sre ato de feat Ahn va date ‘N 9d! eabilren trevor aleeuleor mal complete w prose ‘im mute camo Ia degradarensbtanel in agente ot lel fractur ene mol yor de att pelle esiatatzen subs {inte din mpoleeale em sructunt canoes pe ef intetie al ei Sires nit ‘on dab “lutte aeeste metodo chines lal, ella rz ep Inprveat dente de etre baat pe opti ae tele. Cele mat Ttodele ieoeerst {Nel de substan ine pide ress idrozen ech 22, SEINE DE MEZONANTA MAGKERIA Site MZONANTA MAGNETIEK NUCLEAR DE PROTON, HEN Pentru china orgunled are o Insemnitate devsebit won rongpdih la celor dou eet compote ial se Dpuslor-crguniel = hidrogent st frboat ‘mn, magoeties, molest de proton MIEN. (oath pict A a ori apr nar fell ator de ido ‘tin moleala despre veenttajte ncestora, Hesonana magnetics mule eet sere a 10 3. Metode de cercetare in ehimia orpanicd ite magnet ae Morea despre Muna {de carton diy molecu rinsipiul-mefoelor de_rewonanté enagneties nuclear are 1a oa prea tn Aon fa ambled faructeriati print ‘a, GSMO, cu aanr par de protoot si neyizoni, en spin oa, momentul Imsetio de pin gegen, deverindegnl’eu aero Care particu, sata eestor make fore inp naga devs Log “foesie tele eet wt aoment mghetle de spiny, Valor rie cu cou a elctronuly ete te man proton de ape nag fe i fr aleelé be F000 deo mat mar). el de nls cmt can age mine. It ‘imp magnetic exter, momento magnetic se arene fuactal ex {inte de busi ou deoiebiren et rena ete enfin nace SIL oreatirt, Proton ‘9 orkentare ral eu tluapal exterior 's'o orientate antpa= rit en avesteimpy ema ‘rene aaa ae mg pete cea ine Ca ei nc, a tes mi mo Fe % He overtone cree pra aneoeies } ( ‘#. Matode de corcetare tn chimis organic ” es pn prt, din evientaren orale ty one ‘eu abuiiqie de energies Diteventa de energie tre cle d Alpine de intenstaten eimpulat exterior My fig. 32), Me ot orm ae cou aan te Ets Sal ‘enc ep ne esc Hee on el pesca ee: ie = He py gece ees eat el ior, tina ea ea tas pt ‘eae eat tc cal pil pl oc Siphon dene SUE iecreth daa i neve mia ae fees Sonne aah wane Seemed Sonnets etal doer era te Yo meen me te ce: omen ose eae mses Gaia cere cect 1p nine al sn RON, eat ve nmi nil nel one a tee tates eget tee reat We Soe Se a Easement. svn omsient (710 My see etic cercaesston tat creed oat Steer ether ger team ct eames Esteli sea Se to "313 Reet etl alert pepe cls ie epee eee be ee Koiectics eocben os etal en coed nee Saegee eeliceteareniemente se Sees antares Pane ates Pama ape 3. Metode de cercetare tn chimia organied ec he a at mtn oa Sk ueagorll Ge prota! ‘in compagt organi, inet i rezouany oie fy 2 ation, ‘shia Serta doi anmniioaare 9 emule tara wll pene HNN i aur, er bm rn! Soe aera aE licen din jr mote! e dows, Silent cave crea in ara? nasleual de hidrogen, sub infor ‘impaltl magnti exterior, eeearh 1 uh indus Hops tmp eeu td are dtomopati eB. Ac et de ‘Sire difert de lao categoria do proto ‘ance de dentate SECRronl Sn furl suelalut Acront expllh oplonarensemaaletor I Aiterite valor ale cimpatu. ig 84 Blt rare magne ‘Poxiia semnalelor a6 msoer’ fa de posite unni somal de refe- ‘rngS. Tn cle mai multe cazar acoate eate semnalal dat de proton din ‘otramotislan (EMS), (CH),S1. Ost 12 proton din TMS, eehivalent mag- 3. Metode de cercetare tn chimia organicd otic intro os puterfe eran, dau un serma ta chm tna, ase ch sate taal! etn ae frau on mele mae le ‘ll in ‘compust organi ‘med reprint dferenga intr intensitatea cimpalal Hw ri a i arama irons inten atbeocimpatal in eaveabeor) protonit dn TMB. Deplacaren ehimies esto agora units mensional, 3 mate In ppm. - st at at's (210 — 3) expels opm Hae He Deplasares chim exprimats in 3 (ppm) nu depinde de tipal de wpectro- amatra io eure ta facut Invopistrares. ange at mt spr crane). etal iver oa slab repreainth wn ed a: $4: Dap de male pode eerie te deve. Depts imine le poor dn moet npn nat redate ig. 34, Desh nie ects ifr pu e proien a des en eee ay esi See ee are oe " J, Metode de cercetare in chimia organic Protoniloe satari oltinied sa aroma oat deplasae ht ANTM sermae a seeas! alegre 8. Nome! prot ‘lle resi ain incenltatcn Integral semnatatu, Aatil metanl CH ig 47. — Spero MNO MH akona ‘ow cl pr proton ceive an sigur sem (single) In 3 023 bans rameter HOCH cei gue prota ciated desecraay {in causa weeingeigs cu stout de oxgeny Ga un senna (Sngit) he tn cmp ma seit cones In 24 en Sempa “cortapansi grupel OB A sind a dap cle proton gruel Ce nt edi, ale deere moat imi ra are ‘dea tet singlet tn taltatenpscrgh RAIN al slob ei tie 3.) renin un aapet tal complieatyfecaresemal fund teint (despa) fa mate ‘el CH exte comput din te inl (pl) he un senate in ptr Tn (crane) “ial elor se datereans_ fenomenntai de spin-rins tease se ia ad Inivenele ce ex inne pul mage ie hon gto eo gata Ainante de eel mutt'3) esitan, 4, Metode de cercetare tn chimie organicd * Fe 2 — Cap gig ne: dal pret ty inversare » orients: momentulul maguetie al geestal proton dit orien {aten porael (a) i orentateneotiparulls (3) ou alvin eimpalui ext Hor the q-apare un senna iy corexpanzttor protonulal Hy. Ded ins piety est vein rn Hy noche eu dn pn Re'vodere magmets, monental siaguetie de xpit al proton Thy va {ntaenfe cipal imagnctie exteior fy be nivel pEwont 1 ‘tere fenotutlt de cupla) spin spi. Deoaree i junta di lee presente in peo proton Hy av rientare parle ci eit ain 9) eon eet clap emai al rte va apaten In elap al slab (prion Ines in wezonant evs impli tn (atens) devi ol corespanastor protonilor al cesta fenomen. in loe do un senal Cor pies ie) estan ec an ath ston sete fe foniate din tnecaitates totale a senate aH, bsnl ‘range inte cee dou semnte (exprimate in Hi we mires se constant ie empl meat eu - Cuplaj (yah este recipron. Astfel a tregistrareasematt protont Hh oatt'rt, ws prodace accent efete cu sly fi In ements rnount Hig va ft acndat ex vatonte'& conctantel de empl Tay Ina 3) [Sprctral KM al wna sistem compas dintran proton Hy 9 dot peotond hovehivaleni, Hy #1 Hy in care efectil protonutl Hy cate tah Mare deci eal al proonitut Hoy deci dg > sae, ta aes cu sistem format din woud blew independiente, en onstante de eupla) erie, FT 7 xp lo gm Ha at Hy ate nat int do proton Hy in 1g 810. ~ Cab ne un prt Tag arte met Bg J, Metode de coreetare in chimia organied ” or ‘Spectral ACN al unui sistem compus dint-un toni oatsieay inte gar matuala ou peal sum se ties esnmpin in gruparen OH—CH, cate format din dot matipe B- - Pe pee) it * # SA & eben SS ste lel ai 3:3:9:3 wes Ss eee: Sees crete ee es poo, Inte pan tn tak iaiedaP rae (ean ene {ep Ee ere Sa fn ed ni mene i fae ia cool ale geen grape Be oo rte setae ‘iseat vorapea o-dl mlget aneme wn vaio pir stay SF eM pen eC eS 8 3. Metode de ceretere In hima organic © Grupares ixoprupil CH(CH,), ane senna earaeteistion 4 anume fun dublet peatra gtupele CH negra de 6 fala nat proton) td snd de 1 senate) tig." Deplasarea chimick depinde de natura protonile, iar constant de cup de toca pootniln Posner neehiatenit ri tei nie a scmatels Ey 13. Metode de cereetare in ehimia organi ow color dol proton vor aptrea ds dub dstinte (fg. 2.15). Pe man Avera poi nat no erie le sa sare fn xterm ae tee op ‘aval extrem eave vine gale oro (proton ehivtenth Alerine nal gape an ing Semaad i He dial | See eunkem casas eye Se eee ‘tui mal Importante deceparen, denferaes. x! wlllauten neti oe = eo ieee Shoot eee en en ies ee ee ee ee ew ae oe eee See cer eee ose ee pe eind 0 8. Metode de cereetare tn ehimia organi |. Metede de ceretare tn chimie 4 | 4 | | a Pig S17, Specie AN a mode apace! oa tetra) ch ae Been rete nomen 6 ‘soa, ig 816. — Spt RA a fie) 9 opt deep pre ren eer pd nt) men eh UI: ‘pectra, Biota este on atit mal pteric eu et proton rexpetiv este al Cin spo prin tum do legit) do central de com plex fi fla ata somalee care eventual «rapa, to eats "uD inteval mal mare, uring sf! interretaren spect (i. tect variant reports molar comps comblnago de earl Sm —Geindipvaemetanaco-eorepis, (DPI sea) 14108 Dor tn same NM po de EXD ‘Metode de cercetare tx chimia o7panicd Jeol obigni a attanall (%C), avin mami par de peo hae gnc aap ed opt tide 1 rein ment ag Rumi tot. I oto ir moment mult mat mies in nea ea sere de rena (a wcelasi cirmp magnetic, este mult mai mick (numai 15,085 MHz Ia me {1s fa ae 40 MMe ponte proton ta sell imp hs de i. — Spt HH abundenta retusy probabiiates atta una atom roan poatie este de 11% im sein qrobaeaten sat itor 0% do pos Seles al ‘iste fst cca 10 ean cau jn pre ie nie ‘bunden(auatupel, nt apar © GAG: ele apa in ompust Krogititt ir SC. fo tl cent spr euplae hteronleare 8a : liek petra. Acearta face neces Cala Inglett petra Ae 0 at se tach ydecuplare” protonitr prin iadae uw epee Ae teeeveny corespanaiteafecvenfelor de rezouanfiale turer spell fe proton proton ote coupling, in. eagles) Din poet ‘out prec gt dari bwndengel st 4 momestulh magnetic rede, Yrnira inmegisraen peri MC cate neces 0 apartanl special Spwvtele de. 8CHMN (fig. 31) se caraetriacarh prin delat ‘hinive foarte mar (enteral de peste 200 ppm) sl constante de empl fos a Semester MC npr into cacti dap tied ae hehe gh vec 3. Metude te cereetare in chimia organic on Din netasta cian molceulele obisnute sine diamaguelice (snl tespinie ccurfe foarte sabe de inp wee george) Du esis lero hecuplag! (radical Uber, Wiradieal, oat de metale trnvifinale ee) ‘ancl momenta! magnetic al eletronlul nccuplat te maniferth eit cteron reatindy-ae tesa mp toagnetie Acree aubstante sink pare Imagnece (feniomen ce mupenpane peste ima sil Sn tse de elmpal magnetic neomowen) Pentru stailitea stride radical ber, in present, oe wiles ‘whi de resousutd electrode pia (RES), sate pele rep fu Teaouauja magnetic nacleae CES) "leeitomol neeuplat pote adopt, dong ofientit repreentind nivele enengetice dere exon Inuinetiet nucle diferente de energie pate vara pein shila invent cipal extern. Din eauae momentulat wagnetie pin fearte mare al letronulul aeeste deren de eneraie sine mie ‘mal mar aici in vagal nucteeor CH stu HC). fa mod covespanziter si ‘nal als recateteeapuie xs proestrus el i deni Iicroundelor (35 ga Herts 0p 10 Hi) Ta Hl, ~ 2400 Gaus, Spredeowebire dev scousiels RMIN “cane intestate ura sexmal"elmp rexpetie seal = fteeventhy in tenes HES he prefer neugtarea rival neste ube tig. 0), Tie apna elesron spin muctcetor ey sare eseteontl vine tn geoutact” we prude enplaj Ge due ta seindares semnalulul RES cae fae ex un unalliplet (dually triplet te)” Avene caplaje reprint asa on 3, Metode de cereetere in chim organisa sea nsue ‘lets fu dem fi A hiperting care furnace ag eat ae intra sera plat (adil), Stacdardl diloupenl aidraa (v. § 220.1:D.). ii lL is | i I ull Ai Bri lee toda teste crea ee ee ee Moleculele au proprieiates, ca si atomii, de » absorb omumite peng ee aes trl eee aoe ere mentor EMRE SG conhcrmnm uma me ine fu chimia orgies se utiieasi pontra deteraindsi de spectze pat i le eta cea ape eon etd EO em),reianea tnftorone (2-10 gm), reiunea vit {0 ion) agin rites (000-200 a} ame si | tan en na 4, Metode de cercetre in chimia orgenick Abworb{ia ners ind euttoats moleculele pot absoebi din spe tat eloctmagnetge nual aoele chante’ de energie hy, care conesptd Valorie exact eu dferenta AB inte dou nlvele de energie ale molt. ‘Muaita"enerale (energie de rani AB hs) produce modified ale ewe ffs tetatorig sinatra ale ences electronics » molerule, care se ‘esate in spectre, (Vastapia enengil elnetiew a molecutelor care att de icmsnea tay nn padaew modes in spectre). ‘Phe art) 2K 1807 (a) ‘Energia necesas’ ponte » pric o transis nie dou nivele de seni este mig de ondipal 1-2 cals De aceea asemewes ransitit sine promuse de radilain regiune tferoundelo cin, spectra Aectromagnedle. transite inte aivelurie bratort ale mnolecutelor doce chert mal mary de eltera eal mol! (2-0 kel) le satpro ‘done de radia din bgiinea iniraroni a spectrulal Tranaitile vbratorit IMoideaunn insopte de transi rotator care neces ener st ‘Gum fecare di ncete rua a waniest in spectral de wba ‘nolevutel, su form de lil apecteale apropeieTntee ele, spectral de ‘Shwrie al'moleclelo, in region infrarone, in aspeetal anor ent ‘aeaboobtes este specaesin det speetce de vibrajie-rotafeBrzitite ‘leetemiee netenith energt st malian (00-900 Kea); le snk produse ‘do rediag i din segiunen,viabllt gt ullavioltl spectral, Transit ‘hectonice st insite, tn tno inevitably de tani otatort-xibrator Spectr relat ete eet ua xpeetru eletronie-ibestorierotatoniy are Tuatere Ia beusl de absorb Inte, Sk, semERROScOrME IV INFHAHOWL (ny Vibrojt_moeoutare, In molecule atomil wifi prin Iegiturl cova. tence nu se-aM in Doni fixe, oh extent fel mnigesri de vibrate i iret unot. posi meal esprimate prin distanjle interntomice. Aevste digit sne’cuantifieate, tn slatea fundamental molecu se af ha ni Inteergetie el mal ciet (mera punetul zero, ed. ind wel Absoarbe o cuanti re euesple (lo. AR}, coresanaind diferentes int ‘out nivelo brat ale lecte, em are Tau tivel de energie Flor are ammplitudinen mijeanit ‘do vibrate ete mai mare adif ite intrarost are cores ferentelot cnergi ribrafiouae, cel a de ofite In molecule oye, st. Seatuneainfearoge made, ca h=S—14 pin gh eu energi de 18-143 eal: mor Tung Fo 4p). 4 Metode de cercetare'tn ehivia orgenica 3) Matotede-cercetare tn chimia orgies o seid css tt pk taesasa yon Meat oma ty i sess rene i aibcLiesotala Woanead & al vs gare es coil de OH ests 6 thine ‘carscteritc ita, coporionata ex eergia de sole legit serveste pentru dete Iaren energie egitore pe ale apetfoxspich (vam ener de ts ete, § Ett. Freeeae de: grap-Sprtascpie empiric, tn wieculele pola amie, pecoengie tiple fe sibetie Ge Tokai) ale tome hat Ale Pan ae ee grupele de nto, {no ekg interpreters teotetigh oxneth a apectrelor xt Sra coos a Sree mane ipa a dns etre mete os bed ocr ce’ ‘ tipade ary fii ate poate cotta eu puri ot 60, polar, atwoathn i intron, ar Hy Myon aeons Be ers Sait anditoeena te absartie hi infaroses a ctr post inant encarta, ane SENT eae Sareea el gripe de stom reps manent Estee ea ipata produc a un meen faa koe {iva itm independent, eo meets prope Aeet fel de eevee ‘le momenta cece De. tetacarn deashe ee ee SIN anotcatemadenamin eens Sree ae grap. Freee Heat lect eet, dere momma eee ate ea tataaterstiee de grap jouel Wn Tol lmportane tn tterpretates pec gitar polar: OC we compenteagt (y. 2:21) Tetraclorte ae ea & eeu Sei frit ie citrine cea reer {ial ean! Cc women ecco Is tsa Sabai ad ai sae ye daar alt Seana a i te ‘piven ne eiey arr coiae She tea peta hherginionig te [avortotd Ia unttatea de Tungime a deplavari (em) se nameste coniantd ie cig tec ahs cy ea ed tai a a a {efor ftetront se motentcr orgie ele sta Ta zn tii prac tices apeetnosnpiet fa intrarose im ehimia™ organics (spactrostpte spied ms leg chile, de ox, OH, ae practic apetastsiructnth. ele ‘romicy dest aceean constants do for, ta dierite mec, et eandiia coin javol legion stracttee moetiaes at He asemnttone. Ded ‘Stnue ch intinenfa rain motel ete foarte aly se poate eons! ‘ior ss vibrant Toeallaa in Tega rspectivt teste teerminata dccutstamodesor ude masa stom conorin lei li Hooke (rp. 6) Dees in-ear oe! Jogurt stmple valoarea canstantel de for este ve ‘rain 50" dyne-cm". -Daed se stibule noes. valoare costa Turd legitunt CHT g¢ se induce msi unui atom de. carom (iaS" 10-2) st man una tom de hidrogen (14"10°2" 1), se oie ‘en frecvena Inga C—-Ht valten de 3.040 can“) comparable {alone esperimetiale (2 80-2000 crn) ingewistrate’ penten_grupele oe ig Pah E eee kee ee GUL cht Git dit ald, Dlvenentele obsetvate se datoretss apa zp ae Be =a Sait fesonenl niemnrean ae ‘lata a veranater Varia constantec defor ua une lopatan {ie monkiteatea strieturisletronicn & iggsturl due Ia modifies spe ‘cee trecvenfel ie yratiey ft cate petite posblitaceacaructe ‘nas esate a egutura respetie. ‘Deplasirile de revenge ae darede ior efecte mocanite (mod fio de roan eage it valluenjaad constant de for) yi anor efscte tvtrotionsAcesten dih uh produc modieareavonstantes efor 3085 a i masse ‘in relaie results eX teevenfa, ibraictete ew ait ma sie, 6a i aay atonitoreste al mates iets et ele tases anita ae he es logiturle hide oni matte de exe nan Co MAE HH ode nai ied fee enta ila ee Ta ea ain eS 1, Metode de cercetare in chimia orgentei Feanjugare sa te uent rin eg "etek te craft in poate dook aged ke ere aa eatin de ate, tn rea oe eal dra ing ne he ‘rica (pot Hirai ice Bebe ante) te Bo O00 stn oe vt tt Oe vbr wl eset y $ ens pete dct ns © vote 6 cetera Incr 7 a ena ig 328 — Tat de vt deoek ciig pent eae wena oe ae rmatie in plan, 8, sivibewtii de icicmatie ‘nafara planalui, Tr ern Sn tan ee eee ee See ence See ee ia fag Sead Meee caida ta eee eee eee ee een toner eeeeer yarn oma ae ee rns pecetis Serene eres faut de cena Jeti corante simple fy i oventele wre eS ce eee eee tpn eer es hee i ee ene SL Soy as ro ope ie inleeete eee etna ori: pierce erences cod wat i ioe fe " ‘alent XY th tele eat ot Fenomene de rezonan inte bra 43. Metode de cereetare tn chimia organics o ee ey pee oes Soot ee ee Syste ube eres mee pn a a = fom | ‘tani. Vibraile de deformatie O—H ax reevente cuprinse Intre 1200 1400 eon) iar daformaite NH spar peste 1 500 en". Vibrate de alee etrlor OC dan tater i abner sb 3 em fn fg. 3.24 sin Fedate limtele apreximative ale prncpalelortrecvente ‘aracleristce do grup. ‘Modurile de iat ale elor tel lpurl de legaturl CH din ho VEY ; 0 4, Metode de cercetare in chimin oraaie ‘0 deseriore msi amndnunfili.a aspotelor earacergtice ale mectsloe ‘nirgoyise vo face Ia fee clan de cammpaiin port (capil 3 mr "Sol 1 arse ali arnt er chin rp! pn Mopidines sabsonfaor, abies para lr Recents San prin abwnja auamor feos) darren cinta tot abe aaa pentn determin a srwturs etn sean le i's hens? benlor ain specie ain eae eau smpledculet Taf prvi deterlice Hever coenposis cafe elena ¢H,0,Sapisinreritrerea petra} igo pate aint nv ia oly a "Fie ita ara tanto eruper Oi eben See" ti'in ard dime gore neat in wrml've en 4 Rial lene, ence eer zi the spa, siREMOsOORLA BS ULTRAMOLET §t Yaa ‘Boer cuantlor din spectral vis si altenyilet este mai mate cits celor din apetral LH. De oooh, la interactia eestor radiation ‘Molecule engumice se produ, nara de madifeat ate ere rotator ‘into ann ean tec dey aie Shurgetie inferior pe tn nivel enone supector. (ana eletronin ‘ators cafaciarul mat complex at fenommenatal, tn spectele ‘ao stsore tn steaviolet fi vinbil se oblin el Tat. ste bienai = ince scoot, poafin'masinatas Bouctt da abserbie pen Tunic fe und gag ge 3.3) otro i | t a ee ye Tae Se ‘eplasares masimolal anol besa spre Lingim de und inal mari patna mimes tet torn ar see Tang Ge a mat a stew absorb se expr pin ovfiietut de eatin at storie eaten 4, Hetode de ceeetare in ehimia organict " si cet ae teat i a a, a te ‘orn a tr i ‘ate i elctromie, indo molecu absoarbe radial din regiunes ie Seat ‘Muth fundannentale pe un nivel energetic superior (aa Prin tranaiia leetromie motocla trece into stare exeltag (1 ee ee cama une legitunt simple X—Y, in staren fundamental, ext oi electro i egitust te afl euplst in oFbitall moteeiar le teziturd ‘Ca energin Toned onbitalolevantiegatuel ot nn ete ocup ci iac(tond Pat sbnorbtis une! enante de Fumi, cu energie corespunz sie ‘cherie de disociere a fot spective, un elctro trece din evitalal {iorbitatal de anilegitark oj ef dai eegtron cep Beeave ite un ot fast an api lyre (ig. 32) They de daoeere le Iegitulotcovatente simple « C— o42-ulnt mart. nengia necenr& pete a preduee 0 trate din fundamentals in stores exeltac, hecealtt Fadl cu ener fltrsoletel feast (yy, sub 200 In). Denarece Tn aceaa ‘mina este alors de Sigenul din wey determinate neeeat. thik petite de ier, In Vi (ultgiokt de vid) rpetod nu este uta in mod ‘eusent ‘Denim eentetare,compnstlor ors lltraoletalaproplat. (200-400 nm; euerll 140-80 ean petri (400-800 nm; ener 80-—30 kel mol) ‘ranzifclectronice pot pertiepa leet dia ila ‘sige, azote. (ansitn “> ne). aa din fost ops ah cae eon ene mar mu fe pede tn Teg {cla apeopa. z Trays x» n Absorb ol sible €26 grec sal exeltai) ont ele aetna nt etl de angio ‘de transi e+ = Cie 58). n 8. Metode de ercetare i chimia organ ‘Upuring eu caro ae oe transit elctoni (dio energia evant cesar pentru a prodate fall letronal de lk nivelal energetic a {ovata la nivel ori =) sade QZ © kites mmctat de legis dale dzet legate QED "itm seins dale cole, 1D & “Legitura dublk din eteni abocarbe Is iy, neat tangs 15am (LT A, ener de ~ 200 Kel mol) nie vt ig ltravoletalfadopirtal fa inte oa oat Aupie 06 an 0-0 conjusie ine le, nesta ror de aban . —« eo Me he erent ast 6 wt the sue see ‘ate deplasat spre lungiml de nd mai ma (epee vib) Ou eit sistema Ue logaturt conjugate este ml extins, de ex, tn pollens, maxienal benllor ‘de absoritie we deplascant spre vib Tn butadiend Ho -CH-CH—CH, sSueral conjugal abuorbe Tay, 217 ni. AbsoeDkla 86 ators proms. ‘iri ul elctron din orbital oolecular superior ceupat gy in orbital Inferior meoeupat. dy (Hg. 3.20), 1 exal Ae Dg 258 Te hau 200 a “Transp 9°. ta compuyi care contin eloctoni » 31 electron neparticiafi n, de ex. grape earn, aloe dow tipurh de cana tram n> 2" in care an electron nepartisipant al atomatui de oxi tre in tebitalal de antiogstuen =* al atomlal de earhon sf transis lectton = in orbitalul de antilegiturs x* (trait =»), Bnergia Inocesar pentru tanziia n > = este mal mick sea se produce Tab al ‘are (mai usr) decit 0 fansite x—> act zrupa carbonil este nvecinats eu olngiturk du conju), ‘ranritin se protuce gia tur, Tama rare (i 3.30), ular 13 Foctatetraena absnarbe ” fe ele sint mai putin alte molecule pina nd {Ste abuorbita) dest tranifle = > x" eaze ‘ou Toe mult mal repede. Se ‘orheste de abmorbi sabe tm primal cz de absorb intense ine! deat inl eral ret ole deel rca compugitor onganih ow ajutaral spectrom ‘ma Acert aparat rt decir co mares a repareor mes or fa ‘rss fova de anal eae nto at th paras inspec metro, care fanefioneash sub vi foarte malt (10-* Tors). La irate, Iolectlele cy mass Male subslanfel slat inizae prin bombardare ‘eetzon (eu energie de cia 10 eV}. Herultatul neestl proces este expuls ‘letront ew energie ge cra 6) proces ete exp Partieuete de on-radical "formate au un electron fa minus (acei nuns impr de electron ti a caracter de cations de radial iter. Sea slum sumplor de energie (solizat pin) Ta Tnpuct eu he {rowah, find im stare erieta ‘Radical fon asf format, avind wn raport masslearciné mie Per te Dagmental ten mals npike oe fal 2°) 06 roel ‘te tygenteash ote mare pm de font (2) de Fa {iy catacterstiel structuricompanulus in gener, eis o mate tend, fte eparare 2 Nast de Ton de fen de radial. Mee ES AEE RE AP HARE Catton atl formayi (neha foul maleeslar MI) sin apace lero ein aplearea unt potential de acelerare i de eleva utes do YoRL Diverse trgmente Ge ase m dfeit, jung ia vitese dierte {in fanefie de nant) dar Ia everett eece entice Gat icine). « 3. Metade de eereatara tn chim orpaitcd io a at. yer ‘in separator ie, care teeta na ele ct er sige ata a china sachs We Weer eames pn ae Subnav meh pe are de cre a hr raat ote dat erin ; Sy pon. COE 28 QOD SF GOR Too snywitt valowwia 1 I aumai patra o anumits specie de partienle nami valgars myo pay a curburh fess pace coon nay oe act ‘lt ote-en detector de coma de qe rs aa apa aca ie'en abandons Tlaies : oe o Py. 1b staph Dotnet at, unit aolecta oenpunde nail motaraar Siar mle eet rope ‘akc foto each n tun! sacle’ Ma compost at. [NI Matata te dertaré tm china orgie % saith cata nis manna eam ca ‘WB ate’ Pediat fal de ‘al rls Sear iy ‘caress i lc tose ria A nthe pice aera a marc so ot : jordin gempcmunre esc Meee ‘ana nme 74-1 apne “rae cate rc Gora ren yen, eay—cry-o1t -c-cHt~0 (2, ~covct~ cin, cy—cac—cHn, x4 —omct once cy_80, ‘Atti intormatibe pare tek toe dud eee a 4 Rect ae arpa 5, Motode de corcetare tn chim organic 3 caret aptel at nian nmi de ihe ctr 4k rie eR eee a IE het et et foe att G2, osm tt (ttt se ardour watts a eames singlet», ule ~ a taped = Sete ent tate asp Shih Mouth eects RMN a trie et G40, AMM cum st moth Selena cepts ptr ey eave vn CH S'sin Peat ome HN le olor ee Asal ie semmaor ‘Sehcietgc ev ata apart etree maa 0 Feit reper coe ea orate Set oy id et ane Stat (SUS 113 cn Ce sami preveart tn spectral RMN al et ol ong ear een Sat: ot Set Sp carapmadd St potoes anna 8 ee Festa Front ora rvs 12°S06 tan specie RMN ate rater cm * GEHLEHAOM, b CHCHOHIE, « GHKCHACONE, CACHAN, 1 agrycoociic 1 CxcoOcri u CHLCOGITN, CLD Clty Cenuenoocriiconeiteny) ciacrinest k eMC Se eee aaa Some oo 4. ASPECTE CARACTENISTICE ALE REACTILOR OnGANIC CCompusil organic sint formati din moleeale in care stort aint tur covalene, stabil, Reaclle moleeuelorcrganioe ‘iat procean Complesr in curl eirore ne esac i se efae cones de ‘ceed ele sinks dt obit, process lente care dooary ex vitese tsuraile n‘timp. Metedoloesn creek une revolt organi implies mat aulte i ‘in cars etciet (4apeet tcrmodinami),stabilveaitezl eu care age lov transfor Imarea ehimira (aspet cinete) $xabiinen mad in eate ate le tan for mares chimict (aspect merit) MEH ALA REACTNLON omEyICE ‘Termodinamica chil ar la laa principal fandamental potrivie ‘iruia renee chimice decurg cw respectare lito univerale al Cermor ‘Sinan comnts rw So aes gra tnd eos a ‘a trate termodinamieo nu 50 tine seam de molecule, siructin, lctront we. el doar de stares enengeick ital fil este fren sae runnformarea chic, indore ae drumul gray dr ‘Siem ade aap, Bulan de racic san cildura de veactie, SH, repwesints an taten de etldnns sbeorbitd ana ehibera 5m cueil sl feat chimes i ‘re cubstante init reactants «ransom tw substan finale pa Te este ep diferent intre etal pla wt finale etalpin ar ‘ate a stems ttt At A ermodinmish,enalpla de react sel ntean agar tate ie Sant eer tece wanes weeccen teen Sal darn our to ars mse» rotate as Sah ‘ed lnseraiind met Ginko each ati ae at feereseead pees erty, meee tans ree eae See eecac creed bech fueo tna Se ary ae ies dr ee ne ieee ™ 4. Aspecte coractoristice ale recilor onpanice In chimie vatiatin energie evalueasd ub forma de traporteura tan ml de subetan|a gi ac expat in Real mol! ntalpia de reactie exprid valerie conditle en fre Joe 0 reaeie chimed, espeetind. principal nti a) {itgen comservdri energie ‘Termodinamica chinick stabilestecatert pent preveden ach ‘ reaoie hire este posta din punctal de vedere al varaiel energie, ‘lac ete pou din pane We Ware termesinnaie. Penkra aceasta fbloseste erie termedinaee al enalpit Widere de rene la peesine fconstantay Ad (energie bert IDDM. ‘Rnlapia ier de reaofie AG repaint ace. parte varie totale ‘entaipit (Aff) tnt sistem, eae pute utiliza efectiy pentru » pro fives hue chit, de x. tewnafer de leetrooi, rupee forms de eg {rs cavalente ete: Batali bers do reali eate mofradreaetehimions feet afar ves ror Hal cos a oe nia 2 Ge a italpi ber se detineste prin wrnataare eee termoninamie in care AU ropreint vriaiaentalpe, 7 repesin temperatura abso- Ictngrago Relvin tar A variaia enbropit(v- mai depart). ‘cEnform pnepinal a doles al termodinamial, um aster poate volun spontan hima rpreatigeren att de echibr. Decarg. Spe ml de sn pies pene de vedere termed, eae Hic Syreare atatpin iene vente M6 ace vaturtegatve (80~ 0); oii $= Su cnt at ho le ae ae ‘eal, To od eunent ex te repartena fa, cod standard (conven: {ale adil a 26 gt at me noted ew AG an Ady Gide de os ‘ind tentperaiars in rade Kelvin fa cel de samy pesiancaatzostris), ‘Din relate enalpiel Where de seariealatdand Af, se pt face ‘rover prin evoltia nel ren(s Pentru 0" Oveain este term, ‘Afsamte ponds dct ea poate anen ioe; peutra Ad > 0, dar sab “+10 eat" imol provederte sit esigore fms, procesul ete exes, dae ‘emodifics ile coma cae determin eelithral chim (rat depart), Fouttu dar 2 o'kent at prevedrile int et defaVorbile, seacio went pois in punct de vedere termodinami qea nw poate vc Jc ‘tapi Ibert de reali entererultanta a dol termeni antagonists cntapla te Peete AFT (en nom minus in teal exoterme fl e8 Ren plus fn enetie endoterme) st terment entraple 78, Mi prt 4: shspecie aracteristice ale rons organice . CConteiulia trmenudui entalpie A1 9a termonulal entropic AS 1 ema! every ibere de enclte A reise din seus fandatentall Tia temperatura jean termenal FAS este nepal sh ne pondere tars ‘evant termonult extalpie AMT: tn conzeeinla tempera jos sin, icvoriat waa exterme (Ate nth neat. egrat ih feuts termenul entropic capata pondare mare din caiza lat Ty Aa aves, ‘alae ueyaiiva char dack Aare seimn ponte, nstel ela temperatura rdleata' st resetile endoterrse devin, pon "ot egies mumirul ‘mol din substantee Ah B.c se rasfornh in © gt 1 ete eal eu na Fal de mali de C1 1 ce se transform tn A sk. Conveatrafile substantelor La echillbew tat depondente de concen: traf nial ale reactant. Tat temperaturd constant, rapartl ile ‘rodusal concentrafilor substanjelor finale si produsul eowcentrilor substanelor sna este constant. e111 arn ‘Constanta I poarts namelo de constants de cdiibe. (Bewafis este expresia trmodinaunl Tog setunll maselor; paranteele frepte repre concentra, tm molt Ta en), pnt a ii dp tpt ect nln ep sarc me titre fn eae righ In care Me este Constanta rae (1,987 cal grad! mol}, P tempera ‘tir absolute in °K, ir Ad entalpi bert de reaoio wanda (25, Ta, Tea echilhiy AZ =" Os telafin devine (Cunosctnd valeurea Ti NO" (An tabele) te posto caenla constant ae echiliora Kf invers, din valonres experimental a Tui X ae ponte al ful 84, Pentru X=, AG? = 0; pentra K>1, Ad este negatiy 3h feactia eite termodiaanie posbill; pentru <1, AG" exte positiv gi ‘aca nn este posbith din punet de vedere termodinami. ~ A Aspecte caracterstice ole reactllor onganice acruton nesses Datel termodinannice ark condiile energetice pe care rebuie ie indeptincie istesn? ital st figal petra eo tranformare chi aoe eee aven Toe npuntan, Cnetka chimies studied detigurate eile in tmp. an de Pegi, 96 definese prin shinibaren coentrafiei 62 reactanilo'sa prods im wniaten de mp (seennde, manu, oe) evetantlo su 9, Rope ial In irs. Deaartce concentraile re! reentry ir te yrs crest fn fot tiupul rect, siteza de {antior Certs expniach prin Yaportal simpl dine eaustile de reactie om Psa (eat de prods forma) inten nwa imp # acest Fac ones, Ge nose valoazea Tit acest raport, derivate {ir cu tmpal a concentra! (ewereacinde}, sem min woula Invropent cu aba jervata concenteaiel (erteie), ex sem plas a teas aie Pee ei eset 2s pa lA pi Constanta de proportiousitate # se mumeste contenta de sitet sn etn specie Ba ete ith de concentatie este mSeur et Glen gach (la © amumita temperatars 3 th eondiil exper aracteritcd toy anrvind ln compararenvitezlar diertelor reac ( mentale denis tera efcttva imparts lo concentrajia reactant ltd sank # ai of coneentrsfulorTenctanlor; k reprezint®viteen 1h coz] faula Peodasrrate tururor reactamlorsint egate eu unitate). To cnet eu oe tic th am pti nadine = 1+ art, 20 grat, = =H 2500 gran een = cen == gg = HOO ‘Metranconstanta, de vite a gua do vite Foe pene determina s grate (ig 4.1) naclind ate tat a concentrator Feactanior la timpui in Faport tat 0 a nepel care we obline (~A/8) ene egalbca — 8/2305 — co gas y din eae we calla ‘Att intrenge, Moleowariatee reasfii. Reacile ta care 96 trans forms tea neaciant se numese unimolcwlare hos Pstin) 4. Aspecte caracteritice ale reacilororganice a ‘Vieza reafil este proporionals eu cancentrafia teactantulus A; eeunfin ‘Sntied este de ordinal 1 asl IM) age 9) 0 Sn care a represiutdconcentrafiareactantalai ‘Pingus (o 3) comecntrain ene final a dimpal f in cage fan parte dot reac tani se tumese bindeadare Ab oP eam DDescregteres concentraiel reactant Ii A cate egal cn aceea 6 feaetantala 1 sens ade enka nit Tp [eae eee sens rani 9 Bt = 8 4 eee eee nw IAP oe tn tor ett nent cn 34 — 2a ete de Un: ia dng le el ht a sas a nd se SR Sy api int ‘rel eine ordi de race rte. ttl date netic phan aout Cee maleefanintes suse, aac reach Nae ulate fu de crun taper) care a era(r iptie deo eset wo numero peredounimleare le wpa i cal cae #2 4 Aspecte cargcterigtice ale reaction onganice svotio binslecuara nul in reactant 50 ls in mate exe de ox ‘ivalvant care ia parte Ia ceveie qt vara(ia concentraie wees ‘ural reacfied na ents semnifintivs, Reach dei ex salar poate ‘trata coo reel unimotoculaea iceman inet do ordinal TL Be ¥ Teduce ln expresie ciple de vitasd do orton Z opie determinant de eitest, Nuneroaa resi eeu a. mal multe ‘tape pritro sustostune de oac(i elomsentare, flee din alo avind 0 ‘tntnidt vitor Geen oe este arb este viteeareaciet ele mal tenke intoomai ex mera convot do yeisale,viteza vehicula col mai Tent ‘eterming viteea Ineegatul convol);-adeasta pouria mele le reat tide vitesk. ‘Baxi revrnible. Rewcilo reversible. au, loc In ambole sensuri ping a stabitves ual eetiibra. = -Constantele do vitert ale colar dou real in sens opus so noteatt eu Uys toys Benin ciel este Lata) __ tm nin 1 ootiibrs HCA] = RC, Constante’ de etre AC dovine Rett ‘ato constanta de stent yb enerin molvouelor, Buergia uel ‘wolecle, reprint san inte energin wa potenfiali Vy (remltat al Interact’ de‘nataro sletrosatioh a atomilor din molecule) 3 oremnclics de mgeate, (2 VF #:). Pentru ga ideal, By = 33 EP Aindependet de asd pectelor) Heare =i Ieuan ta Holla finale, By OB = ‘istpeeTeeSiuetine moter (sub form de energie do. vl ‘intent, dover de unghfurt ste) Gnd 0 egiturd (Cea mal nabs din male cult) dobindets eneyla egal cu enerta ed danse we proce Faperes fvsetTegitar sl ate lee transformaresekinich. \yp__. Teor eveirlar moleeware. Rnerpia de asiare, Motul reae D'ionsad inte ee sana indo sonsse, Numara locaton feat ‘holecule dint-an gun in uniaten de imp, eae extrem de mae, de ordi- ‘aga een ue rie apeelar ar ties, fics ar duce a produst ie recto, race chime tae petroce Int ‘imp ests de ur de oda 16-*. Witwode reer ate roecnle ‘nt ion mult sai ast domrese mx toate cioonie bimolocalare int AMlcen: Pentru dou sseosie a neveiooe tnt ele teebule ca “4 Aspect coracterstie ae reaefllorerganice s ‘momentul elses posede impreand o umumitt eantitae de evergie ‘itl, numit energie de eteare Cu alte euvinte reacjioneash titre ele ‘buat gcele molecule care posrds o energie suplimentarh ath de rest ‘moleeullor Fractianea din nunirul (otal de molecule ab aml mol de gus care posed o energie opus ni mai nave delt energia do activase, Bog, ete Proparjiouals ew factor fu Boltzmann, e-"F, In-care «este basa loz Fret natural, Test opeatae absluld lt ete constant puso (into 3303) Tote oad ites ta uel eae er Pa esi re orn 1889) fea Chie per vice al tara a sities Teast cada Ww was sl ack aun he fi as Sf eae eon Sa Ra 0 wat i sine SPE SSS EP Se Bere etna creer bso vl PAIS Saat Seettant ead: oS nae os perce tet ak soreinbeeatdak the Zareme lt sae See eens cearcce separ) “Rnergia. de sctvare ao determin nsrind Int dag log tafe) 7 Panta drepteteate #2305 Ie “Gait enorgin do active extemal mare,» [7 a at mal pone molecule pone In momen | fat clocniis enero egal ‘cuenergia eee | trader alee ect a at mare o erorere tee mecdear, del ‘erg! cnetce a ln, precum si freceelel ‘doenior siteza de pace x Tn a ii peritans se tneste cn 10 neti frevte de 108 os eral, din ttadul de moteeat, nami rulde motectieeive posed energie egal cw ‘energia de actvane, ste ml. "yariotin energie! tn chvul mel regal 6 12. Bateman ote se ilusrearh prin ngrame eae reprenued Sse etary ‘arltia energidlpotenfiae tn raport a timp f care ve destagoant tia foordonate de rai) i ig. 42) eg a 4. Anpecte caractersice ale reactor onpanice Din 4.3 rion cla ot pentru yaa racf he trash tech ‘gn energia de tiv, Bon ‘rte Ip oc pie con nln i eg se oe vod ann sea a ers ere at Beetpcr ec av ari one pana ree tat ELSPei gape Oven Tea eee Then on ana ere ree eee se Sate Sete ana ae FolcBay era Aci Spt rm ne coi writ atic ee eee tances at Saat ina eee mee rien a Sant eaar st endo tatty beta Sr Ghetto le eco ama en oe ete aca praigipmerter rey son ee ie a chats ny ela Soon i adler (stare de tnaiele + Pre senna a um ope cn carwar tar de taal te “ iat fn au cn oie sup acclorash SCAR EUE Grae lil ciniee care ene yale pent aoe {ale normale. Palalpie de ativare AH* resent diferente energiareactan ior, facts orn -de Sars gemega war de nage ‘rtspurio energie de activa din oor siocice. Puctoru! determiant ‘pent frmarea Hari de transite ete calm rie ree chile, exalpia Tora de acces, Ad. Ke represnth travalial neces peutra'» adace 4. Aspect ceracterstice ale reactor organice ® ‘in star initial in stares de transite Bota pla sul eaefie) pote ea eal ntropin de ectivare AS* ou valoare posits mae favorinmaxi formate RG iano, nel eit ee de ere frigcare rr) dei renin fea proiuce wal ior, vite ma rmare fatholeculcle right, neare structure inpune wnat erent le ree ‘anon entropis de activate AS ane val poaiive mc! kaw este neatly ‘gviters reetilr mal mick, tie activare are-eoresponden Tn eoria elamnrion tactocal de peobatalate, P, din ecu ta Arrheniys nteeentotpia hers de wetivare gi constanta de ehilibou K* (inte ‘eactanflq stare de traaile) exists relafin AG? — — ET In K* iar inte ‘Baal donstanta de vita a recy! de formate a sari de traniie est eljia Ete 22°, Gu elt emtapa Mer de setivare este mal mare, ree fia are vilent mai ini 465. ASPHE MBCAMIICE ALE MENETMLOHE nua Ih starea de tranigieIogitury inte atomit moteetet ear porto reels se modes teepnt plo ln re” Ttapetes tne Topitutt eovaleute do doi electron! poate sven lo oud ted : In ruperea homolitcdflecare atom al legiturlt pietreast una din teton ttre atom a Taal Site de rupert de covateae ac mimes, ea tao roi rad ‘ile Henle cic fark ganna contin etait danivangt nopo ina ie prtia reperea heloltiod nol in atom legiar 4 cl do ectzont dofenind a lon negair tr cailalt stom, rman deicitar i ‘Stctrond, devine un ton ori Reso in ear intarvin atfl do Tupi ‘ile oe mane fag tray tu rt on, a en {tad ieidk mage Oe obee br dizovnn ea favors forma Sent ‘Din ponctal de vedere al etapelor prin caro tree reactant pl I teansformaceo Tor in produi tinal de reneie, ne Osting dowd (spur de Inocanieme fandamentale da reseie: prin Mare de transite pin inter Sel stall i ovat tg in rad po rl ra cntalizate) * 4. Anpecte cavacteristice ale reacpilor orgdinice oem fn tare do Teghtury 11-0 aso Jeecanisaaa ein tue deri eae de seemed ences ion Go moleaia Bong potemiais panies ren iencas “atarate. a sniper ima ake Seiraet necciuens ‘a gna ten aie tavea do tranifie Igitors Bo —C se Iungeste, distanta tntre atomi scores datas ra Sean ans soe ac ta a fie aN HAT. ser, Jenget normale eaaee r 7 = ect Feoetie,exptermi, antosrraromemanr on ee ae 4 Anpectecavoeterstce ele reetiltr oganice + CI vu ven fn noentons dou thaxime coordonstelor de ind interaiein Geeta Wan eueife)qtatseel ena arapanat fFulat (igs): Avera ete mat bogae in energie dost reactant it dat mit Slrac In eaerple eet oreare din ele dou st de trait interiediart ‘io molec definite om extent eid ft da fart rut 2 pe oat en aaron pot poli edn pn produ lor sain Sshniay FA mada me ses ng el Io RNR i ile er ene te nar gi at ree ee es eae as SPs ay bone penta a pec de es i Wiad iS > ih ta ee ater ree an | ephemera reste eer Arty oN eee fae ane Seesaw ewer ns t sore pire eterna Sinan ati ta ae ota ref don ene rc ie ate cilantro i a Seetth percep epee “8 4. Arpecte caracterstice ale reactor organice atorul, dar eu vitest extrem de mica), © ‘ebiibral chica nu pot mudi ai ‘er mese dear vtexa resojifor in ambele sens tallatont na pt depts amet chien ars rg ae 1. 46 — comand nach gant 4 te ne ‘le nae Catalizatenl formeazi cx, woul dln reactantt (ewtratal cataice) fnvermediart postal, iat ret! doct reatantul nfl, eare jaa parte 1a reacyie eu cel dei doles tevctant ducing ia prod final lar 50 regenerearh Sb i os cease cre earl tt lw ee oreo vo Ei met cs ti ot rth aw a oc eae wp Phas oO Prin rapereslopitsilorcovalente din compari organi! ia sols fe ut dao de aon rat Nee in url covalente Ele pot ft de patra felurt9t anomie + radical arbocationy, R cavbaniont Hs~ st carbeng Ic: “aici Khor a idrocataior om mttaer sin td pnt de ere Cectre st din causa ocupirt Incomplete aunt orbital eu electron e Sint foarte reetvi Hn ravi ibe alchitatoml de carbon care pour 4. Aspect carateristie ele racilororganice ” ‘entrul radicale este Minden p8, Seat futrun orbital pnehiby ae contguratie plant iar eletronal pla tral Lihert tntze oi tulad drop rin refi Un radical lier este considerat mal ata dit altul dae. energia cesar pentru formar Ini din sleauul respects (energia de disci 22 fogaturit CH) este mal me, Hoengie de dsocere sead in ordines CHte = Hpes He = Ho dees ustrin de formave gt sttilitaten “ra ‘aioe UNGH eres! ae Invert Cllg = lige Hise = Hen (UR. 1) we | ae te ao 1 aye es ee a a Diterenta inne am radical ber primar si unl tetiar, din panel mt este mare (aprox. etd mol 3 adieait iheri ajar ex interned rmesoiam nol” (detevnpanert te ‘hice le). Carbocatonit aint mole contin ta atonii de carbon uyorbitalpnehibntiaa,,neecupat fleetroni. i am syns puitivs. agi tadialt ibert tim, ze provenifi din alesai au geometric land datorth edrbooalut defiofiar fn'elettons, hubridiat ape; orbital ‘cant ee aff Sate-nn play pprpentienlar pe pant nesta snot (tig 9), CF 4. Aapecte caructerstce ale reatiler organice 4: dapucte caracteriatice ale reaction organice * i tite relatin carborniar cao numb de rape iterpfte, doer: nr: carbon pian el tera sh tsar econ eer ea ns sty mama cet rs ne eel i, eb oo ; Hips abeeae yr oneal tee een rs " fi oe Bea Aon ral st a ol ved te oe tg mda neste iat east tt sans pe arrest Ses neat neater Sra an t, Somets) co al relents eu tines 9 0 omhoog Slee eee 9 BAG ae AEA a aan mee cies Se ene SOG cae ova Mut na bat =| Sechrest mp FA oni, | ere aaemeae tlle SSIES i ee aw | pee sac eae [aye sc “foroehimiea a etalenth a dlavonetanntu SMa i 2 cacectea adel pe te a ive on 2,3, Cote etter ter temas depen chick? Dt wnat aie eae aac dears ae oe Se nko ane ree St al i i 8 nt ag Peps Sayers ae ee om, CHAT Go an tnt rc a speedo 5, ALCAN St Crcvoancaxt ai. GLAMMNCAME, SoMRNELATEN Hudrocarturile saturate se tmpatt, tn tunefle le natura eatene, idiwentburt saturate aise, Inare sa famniieate (0 formula gene: Ho) 9 hidrocarbun saturate ceo (ew formula sencralt Oa) ‘ivacartarte saturn sclelce eo eafene nkare se humese et sw dup o-tomenelaturt mal veehe, pavafine. Petnit par tertoent fel setmmese metan CH, tan Uylly propat CyLly bute Cle Ni ‘inion teen, ne fon const i, Metin Gg dan CF, lear CyPe abe” th gener, cere ‘dbaltan se uilizeart pent eamipust cu catentliniare. Uneot, eid este [recast natura intra 0 catener prin sdiuzea, in ume itis tered ac sermitistin de mal erjoen en, bi, eerie uaa rt cng una we amc ne ‘su oparafine, Denraires termenilr sete se face pin aurea pia so ia numele lean ou aclagt nuit de ato! de. carbon. Pei fermen in ria ggaleanilor este izobutanal sau 2-metipropannl ‘Patra unele hideocarbur eu numa relativ mie de afort de carbon e folosst th mod eurento serie do depuis mai vee (numiel comune) ptrte tn ta dim peta esi 9 chime onganies, dee neopets au exh -ar—c14 ay leanilor ue frank din name ‘ctonele lara (ramiicaile) PRuneltfih dt et sree ” i fubattuentt deena, Nunc edtenelor later (eonsidere fail ffoh) aga le pumacleeatenel de baz In ordinencomplestatt {i ordinesalfaeieh ernercny ic, gig cuban ries ce) EIS oa Seetipcs ce Sm (ate atte ot omar up do on oni nea mae sean a oe ei Fda forma ‘tom de hidrogen.Acarte grup Poa th snele genet ti a resturs afohl Coatehit eu eisonihi), Nude ttmentlo individual Fadialior leh se frmenst din mete aleanuta reapect® pe aloes {ermine ar en deen fil CE, CH. CH a tend te meense enema mull de Geleh AEH cares fie dept or) teal "So asting pote fi dated cto rimar (log de ws ing Aisin de earbon'y serundar (oznt de dot atom de earbomy torte es et ak de cron) eater gat de pate So i ae ‘Atcmil de large legate weests atom de eat xe ner tn ecumst gt Rieu leit pot pratt Ry HEMT, Ry, tes Ky De ex, do Lx butanul Rormal gia enutan deriva ete doi reall erent conden by, th dln, pentan se, utlneta af cm prefix et tee neon, Mf Hea iain of He~om, tb 5 Alcan i citootent reprezints print-un poigon,aubinte fn mod eurentccloteani be, Aegina cere eal al poligomu e afl un atom de caro . oO) eonenon oO Clabvan Celopentan a cigar ee Oo eect aan Sipe era tesa gerne sie medil (€,—Cyo} 91 elelogleant cu ine mart sau macroedchuri (> Cy). at Ss pe ean nate a ta ea Mar crear Sumter cet Oe oe ‘Selopropit-eclopentan. ompgt dont sau ma multe cia avind un atom de carbon omun nme pitt. Nuonle lr se formeaad pin adage pect felspiro ta numeleaicenunt en sees wumar estat deearbon. Numira Av toni de carbon din fecae il, eg de atomaal de cago enter, piracy ete inca prin ete dgpune tn paruntere dept, ayxate nie ‘efixa spiro si memele idoestbr i Ot oO Cicupropt- ——SproBat-——_spreaa- Teen ‘stot ida i comp in on aap ia cl pf daa deste So (hrocsrburt le en pu {prt baal steam! eral naa de acm! ear La ate se IMiaugt prefs bre filo cle. peat indica noarat ae lar ‘unraltomior de carbon di past! este Indiat in parantere drepte, ‘ordi: decrescina ‘oa oaDd Pidclo clo cio Acie ico, tig’ ia” Bee) aaah aay futon penton wom Pepn eta {yt egnyerinisric: AL 2a KeURILOW SIMA sa smmceront, one al serie} hidrocarbuelor saturate, ane reansingir ator de earbon ibe fone hidtogen pei legit covalente CTLs X 5, Alcan lloaleant » Etanol l vermenii ex ana saulléwtomi de carbone etait alah perdi tan, ea ae _Acostetipuri de legatun deterinin’ peoprietileFisce si chinite speiicw ‘hae! birorarburioe eaunates m id pot. p teas “it ede Pe ~ Let ste ne sp zie eats 0 ata de LA ncn nee 110 11 Ain eelellte hidrocarbur, Inge eettuilor OC ext de 131 A {2 alcan fm ciloaleani x inle normatey med i tar. Tn ecloaieant ci ints ie clean, chutes) ose abet ae alo Feghtwrite C0 din cielopropan ant tat neue (1326 4a cl Ain eelobutan sin tat tong G82 A) decit ale din nee’ norma ‘Unghitl inte valenfele Adomior HOH qt HCO ete de 100.5 (10098), Be ober mama mie abate dela aceaatl.Yalote 26a aml de ron ote ll ee ese ae ale ‘ial nl atom de cazbon- dn propa unghlal CCC ere la tar tpl Om sce 107 Abate! a asl no ober a alent ¢u ine mil (¥. Stereochinia eisleateanlor, § 63). Teraile de Ghoclere varisl cu naturn sfonitor de hirogen reopoctv de eathon, cate aleSlenleiture; ele sit cartels clr {tot pun de epataed © sadn ord {mn aclagi sons varias enengile de diocere ale leyiturlor (© (e. Boergi de dinoeier § 2.4). ‘Bo note, in reac or, ‘Monui erg ert nn na et dete el sonar aes 5 MUTODE DE StvFI ALE mROCARHURIKON SanUHATE: Hideocarburile saturate sint componentele principale din_guecle ‘Prin prelucrarenacestora se ile In Ate pur ‘erinent inferior! (Cy Cy) (¥. Sutee naturale, § 3. pcan lente ier ale ldrorfhaiaauate mpl, ei pom r= conta, de obec “TaTifoeuees eu Mdeogen a ene: grape funcHonale dia molecule care sng 0 5 Aleani cietoaicant oj sebeletalldeocarburi ine. A ‘apelin sintege de molecle ma complexe in eare se uensnesteinloculiea tint grup fonestoale en hidrogen, pasted altele neteansformate Metor dele princare we formas legituri CC ducla antena sehelet nes oleate eto gener eonstitle uneort bouts YORMAMEA DELEGATE @) ) Din nidrocarburt nesotwate prin hidrogenare etait dee = end om tate (8, Fp 8 ot ar Prin hidsogenarea catalities a elebenelor se obtin alee lchene se obfin Selous. De ex din elena se objine eta event, ielohenan, & fl Coleen iotenon pte Iidrogenares etait, x, Keaciilealehenelor, § TH.1A, (Bm emp grat ya ec a Saha Rear sid a Atomit de halogen (Ci, Be, 1) legate un atom de carbon satura pot fi inloeit'en atom de hidvogen prin mai bute variance experimen: Tale ‘e Reaincerco et hidrusi complexe, de ex, hidrar de titin-aluninin Lau, ae ex agent redneitortondl de Murs HL Tedaceren ate loc in conditit blinds, pein inealsifea compusnlui halogenat cu hidruray in ‘ler eile 1a fierbert, UUliand LAID, se poate Tnloeuthalogenal eu den eri, reacfan tfol servind Ti tareaten fw Mewteria'@ snuimitor posit a ‘nwt, . exycrycnmen, “PS conenycsmest, we 5, Alcon ctelotcant ‘a 4s se, tay str 4, educerea cu metale si seit, cunaweat’ in ehimia elasick suly ‘numele de reducers eu hirogen in sare ndscind, este otal de bie, x simbolul (Ht) spre ho dating de redaere ch Mragen ine hota cu TH. Mottin are rolul de a cada eletfon sabes i {85 compusol aogenat ar dzovantulexteturnizora de peal ps formaresYegitur CH. Motaele eu potenfal de hntzae a it ‘Stave Lai, de ex. Zn st HOU saa acid acetie melee po {8 tena mie nei ae al sai ee alco eee 6 Hidrogenarenentalitic « ana compus alogenat se fce In pe ‘zzntd. de base pentru a neutralleaacidaleliberat in weaetin de reduce Sunes ee ataegnite (SA0H), ora st eta ep Qing gps tras a tem omer | a ecen ne a 4 tk ‘Compost organo magnerini, HMAX, se bin din compas hal emia aleantor clsior tau al Maser” ass, ps intact ere aba in si {in etor ei, se objine bro ‘nauneai eae la tata ev ph etany pn Weare eu DO an aeaterat ae eee te + 6th om Gp Comps organi i pi Hiei met E 6 formeask din compas halogenai i safe de hdrosarbry dex. an, sopenta ete 100 5. Aleanl #1 cleloatcant ‘de petro), Acoarece eral reactiones cx compas organe Tite. Spe deo Stole compnsit organo magnesier, eomplsiy argon a itil int ‘fb ta oxigen in aer de eocea Ia Prepararen or 3¢ Tete in ‘tmocfrd de gus inert (azo. a0. argo. in emp gun mt ga Cama ate pte oar ‘nth. Metal re polaitate poniivs far retol crganieaze poartate {inky se compart in rent ex mation al earn ua tba { Garonaion, Fs) aged pratt Gani (®) din stot 9 aero tor teeta |G@ Redvoore ou acid faniic neo > ma —> nom , Meduoerea ailelfonailor | neon —on-osoar BE wi m0) ape bso mn posto Hino. dete idvogen, Petra cranstabes lees ale raps hives tte tana STREMH cpu lgenat ao ower ellnt cre ce al en are et dan coi fap tn eantoranen suai naga ns a neon eee de et soe 1 Beant pil et noite prop! ivenl cx hrgen concurs is nen Se ier ee SNCMRES heh ES ea ual Ti amg nent sonar el me Te hoe pears eet + cx eg, rerteiciiy + Hern Cleland Sennsuloctord ‘cept Oe. ¥.)) Din compusi carhoaiic pein reduoce $0 soca cent: Zot Cs ESF mt ema. Senos oN, 00" "ema Re a 5, Alcon i ciloaeaai wo ‘Compusi carboniiel (aldehide sa eetone) ex cote mal vari fueibe Gopi tor aera eee caer pen feat peo) ato grupet —00—in grup CH, ponte fh ne Inetltea eompustial carbone oak ampngsenst Sache (ietoda Clemmaensen). 0 a dona tate genes pit car ar Torta grip {Beige nema iam at de aa in presents efoxud de soit (CL, 0N 1180" mata. Kiger'Wwolsncn at de hdr x ho ‘aay ieingl Ya 180 rata Huang ian), otro alt vara snes unsere ntl stipoal carbon tn aes acta te desrterd isthe 3 3p eens ere Rp RoaLcR > ReaEHR 5 om cw Din ciclopentanont de ex, se objie clelopentan prin urmiteates suvoe- O*O+0=0 S24, FORMAREA pI: LEGATURI 6-6 B)y in compu logan (etada Warts) Cor em Cf a anaes Neer Naar La eactiacompusilorbalogenalt RX (in ate poate fun radial ‘et lke bn tometer a) tt’ In ies hidroarbur fmmate dn dou Tenant, de Condensarea intr comps balogenati cu rude leh deri duce 1s amestocurt film acest car valoares preparntivs a inetodet este Ted XE RK Sp RR KS RW Aplicarea monet Wart in forma ei clasied, a sitene de eielo- sean (m casnlinclelor nermale de elves de fame alemi Re one ielopentan eu randaanent bon din i,é-tibrom pentan ‘iu cllohexan din 1-dibexan, Metoda nu se spliok mb aceast for’ inteoe do tnele vei edt sat mart (peste opt atom de carbon) Sohinut iste randkomnt ware di by taibrom- iam dei In tteatadeofuran sau tae ete, Hy ‘Gelobutanal post tan pei ieee i 5 A nn | 4-0 a \etiene Tae Ciclopropanal se obtine dia 1, clorpropan prin insane cx palbere do sind; moto se plies aust, eelopropsl Wnd ata dept ‘Snertenie general ui 4) Dia comps halogenotxi comp i ae | | Pentru formarea de legituri O—C Inte doi radical diferii, unul ‘in oi find un raga alehll primar. se utiizeartcomplexal ale ‘Mchicupru (dachileapeastitiy RyOuliyseactiv Corey) (B.S. Corey, 1967)- | ‘Ace so obtine din eompusel halogeaat. (peimar, seeundar saw tetiat ‘prin traage eu itis mctaie si apo sa Logue Renetivaly com HPlosul do Wislchilenprntii, se ilizensd fark Wotare, In condenses) Ercompusil blogentt primar, Dees. dia bromara de socbutit9 bromark | ‘de aogentil se poate abiiae 2,Sdimotitbeptaa, | ie aaa ee Seen + chy -CCH, > ey, ec sony Me ae rte api satus de lea nalnt gti (©) Din sirarte sciitor carole prin deearhoxlare eestrolitick ~| (meson: Katie carhoxileh COO perde la anod 1 taece tw radical liber COO cates descompane. in C0, faatical tiber alll Rey aeesta se Stabilzeus rin cambinare ctu al Taaical Her (dumerizae,"v. f'863-a) teefnd inno hidroearbusk Ie—T ‘Be ex: dn asetat de nadia te objine clan. ete cxyc00- ow; > neayee Lt ee BE Nort am ee Re en exo ciclicl care contin grupe fune}ionale suseeptibile de » fi inloeuite ‘cu bid SpE ar SR nn ch elas nen cee oe earner eee oan cornet ee lane ene as See ees coe outcry a eos Othe wad hg drag Seer ane neta 8 Condensers compl. ditaogenat. «ser malo oe ace sha Oc cmon cn. cove Scones Condensarea compositor ailulogenatl eu ester malonie WH sin ats gyal generals entra oofiere de ae i ci nines as oc io aitogen cetera i eset elena de fed “toatl de soi transform in ester ane Ino combina stay enteral maleate eed mooe\cH, + GILONE —> «oom CAE = Mt + GILOH Alle-Be£001 pipe TN, ewe ea noon 106 5. Aleant 9 cicloatoant diclretan se objine esteral acidulu ec es ain 1am Bile propaadicarhosi- ‘bline esteral asdafut clelopenta- dar Prin hidoliz acastor distri se obtin aii dicsrboxilic veapectii ‘are tind deetval de nid maton (w:§ 28.3) se deearbonilea iy slab Inctzie irecind bn aeist monoearboxtet Dees. tin seul esfobuta dicarboxilie 0 objine acta elalobatn monocarbosile oy ee C006, ‘Trunsformares avidulul ciolobutan-eoxbosilie in eelobutan na se ponte realiza dee prin decarboxitare (ean navel condi enengice {aro tavorizead rapéres inet ‘entry Ialosties gripe enon), idrogon exis mi, ule posit sinttie,feware din ole mpicind mai mutt elape. Caen cea a comoda const in inacuirea grape earhoxtl cw bromt (reactions: Aiceker. v_ 1231.0) at inlocaten Bromalal eu hideogen pi Ga din Om HE Oe EO we $280.8, alte metode de degradare grupei carbox 28D 8 2. Cioinaes intramolecular’ ester asisior dieaosiit coon, ES HNC Ce co05 enc, sleril scalar dlearboxilelsufers tn presents de etoxid de godin saat neler educa wert Peston ci oars 1804), Prin tidrollze esterlor f-catoniel ti dost ‘acon Feetonci forma, rezula stone cilioe, Pentru 9 obtine clot lean etup earoni ve transform in geoph CH, yin una dn mato TRearia se oplik eu randamente miei la ellan de cine §i do goxe | Omi sae | ey Oy (een | pree — O oe 5 Aant gi eetatcent 108 ster aciilrdicarbositic a neste cu wal metale tn tluen au pnt ‘condestae.Intamoletlsa,etocal pion eaefla ate loo prin iatermedil wnat dl uestaat fxd 1) ‘care tteceepontan. in etealcol Osan acidull dian {CH} SiC). Uncori se pote lola dsiitosderivaval intermedia ate Duro trace n aces J.J. Boome, 108), Tavares dvtlsidetes, ful eu tram dger ino dicetons (I. Wablinaun, 1960), Prin sesceen sahil eto abe lca ss Ju ‘tanaformat in alli campus eae pot da final ciconlthene sau ickesns Fr wows eal fe sbfinselone eu Soe celebutane ee ee n-tir-coon nbn —osveny, 7 abar-t—on 7 nlir too ‘in dieser biecii se objinelcloalean poise! nuit proplanis a Prin metoda conden eine multe 12 atom de carbon, ot sintetza gi cian mati, eu mi ® Prin deesrbeaiaree celizanth a schlerdleaesitich | emp — maces Stride ealciu san de bavi ale acisior dicathonii, la dinione ‘scat, dan eetone cu wn atam de carbon mal pilin deeit sed iio (OV, Wialcenus, 1888). Pe neeastd ale ne cbfin cu tandamrent on cee ‘ow inet de ened fide se toms nu se obin cetone eu cell nle! sau snag BD} Inte do gave atom prin hidrapenarea compusitorsromatit iii Wom er) 10 5. Alconi qi cilotcent ‘Compass en inl eitohesanie se obtin eet mai imply din compust armmaSe in drogen eazales pe LL ba. Di bene oe Sbjlne lela To oafalind ne bye trains (y2teteadeo- ‘aating) st deciins (decahidronaftlln). 00 * 00 * CO ttt Deca meted important prin cre ao obi campus mong pots cu ina Sete emer te Reese Suen cave vw f cata Mf 10.8 wie, B, | Towle de srt 4 pi de ase atomi prin react de lnomerzare cont tet AC, ‘Una din reasile importante ale chim hidrocartulor saturate ‘este reachin de inomrizare fall de clorura ‘de alunini activation Sime ds aps (ape avind Tol de covatalisatar- Heacia af dscuat I Woe Comput polstiet ew inele de elnet tee in compas eu ie de ase, de ex hidearbura pH, te vomerzcast th compastt tal stabil {evn mal ei ilo oe ge, adamantaal iy = © semonion 6. | Compas eu inele nicl pein react de cloloitit | @Compust ene elctopropani prin eel de cielopropanace on nearer nang, A nee Sonn IRevctia de cilapespanate @ alehenslor constitaio o metods dos ‘witizats pentru formaren de compusi eu inele de tet atom, Hu poate fh eallsati prin trtaren alchenel ca compasi prin a eéror descompanere (Gotochimles ta ealalizt) se formeazi Intermedia! nestabll cu struc- (tnt de carbene (¥- fl} cot anogs al acestort(earbendi) eu ectivi- fate do carbene ieee 5, Alcon eetoteant a0 a descomponeri fotochimice au 180.) carbene saw earbenoin cate hur alene. We ex ntermediar tu acest esa este metilona, CHa earbens liber. ‘cela campus se poste obi sl prin Fea{ia lchevel ea ae amie a pes de cupl a a,aA,nluic eeich (GeaeieSmtons-Sinith, 1098). Transfer rupel ellen ae cy in faced eng, Intreon intermediar Gaganemetalic ceubenod, 1CH.Za1) Recs ons cay 5% 0 Rater diazenoetio N.CH—COOR (v. § 25.5) ate reactivits ‘corbenbi La teatare eu alchene sau dene dt colspagl en ine lloptopet De lex- eu dimetiheaadient in present de sirurt de eaprn (Cushy) 66 ‘bine un acid eu ine! eel ‘numit acid erzontemic (component ‘ami insectiea natural a Hote de Piet) {enigc-c-cr-ceny + Scu-coon = eugene Gi cea, (©) jeompust cn set de para din slchene pin ciclo ‘icloaditia ahenelor ducind la compas cx ine! ciclobutanic are Joo focoohimley ea au age Loe tenaie (0. f 142.8) ‘Dau weaetf de eicioadiie fotochimiel slchenele activate prin srupe stsigitoare de eletroni de ex. grupe COOK, halogen «ic. Despre meen hima reat de eelondfion vf 180-8 A. Mideoeasbusi din gaze naturale gf din petrol rocarburle saturate sit componentale principe le gator eats supe fi ele sicdnin practi pur in alll se plato fester cu hirorarbr! nferoare (CC) do crete ep tc oeay ire fun Metal Ydnnd age de as ls 108 5. Alcont # cletoaleant pan incon ua de oie 107) aa de Siecatad al gle Ad Ode drogen (50. atl ba ma ie es mene tne oa din hiro ata ance lita de ca fis (434) te som fru'cn xian (es fan) sompagten al cenpnl etn) Reva ear (compa hts. pts se gees Brora Ineaatarave (alchenc, acetlen). ‘Tyflal din uncle atetminte conan in ‘proporte msi mae slcant en eatene hints (fears parutinoase) stu lle Fiche ecm anc lnc draabunieaomaice tur sfaltoaee sat naftanice) ae {ipl tending chee care em emt ipl lene ca a ae us pine 2 aie eon Gt Rea tc (ES) Soin seatth Tere ar Sores ‘icin (gate de con alu, Petzl brut esto supus unol distil Is pecsiune normale stir primar; se cules Frachant pe amumite inter Yate, dupa toopul unairt. Cepul do autre ou psu 20" (truchiune Cyc) Hervey tare tat Gaps teparare hn Componente, ca mater Dima’ in indaseie (v-Alchene) sau deept combust (gay Uebel ta Beta aed 3258 metre dina ei art omer CyCy fu annie seopur se cue mal multe fveiaa ‘ter de petal (p-£'28-M0", aster de izomet ,) sligrout (p50 ~100", Chi fn unelo tchnotoat te calog truetraate Cy oeparat al CPG, scpaany a veduren unr pretuoe lteionre in benzine de eallats ‘albu. mat depart), Petri lunpant (p.. 170290") ene amestoc fs Gy Gy mica ps 2300) copie Marat CC esau de pata eo. 9) contin itor pa Tone ncn ijclurpartinase be ofa pn Gry ota Sano, paraan (ametec deco Horna Oy“) Prin alan rd pleurirgprelaerare secondard) se objinuleurle de uns (lnbrefiane) fr. asco i hidroosrbnr Cy “Uae Ou et eooflnutal uleulat In efloaan ‘in hitrocarbgriaronntieu cite aterate lune este mai mare, arin icositi neulal eu temperatura este mai mie st uleal formenz’ mai bine fmt de unger. Regal nomat dah ditaree ta vid, tala, ‘cu eumposiie necumoscut, provine din hadeorarbt aromatice superant® prin condensiet oxidative; servegte Ia axfaltarea gosdelor, ‘Bena, tampantu fl motorine c wtllznad dreptearbarant pentru sear rtrd atin ce mate fo petra Oe “sensi oh ‘fea mu corespande tutu ‘olitativ connor taku moderne qt este innaitents wt rt beptan (CO. 9 toostan 2, eeimetipnion, 0. = cota tie to Sage mean 9 5. Aiea pt cicloateant 8 es das ratty ncn entra satifacareacerinelorcresende de benains 4 de de irra inestoare (Cy-Cy), tal vatoroase ex materi Drocedca In ruperea freon’) frcfunilar mal gle (motorin, p Finds) ‘a drcfiunt mai ngoare Pence aoeusta exists mal faze (motan #alahene CC) Grins tart, Pentrn a obfine’o bensinit satura, Ee alchen (condo Seep petra wae of et barat) beside cae rogencarty in presenta de eniaizator’ po baat de moliden opus pees ‘Oxide shui, la 250-450" (dreraoaré sau kidrofinare. Tn news fv exzil heitelor ea procent mare de suf (dependent de nturk cimatu din care provine) are Toe gt derufuraren. Benzina reall fnteo enna satura‘ eu confiout-mare de hidrocarburlramifieate (cate Slant nagtere prin izomeriaren sleanilo, atalantd'de osidal do alt fainia) i cu etm oetantek mare, peste 9. 1th provalecle de ecare Stall, frcfinnle grele de motorink se te, in tare de vapor! peste eatalzator format din seat de al ‘ini hata ane ta a form de rales (pat ula), tue Tulatiy Jones, de 400-400" gt 1-15 ataostere. In traces fsck so formeoad multi truce C.-C, Al hidrocarbac aromaticn {Genzen,toluen len, mtibnaeal et) Ta exer etait a mol {thet (Coe) paraitonse se obfineo bens oa coahinat ‘penta (pink in 2%) caro 50 sopard unoodt are ia opal uli Beso, 1D, Midrocarburt pein prelurareeerhunilor a te sa kr ep va fas Meten te te S030 gular) 6-0 ‘Carbunil au fost Ian in consderare ca materi pris ‘codes indurteiate pontra ob{inere de eaxburanft (beuziy motor Prowedeole tehnice a Ta bua dud reac fundamental ale carbon ‘oni de carbon 1 hid at 40 ey nr tmnt proces tbc wink tu amesicede'oxd de carbons de Mirogen cn ompeifsaprosimatich 62 gama de dent Acute a frmenst in eae, doh ‘elape. la freren de abur peste earbune ineandescent se obtine a ator: ta seem rin #19 00 ai ado sp”: Pest bbogtfines ia hidrogen, gual do ap eet recut, Ie a0oe katea neoesrk de vapor de ap pete un eatallzar forint ais f) Aeonvertren glut ae apa) de earbon exe indepirtet prin dpllare gusta Cua say peel re, “Gaal do sinteal ete recut apo pete ui euizaion de cbelt 9 ‘epua pe kitelgur. Tn acest med at obfin hidrwarburl sscarutes eta pink Ia Cag care pot Ti preluerie prin procedeele will In Dreluerares petrol 55 PRonnmersy ruc idrocstburite saturate set molecule nepolare. Prete de aracle {nico molecle slat fore sla, de tpul forte van der Wane, Scena se fle napa paetlor deere de opi ga salt Sale emi terment al vere ease 9 ak etovleanior stn gine bs temperatura normal Incepind eu Cy tent moc st Uh he ea ‘perio! rine sola (tabula) ‘Punctle de ferbere se alcaor crt in sea omg, pent fie stom de eto tu 2090 ene Teateanil su punete de ferberw mal acirute deft atcanitnoroal natn dato do arb zr cal mal ranaetevind paa ot em, Eh, Cth EH-cr,-eH4, cy, —cn, 8: Alcan llotnnt m mitten apropats de margines cena sade puncul defer ber eu evade: Bebe a-necanl re pf Smetpentane! 6055 ‘hutdpenuaal e037 ser-aimetibutanel 380" ae 22 ametbutaiah ‘ceaneua) a0.r" ‘Pnotelo do fierbere ae cllalenor sat ma cate dit ale leat cu acl nia de sb 42 carbon (tein Bo) Se a {wn molruart mat mick 0 dou Wt ont de te dco ear! wa ile it ale leno, Sit eid o regains net w alan el 1a ic. ican’ a vari puncetor de tote tana molecular. Puneet de i nd dependents de coesione intr cee In ental de Fula {citer mai nitric nets de opie mal ate De ex” portsnul Se toperte 1 50) tar Homer sit ametrg, hexametaetanl re a0F ‘Texan ete slab meta dar este sli a etal wi eo mer smitten hidrorburior nat ete mal mi dest denitatn ind 0. $3 Ia eicloalcani. de yhidrocarbuxi", cel superar! int inodot, : Beier | od eee eer ema rire eas ua 8. Alcan eietoatcant ii (vg. 8.2). C4 wrare, im specie sean seul din grape (iy Cul ee obacrns rintonrcle aboneht fom Grupole tor-butt presinid absorbgii la 13701307 em Inopropil, is 1 70-1880 em ‘Vibragitefegituilor CC se manitst& prin bonsi de intensitate reduat care Spar Seeste Bena se ‘Specielecisloatcaniior ‘preint® umltoarle-abiari dstorte pear tase ey ee ee anlar (eae mee : le Ls [as rea Spa BM. In sn vemoale grapes Ol apr a3 0,0 pm, ale grape CH, be Situmte en ros ai ale graplor CH 1,90 par In aceste items ine eupbje siial vrtek ice BPH 100 ‘te euplaje vieinale eevee cc, yneas sata emis | ccmten | Gcntaan | cto 2% asa | nae 4 | wie |e Sete 7. anc ee’ in lal teal sin wien at ii Baa an ea ici dome Wan 2 ad EF a FACT ACK mNOCARHOALOR sATORATE Reacfillehidrocarhurlor saturate pot fi grupate, in fanctic de ‘modal In ext se rp legitarleeovalente OH gh OC in excl eu tases ‘ns hoevolite avind ca intermedia! atom radial lier i reach en ‘ecaniam heterolitie ta onic avind en tatermedian carbocation 5. Alcon sf cloaeani us @) Deseompuneren termics a bidrocarbartlor Gian > Gig + He aes SaeHlims —P Callas Cam rare ‘Metal te subi termic pink la 80? THrveaeburle eu wal tori de carbon tas ales cele supesioare) sur prin incite 40-0 siempre ere eet = (aa) star CoH (a Jin accete proces, dintrun 3 ota span eon tens oe ak at roporte ma mare, De ex la deseampaneren termed a batola t W, {in Joe unnitoutele Tene 6H Feay=cH—ctl,—Demctanae ey om-cH—cy aren, +c e-CHACH-c, ergs Cicoatcanit se descompun termic tn mod aveminitor eu ‘tid alehene. Din eielopentan do ex. se obin tent propent Oh +S Din cislobutan, ta 480" se formeazi don molecule de etn e-em om ind, Bevctille de descompaner termicS 4 hidrocatburlor au fox deo ‘gt dein ade; le ube rotted Marsh Tor saperoare din petrol = Mecanion de rede, Realit homies) Descompuner temic rocarbailr eet orenotien mecaniam hamolie wad ce mtesa dat stot gt radial Hber Jn ovioe reaefie eu meeanism homolitic se disting dows fui de react lemestare: reat aide In care o formant fea sss ‘echt de sabitare a raza Uber! farnagt ts machin take mi te non o Fate nd ae ee enero ofall on energa de diocire login care te be, Ae merge poate ft dobinaltstermie (pin abmrbjie de cite) fotoshins {pin abonbfta ube! euante de fuss) gt eeetochinsc (pi tenses Heide cnr ae cnt gee a at de ace ec. Absor) Inmina visibid eau Ultraviolet de acces inition eae eect ‘dlealice pe nari cale nu este un fenomen imma heen rt 5, Aleani pt cictoatcant Rowsile de abilisary ae adieaio ber sin do ma mult flan ‘eactit le recombinare a dol Muda beri, Meet de extrager de to fin ale mace 3 tears de adie ln molecule mesaturate Th cee dou eur din way radiata eaves stableat (rin extragor de sto a ‘aifie)transfortd molecele cu care reacfiontaaa fn radical ibert, ato (Mare de radical na spare (¥- Heaetia hidvocarbuelor ea halogens ‘elit de bubsttufie ew meeanlsm, Remote tana) eveiie de tecombinare doi radical ibert de esl el xe namese reacts de dierizare. Dimerizaea gin general recombinaren a dol radical este 0 reetie in care se formato legiturd covalent. Ha este Inso[td de degajure de ‘cengic» ebrel valore este eps eu energn ce te connimis pentra HDS fee (henge do disncire) Din est motiv exnté coud peelnee ca legitura format sis rape far in radical” Penteu tecombinaren 2 dot ‘ical ber in fark gasoand este neces fle prezenth oa trela molecu Inert, 3, care #& pret energen liberal (clochiretrimoteculara), tecind fon inal inten molecu nergizaty MP. Bxcesal de energie poate fi preuat gi de pretele vasulul (reac dd perete). Uneor,peutrua favonizn vaca dedimtviaieesemaette sup {jade contact umplind vast! eu spirtunt de material iner. Ta molectlele ‘mal mart epergla cose cibetvaat fn recombinaea 4 do tadieall ber 8 terpenes Gira fgituriastel ek procesul de recombinare poate aven Ie. "K dnt cae destabilize» radially Uibeettonsts in extrageree de otont dearer (sh de soe) dsteo molecu Mablittramsfrming-o fe aceaate din ws inceun radical Hee ‘Un al treilea mod de stabiizare al rdiealilor bet consts tn aifia ‘adicalut tno molvtlt esitarata dex, la leghture dubia dint alehind {ransfornind alchens Inte-un radicl Uber (¥- Polimerizares alehenelor, prt We Domed > nade aos my 5. Aleen scictoneant us, 1a temperatur rdicate de abicel in fax gases, radial ber superior’ pot suteri rupert tu pocfia 2 (beta fat ae eatral radicaiey ormensdalehend gun nou ridicl ber Inferior real iia (v. eracanen tenmiedy § 5 ge To RACH CIh CMC > cH 4 hey B | Rex ste aroobasor aturate cu Reactit de ‘nbwteie hana em akon nual "et ame ona Hidrocarburo saturate nu reactions coral sa ou brtat 4a intaneriey Ta temperate eamere. tn prescfa Tam ultra solar sau anal be patra) dup 0 sur peroads edepian Purtates mbetanfe, Incepe refs energy Tait pin {ntonsh de hracd a ers een tm stom de hidrogen al badnecun «ste Inlet eu acm te halogen (rene de hloars det) Halogen hdocarburlr pate avea loc taney ia ald tp ae), evel made mil ana is treated orate oxigen itr sr cy ae in recfia Inte metan 4 lor (in Fapot mast 1: 1) a focus lorurk de met, CHC iach eran ae en em 5 > enya yes Ouexes er fra ar de mee Cyto ‘on daar hy ltnlan meee een 4a clorurarenpropanalat obtin doi compas! mouelilonensf CTL GCH + C —> CHC + CoH, ekemere ———caneapon lateni an, ca alee, prota de ube Mconom draft, Reni omnes hs nats Aone do alto ref ca met hetaltc pik apa ht tape: onecfe de erence formie ses ‘de eit de prom saa aa ‘ered pi ent (net Se 10 ty deri a pray ge read tear ln eae ea a Aixpare pinta veces reambinae dea ada ena a0 5. Alcan gi ciloateant Halogenarss direct a hidrossrburilor saturate este o react eu rmocanim Hennoltc Inltut, Cele te elape ale teaehe sn acta de initiere < ae To halogenarss trmieS a aprox, 1007 nre Loe de asemmenes raperea fnivnta tne oleae de cota atom! tbeejraperes une legitant CHE ‘aitetecam nooosta ener Mal matt (104 Kea) ql deel temperatarl mal i oacit de propagart. Atami et de or, formasi tn, concentzaie nics in teneia Oe mutar, eeaefoneaas et molecule de mana In {Mes extrugnd un atom de hidrogen sf scenein; fe formeazdo molecula SEE uo cla clartare far molnula de mean cte trnsformat® intr-an Shull er metil CH adic liber met la efcniren eu o molecule Tele enttgrala tcasta un om decor forma o molecu etblit de cet geil yun stam ier decor. Atom liber do elor rela lanjul Gemee repethdteacin devextragee de hudrogen din mctan ete rover se roped de aecl ma nite de ide oti ate foie probable au los gf coon inte ator beri de lor simmoteete de lor san inte deat Hbort et qt moleculo de met dar ‘Aibibu sint sunniietive pontra mors rachis ele durin le eaceren ‘motecailor iia era ser cy omy = Om He 5, Aleuat 9 cloadeant ut Rave de ttrerapere de tan sist react normale do stailzare ‘ale ruaaltor liber! prin fecombinare aa prin tmeranr. ie lee eu ‘degaate de energie, tle ace se prio de bie! pe pertee vu at in'preceata alte moloote sre © prea energie ibera “andemen oui Het eta isle ering rin raprea ize meal de mol de prods obtina fal de munud ‘ip molt do Tenctant transtormat | MOAN OHNE FARK to sce mca Romie inn, nits fovea undnenal rece we exprmt in raport cu tral de cute uot eis empoeat ' nmat do eglesbull neers eo furore denetar {asain 390, ste ok mental SXGonnit de Hamid iia teaatomnaren wil nutle fue mee molecule, . sa aan Arrests oneraig al rnc do exbttaic ot mocaniem hows {steno Hlogeters hidvoctbutior tee rach ower tn roca intr om mot de mam sum mal de eo se deo 26 eat mola in renin eu uh mol dbo ae Geet 8) kel ea ‘cf de bromarae ete a putin exter ec ef de crave ‘Ente erence nels du ert ne ft crud yr see fio de doire al eghtano inplicte rnc vole 31) ce a aa 3 {hot + BeBe > awe MBAs nO ema ee ea apna oy nplite eae taka arash tte teebrgeantacrar ger ara earns SEMEL Sean what skin a anes da Ee Se pe Gale Sore cians weniger poe Dimmers Met > ON ay saa > onc ter Cs “ ‘ars = 3 tama (es) us 5. Aleant 91 letoatcent Tn reucia metanuly cu bm prem reacfeeementar de propagare et endotermt (16 heal). Deoarece cen dea dou tenfie ese execcen, (24 eat) procena tn amaaabiy, este exotermn (60 kel) Nal rd eg tr dua a leet de ro. Dogare in reactia mistantfat elor yin nencha metal ea bran St Fete in fg. Ga, By-o—6i* | aera esos aoe —— Fe 82.~ pa vine nl ty ae ere Primal bro} al curbel repesint® coondouatete primel reais ele rmontare, emt or = Rite 3 Po Siuawal we un det de energie ogt eu energa do actvare 4 keal snot) tn punta eliiaat al cre sega pelt mast de rere In aca are (stare ge franaie) hagas OAT nu ea ape incite tgiturs HET nu format sree poste fi considers vores fiona pe aia. Din nec pane etninant dd ener poate en Ia rout init ann ponte clus spe produ taal a acted ict represni ale de engta a ASE La en eae fepenina ovale ‘erie det ister van te dies ea ered represath ool eneri! ncaa cele doa doa Teac camentare, muna evotutio energies i an 26 pst art neni de activare a acestet rent elementare este mic (1 Kea ‘9 decurg uyor, aren de tansiiese'va tinge shmpuria si eete eel er. 5. Alcon i celolcant ni ‘dont ct sistemul va evolna fn acest se, spre fo Tema nengllstostor reat bes iver stings je ce pot sven toe $1 Margie inverse fone ses em, ga ema ese rp eens aoe eosin hbase See: Hidrocarburle siturate nu reactoneaxs ca oxigen, in condi nnonmaie, ln tenperitura camergt Ta ealdy in prvsenfa de want med ‘desubstanfe numite promotor ae le o tactic ta cursul eat. Se one ‘hun oxigen Cx prodagl pra al sete rae fomeaes hid Beroxici HOOIL Hidroperoxiall peimurs 9h aecumdatt tint nesta se Azscompan chia in eursl resi trecing im compas oxigenat (akcoly ‘Aided, cotone eau produit do oxidare at aocstora, et cabuulil ‘Hidroperosiat trae! wnt tat still y pot ft holafi De cx, pr ox ‘dares obutanulat en oxigen tolecular sat aet tn presen{ erie. de Thr drept promotor, se obtine hidroperosid tery bul extant yo, 2B ‘eactile de oxidare ex oxigen molecular se numese refi de ute _sidare spre To distinge de reacile de oxidate cu agen oxidant oni iumite Pelt do oxtdare Mecanitm de reac. Antoridares hldrvearburitor este o reactc eu mecaniim: homolitae, or oxidabi are ‘tori libes le iyind un atou de hidrogen ‘ind nagtete Ia magenta ber al hidrocaeburi care teaefmersd Wool ot ‘oxigen. Gale trel tape ale refit de autoxidave cnt React des initine Ite +0, —> 00 + me 120 5. Alcont si cieloateant Reel de propagaee +0, —> R007 aa Maori Keoeile de ntrerupere aint reve normale de dimerizae saw de recombinare de Wot radia | & ies Mc item lt +(O8 +120, —S 060 (0417140 Ale = ct ate to presengi de oxigen sau aot ta tmperaturs Soa, toate hidro- ‘arburile Aint oxidate pn ls laxld de carbon $1 ‘Acrderen este 0 Toictie generals tutarer tomapayior organic a este Insets de degajare de energie tub form de caldurd, rani ildird de ardere sau de eombustie (8 noteast eu Ai. Caldurte, de fandere ale hidrocarburir au fost determinate en mare pecale ee servese in evalusrea ‘moleculeor. Arderes compusior radial pit In (60, iH sti Ip haan metodel anatiel dementare eatitatie (e. 231-0) Nojiuss de termochinie, Termochimiay un capitol al terminal Sty mien aeons Some ean een sais Sa carntohanontrs tana mraoee lla de ary so exer: cainntal nbn rei Act cam ld i Se Seman mae eis 5. Alcan ¢ leloaloens 1 CAldura de ardere » metas pnatourele etait termoehiniee sn condi standard se expres prin ag +20 = Cy +2840) ty 2308 ka ‘Seizin eildura do vaporizare aap (10,1 keal “mol? 2 20,8), reals ge +20 = Cy 2 Oy My 1099 Rat mat walle tem on puny ae de agen sata prin sabolurte(g) ua, 0 lies () sol). ‘ildirs ae adores tsa nora ste Si 765k al far a inobutatlad All, =~ 68537 heal mot, Remain ermochinca pnt el dl nome! eno ateet: yt) 8 Ogg = 8g + 5g ‘Foptul ef tu anderea butanula se dogajh mal male eBldun seit 4a ardeves sobutanulal arate aobutanal ete mai sirac in emerge eet ‘mbutarl cu 228 ktal- mol. Termenul de eomparapie ta abet cstesintemul produsiior de andere (hionid de tathon ap), stem ce mat sie in energie, deci eal mal Hab \Caidura de formare in eemente tn’ stare standard AHS AIP represint etiaar ee sar dezaja into teaetie reals anu ineginans f site molecula ar Ii nojtere din elomente ln 25° yd at. Se onsets cn Wentionsl et entalpile ia elementelor in slare standart sing ale ea ‘ero, Pentru substanfele care at mat multe sti de agregare me fa cone, 4iderore, gentry area standaed, fori lor oun mitt sbi in nese cnt ‘ii dee 140 el 1,0 ag carbon. se consort su Torn, sa ‘isting de grat, mal sail die dmantule 4a cele mai inl cazuri eBidurte de formnsre mu ke pot dete alive prin masuratori de edldunt de reais put deduce fact pit ‘afeal it date eltdaritor de andere, (ildara de formare 4 uneisubstante se esleueasi din suma cid dle arte ale etementelor din eave se scacteeldara de andere «sh stanfe. Deer. ciara deformare-a ut iool de metan din cash (eat) (qhldrogen, in stare standard, se aft szind elldure de andere metal ‘in sum e&ldarior de ardore ale cementelor, carbontt 3 Mugen G0 + Onn) = 04 Gee Main 2Hug Oxg) ~ 2180, 211 = 3804 kant 049 +2140 AU = 2229 ct 1 5 Alcant i cieoaleant De ex. caleularea cildurit de ardere 4 metanu tiiind ‘nergilor de legiturt din tabeln 2.5 dieu apronimafe bund valoaren fexperimentalt. Se consider’ mai iti disocierea patra lepituns © (1, = 90 keal: mol" gia dot molecule deoxigen (By — 118,t eal: mol") In ator respeetivs tag = Bay Mig th 0) — ep Ratt ebay they at eT) 28 nat Se comsiderd apo recombinarea alomilor de C, H, O im molecule de COp $111,0 , pentru C=0 101,6 eal-mol™; penta O #11106 kel: mol- sb 2 B= i = Sea a9) — 3883 ea 48g #2 fag 21 ath = — 1806) = HR est Din insumarea valorilor de mai sus reat. pentrw etdars de andere a metaoala 20 bab mah. 2. uEAeTIEeL NcasasN Ose G)) Homeric hide: sturate, cn = teen | coat CG open 0 Micha Uae pcs 0 idrocorbarie saturate swferk transformiotprofundeaub influent, ‘ataliticd «clorarit de aluminin umevte, dueind la un amestee de idro- ‘atburtizomere a cir compouite ste dotemminatl. de stabitatea temmo- ‘inamiek « ieomerio. ‘Butanul normal treco tn jzobutan iar izabutaml freee in n-butan plu ta stabilizes tna echllbr, én, 5, Alcan s cieloateani 135 in cllohexan sau din metieiclopentan se objine, la punetal de fiosbere un amertee x compositin de 19%, cielohexan g136% metioeo pentan (C.D, Nenijesed, T- Cabtunat, A. Digan, 1851). 0-90 ws Be Cleloacanit ew inele mai mari say mal_micl da eine sou do gase tami decabon se truforiad in compas! ciel deine! gd ase atom O-¥-O + Hidrocarburile saturate seizomerizeae prin creer lr tn state de ‘vapor, peste caalizatofermafs di alicat de alumina Tatura 0 snte {icf rl seanor seating wn iets de cnet eu atene nal se ter ‘tape inifiad a reacfid const in fonparea unui carbocation, prin ‘ruperesheteralitieha une! legit CHL. Renofte de propose consi In react destabilize ale canbocatinilor sitemedatl 8 jalyon Goes we aveyouy= > ah. ¥* |ejou scent vt ce fee She eee eerie ene EL fe trata feta prtenuh etna ears: D. Rea, Aven FS, 16 5. Alcent gt cletoatoant nun afteartatn ofan rca pouch Pa Ta ea ae Ai Niort uty sage ant la rads a eS Svinte" ‘atin, as Wtepocti, pn care on shoo nal pat nl ter ee feat fate Inbar oad {hea tor emmoditalet de eeapt vag Bhintall rae de tabi le carol hl Trae intruder aio Ndr Ms dea wn tm vein (ante Fon dete “inact Sense anaes ‘Sionslaa sothe tem 9) cn = neon >, Transfer intermolecular de in de hidrard de tao sith molecu de hidrocarburt; carboeational ee intro molecu stabia tar molecu ‘donoare’ de ion de hidrurk eee teeing eh nte-un carbocation care ‘meas st el una din Tescille de stabilnar cme men = nena Ra Ret . Transfer intramolecular de grupo nett cu cel doi eletooni CH (cehivaient al ionulus de hcdrurs din weaeie anteioate). Transfer ste Joe intotdewana de la un enghon vecin sin senso de a ds taytere la th sou tarboatton stl wate termodinamic eta mae (reed freee i teria) Jn care are loc modifieaes.seheltalui hidrocasbomst sthimbarea local un atom de eatbon ve amese radi ‘te transposifio de aceltsau tramepacfs moteouare, Ele sat frecvente ta eaefil in etre spar intermodic earbncationy, dap tum se'va veel ‘pare 1. Stare de carboration dispute pein ruc de elininare de proton Jn un atom do'tarion veein eu central sushoeationies se obfin alee, cain cate reverubil deourece alehenele ot fxs wn prog tela tat Jnteun carbocation (©. Alehene, § 7-8-8), 5, Alcon ¢ lloakeant a Toni classi. Loni neces Inue-un enebocation paint: mt este tm Tile epee acca et ‘eit eet scoandand (wf 4). fireaeti In ero iter uh ‘star iben ‘Traneferl de jon de drs su de grap ctl ae Toe fone ene ma Joust In eave sen este difesatt intrest tet at flaw pare ls tanaposijie.Astiel de ion! se umes fom wefan! spe ft ‘deosebitt de cabocntiont care ne numese fat eliotn it eset (3°. Rater 1881), mo Rd exe Paps Sei In joni nedlaic se admite oi deficit de eeetruni deta atoanul de carbon cationie este cmpeasat partial prin partiipares electron ‘hel Tegan vetne nsf et Aapeng ne ah hi pe eel putin tet ata Taomerizarea n-butan = seobutam aye szecanima janie inntu CCattiatoral are reba de'a frau earboeationnl ipa (Matta) Nests sar Se de rch de waned ide ras dare int eind ange 13h a fr, al sab, Poin Feat {is cro mole ge n-butan result tobten hse rlae arbor ecundat nial eae nia anf detransfarm. Poateetapee za Sint reverse. Carpio anestecufa final este determinate on termodinauiel eel donk cmon cH Eien oH, trewens Fy = oka i oe 128 5. Alconi 9 cictoatoant Poatra iomerisaeaclcohoran 2 melelcopeatn. se urmétoral lanj de reactii : - — + Ob erro + CS mene Aawctetrnodinamice. te eeaeia de lzomotinre 2 aa (la25° 1 at compoxifn la achilibru a smesteculu ate de18,8% n-butan, $151,744 tzobutan (in provente malare); ln 100" este de 249, e-butan 4604" iadbatom (determinate experznentl) ‘Din valotreaeonstantel de ehlib se poste esata entapia ter {ie reace 869 n condi standard precum a etalpin beré de reacle 3 ‘orice moment al reaejets nver dit valoaea” AG* se pate alle cone Santa de echilibea ta diferitetempetatar, dct 9 comversit: Se wllizeat ‘lati termodtinal = SA 804 RE Ka 808 0 2589 te Tea eshiibea 30% =0 3 AG? — —RT In K = —2,503 RT tog K ‘otalpia Mier do seach AG® in 2B est 80 = — 2.908 6.96 etn 2 e718) 80° 4678 0) Ig A eta) Aceastainseaumt fa co cit pata e680 eal at illo Aste irobutanal este mai stabi 5, Aleen si citoateant a Hotalpin thers, de neueie 6% ta transtormanea mbutanall ‘gobnutan mypresinth diferentadintce entatpie bere de foruate stam ‘SaPateaobatenulai W0keal mol) ade “0,80 eal mol Constanta de relibny ta 25° se ealeutaad di relia 8) = — Ro (4.8709 og de unde rezulth JE = 4,49, respetie (labutan) = 8 ‘eat as exit iemperata, dos. 10 sompoii nei nut go mn gener 499 keal mol) sa utanala 4 AG 3042900 HT og Kt ane seve an thy = 0= 090 428 (8-8 eae) unilererutS = 8,810; » (obutun) = 76% ml (1 — 2} (tan = 21% mol ‘inostind ag" standard se pot catenla valori AG ponte Pe 01. —Stpctar ats te epee pet met Te ptr, pena etre eee Tian ree aed Se nam dy argon fa cent (0, Negeri 6, Stereachimie 1 ) 6. Stersochimie 1 ‘conventional, eX lepituilefigurate orizontal sat orientate ita, 106 | Aetracdtice. Modslul tetracdric prevede existent. do ‘bsereata, i cele dona hegitar ‘certeal sit asentae In | yr er tom gman mle apa tes ait og leon io reed no ni, oa oes Sa ag Smeg Da a 1 T ieee meee cee meee a cs le’ representing configurafia unal Lzomer steric, ‘ecipaa ac ‘ital prin simp roti in et Deceit do sugstive mul wilde pent representaren con “Nu ‘oft conformer aut acoeastatabilitate. Molecalle adoptscn —{—_tormerilor sin formal ‘Newman (hg. 63). Ete we dedve din precidore aaumia conforma preferate, mat sirace a energie, ded iat formulele deaf sia (aps Cel dol atomt de eaten slo be (ema departs) farce a feat. Valeniele nwtelah Faraleaemolinio, Rereonares graft «cnfrneriy Pe ad tat se esau deasupra cenula ia cele ae arcs repreaentaren gafies tn apa(il hdimenaioal (tale de hie abl in pate bo figures en puorave sau Ha pline care se oprese 2 Tmagin!tienstonie's une moleti pe folese mal tlt pu de intardonerng sere te fe figuteacs unghiu! ed formule. Toate formate utlizte aa Ia hast tnele convent cae tale tdntre va je'rplanal hile 's anghiunat-dintre vale peste. | tetearelan facta varagt Rate ¢~B60" ” Permle de ise modelal tetrwedo al atonal de carbon fig. 6.2). Ble nt practoe pentra reprezentaea anor moleru Ape dis devin acomode in Tepresentare lecleor al mal a, Qferapite stout, Zofia tpi, Intmnriicen 1 ' on formate etre ane ora rome ora lean ple C0 j yal La ae re hd i ae Ste seats | pene pate tcc eee seer oe Tespidksatesletd ot eacteene estan ae 2 conan? a Sci as came nea se etc | a fn seit Soares care ae etna pean ge : Si ida rots dal oo a va eh Sot eens 5 a oe molecu lass cep printo ifnat de cao ate cae Bormulele de proieatic deviv’s din formulele de. rurati¢ sau ‘isting dou conformalit extreune : 9 conformapie eatipsutir (a = 0) st 0 soesisen “pin fainaten taro. subsianaion Stor ae cat ‘onorpie interedats (0 0") (i. 6, Spee Scis oan tes (aerate acevo is " ssh cillaltaatata ‘ 188 6: Stereochimie 1 Stereechimie 1 [sas) i ev a nse Teececrreninteen pres atte ei a es pag ce psa eee = sathes Crolala i fara Teel simple eso cu total ders, a ierurea dlnt-o-conformafie Sater fp alld-confarmaie | f ener Keal’ nol", fn stare normals moleeslele posed, pein termi, sufclenta energie pentru a tnvingo aceite bari s ci sotatiaeeldr dou grupe mail poate aven lo. tn unele cara ish, Jn moleculele cu vabstituenji voluminos, noeste beriers de energie. a ‘Yalori mari 9 roajille nt mpodicate do ex. P40 CF, 3,9 Keal: al"! #101,0-COly 10 Keal- mol. Conceptis rotatial, impledioate, dedusi initial din eonsideronte Fa termodinamice, a fost ulterior demonstrat prin cele mai variate metode os Pepe ae a epee Pa eee, fener See eee eee nee Se reat es nae ia ore - former sal energie) ‘ca Is etan, doar valoarea berierei este mani mare, de 3,3 keal mol. : oa er ee bulanuiui. Tn molecule butamulut rei leg | eae ae aca eta ‘<2 corespunde diferente! de energie Inize mare. fi = ‘echivalente intre ele, va avea, Heanor ranula aoa nt ara eh tae etn min (ar) se oto ‘its Cn ean ‘abut ee an el Ut int dt ea hk deg te eve wots fig 2 fk A eas sinpeeprer Ye 67. Ceematbe lea oy ele Geeta mat eit, cay epee ter varia 4 cata roti etapa dino " confrmatia internat cre cle ‘etl se lh Antrcolt it Fam nas sis eth nig. A -sanja asia (a 107). al de conformac fe snsete Stk | i 0. — Vala epee nae rut ml 4, seat fnerulat sau anti periplanard. Conformaia interealath cu = 60", do ‘Memenew ipa de fons tarsgnali, go neste conto yi tater. ‘alata win ct meta nceastl eontormpie arupets suet] ma sloincase sin aopinte inte ole satel nit rose va dee aly le stile inertrean inte lexi rept eis. Conor: tert ala aha ett ea 8 Hal cet tal Bape ‘gauche a Inenergin det confortnortl aut intarcalat. fn conformer elipeaft barra de enone tro grupele moti i atomll de hidrogen este do 3,0 eal mol * fae in tecerea celor dou, ‘ti, rin tn dept eel, eate pian tar Smt do Urogen ai geapelor CH, orient in spat, tatraedc (Gig. 08). Th stare He Ae WH ud bi ds 69 = Caen ts te as (opis) san in sey posite do roti ere, kta con Mati ure an nlatie stash cnfrmoft ntl isespety ar de confor i inetstoe, nour tat mic even cn aeste oleate prterina pear conte iter: EE, cbt elie be dtorminat de mative onesies. 6, Stereoehimie 1 a) 6. Iuercentribitatea conformerlor. Desi arierele de rotate ale Yuan sin nat mast dest ale stant, a temperaturn normal inter converia conformeritor poate deeunge repel 31 user. Eclibral este favo. Fail populatic de conformert anf st sim interalyi, eu predomsinases forme ant. Baerga necesars este dobinditd prin mijeinle termice ale soli nkreriiaten wp unmet lor a fie impos. Hxistonfa lor ce pune in evident pin meted Tce, de obices specironcapee,Iucrindu-se fa texpeattat joase leary erp ‘ince a molecuteor este mal mle (v,#aualeaconfrma{ions). csi Seaeren lator de cfr tn angen: Bae aden ‘ ‘Gch de dete stmt inter vlenfele ‘Momalah de eatin tetreedrc nt. Gevate do ls vente ly pers Teel, dec 0 weuare a Chawla reseed seta ‘In lelopropay contr acne! tor, doveresanghifevaenlar stom de carbon de lo 1000" la 6, coresponsitor wel tfuna shia feral ste de 1/2 (Lomo 00) ~ 2, penta feoae lent, La cee ‘eluk presaptieplake, cont ei Exeul sas Gene a Roan Melee cS | ee pecan ee * In aceasth concept initial, anor eitusl considers plane, cielo Dexonul inlet mal tian arf censignate fn eens opus elo din clelorte ‘ici. Experimental pe eonsatd taal ch ellarile de acl sd face nto ‘nt cele msi stable and stabiitate comparabils eu slasslos- ia de dee (A) ae denen [nai >, Stabiliaten trmedinamssd sistalcanlor, Comporaren sabi Uti ccigalcanitor ou incle do diterte mavtnt uncle tat de ceelite ti {af de aleant se face de obiee In vapert cx cenfinntal is exept ua ‘crupe City din aleam),atiaind valorleetlduritor de srdere, Ai saa vale tile ealduilor ‘de formare’ In sare standard, ae tw 6. Stereochimie 1 Din valorilecikduito de ardere reiese cf mumai ciclohesanul ate 0 * inst hog in energie dest aca (ella 6.1) So Remares de ssemenea eaeraie ‘seeder ie tvlele nei ge 4-19 atom de eatbon pa ceca pe igrupt CH, devine tardsl-eguls_eu cea din aleaaiy respon sielobextn, {Mtete fat mai de 12 “ator Valo eildielor de formare ale clelaleanilor comparate cw cle al aleanilor 9h raportatela'o grupi CH releri de ascmence energ ‘doar la inofe mitt mel valor normale le cletobexaa abel caps a tae Br Ds Re et = jitopertacn fea Stabiitatea inellor de gose gi de eine atom preeum ai ineeloe mari a dus la formulates eatra Gitokexan uns strackar sptiale (iL She, 1890; B. Mobr) 1913), In care unghiurle inte valenfe sat bormate (100) ioloculn ete ita tonsa, Struct neplausre it {ot demonstrate ft af cielonlcan, eu tele mai mul ai ma mack det ‘lelohesanel, cum se Fa, vedo mal ioe set cela bine stadt astfee8 principe fandaseotale ale serwachimalet cictrtoe or seuiate tnt fa Teghtard cu acest, aes e010 tame de cnr eatenan “\ e. Gonformajiite ciloalcanitor. Conformatiile sidlohesannvi, Prin ‘otines‘(orstonura) logitunior'C-"C le lolohoranst Uf neplanary iho ‘Gla famte adopts down corforinliiextrome 0 conformafte voman 30 onformapie bose (tee 610). , | cei, 6. Stereochinie 1 ° 2 An sana, of gmat sean a llobeannt ext ars, ung slab normale, ea ifm leans, de 08, ‘minind aanjares T3-¥paGn warner We-Midrogen uni Ea dea ‘Shpervises tte grape il tail in arnt neal (ena Sherine aka lca Shan tet) co ar naiendafrtil npr ste ate ea aes aldranutsn emi ae chon akin eto dotateger as Feige yrac een Contra nn slsisteranlel arena foro om coogi ta Sa at etn dvi nf ‘sablit oh qclohetanl exe enfotfional union’ tial is weno fam camera ein ix ool eet (Ge Mac ‘Coaltmoral sen al ellcesamul-aen-gedsae- site rupee Ct zie Absa do ron par deat i ml de wales nl pi a Seuss mana wi 18 a WGA 4 See ele On Sa cretnte piel su somah at alent i sar oreo Sams ear tae sn polar, ae stl de ho sau Al nt tes ata arial oe botched hs se fla orientagtaprosiimativ paralel eu ui plan care tale la jumstate La Glnte O(n clay aco ug! nn estriol! neal i ‘irogtn btecfi snes sutra x tart a9 se OK KY F Pie Ot, — Cama ep Cb etna Confortnatia baie este sca lpstl de tensiune angular, woghiurite Inte salenge sit normals, Mom de hidrogen iin -grupele ‘CHy i fit Ina tofi in aranjamedt interelate. Atomli de hdroen di pai ‘erupe CH, we afl in posi eetipauce uni fate alt (cI etanal lp ‘sit) eee Ge provoaeo tensiune de torsane. Cala dows grupe CH eat tes din plano! eelrlalte logiturt sin slguele cate se afl ta pos ite ecu yen Toe, dur ele se aflt apropate in spafin (1,84 A) sub A nei rte van doe Waa (29), Atte eet soar ‘ge ero bale oat eneaie-eu aprox. Ty eal in a 6. Stereochimie 1 neyo era an conor. cunt at contre. san shiek cout ina fonara)Yegttailor CU, ene Pe So selbst 10 cursul acestel transform sistemnl tree printso tee de con format, toate find mai bogate ln energie deeie forma sean (i 613). Aa I ataveWa beh fon seauine—bal rasueit se tree peinteen conformer de energie snare Senformeral termine care neces aprox. 10-1 eal mae C foment un cw ungbinr de 109° tare alent rola le ean totale Ha Sanseeask to we Zp Ney e611. Canara spent i grupelor CH af evtpmai een ce determin 0 oni mace (aprox 10-keal- sn Pent miorrea acs ty Salen cb i nce aati ee eae ce eee aL tape Soecceearanaey Bt en et Icey ceetanueeaet hee acne len eee ee een ee Sea ce uae area wate ao pe eee =otedeswe = a e615. — Cannan ebaant ire mod (0; contort incre ert tnaank de ‘contarnais dated Slipaeh state do in poses eau Serene te egrese meres teen em Cathar cetocean {In eilotooniew inele mari, eatonlo so pot aranja in asa fel ca ston d rage skexae tn ona Intec fe or Seemann (aie mt lateral cu unghiuri de 6o® devierle de ralenje ar extrem de mari Orbital cae format lgssuro C0 in citopropan nu sin devia! pint la unghial de 00" et mai putin, Biecieonit leita ne af dea Fong une drepte ca in Westar» obignuite et dora fungul net lilt eurbey in afara clu (ig. 6 feat mosir lature din eiclopropan su fort numitelaguri urbe ma Tegan tip Bonand, Cpnwecntte scent up aera ieee, dve'msre Fev teal Ea to Nem S28. Hn legate are stn tron {nro stare de beldizate mal bogat in orbital p ie Jegacurle © — con- [in proceut mart de orbital # Dupa cum sa art iain (35.2) legate GPG St mat seurte 1,396 Ay det cele din aleant (1.34 A), nhl tee legate HOTT ese de 10 fr ngs Ign OH ste de oss Homer de eonfigratc ai cicoaeonior. Confort define clasice a ee pri moaa ited rane te face fn raport on plan ssi ut air GeSinete a molecule none . In compat debt a cclatcalo, ce cet ental ta ato do chon ae sat pose dud orate yall ight tn ations i onic et cusses ECan fates phruli etla Gallop) to mame ee Let tps Fe e628 teamed amr estat w etpropen ath (ain limba tating, es composi care ay cl dl susti- “om de prt ar ela al cnait ples nada at's nese ama ran (es, ep ean ating) ‘Aor tip de name de conga woos Gemer gaomt sietrone- Trattoria un oom i altel meen teattey ot iRelan sovtente a sunbares est saute eke fometriet cistron sin diastereisomert sa teomer de stant ot dae Seren doles inane eg are dr stn nl fea tee et (cap. 18) eae 1 Stereochimie 1 (xs {a citoalcani is pollclllet eu punte laomeral in cate subi ental afl “pute se nies a ti enka a8 apne eat eienta er Tromera meen, XT eee ee aes re fac ee ees ee lee secteeeniee ee eee Serco ey itwental axial au loc interac steiee ine eubtitua9) ‘Nomi de hudroen sata di posite 3 8 Gate.) ‘Braminind fonmulele de “Newman ale metilictobexanslus vege sin conformer axial grupe OM wall int‘ confornae ‘usiuche ea atomil de hidrosea al cvupelor OH, vecine. Hacryia ‘eto ‘ehtormert ese mal mare ea 1 mages ‘tn contormerat cours 0 exist. (HReamintio ein butan eontormern! mola hogat In energie dest enformee! rerzie datorate efectelor erivaticu tel ilobexanies ‘saat | st [seme | am | sum fa | se] PLS | ge Conformeritaxili si ecustorali so afl Inte-un eenitibrn diaamic To Cnoscind 49° se poste caleula valaarea constantet de echiibra Ja aici temperstant (M6 — 227 Ink) 9 det populaia de con: formes Conroe agree ets propre BAS far lal oe pa ok pr maiden (S08 — 8) e704 mere gatagnallarnd sti voleion de ool tut, te, caldera 3 pops de car a Sn bi hilial find dependent do temperalursy valoaren Iai K gl dct 4 compoaitia la echiibra varard cu temperatury, 6, Stereoehinte 1 at 0 male eacusi, prin Inrgistraren spectrelor ROE La temperaturi arable, "Se poate “concentrafia conformerilor 1s elite, tat Uni veal carve: ‘onformes. La temperstust al videate temperat ars amere) fa care tramatormirle reverie ent rapide, see de. iar cmap ait contre bree distaste (ig. a:b) omni Blew inal apr ceric Peo: ~ Strouse a 2am singel ese nn e als doh voizameral Wanelet athe are dol conformer i chiltes formeral ay 24 te ental eat eu un gr confor a i aint ldentiei); daed ol doi mubetifuengt stat aier ‘mal volumino4 se Va aflapeeferenyial in porte euatorals on pom che! wove fo ‘a ciolohexanal dsubstioit in posite 1, fzomerul ee eare poate ‘Adopts conformait ge este mai stabil deel ioneral fame tn tare ake ‘uengil aw ortentare'«, a gf deel Intersil 1 (ig. 62. ote as 6. Stereochimie 1 Tn ciclobexanul disubstituit in posite 1,4, din egusn unarefecte ereg, este mai stabil (mal wdrwe In energie) izoerl fans ea ei wer es (4) Tupi c6 tl olumitoaat es ocupe pose teuateta— (tg. 625) eS £7 ~o vos (4) es (0) Pe. Cmte teat 4 Conformati ae i asta (Ce Bane ao i dea a auton annie aida Soil mel tre mat au tetiltate mae, He adopr in sare normal, Ia temperatura camera, conformal pretesie: ta meee lolol eatenel jung de lean wnt tn olen sige quai Ia eee fw buele de eat pain patra atom! ous hidrocarbunl poliielice for: [mate numat din inele eetdbenanice, ots: smantanst (iolat din petrol, S Lan W. Macha 1853," inant cman Camas din dhnueal ropete St cae ene cate ica sab staten ear de aiaehins a smonama (onsets dneral tw ei sub setiunes clorurii de alumini) a Gi ie bie ie 02 arilar putind area lor, in timp ce draneaecalia’ ene 6 eae sete gomoleeult 16. Steroehimte a Tatrebari “ pcre ee eee a eo ee ‘tcc prapote spent pi eck py a eae ee re ee toe Soy eee Paap ara parm gi ieee 2 net Serine ere ae eee igi aan re Stier bat worm oil us urbe cal ola a eta = aT psa HN a rman, tmp err ess por shoal ieee tae te 2,440 ve ot sre spc HOS ALCHENE, bh euastmeane, yownczarems Hits eaters conn mol gn cae re an el ti eet al ae onn Osiy ta an de dae en ee dtcloretonat extn Alcenele se impr, fen do maim catenin aches aioe im alkene ese sa ilalchene fr fae amas Se essa {abies mono dis” au poltcbene “Sumelo moaolcheelor se frmeas Gn nuneleaeailor eu acta ante tatu inp cute aa OG Le putan date ete Poa lpi leo cies aoe indies nimai posifia stqmulut de carbon cu fel mt meal Weta. ? eiyeeth, econo chatty ‘Numele ectoslchenelor we formeaz din mumele cilealeanilor en ‘scelagi numir de ater do carbon in acelagh tod eo i in seria acelich {a fel se procedcart i ln comput iv st plileli a O oy Ho Alehonele acilice so consider de multe ‘ri derivafi substitu at tenet, de ex. tert -butiletiond sa ter butletens (9c dioei-1-balend ‘ceca omenclatura ese sugestts thal as pen omer ate i ‘a lene disubtitaite simetri,izomert cate an ea dol substi- ‘twenpt do Acocas parte planta Togiteritduble we numo isomer ee, 7. Atohone sou oafine 1 Particula oi so sangé Inalntea namelas snbstantei. Homer ‘substituent este deo parte iar celal de partes «pict « plana yl ‘duble se tomes iznmert trams, Doe Te eee cast Cloulcenele sit de obi! ci alehene“in causa. cleat. Cee ince miei (Cy-C)) se numese alchene tenon, Geode) Gi ‘ae ‘trane-Cicloalchenele sint posiilelacelust mai mari deo torn dou duble legiturt tons pot exista in cllue eu el putin 18 atom! de ‘arbon (hetweenanen). ‘a alchenele cu mal mult substituent dient gat de atom de ‘orbon allegituri dublose uilizeasd o nomeaelaturi conventional busath [pe anole reguli do prostate (H. 8. Kalin, C.K. Ingold, V. Prez, 1 Gontormn acest nomenclatar se anteaz ou simbotul Z (de la cavint ‘Gu peoritave mal mire sat gerald acoeagt parte a logit dul et) ‘= dusardcu nbolal W (Geta viola grate Hatanben ops) eo Tail fa care atomi cu prioncate mai fare no ssse deo porte de ‘Silat arte legit able (ran) Conform acetiel nomenclature consders co elauent tatea cen mai mich stoma de or imines nuit Stam lense {i eleweat cu un dum atomis mai mare va aven prioitae fat de unl ‘eu num al mie, De ex. prtoctatsarejt Tn ca Set DX 7, Alehene sau clefine Atomil de hidrogen Yega}i de un earbon sp? al legituré due se umes hidrogent (tau protons) ollinic, Grupare CH=CH, we tanveste rupa inil iar tol de bldrogen se nnmese vile Atami de hidrogen Tegstt de carbons! din posila. invecinats (a, atta) ev egitura dubia, numitt psifie alia, se muinese hidrogen lle, Homo — cH 2 SIRUETURA. mmomnurTcTY eanreremIst: ‘ena Oat el tad simplu reprezentant a clase, este forms’ dia lo atom ‘We eon Briizalt sg" unit Intee ot print legitur dp Fp hes te al tent rope care ein eta te cupea (ie. 7 ig. 2, Seta stant sp ate er ac wu sae er ne gh at hi i rato Baa ae pet eS See Ta pee eater ich ede an caarecau gat ig il fv com rene, in ‘ursgaresexertar x moteoe de ex: prn absorbs we cunste be eee Seater Peers HG wire ot tnt ne a na ASH ne trey Oat cet Scpaecnc slaircaa Mo Sate e 2. slchene so olefine wa Legitura dubia cite o legtuni_o +. Hoerga legiturt dubte ETP wnt a setbu logan salar’ make nh a Teal mor (a5 = in tn eae Dinan tneratonied in legions C=C eae de 138 A ar inte sore “OTH tag A Unghio C=0 GGG, — GMC aon Alot seundae clei Inevpind eu cine ata in eila da el Aehene, Celohesena se obtine do ex. pein ipesaten cllehexanolal et tei footie, oxic sau eu sultat acid de potas; neldul sulfone nu eae India deoarece peedce. potent 17, Alchene sau olefine 155 Alcon veriari din seria alcanilor gia eiloueanilor in gare elimi narcosis (a ma tet) a ome amestechri de alehene, Tn wera ellie, conform tne reult generate Ty ini is on dik ken ar dublin ala ell ti Ta vein amt ac formal ea ef “aie lta oni a eS fae es, CO (ai ey sie rant ie eae 8 QO Cy ay iti a cn seo hm dena to epee ates a a ei ote to la, eter tit ater eager ce fer eigaiet era kee ora deci Fd Ripe ier a ls eer, CSch Ts rns 9 tranafera wn Pe eae nisartel (care as re at ‘echiibea ackd-baas,,reveraibila al sa sie rma ne, 0-9 nd feces heen ts Pore er eect Bees Caphocational format se poate stabiliza t $546.2). Pein eliminates protonutt din poafisinve ak multe modus (v i, resulta 10 7, Alehene saw oleine | 7, Alehene saw olefine ast ‘Transferul protonulai poate aves toe ta anional scidului_ sau la at tholetia dale (etatsatoral seid indepineste ste ral se Igenerea Ta still peocenalal; v= Reacti eatin, § 4.30). = st ene a Aceast api este etapa lent Aeterminans de viens ‘Toute teneile"sint reversible Deplasaren ech de taste deapta (eshidratares aeoollor san de Ta dreapta In tings (hiratsae leienelor; v.31 § 7.0.1.) depiude de candle de reseie: het concen ‘agit Cemperacarite mat tyalt favorinean elimina, dest formares de Aichebe achat ava si temperature mat jose nt favorable rose luvers(hidrataresalchene) deel forme sleoll din alcbene” Intermediaral renetit Hind tun carbocation R, teacttitatea slo luor va dictatd de stabltaten earborationull eee formes Actas sede in ordinea Ris, > Iz. > Mm fn aceeast ordi neade 8 Ugur Ge'Tormare-a slehenes ad elimisnen aper da alegol, Tnalcotit in eave exist mat le posit Prana, sgmerisri in curt deshidratrelesilor. La preparates echenelor inte normal se obi cx pro principal -butena sca odserctuy ineanitate tied, Wbucen thee cty eo > ec 5 Th Tuncte de AirueLura reauye—aeny, fa Toe in carbocations intermedi format gi, elimina rat i'r rn moira dep inne itor hoi const Es ti ina curiocationoe Cat ate an ae aan ea rae Hr duble, De es. la eliminarea apt din alcool ,diecutat inant (3.5.2), earbocationk ‘fed transfer intramoleculae 12 de fon de Maru tranies 13 he seen uctil cu oui doi electroni ai legiturii. De ex. earbocstional primar n but ‘rove Jn carbocational weebutit prin transier dein! de wideura, He ‘Tran-povita sleglulul pimeoliie in tetrametileilens are loc prin ‘wansferul unel gruje til Hmpreund eu ce! da lectron! Ge heathen Me oH Oath ne ee ed ny tad en Peshideatare. leon in cataish seit heterogeny In prvvents se sla alominia, age ks pe sata entallzatora eve ponte od ‘toni soul faoriatod eimiares ws 9§ 504.3) e = compus! halogenet prin eliisare de hidractd EE Sek om me Halogenrite de ali de eictoatehiltratat la cal eu haze tar hid de potaay Malogenurile tertare lima hdracid mai tor" dev: cde sacandsne 2 went dct cele primar, Deex.randammentul i eevleny condi de ue, ‘endo neeia Cae A Sec ccn « Se cy epee es ah cries, au 7 Alchene sau olefine ‘andamentul reacie! do eliminare ste ex_gtit-mai mars en eit ‘oa extn mal tare Cult tmperatur. de reacieéate Tan Hest ‘Dah in reson de elminare se pot forma mai MuHe aleheRe, de obice ae formetzi In proportic mal mare alehens ca tial subetitei, dle ex. trimettens san buen In exemple alese mai mas, Acestealchene ‘orespand alchetienelor eu stabiitateermodinamict nat mare (r, Regal ns Aaitzes, exp. Compust halogetai, 1772), Mecenim de 2 Buminaren de ara tpe Sloot poet Be (ROM) ce ‘atic eu mecanbay inte fs eare rupee Tepltulor face betel ‘Bao, ional de idrxsd HO ae vl de etage wm prota det tom de Caton dn pong fade storm aca ste Wea at feat tb fondo tn de tlogete nen) faa Ga Fegan CE termes teste A) BE bay eC + HO +e ni nar anit et al ok lininaes prio Ialogenalu sf formaren legitun duble at loc sncrony pringe-0 cae ‘tanzitie(¥.§ 42 9177.3), Viton react ente pal eu comet ‘fia composalulhalogonat i a basely v= hfe |(HO"]; eliminares de acest tip se notated eu sibolul 2 ia care cfs 3 48 reeha a onal ‘inetie Tr al reasit bimolecular ©. | Din compas aibatogena prin eliminate de lislogen x metale (einen tere Cot: ZU sa oO Late etaranatctaactan 6) Compuni ditalogensti ou, atonit de halogen ta posit Invecinate (lena pt limi et tol ao de halogen pened lr Cu acale ile ex. te in etal (EO) sau acid aed (ACOH) Dekalogenaic a {oe deosbit de gr prin agiarea ea amaigata de Iie a roi sac ‘Scompusnluditalogenat, Cease pot elimina imprenat un atom de Talogen sto grupare meiox! OHO sano grupis actox! CHjCOO™ aiiate invest, prin tnelare eu pulbere de ine’ ctanol, Un agent de ‘iinare 8am in fz omogent, este nation nodata, obnats ‘in naftatind odin intl im abvenia unex, itr ed le, {etraidroturant| CTH 1, Alehene va olfing ” naar edge te ons uot ven eer ae TT ae ie a et ain pet biel Gandia pit aie de halen de aan aecnt eto eee Re eae iis ae ec decane it Soest alee tales Ee D. Din amine terfane Pornind de In amine terfiare de tipul RN(CH, oo gruph alchil su tielalehil, se pot obfine alebene pe doa ‘8. Prin degradares Hotimang o beselorcuaternare de sion een en-eay Se waeny-car—ert, AS R-cat ete, in cate. ete home TREN, So neaycenneny + Nan, + 10 Brin descoa ‘aselor contemare. de amoaiu, In Inseite peste 100% ce obfin alobens,alstur de trimedlamink st due, | taboo OF nk of cuter do lout rimettzmonie pe yvina Batt esha (2 Wilt, 380 iow. sli ck ay —— COL + oan + v0 — 1, Alchene sau olefine FA aie m A i i i sharers me ete tp etn ewe Sats eertamtesemecerscmtac atic fg We ett tn st tn fac formar oar dbl Texjumen update || pre pi darrell eee pea se oa paces eoaey! gue ezyalme fre etpaie i din Seta lene uasolic oe pete cue ss anol a ifie oe in can! sininin de ine See Aer-buletens (ee t'§ 732A). Ws ro dogaey Gao snes (or there fege-eton, —» (anyone i Gen aa, Meee Bechtel gall ig atraied = oC yaKason ea, Sat ey A= Ky | = came > Sala es aa strove vesrmy sue oe ance ee ra at > | i cede er aegis aee mo tr nunca me xt pst mad ni cae sea, (CH Jao pn ect do condemn are Ser fae ma asa Shea Same Soares sytem Se a eos A. | Din compost organo-magnesient st logo de ali ert eee + enasn FP ron + xeon cen, 3 hed acc, Bem pene : SEE iy dalton 4 Te eee iP data esas B. | Din csi Sameday pein deurbostare Bee Sees i Aree th lh, pics, ie dens parele vo Mamet rates D. Din compan! carbonic ftrie enti ig) Decarboxilares acizilor «, B-nesaturati prin simpla inedlzire (uneori | ae ot tn pen do tan) af oa abla ala caus mae ito um eatbanion tonal it tran sats moles eee ‘cb, caratinal we abana : Una da medsechinis: modern tu ele al vaste splot since pate sere do cmpus x er ble some a eaten Tul compas easbonie aids uv clon) cus totrduts (ns, ee n-cieacon, FH Meet ones Sar vation tents deer, poate vari at compl Ialget paces prepa ta otis wie 3 i aro, em car an poate we 7, Aleheng sau oleine (6 imainte) we objine prin sctartt metodi in modal urmitor earrciG — eaibomer He aih-B, — eae i + enipeee — CY + mre opr sti 24 TOME rNnesTMIALY; PENH ORTIAFMEA ALLEN On Motodele generale de sntend ale hidrocarburilo neeaturate espace nnn pi tee fade petra ebfiur unl mete "Llchenele feraste CC sat materi pred aa ale dust petrochimice. Ble se obfia exclusl din hidroctrburile saturate din petrol ‘rin ‘procedee de dehidrogenare si prin procedce de cracare termi # fatalities (v- Petrol ql reacilealeanlae, $5.4 91 5.03) AL Cracares hidrocarburilor In. procedcele de erucare termiet hidrocarbarle we ineMnese Ia 0g" prstune normal pati ait, accste ond le alco inferior predomina Featille de dehidrogenare. La ales Ryperioet (este) sint favorizate reac{ile de rupee. Call tegen at por ule ai, al tnd nae ars de ie Aa ne pies Et ree ut eae tape esa Recgie Se inca aah se eye les ‘hit on de anton ari ap ee ere Steeped euro {ean ge sara era rode coi de mp ae eae ration 90g Ho wns Te wr In point w tence iran ir) pps ee ee ed erie tay aire Senate aes} Se cieeerk Sete caer nanan St Sinan ih brie imate ata oon enh Savers ccs Oetie se mime 2 as Pthiheciene patra gery C eheas Ses Nideocatinr’ asomatice CCrucares termes are mecqniam howl: faint, Tn tan i fits, nro (dees, eC sa stom de Reng, BE) rin 'ruperea ure! Togiiart din lan, exteage un atom bee {Sten teal apron, Raden ee superioe Format, in cote da ed emparar rena ueoFape: a et hata ea central Fe (eapere in ponte fv Ite dou trazmente, 0 alehend tt no redial chil ea sufers rp STauccesive pin eind se ajunge fe wn tude metl CH sa eit Cs Sean's ponte iia un no lant de eve _ CIRCA EHEC Senniancageanenyenyn ayeriecayeayeays > exgenyertaeit + -OrEHLR —> R= cH, + te CAEN —P CALEHLCHly CHLENLEH —> ee ete eayertenyenngngennn 1, Dehideogenarea eataitied « aleunilor ene em oi: a args aaa pe C04 LAP en amp Dehidrogenarea eatalitici aleanilor se realizcaxk, prin trecerea lean in fas gusoas pte tm eatalbatae pe ted de tld. deer {venta eu adaon se nite metate) fans de foafat dota, ca atare tt {iopus po port do oxide alumni, Ta 430 G00". fceasthcale se abjine etena din etan, 2-botene ain a-butan, won as in Izobatan, stir din eilbenzen’ et, CHC, —> Chee ‘rhe e-C- 1h, encase, fauyent-eny, > cenyene Gah-ttle-ct, > Gn, carchy 1 1, Alchene sau clefine ©. Tomerizare.alehenslor In present de cataiaton ets suport inet, iia e sluminfy ature 2404007 alchonke winner In leben Heomere en Tepitra ‘dub iteiool eaten Acerten i urmadsat ‘ont fale cetoiname ale santas tm east isd a auras (ee nabitatenlcheneoe, # F8-.AN MAG, > CH eH—etI—etl, + (eh Tvomerizara alehenclor in sete condi age_mtcanim ionic 3 ae ca inerpedan! crtwcaion; esate cola iodine ‘surge ‘pina statin una faite, Cty-cH—er—ct + mY Oh EHct ery, = ely—ctl-eat- cay, rai Wetec eg ag a orca Sea ero co. rRomuErA TE IE Primil termeni ai sriel alehenelor acicice wi cle sint zazo la ‘temperatura obiqmaits tabela 1-2)s termenit milo sat Wehide treet Punt eter pct epee dele od leer aoe cgerantante, seas aa ae eect 7. Alchene woe olefine 19s prior sat substan slide. Densitiite sint mai mari dest ale alan ‘atime egal de atom de sien. Alchenele sin insolaile 4 wp he ‘saleh to alzlvan( organ ‘Panctele de flertere ale iomerilor cis sint mai ridlnte deeit Iomerilr trav dn faa polartait mat mar a acest din urml. Pus {ote de topire aint mat eeate Ia omer ons dec in women ey din fume. Monnentul electro al uomerlor ety este diferie Ue revo, ‘el al omerlor trans eat tero sau are o valeare nih ‘i, Preventa legituriiduble se recunoaste in speirele fearucteritien ibratilor de valent acne Hl seen pect "de valenjaococ daw amar ta Ter0—1 680 em" tar vibragille de valeatl teen la 3 000-5 100 crn Vibrajile de deformatie 3ncy sat de asemence tile; vial de de Imaie im pla day absorb a 1420 erm, iar vibrate de leformaie 1 stata plata la ‘M31 000 em RAY. Atomil de hidrosen leat dnect de atomul de carbon ‘op a Ge Tega duble sat deaeeranatt in eomparsie eu proton di ‘tenon carbon sp", Deplasares chimed a majariag protonar ulti ste "cuprinsd nce 31°05 ppm ‘Deplasarea chisick a seamalclar protonilor oleinict spre cimpari mogul mat putin intense be datoreazt una fect de dezeeranar is Heranares disnmgnetiod este un fepomen general care sth bs twa plano chinice (. SAIN,"§ 3.34). Tn moment api input Iagrete exterior (eat introdutedi probe in imp) electron dt fe ‘ne dub sau trip nut aceelerai, genera un eurent elec ls Conform paneipiaus aetnoi st a rewefaml, sense neestal erent este sl orentat inet in interforal spiel wagtere un einp magnetic de fens opis eimpat magnetic exterior 1 slid pe atest feet te {feranar); in exterior pie, inte de for iind cremate in seneul np fafaierieatertor Hy aesten ntdvese hapa, effete descrowa) 00 7, Alehene saw olefin {stent ot patra proton echivaenl din punet de vedere magnetic hinds duu gr tal 858 ppm, eplamrea chimed proto. te ate sap por, ‘ta compusit confinind grupa vinil, eet tret protou! oletinie! devin isha in ‘conscla rr cup inet, oto ai ne ‘Capeast ow tot proton vali ait “cit a din porta 6 sebitcn tin unt Pama coplajels stant wu twos til (vibe 9) Ea are Gap stats | Seal ei | 4 2 RENCE ANE ALeMENELON Reasile carnctertic oehenelar sat rec iY cc de nities som Se ele ctiie? — Leubstiupe 283. REACH DE ADITHE IA LEGKTURA DUBLA G=6 Logitura dubls 0-0 ete format dintr-ologiturk «io loghtura =. reachile de adie 5» deste logitura. © ese crecazt dud Toeitur fe no Ia fscae atten te earn, coe vechen legal « fnturaal acetal proces are tne feibriizare 4 atomil do eatbon op! 7 Alchene cau olefine wi fn ep; molocula igi eehimbaconfiguratia plan Int-o structurd spatial fs tarbon ttraedrc ‘Duph modul in care se desfue eyiturle x, reaopile de aie I legitura dubia pot aves iecunism heteolitie (joni) vi ineeaniem. homo Ite raat) Tn reaetile de adie Deterolitiedlegitura dubs se comport donor de clecttont (baz Lewis), Ba are afiitate pentru reuetanlt dete art in electrons, mii reetanji electro (ciel Lew) ‘esto tet fist ta ec st prt iar rn sn tpi rs Hy Hg He 1, GA ahi ea, cnn ee “neces eat pene uc ata ‘salut me oko ea fa ten eprops te et rs HO ROOD Aditia clectroifs Ie Jegitura duit poate 1 considera prin aprosimaiey ca vod toe In douk etape eseniae, O prim api Bonet reac fesctantulus eeetf ew afehena rin care oe for Incas un earocation organic intermediar go a don epi eare cmt In yee(laeatbacatfonuluten on Peetant nucleo prezent (nin sw ce ‘eutra, a) ~ rhamvin i mate ra is =Car imal te i est eet a a = ws 7. Alene sa oles aia liber eae we tatiana ap prin ua dnl curate ma ‘ealilor liberi en oe ‘i GJ Aaa ce rage. Maroemen cain dee em taint Alctoncle adtoncasa,hidrogen. macular in prezent de metate Araostnae ew ol Oe etalon dia ada De oe" din ion techn leat, din ilelchene m bila ila " El cscs 0 = oan) ‘Renita de hidvogenarecatalitis ate o retical eterosen’. la proprit-ist ar oe in strat de meee aonb ye sue ator de metal ansional pe ugar. fncnat ete Trae mses deat afr oa Tomprsteh {i esta pe eprttactaianerse Ot peice sat tons a HoH el callicut ate de » loa ener de setvare » ra i, rin gear eure de advan te eto ag as {Mint at cuatistr’on ptt iene det faci trian 1. Alchene sa olefine 180 sii, grand dour stabliea ebilieuln eae, 28. invents pox [iv echbrut (ig 7) aa reo — 25, — Digs ates er et rte Mcgee) msn utdura de birogeare li Ja gitar di » sensor tle atone eaten: Prat ele! sty ola ai Bee cere can atin unt mal de hudran In © Hgltark ub 'sgrecaah ch fn ain wou drogen in. legtare aub OG oddgnjtcontearedecalgura AM = — ora wot't Avesta sean ‘GSSEehnt compa lt slchend “Fest mai boat in ene dell male ‘uln de aan cae se trasornd en apr. 90 Beall ee B hormscrten rte aa ae See cee | Biber ea ae ce Pe a a a pl ty tarps a Pe At “aes Des ete ne ES es eee reer ‘laura de bidroenare este mal mies, alehena este mal sirach Th SES an 7, Alchene sau olefine St eraemeeliae SMS Serena ras ara SUT SOLES ce nomi (y6-Chy > NCCI > Wyo, > REMMGHR > RCHI=CH,> CHy=C, (Ostdaia We idrogenare crete in sens invers (vy. tabele 7.4). ae 1, Alehens seu oefine m Prin metodele vermochimive bezate po vale caldurior de ardere recut pentra caldura de formare a ce butene! Ail} — 1,8 keal “mol + [i pena trne:2 buteni, 330 keal- mol. CSldars de formare a boul tind mat mre cw 21 Keal- molt deci et-tuteuet tat oh ‘Plomcrl ts ete thal sirae i erga det al stabil deci lamers, ‘Confinutal int in energie alt ‘patene im general al etealeenelt, {a5 Ueveometh tnwn, se datoreash anor eee (Gh) 4) Sterie In jesanadce Waals 77 t de caar bedtime, spar P=" bc inte alan it Ee wenmgisaede Rect cect ac ear 4 rede nde fnpiodtare steriekna are oe fn Momeral ress, dept a tone cnt (i. 71). ‘ie slehene eu fubstituenftvoluminost diorenjee inte cal dot lzomest ink ma Dees: ened tery-builetlena exe ea. eal noi stabil at sdraed tere) del omeral ci je octena ae ura ehidrogenare de."-23 keal mol cu ® Keul maf ind dct rens-octenn 32 kel n0l") In compush bili ew punte lepiturle duble wnt tepsana‘e din ‘cowa devier unghinsllor diate valenje, Caldura de hidrogenare le ‘an tte din biclobeptend (A/T = 8 Keal) este mat mare cu 6 Keal {aps de cen din elelaheptent (~27,1 Kea. an 238 -2m1 weabnei* Compositia Ia ectlibra 8 tml amestee de slehene este determina fe stabiitden termodinanies a acertoras de ex. Ia 25° compocitin In ‘Slits celor tet atene exte: one Ci ace es ey _Aditia biteacaitor Ya alehene, Reactit regioselective yee Se Lt er, exyaaty, ner MS eayeayer Or-o As al Marrs, Aa rpntie,Ahe suai resin ica psiblitit de sare x particule cil, et relearn scesae an ceieea nan Taare ante oe acaare Sieuenae glum Suananege ieee soma Si a ton ta ca sca tine & Soa elk Zh nace Ming a of eo he i avo ia 2 ean cou theif mm le rot + el pi me orp opener Somer 4 He ogee, {ous unten zomere das prin aie do aid ror an toto afin Ia tedden de fa tremans do ena eyerta-ay A cry boy ey BE cr ncareo oy a, : ss ee Measiomal adiiet datrofite de hidraisi. In ijn bidractatoe reactant sectroft este proton, trnaterat dela adi ia elesonies ‘logan! aube: Prin fora legtar OH ela atom a enton Hogar ‘dablerimine eu un orbital vacant (un earhoraton)s Serena 7, Alchene sav olefne ua 2k In etapa a douse aon avidalak dind maleee produsulat ‘ompustl monobalogenst satu See + te bay ae te idracai sint molecule polate yeinizate, Bult taps pretiminars, motets de ormensi, reversibly eu electron oat Legitart duble, wm complex instil mum compler © (complet fe “% tranafor-de sarvind). ‘Teunsterah proton Ia alehen’ i loealizaren to I Ttmul in ‘atomit de carbon are Loe ia eest complex In care legstira HX ‘oc peter mio in aie Gennes deere ft x" are loe hub ied mea a (ernie le oi ‘upevior, in wcuain de vitexs intern tal afte moletule de TEX) Hier 94h ois ae duh eect a sie iia pi ls face nota ‘propenl, prin fares protonall pot fan ayers i prielp weattont: unl prima at nah ecundar. Di cotdonatele ce Ana reat rave mat jor, reese evident cent tavorizath ners formarea caiboratonulat scundar fajt'do eat prima (Og: 7.) a ie " 1 ns sneer senna a eet st te Reon a a spt Ses ied seal > om = tre Scenes roe aes . sce Cates de ET fos een ee i Petal et map Sceundar cel tai stabil tn acest mxempia ale defect lectromi fl es Ses erent De pets er eerete seat dean de Ha el pepe ark ed etilena 4 eu HBr, 1,1,1-4 “Propan. = i a Adie Wemallied « aotnbut trombidri, est persia, ‘omhidie (auf atdalGotbidse Sodas) 2 prea de posse ‘rae I ald sn presen do hm 6 ions iiidhenele marginale ante Morbornitor Qc Karsh, 1055" FE cry cy cat et ence, a 2. cry te Cos rr Adis ante-aarornikow. 2 acid are mits, ovniko, (adie Kharaeh) « acdalaibrumbiiie 4 4 te > tice Aita=o.e matt Sot mi mah mt A ‘Tomes RECs eS eH ICH CHh=te —> Dine us Qsicena este inhibitor al reyes de adie homoltid Pa eGeta ener, radial ese ofinut prin descompe teranicd echt taal promotor. Se utlineazh de obicel pero decal, tc00OOCUe Avesta se_destompane i Gin,C00" Abram so netinicas I earbonal 2 serra ere unl rade br socundar, aa staal, Ose enn ines sane a un sadical ber primar, Mma heal netavoriaat energetic {acd rmbt sap le cis de ees at erin sham energie active mut, Fagtal cite! closhrte gi acidalfodhidric me se atone oman athe Snes ret erat serra eile de propagare, Din varia cuerge, evaluat di Alor siePSetullor te teghtw abel 23), reese cl tn cara aida oahidre ‘Ann Tenefle enentar ese endotermi qa dows este exoterm ist in Rieu avid elorhide (eu energie ee legaturk mal nr) pens rete fate enor ov des dots este endoterms. ice) Roeneen 4S > RAGA. “ats ROCHLGY RAHN —> RGR EB OT TReacie endoterme decurg mal lent san reversibil atl eb prop een Info esto Ineerupt [ej aati nian ate Yened +osast = ‘Pio aia ack ulfare ka alehene la temperatar ona 25 su formeash mboestert ai seldalatealfarie nomi sulfa tei de leh AGuenn renchioneazt musi cu acd ulfuie gougsntzat. Alehenele subst fale encftoneazt sew acid mat cia Be cu cry-osoat “8 exycayo [es- yarn, sour on EO ag N-MALE ‘osoxn ou ety, eee ss oF an 16 7, Alchone sax oloine a tneRive cu api sulfa scl se hidroliensd gf ave in alewol (¥- metode de sintexd tle’sleoaor din alchene, $1834. At Diteront de reactivitaten aleinolor ta de eid suse de dite ite concentra sa basa unor metode de dogane aaied i de aaa lchenelo dintr-un amestee gasos. Se these amextecul de gate te Sd {de concentrate rescind de acid aulfrie se refin it bes 1 butenele apol propens yy in acl eel mai concentra, eeena ‘Meconismal aie! ate celagt ca la adifin. ion le hidracin. | Aativin ape eataizats do acish deo sno tk x= 10,1, NO, eat eect: a ty Ho Auta ape la alehone dues In aloo. Bo are lc in prezentd de aie proton acu ld ilo Reacts ooh eey et {ieee onal ae biéronin 110% format in renin dines cealizatona eg Wx ty0 =e yor px 1 rata, chem en can ‘pla temperatura Eamenel In presents de HCL bra ‘vel i ovate ‘te mal ae ae in oka Soe at Shea In aces condi cena yu rtonee Ain ala eem A lo a ttpertas nai fala Neos, eh Bical acide sites ape ns Ge Sain comport snail 7. Alchene se olefine Jonul de hidroni, ea orice extaizator, we regenereash Is ‘cal Hee snp iso tre lov transfer de proton si se noteee ni wn apane Mer OG estas Acide hipcloroy, HOC, ada hipobramos, HOB, aston slogen polarizat positiv HOC reepectiy HOB. Prin adiia ia celts duit se fontensh clanking Tees pasta wet srsnrie de halohidine, = eay- 14 4 HOC > oe, unetioneni regia le seant nace att decaen ink mal stat AIA + OH —> e-em a cast roti dr bites np sn aera a tare heen it gt seer oa hn ee fereg get te nats armen {iv oti erm in letranornk de carvan sean car dee, Eedaban tn pioreeoee te ae sees ety cate La nomrren Me evar tnor op ue pre ec aaa else a8 7, Aleheng saw olefne Din ciclotehene se objin 12-dihalogenociloaeani vy es Ff tw = pe ‘ebpertan mek det nnd anit ota Cah sc day darts ne prt sai es a ha pt alan pn eine aeckapos tg 10, ROM, ROH. Prin trtara une lehene cx lor sau brom tn slut 0c ey-atea my 140 —> eaten a alchenelo substitute asimetric, atonal de brom 0 teagh de tomul de earbon mai bogit in hidrogen iar restal de solvent muclctit ‘lenge ntomal deearhon mai xirae in Bkdrgen (al suttult). Adin respect regula Markovnikov de la adiin hidactior 1, Alchene sau oleine a0 Dac sotventul este un aleool, Ge obtin etriihalahidsinlor ‘ste un aeidy we obfin eater haloidrincor yee te + cHL0N —> mr—en,-cr4 ot, key + 64 + Co00R —> Ce, —eHy-ex0KH, 4 cazal in care concentraia de halogen ete mai mare, prude adie solvolitied int imparificai ca compuy aibalogencts’ SR! sa ‘iste tn (9 ae eds wa it mea Sala a eer rece cm LP acentt RGAGh + NHS 4 KOH > Reem hyitims ton lag de atmal de carbo al tegatanit dable un Doritiv (ou sextet de electron, eleetotl lehens triad tion fa cen de a dous tap carbocation captensd ont rh X"y trecnd fn compu ditalogenat, Merl reacties, tx dou otape, x ost demonstrat. pe mai multe cdi, BeSesanes aie de ro presale de alt an nt ‘la ea fn present. de volvenji leaf adie navi), 80) 7 Alchene saw olefine to obfin produ de mete i carboeationut intermediae eu ness anions au molecule huteate cate LS oe-cyc-ct 2 etch 08D, ot, -eah~cth-0n Moleculele biatomice ale halogentior int moleole nepolare. refi lor ru aehenele, ee se fea ntl a electron = at afehenel ote Ini un complex de tanater de sarin, neta, nit complex eee! a eee ee aoe: Giga, ied) E be a ee ates, = fe rian tote reer mete seem Atomui de halogen tnat de eletronit = capt o polaitate potiv tar cotitaatom capsid poltate nezutiv,fuvorsiatuperes hetero Its Togsur ite get dot balan, nce ion egal de Ralogenar Xenon poet eleetrofitl X°, care senine ligt de inal di tot do carbon ai logon die Ast be stroll aloe ‘renal formula do obicet X, g faptal noes nu pare Uber. Tn clapa uitercari, carbocations rezultat reetioneas eu elee- Aronit epartepantt at atinelut de halogen din eeindtate(completin Alogi orbital racing) qt se formenss mn fom cilicnemit fone Balon {hromoninyiodonin, claro). Darts struct iloe a onal de hale hi atacal ienlu de halogeaurs ane Toe din dierin opush cela So 1, Alehone a line st formeasagtel prods de aie tren; reefia eg sorzsapasifiok arecn {e Tormeneh un sng ome atre. one |. Aditia de paeudohalogent deed’ oxy Poeudohalogenii se comport. in rescile lor i halogen. 9 ate di Ponti do aie “ck cen Tones fbn @. Adit homottie de hutogent | San amok, emp mt ga eyo Alehenela sau in preengs te proton ta ham aed) ee ohn yee. aia ecu ‘Compu halon {i'cctopenca di smestac de oH reso aiemiclopenany I do ex. OC OBry 1 ae ye CHC aKa 1. Alchene sav olefine Ihomolitie, in prevent de miiator (peroxilcagunie,exoderiatialifatil) tude sirur complexe de hietate Wanaificale (de ex. Fe, Ci). 24,4 CEG, —> CYe-c-cHL-cH, 1a alchenele substitute radial ber CC" se Jeagh Intotdename de ato de carbon al alehenel care este mal bogat im hidrogen (radi> tal iber lc" Se eemports ea tm electri se respect ordinew te tbili= ‘ee a Fadler insted, Tay > He > Hp. Movanioo de rnsie. Radicalul liber 8 care iia reacia tnlin- {ult se formes prin deseornprnerea molecule de peraxid, de ex. peroxid {ebenzail at eatmge on atom dar dn mole de Cy teach ated ‘udieall ir tretormetil CC care se adifioneead Ie Tegiturs, dubli CSC: Hadicahl liber format ektrage un atom de elor din Oc, dind Drodusul de sdifie a tetraclorunt ste Felaco radical Uber CI,C* exe Fein Tanful de reac Roel deiner R60 —> RL cA ost ae Oyo F eameH=R — e-em aaa Ce Ey PEE C=C BLE ‘In snumite condi (200 at, exces de alehent) radiata ber inter~ median reaefioneeai ex achena did nagere la produ do tai plier. 0, C=C SERENA CHACL (ant | Hidroborareaalchenelor, A mn, | -b4y ont nt a gam (ee nes ‘Hidrara de bor BE, (objnutd in react BE, ++ BNaBU, ~ A00Hy 4. ANalf tu forma diel cf diboranul Byty ¥.§ 1-1), bw comport ‘ca un geld Lewin putorne n care stom de Dor jinte posit iar stam a potrtat negativ. ‘rin aia hidruri de bor I ee to obfin teilehiborant;reactia fre loo in tape meceive 7, Alchene sau olefne a ‘a alehnete mayginate aif are oe sogioselctir, cont tn sarki, bor acon tsa eames) Siervoshimnia afi ee cixj HB" sl louul de Ridrust 11-~ oe fixed deneeeag parte alepitari duble (demonstrat prin wile de BD.) Mecaniamal eof de hid este coneertat. Ent ne formea ‘un eo BH siapol are loc transfer ‘ena ear ets toma de or tent ann ee ¢ kee cay, es orplen x Prose co ae om Prin tatarea trislebilboranilor ex {n care grupa hidrosl are ees si grupn BEL, din alc ‘Yoranal iil (refinerea sei, De ex. pra nctiliclo- Dentenedurmaidetatare cul Oyte bere Mya: a= hed oes | 1 descompunern slehilboranilor eu scat carbosie se obin ‘loan pin subuinstomotsceor eurogen Reena oe it fntermediar eke cam oxigen be obtinaleoolt He ee pt een yw Hi Oxia. alchenelor Leghtirm dubid OU este sensi ‘lo. fn nee db agoniwtzai te cond xidangi lone, cla iuera no pot cbpino ase 7 Alchene saw olefine 17, Atohone sou olafine - ren ete eesti nrnecechalla, "HCO,IT per Seete CH,00,E ae formensh de cic! im stu din aph oxigen 9 acl Sent oni ao, mi nr si Ps ~ “Epoxidara ese reafle generals futur alchendlr. Traneferat E i om lating de a ‘xigenul de Is peracid Ys alshens poate fi formblat ea un atec nuclei ecu alam eit ds manga de po acd a) ‘al alehenetasapro oxigenniui perciduta Barve cl motod aaltepet esmonees-presn mea ca i> — Prin tratareaalehenclor eu solu} apaias de permanganst in media pin gin ll 'aeoarcs ashe‘ ae nate Ine biol sl dt seein ap amen tnpreen e be re “lee (de ex. piperiding) he at Cp he na seen sea oe Alco jes cctbpescbal ferme pel cola y 1 mac a rected od ego a et acts Boast ce dha ina i ae nS ee ie mae ; Detchideres inelull epoxidic poate aves loc i in prezents de bare ‘tori; cent coz fonul hidroxil ataeh wn atom de catbon pe Ia spate, on tai ™ 1 Alana a oe ont 04 Cy mee Prin oxidares alchenelor eu permanganat de potasia ss 2 ‘romic fn medi seid se rupe legatutdublt i se objiny in Fane Sttuentiatehenes, ie ex prin enidarca tet te objine aston gnedaesie oP Seneca Seo mee 4. Ruperen oxlduttet ex oxo Ream Smee ty neo 4 neHo 4 Ho Y 6S eco s neton Cn tu ata att de tt rence lv i Rae a a ma el co 1, emlsars sehen fe pra seen uncut om tamer) paired Reba enna at 8S {ifr eon cmp naa ll ke hos SE a ne ‘Geotie tt sibtange Uehide won sn slide amore, expo- sive, Pe sal gt ea So AOE {iat sett Sl pha fae oats et el eee nae Dogredaren osidativd cu oxon este mult utilizatépentma ‘iruclurit anuinitor campos! organics, Formarea. nel Getone Alovedeste prezenta une! unit structurale HC ar formarea tunel ae Iikteeaw aunt aed) ined presenta gropiet RCH in Tegatarn abl, ars ucmpanern dik eater wo wiaceh opel rdvcter el, Ic tated mtn te tld en gece ste patos See eof ai ager etme ca Meco reat de cia sduse dovest Criegee, I01T—T070) ch Tse oon prima (1) sab ha rate aceata tap ‘rita se descompune termi inten ‘infin (I) an ‘compu carbonic (alge (H11} sam cet). \ccettn fou ack stabi ov exte complex, fost ‘apd a retetil se for 2, Alchene son define ast Q pent lg a : io ne Amfional 11 rections’ ou aldabids TE dnd oxonida 18 sateheng este ttiasubstitalta eu grape alll It deeenmpaner ozone: primare eral, latur de aaftomul 10,9 ces Cetanele sin tal Reactive doit aldchidel. fn eonscin}i ation Waefioneaat Inte 3 ‘Guu th potouid ner tat peroxist polimen poe ea wl for, —— nct Sor, sou on, —-0-0—tn, 0-0 ae rae 0-0 Peon Peroue pine Tatermediarulantionie ponte pus in evidenf pri eae de capt ry Asifel, nozonizaren tetrametttione in dgoteant Inert (CC) se ubfine ‘tcotond Daed ozouizarea we face ih. presets, de formalaehidy acest Freichoteu eu fiona fornia 0 esouidas ta prezenf de mace ‘onal dun produs de edie al metanolalu, nt semiacetal-hidroperci BR : t WoWyemcKH), — ree den, — ccig.co + ter ae pmo wie roomy — mye,” “Seen ~ woh Se as 1, Alohene ses olefine 1. | Menetia slehenclor ew eaebocation! a eed POX ne. 4° pate anh ik mi 180); tm 3-H CCarhocations sint regetangcleetrofil, Bi ev adijionenad la eleo- aVatehene! fort un nin arboration, care poate adopt poi in hile de stabilize ale marborationilor a eUtminace de proton, peeahmagere de ion de hidrurs, © adie ap alt faoleuls de alehentt "ecfileae ncilare se eatomulu ter buti prezit cel mat mare interop practic de aceea eke var ft disentute mat pe lary ce Dieraaeon Saladanal present ele acid sulfaric conduc ‘Tinwdutenste omens T 51 TT outs mf al) a Pa tg by by Hidroganarea cstalitie’ a celor dou dizobutene duce Ia inoctan _4-teimetnpentan) (©. bensind en CO, ~ 100, § 94,8). Se cy & fines cial tafe te Fol {ommind carbocation terf-bail. (Parea proton, filave Toe in aga fel ot bse formece carbotation. celal stabil v. ftoetiaalchentlor eu seis ¢'76..8-—D). Provonarea este reveraii CAtloational tert-butlse'adifioneanh ape rgionelect la motecula ds feutent dnd evbocatioaal terfae al timeratul. Acesta ponte elimina cis Veen en central cation tein ITRYEC dr nobus dnd esrb bane are oc ia fn propre mi piste leabtena di pire inresqia de dimerinate sande caro liner de see. Pittewnt tel wed Heueia de sliminare peownatel este fevoriats de 7, Atchene sa olefine as iat la care ae lo eraetin (at ons, stan acre wo elimi pote Polimerizaten extant on en ay emt seat cy tend bby dy dy mot ay eu a ee dnb fy by, ta, bay do erupt ttenel eet in prezen fa SSioaiiy ver-tutucntenny te onfimestethutietlene (vs cil staid proton noaend fonsing aiestivna tex tetera uinearaa ere proton § 6). Pa iis ‘Soheehtofel tr Dut Ieee 0 fon frinontion rime ei nme sng oe Seon rm ‘rboedion secundar geen, pinto igre de rp mei ie ‘treatin era, mat Ma ere are le eine ete ‘ret acy te ea ata ah ima, reneale int eres Campers amete fa te flint aeration rede eu = oe +ay=a, > cto ony 2 10 7, Alchene su olefine Somes en Se te en, > at, tend bu dn Renefia atv mecaniam ionic inking (ysl Teomeriaare atcanilo, 5.6.2) Catto acid are rolal dea ‘nigh renofee prin formares “tnul carbocation ter-buti, Aces poate urma eele tele de stublizare fle carbocationilor. liisares att proton, ia filibra eu proves, be Gunster inermolesalar de fon de dried de ia Wzobutan (Ee cect ‘cimiey deontece se Peace carbocationml terf-buti) c. taifin Is. wobu {eal dicind la carbuentional dimerululizobatene, desririinte (eat bo- ‘ational ioctl). Acesta se stables prin extragere de fon de Bideun. “aobutnn dind ieooetan, av tenbutaul freee ica! lonth tee-utie ip e Net ay ca on saya ts 6 adam 2 enw 9 oy ft bay cm «eae ee a Sit > soley, se opk a Ea 4 ected = day by REACyIC WE SUNSEETCTIE fy woZ4TTE ALIEN Atomik de hidvogen i poz aii sat mat renetivt det ‘torn’ de Bideogen dota atom de carbon ¢p* din eaten i pot fi sul frit slectiy, primi in condsit de reach ou mowenite homolte (de ex. Ialogenare,utoxidare) _ ‘Keactivtates mrt a lon substitutes are 9 dbl eae. Ona fre neti mal mh al tetra re alice fa ale exons Logs 3, Alchone sae olefine wi “| eae Ls ae ie elcid lids oe Slabilitaten madialall alii se datoreste struct sale i anuine ‘aptutai ek atonal de carbon cu orbieal p oeupat eu un sngur electvon ‘enfin vecinktatet wn orbital al une! igri dbe fig. 1.10). Inte ate loco tnteratie ye Cleo —— ig 740, — Straten ‘Teorille mecanic euantice ba difeitele lor metode ‘docaleul(¥. Peoria cuanti a structuni,§2.}au demonstrated pentru rad we 7. Alohene sau olejine ‘call aii slstouul ce mai sca in energie, deci eel mat stabil este tena in care cel tel electron! (anal p x do's) we afl deloelizagt fnto-un [rial noleeatarextine curv enprinde taj ce tei toa de caxbon. Ua iatiel bata molecular poate faa nagtere prin Intrepairandere ite oaul anjldy aut eu otbitlul stoma din sing ‘ee al stomatal din dteapta sy (struct U1. Mole. (hla veal este sual bine repreentatS pon formnlo 04, care sugetear (nin puncte, hasunare) deipesinaen cectrailor. Forulele Fgh Tce (Kectmi = locating po devent nt pone ale molecule in exesul ‘tion chien Ble mu reprexintastarea reals moleeulel Hit stenctunt fetive nosnite spuatert Tomita Structure Timid seize imo ‘Cone penta a desenie mocaie eu electron deloetizal, tate astel de formule pute semnul =~ atgeath cu dou eapetey (¥- § 22.8) A, | Hatogensres in posite aiich RAGIECn My MCHA Eg dv aod obigaustelorul 9 proms se adifioncan Ia Yogiturs du Stvattufeain_ponifin aiies este favorizats de tomperat inalte au do conountraitfonrto met de halogen. 4 Halogenaree trmicd, Prin tantarea_unor alchene inferiare, staie trmicy en ln ft uy yom, [a Lemperaturt rideste (00 600), Se toc substfugia Mdrngenclul ale. Wenefia ae aples to seard indus” st pmten sntean eloruri do ali din propon 1-41 + Cl, > lyme ere Mecovinm de reasie, Substitutia hidrogerab in posiia aiieh ‘eu halogen ae mecanis Homolite ilgnfwie Atorall Uber de Chor care ‘niga Langu de react se formesan prin vapereatermict « mateealel de excita +0, > enen—er~€1 +o rocesul in ans este mai complex. Prin adiia atomilor ibe de lor legit dnb rset trade er leh cayseeay, Fer en, > o1-ay-enc—a, Aveta la temmperstutaridiost® real, pot plerde rovers flor nau pot exteage stort de lor diate-9 moteal de elo, i ‘larpropa (prods Secunda al reset, 2, Alene sa olesine rs 1s Bromurarea en ¥-bnomsuceininida (NBS) COM peat cain yam Footy \" ooh c | con de set namie, ele Cy pater cin ane on ee scab ROR ANS Sate ae Scena cieeereeeers oes Soe ie ee earas uaoth insulin oo 2 mat de NBS rns ttm ahitroan dn nbele pon aise obninye 88bpouisolaheson GX. Ziegler, 19), Xeactia de bromarate eu N-bromauecininids ace toate catacter tiie ute eeu meconium homolte iat, Dupo eur perio te nde i Satay, se declangeart OSreetie ener 8 al sone inant lit fr cuwelata sla de Ol oraat ora fn"reatite Ge slormage te wiles "lorem ING, foarte Teacivi iN "are Toul de 9 asigur, in fea de ro hal de sie en fi pone Ine fee formes pri Fen eu NBS, in hed te inane delsngeaat nau do real de propagate Th tl ‘helohssenet nu toe amtonree eae -Ore-Ore a0 1, Alchene saw olefine Atom liber de brom estrage un atom de hidogen din pots Jiet« sehen, formind o motel stabiit do leg un adel bet able, Tn eontinuare ou toe donk nel paralele- O reaetie «aca Uoonhlans ‘eu. ¥-bromsueeinimidn prin ete fe anncask a moleenit de hyn se ‘nimi y¢o reac{ie rafal alll en molecu te boa pin ere =e ormeazk compusal hulogenat allie gine reface un ata iter de bron ‘esta Yeactloteaat ey efohexenno itt de react se Teper Concentatia fe brom ence contolats de reactin de extragers de hidrogen (saps), evefin coneurentt de adie homolitied de brom In Uegiture aby care se poduee fay este dtevorizata din causa ecentties mit de bra. Rateaal liber fremeletobes in absent tae couceatraitruicent to ‘pram pentru'a da prov de adie, se descompune in ciekdbenent si ey ‘procefa tind revert Ore=O7% Cire Oxidares in pile stich Auvoidares glahenelor ROG-OE- GR OS OTT Alchenelo swiefioneaxi en oxigen molecular (reaejie de sutox tar) in poate aed, mult sal wor dei seni formind hideoperoniat GE Cree, 1985), ener cH, -cH Ga 5 0, > eny=ctE-car—cty eas "Mroparusi ont davra mopombatit a ape ogee ‘ovteneie ee err eel or at toe Mao [ronal te descompun hemollde tn Fate RO" i HO" prin feducere bee in akoot Atchone san olefine ¥ Autoxidutea alehenelor in posite allick anv mecaniam. homolt Inlant( eantxtdr acon fl. Mein precnt elape earucteristice: lle, propaga st inizeruper, ete el 4a ington (promotor tla anihitri. Dupo perience ‘care se eons inhibitor aeldental preset in ahet), tney ‘i oxigen i spot, dupa un tip, reaetia a iteerape beuse Promotor teachiet de autoxtdare sat: ci utili In od jen neacilor homoliticy de wx. potocial orgamiy ex ol. Drept inhibitor se tillzeai We oie fel (hide alien) i oO oH, E08 eactile elementary ale etapel de propagate sint de doa tela ‘eactideadito radical Hider la mole de oxigen # each er {ragere de hidrogen allo de eltre radiealal hidoperoniic Toms Aen, De ex petra can genera a unl aldenty tae auton Renee isifiore oy Ra Lect de gropagare ie ad ge Boc-G-OH-R § 0-0 > net-car-aras Ce | React de trorupere Dane as pena) ee > Ht i eenrtin — [ermal mut eebetitucof le leghtare dabibpoimevaeaet a grew. Tn muletlae de plier rxtare de monoter a at aco hc idea Smer ans ar Pa Sa at acces omnes pl : eect > eet ca rate mse canvas MBEAN RADA rieuo prin meconian =cH™ Cl OOOCHH, ‘ara nidulans CH= cHt_COO, (GH, =0(CH,)COOK, nit ‘seidalaacrlo ‘elise ca ori rede eu can Finale inayat, are trol etape eacit de initere 19T Fee E FO —EMP C= HCCC Rentis de itrerapere ence > “ene Let amt, 1 te aout nae wo ai et non sa eae sates descampee fade CqH,COO™ eurcOOoCCu Pate WO al oni aes heal de plieone sm Echntlnina care, in 8", edesoompue eu epee de ao! Spe ee ‘Piccsr redicol liberal promotorululiltiaas formarco ural macro trical stele radical promovoralulrimine ineorporattn molecu pale ‘eral. Utilaind de ex. peroxid de para-brombenzol, le polimerizarea Stirenutal, se poate demodetra anaite presenfs bromslul tn polimer bh por perianal ot gal de polmernte peri onsth tn ytiiare de sia Reve ce 9s 17. Alehene saw olefine vein eurs de cxegtere este extrein de scurtt Hi reaetioneas extrm de jot moleculle te mouower, formind laste taseromolecular. De i polimeriaie talialon onomeral-so tansfonnk practic dint, nerul-cw-atadil-de-polimeizate inal, ‘San demonstat cla intetuperss unol wei de potmesizry ra caios, de exe de tien, dnp povtoad ere sn tronformat 10% di Inomoiner sew dup ce ea traaformat 80% din mononuer, amestoeu eo ‘inonomner netwsehionae qi potimer cu gradul de polimericare ‘use obser pliner inferior i Dropostiseunieattee aid atacand ints doi meron tee pl sbabiia phn-damentaavo saw dspouporyionsre (GeoSichema generat Dolimerieirié slat substanto a eater presen fn. ma ae ae cantly extra demnick tenet OE) mpl reaee Ai tors eaten cna al a ee fe aieatan-d drogen Fudieatul pane? trece trun ‘Comput salut sbibioral se trast Tak-un tdi eat Rt ‘nd shri eerie ste nape ein nom ni pinnae ‘AI inhibitor ndijionez4 Fadieatal 1, fornia de asenienes ho radical ac In oneraie. | Ri bt ett te ara ohibitor se eonsumnin race. Din insusl mol tor de actune senult ck feeare molec de labor Inteerape un singur tan de poi Ine. eeooamsnes nia pret nam de oct pullineriaaren ineepe nova. Peioada a tp Ia earey del aa ada Fromotoruh apirene ane ie nil 0 reeic, nuit pion de inde FEexpliel pei present in monomer noe tame de inhibitor! acclden {Gi De tea ttonomess pentru pollmeriire trebuie fle purificagt in ‘nod seta Iaibigor ne Wellzeant In pratics pentru conscrarea mono Iris ferindt aie de 0 pellmeranre spontsnd) nedon, . a de lla in reach de polimertznr snt ati toot? Eten atenl. care seo in prenents ‘eral sab oma prodasufa ef de ostdare chino), melo amine arom ‘ow ni p-aftlamina), substan capabile de acta unatom de lr ‘pen rudicaulal Rum de a eapea acest, radical. Oxizenl Intec sa Srna nota de Potimesizare BY captanad rdlealal polimer forming per nih dee. Ie O—O— My Tnfesitri se nutnose uncle substante care nw ini resctia de polimerignre dr capteushsntmacroraaelt dind nagere la radial inert, Prsupsbit dem ines alte lard de polimer. Astel de eustante ina ‘Mla gral de polimerinures Hl ke iia tn practic sab nue de sbifeeir say eaatort de polimericare, Moditcatott fa parte din clase Frenne ASH fe "UB simatic ds lon de ae 1, Alehene so lefine eat de tenafer de tan. Macrorudicalil in curs de eretere al capabill si extrag atom de hinge su de hal i ‘eletpeoces rudiealal ber treeeint-un comps aura hin dlaoteantult este onafoanatsinr-un rade ber eare ini ‘ne ptr, Dee poles tien in a ya foe enaltan reuse pitmertave otal gt eae ale wae radiefuel ew dole - ay, + emer he Hears 2, > In reaetile scoeasi dary tito faptalul ek se Inia not tanfant de ellie fil dr pollmerzate este mlesorat Potent rail. Ure de transfer de fn nce ce eee yn uo cet Pi ingle catene Tatra (ante sn rina ‘epotimerieres. Ponce form inten sigur fo de no cee homropoléner. Pliner reeulaf din ous {clue de monomer fecnumeseeopeinan ‘rupietfiditerite de homopolimeai ech ms partes de nstmenes de stesteed! edt dot omopolin or varia eu proporgia unui sacl neva final rare ‘dl momomest A 9. ae ating dos iu mit Ve es Wek esptiner din a ; "exit eopolimerizeasi yor de lor vin eu acetate vin siren on aerate ell tay eu buiadienty oh and de vil vu nertnitr sta en tueeariise de teti- AK monomet sc atren cu aeett de ial 200 1, Alehene sau olefine Preferinja, macroradiealitor pentea, unul sau alate moon depindo de reactivitatea monomerulai, sabiitates radical pe cate forma’ provumn gi de mele efeote eleotrouice (paaritex clue), ‘Cwrelt'an fonomer este mat reactiy (as nagtere ha Falealt ir at sae basa) eva mnofioun mal repeat, im etetmentulcelaat, Reactivitatea mal seisute a ual monomer poate ft eorectats In practic. pein inte fncentafel sale iu este, asta ea gansele sae de'aYeaciona cu macro ‘nes ree Bete atone ranean Tectia roa ym ‘si In carnal dist momomest eat eect Pot copulzaeiza fi alehene nereative in homopolimerizare. De tren (copeinertaternant) Yinetonl copemertsh\ hide! mates eu steenul sf x.dojsudivall lca Testemai reticent. rad {er Reeves aia'amus are ainitate mal mare pentra anbidrids maleic, =e Gt-c ae =o enc wh fe ss; ‘a ‘homopolimera stirenut snt islaton lectil ‘30%, utadiens Sint mater dure, ex 73% uladient aw propeet ile * aan Aisnitbenzen duce 1a yi nso Tile cane tg ewe — rae cargo, b- erect, bu, om Salta aa al in poner eu mca atin intact toni, forme din otal east H0 saw Can Hi HR,Dit ete Br achoneed pace tolfaro sett n dimrinre tobuiene! (ein 2}. ¢ F000 Acill folfane ‘nu ewe uneitaantr’ cence A acste coi -dcouees pera Smee, face polinada lure forma aidan (v§7-6.1-0)3 ace ulti ast doo ‘ea mumai fe temperatan mat inal. Paliarare vn nde ant ao fist ftw in care so transfert proton re SHS Sicko a ngtere-cerooatias 3) emcee psa, iy cary carpal fora leva aie omer jit carbocation’ eu nome dice ince ma mare de ona de “Imonomer (earborationt macromoleeula) i) reaofi de latreruper In ‘care carbocationth macromolceular simi un proton (pe care sceepth ‘02 17. Alehene sau olefine fanional soldat). fo sul lzbutene, In prezenps de H* (BP,OH]- (AE) ‘tapele reacfietsint “Roache ae tne Rowgit de propagare city, > eye > tt potimerzares cationic obuteae! qradul de polimeizare ‘BP,—H,0 la —15" se obfin polimeri ex » 0800, tar Ia 100" grad fe plier cera “aed se on moma digest sau maximum. (ser ea ee at plein ie a et tere Sernnaiv metres va ‘Bev ampere omer “Rrerel tia mal rdleas, viteale Fea) ilar de ~ Seton (tims) ie lire de rot Gata nt eaale, de 1, Alehene sou olefine ms fos ean. UL seat ca naar Ta iS tsa yr nee il eral erty mea do mn nat get Hire gegen by lige ke act Nc Hs ay Gr K+ oi, > HNC, cae KY a, by bw by Ponte tec. a Neooc olimezare anon poate {iit de Tefaea Fe —> Nat Ne ane 4 cH > Nema + ban ca 28 G men Ae mn a Sh Dianional erste Ia ambele capete Me ea 20 1, Alchene sav olefine saadXGousauanczdve va commrscst onGaNOANr-TALIGL ‘Bleu sh prpens nm pollmerieagd in procedeele descrise pentea ‘monomer vali aera eit nel aoe by rst uy aoe 180", eu ougen sa post de tert but ea promotor, Gradul de polite ine 8 ot Seton finn pe nc col te ta. Pollmerzares tenet fa resine normal aro loc In prezenga de eg. Naveed) cate ‘combine complexe int tettatumia STarelorass de uta’ Hy Potmetistrea are Toe prt the etenty a prose tuirandasivant ier (ben Zin gre) I cate at ald spend ctazataral; we iste in ase eral wnczeli,ctazatard find sutonfnabl tens 1a ume ean sate ina eel er ne re Cease, —> GT + MN nse lcm see eit, aot, oath Seo Mae RENN neat ale sve Gane HC, > Gly NaC ‘canismul potnersiil const in interclanea (seria) mnotcen- /roige de Sonner in legiturs dinero metal Sl eatens de piier In ereers bles ‘Dospre polimeriarea clelopentenci eataliztit de WO, ¥. eaueiue polipentensnety § 10.82. 22 PROPRUETKTILE POLIMERILOR Polimetii se deosebete de enbstantele obiguaite compuse din mate cele mle! (identice inte le) prin faptal eso comput din tmoleato eu fungi! ines; lmgcaes eatencl depinde de stadia in eareincetenag roy. feren macroradicaufal print reaclie de stabi are, dul cum s-aardtet inate, reprexintho valoare mcd ‘pecan anaes staion 7, Alehene saw olefine a 0 porticuattate structuralé 9 macromoteeuelor este forma 10 toy dimetsine eno dow dnensianormae. Acca silor propuvtatea ft parte 2 de eae ale wot ‘hin east dimensaniior mat sof pole aw pn ior oat Drictat coloide. Paricna enlonds este Insel mueremoteeul (colo nol alas motif de molecule eoloit de swore, ¥. span) ile su mies Tent, tatenele a sian dex Tine, favorizate de comiderente entropiet 1a ntinders inst eat ‘eters in sensi patsele (fibre, te). To acest situa forfele ‘Ave snr Waals su de onipolintre caene se exert. pe nap {eget cence determin, to pollen, o reiston}a mecane Et Inline, fofecare ta i unit east, entart mictomolecullor in fie te ascansinl eu ngcznten ats oleate inten erstal, Spectre Ley de diet de re dlp unor asemenes fibre seats prexeaa in aeestes a unor roi cu erst hits svansa (ersalte) ove altemeata eu zone aunorte. Cu et ra Teeroulittace ate mai mace gi tenatenfa mocanied polenrul ‘Polimerii nm au punete de topire tn sensul obiguult compa ‘eu molteute mit Hise nnoate Sua pe fntevate mai mult am uy oi, in final devenind aide en viaeoatt ues Ta Ferris Xoeuatapooprietate pormite prewar lar pi prosr be In fostue aerate isofvaren polimeriloe ete preendath de o etal in care Jeto de divolvant pattund fate uiuonamotectete puter tii Ue acestes pri forge sabe Aerasts foleaiaze are. drep! eonsceinit finilve 8 inateraitiu Desprider ‘macracoleeuleloe ar loc tu dupa ce o cant sfieient de mare de dizolvant a pitsuns ise fufecule prtaeind rapetea forllor de eoesiune dintre ele. Din wea ‘Sauzt pollen te Waal gzew st namat tn dizolvanf en strut i asevnitonte To. De et: hirerarburile macromoleeuae te dizo In hidrvcacbary polatooolit fm apy comput aloe vole ‘mn compl htonenatt alinertw rete Cestimensions) om rin solabat digatvantt za ‘Polimerisarn sercnpesfi. Poles obfunath prin poliesiza Aruicaieh opens ete aint ranifea i eeristali (yr depart Polimerizarealchetlor cu tatalzatan a it dnc Is Tinta in cut alehenetor monosubstieat, de ex. propenn, dee inert grade erntalaitate mate. Prin polimerizaren compuyilor.viniisi CUly=CHl—X,_ oe ob ‘eatone In cate fincare ak doilen atom de carom este leg de un rage, do» grapare X 9d dou entene de earbun se angi dies PO Pa? cy eS i i iF esl 206 1. Alchene s0¥ olefine ‘tn polimeré ataeticl,conflguafilloatomior asmetre(¥. Stereo- ‘mio TI, cap. 16) varazt a itimplare den lungud eatenet tn polimen lnotactict ‘oft stomit de carbon aalmetriel au acceal configura far Th Polimeit sinditactici, configure stomitor de carbon asiaetfict var. ‘aw aiternatiy des Iangul ettent, Polimeritatacie se formeast de obicl in polimeraiele udicaice eu promotart solubilt sus pein alee metode de’ polimerisare (cationice, nonce). Polimeritiztactier se objin prin muetatele de polimenizare ol aman penn metalic ip Ze Sata, Pain ci a oe Doral ma man, au an grad de cistallitate mal avanat De i caste, ea gf eauetueul sp [otnetid, cu grad mate de eristalintate, eote'un materi dor Patredars A 22st snc ot emit sinner a bene ome wd Aaa ome Serer ene Dk, DH ek, Do, DHS OS De 7, Alchene sau olefine oy ee ee re eet ct nee Oe “eigen item , 4e Sent pile ete a tite eee CYEOOy, ORALEHENEN-eON, CREAYCALCAK, aC, = t4Cy sede tiuabeak a= MO cine oP i eal et pe or camp 1 —C,—Uy eh er ee ——— 208 1 Alohene sau olefine a eee eee TIE Gam i OA Nt venus mero os 2S te Na aera. HameplimeCopio saben st ates est ine rh ie seat ir mat pin ac Ele aa omen tee Ms S. ALEHINE, SAU AGEEILENE: ne LASMNCARE, NOMENEEATEN, Tiidrocarburle nesatarste care contin tm molecull atom de ca ‘von unit print Tegtturh tipi mime efckine su aediene, les Roumenal aumele din denamiren oeanilor co acdagi muni de atom de ‘cuon prin inloclaea terminagiel aco a. ‘Gal tal simply repress fant ute tina au soetiens, Cf, ‘Termeni urmtori se mumese pri Care butind Gy pentnd Oe. Formula cera a clase exe hte’ alta nometcota, dé acemenen curent uiliza,alehinele super ‘ane sit considernte ca deriva[tsabetituli al aeetilene, Artic, propia Se"numeste metilacetileas; ai cele dou butine postiley 1-batina se ‘umests etvetlens iar 2-Dutina se mumeste dimetiisetfen. yCact OCHRE G-000-40 GI CuCl etait “Namele radicalilor monovalenti al acetilenelor se formeset din ‘numele alchine! prin ingculrea sufsulul dad eu ail (generic, est leh pape de mele ied orgie ce cca ee se tate cen oa a reve ect sein oa ‘ura tripli gi legituri duble se numese generic emine. 2 casero, ommuerir eanseremsnic ‘Accttena, CjHy eek ml simpln reprezentant al lage este for math dia fot atom de carbon hibrdizal gp unit tntre of Pinte es anh pla (a 2) gion ete un atom do hideogen lecare pnt log ith cdf. 8.1), “Getata eleeroat care compun leghturs tiptk mu slat echivalentt Inire eo dintre ef ceapi un orbital s de legiturs tre eet do} atom {iv eatbon hiridiagt ap. Cela patra ve afin eet dol orbital molecu 210 & Alchine sau acctilene lari = care au lust nagtore din ovat p nebibridiafi ai atomitoe de ie Acest orbit orienta La 90? Inre fend nate tlt 8 pat “Gy un not eleteonic ecu, ate for unl elie ew siete ein “ene o legstunt righ, “ 4 eof vor No ei pobre atoms ai aoettenet sat coinns, Unghiulinze valengo ‘ste de to? Langa toga tiple @ = ete ae 120 A ta leek Sido 108 4" Soumaren logit nella fafa" a0 Cle din Gtenk (050 195 Axl 0-10 140 A) ae datregte proce mal are Ae components incall ats (90% tomponent inert 4p he component + in orbital pe nctza de diene x letturt tiple O=0 esto de 198 keal-mol-t for 9 legitanl SCH de 121 Ket-mol™(in-etene Hogar C-il aze tmierge de 104-106 iar OC de as Real mal). Hesiod ele le ihe aga exe ine, aind poll postin stom de harogen st poll nag aor Foal de cabot (nomena acne a seston eitede 0 Dh om phidmgeh “in -aostilone reenact” cid Cu execyfia aectlene si a propinel eate se obfin din carb sau din nidroeanhatt prin proces pratae (v.auotodedndustils), ella thie bi cl eh cine, eae cnt fo rae lune legitant teple prin react snare alntrun compas care are eck echeet et aichina fa ai cle cna coerce tilene! exo alet molecu creindastfel oy Iggieurt carbon-carbon (ret tte atealate) |A3L RORWAREA DE ALCHINE PRIN MRACTIE DE ELIMINARE A. Hliminarea de hidraeid din 1:2-dibalogencaleni an-aiok 5 no@ioetw 8S Ram 8. Alchine iw acetlene an Compusitdikalogonatt we bin de abel din alchene prin reacit dt nage de Halogen, de aeeee meted obineelalchineor prin clon ‘de hidracid din compusi 12-dihalogenati reprints de tape peste genera de (ransormare 8 andl Ideiturtduble nto legitur pla ‘Eliminates de hidrieid din 12-dihulogenouteans are loo in dou ‘tape, Primal mol de hidraci se elining jor ea toleie concentrate KOH (la tennperacart sub 1007) si conduce lo hatagenoalcheny ue ge vile. Halogen viniie we elimina grea 9 elimfsatea do hadraei din Sees interinediae necesita tempersturimai mari (aprox. 160, Tn cele mal ‘multe cazuri halogennrs Vint fommn(a intermediae poate ft iolata, Be accaatdcale se pote objine dees. propina” (mctlacetien) in propent erty cttacHt, on, —crmeciyer —> creme —> cay, cacir neat ts ‘Pornind de la stiven se poate objine fenilacetilens prin rmitourele SEO Geeta — Gye — Gi cat 1, | Fllmimare de hidracid din compas: dikatogona geil ris a ae a ompusitdibatogenast care contin dot atomi de elo sau de bu geminal (is aeelag ater de carbon) as obfin de ublee din cetane. pi ‘tare eu pentaciorurh de fostr. De wonea nesasth cle wate i ems. erat eno metod in care ge erecaai 0 ‘ripls porn ds te ‘one, Bliminaren de hidraeid, ca gt In metoda precedent are low in Uou felape. Prin ‘eliminarea pritufas mol “de achd halogens? se forme Ihalogencalehend (cond mat blinds. de temperatura) ane la temper rt nat rieata ‘liming cel deal doilea mol de dca gi teee in loins rerpectvi. ‘Pe devant eale se poate objine trf-butlacetilent pornind de la terp-batiimettectons (yinseant, (24y0-c0-en, > (eee, > ceryysecsactt, —> = canie-caar Din 2:butanond (metietleetoms) se objine 2-batinw (1-0-4 > CCE eHycH, > CI cEI-eIE-eH, —> aa erate naiaed saint . | Sintese de acetlene din 2,2 RACaC-n’ + MO}?PO Can: tartar tlt, 290 $line orgs din 29-otne ea ine x ch foot taken derivaior de fonor tiateat pete os! ff, to easal in tare destona exte tor etodn sate incre: ‘Sis prin simplitaen oi. Dees ifeactlena (laa) pe bfine Pe float cate din benal(ogor cecal din beaanidebidl, ¥-§ 2403.4 91 ita) Fc co-c0- ca AM th ccc, REMI? = aii ‘Dowompansrea bie laze deivatilor Prin tatarea digetonelor eu hidrasin so formensi it hiarazone. Oxidarea aoestora oa gO duce la Dis-dlazoderivaji Install, are el- ‘ink dont molecule de azot de la atomtl de earbon veuni fot o lei- turk trp, Din bls ldrsson benaiuiut to objine pe aceath ‘ale tolan. 1a sir oy lamin iyo dopropenonele iin ‘xia de earhon (reste Tatockimcs) gf tree in eu manda ‘ment canttaty (i Wast, SW. Tobey, 1804). 442. FORMIANEA DE ALOHINE PRIN REACTH DE ALCHILARE ‘A. Alohitarea Lalehinelor en compas alogensfi RGaCHE 4 NONI, —> R—GmCNe + NM, ROH ate a ‘8. Alchine sau acetilene au ‘poate rections cu halogens de alhil primar forming seatilane disubstl rite: De ee Gt Cet Mest, > Ga —CmeNH + Gtk CaCNe + Cle —> th EmC—cH, ta tocat dle aleil se pot utlian i arisalfonati a (tina di along elorura acidult tolueneaoni, § 9.3.1.0) ‘Gn propit-sodia i tluenmalfonat do butt ae obj ®heptina CaN + Occ, -OSOKGILEH, —> > ay cat—cty- ccc, un halogen de li (i ‘Din aeetileni ‘de. propargil But Weobtin dlacetten, respecte eave. presen de font de METODE NDUSERIALE PEVERL ONPINEREA ACETILENES Avetiena, orl mai simply seprezentant sl clase, se obfine in cua aj martin Industrie po urmatouree ci a spews carburd de cali i, + CAT, cava se {outs neha Oa, i 2s) acti ‘eask energic cu ope, ‘seatleak (P. Wahler, 1862). ‘Cardura de clca'are o fofenetitaling SeemarStoare ca a or ia ee ie ll ind aps de ont Ca Tonal de pal din cave estrnge proton forming ateic Wo sient 42140 —> newcit ¢2 Ho- cart cide Pe a ies eee in tartrate Reena ae me ay ™ i Alain so actene 1 form sen ei ale dort 2 +3 Syne Fonmarca scene ln mean (alte dra ca de, any ronan) este oreachieeaudoterm Ba ate loo la teaperatut de peste 1500" Pentru a evi destompanerea cetiene! in elemente (yllg-r>200 1) au Fecombiniotea, reverabllk "cu. hidroyenuly gazele” tebe rice Iruae sub 1007. Tn metodele industrials theres se fen eu o plo de apie cette a zoe pr daoivane, eu presiuey in ph soln aaah Fe predrle itae, metannl este inci un timp de con ‘act foarte wcurt ie in ons ust Are electri ttre eletrosi metalic (pro cedeal cu are eectic fle Inte-o flacira ew canttate iguficientd Go oxigen pentru ‘ardere complet (proce! ardent Incomplete). fut it 'procedew (proceden! ragenerativ) a thee altematey meta PU Hl | Formaren acetone din elemente— FCT GU Ay = S49 Act Cou: mp 300 (r,t ee) ‘La trecenes unui at electric inte letra de eSsbune, tn ation i hidrogen, we formeazs acetlent ca randament mie. Sub secant forma actin i ate aplicajil practice. Acetilens format se deseompune in ‘cron 4 bldrogen. “Aspece termedinamice ale former actilenci. Reso de formare a cettenctdin slemente in condi standard ate enalpie beri de nae te poativn (8d 0). 24h = Gta iy 4 se ham Ace inseatan in candi stand (271 a) formarea ace ‘nt i lenent en proer tmp Sapte rede famo™ Aina. este coma ae favors procetl avers eat ter eettns fn element, 2 Hat 2am +H = avorabile fermlei'acetilenel dis lemente SO", ‘ornare acetilenei din elemente este o reacfic endotermd ; des- ‘umpuneres el este exotermi (QMlzy "= 40 heal tnol"), 8. Alchine sau acetlene au ents “Taplnie ote'» docmpoacre rapa: Peco eer practic waubale “evs este in baa de al ch snmp smaterial pos (le biel sel) spe eta prope ele ‘ate poae te bib e antnyer actn t dbol ss Previa Prunes mas fn Duele de atin este de 4s Worms selon tn tan te orale site fy a aig star nig eee Se =! ham iter ie rratie ate Yuloare post Ale 0, det {mest di puac ae vedere ermodiani” enn ‘amie pout {30 0) peste 1 S00 SShSriueyishinr'vaeara {In revetia do formaro a aeetilenei din metan ar uma et rezulte tortie 254% Volume ween. fa ealtate con{snul im -depigeste 912%, volume, datonitsdescompuneritor ce ‘an loth al nevis Ss. eRoMUPAA TE rier rig tri tren ai ered aotilonstorsint gaze I temperntars ‘normath, Encepind de ix 2-butink ermenituntator! sit sstanfe chide fe eel superior sint gost (tabla 8.1) ae 4. Alchine sax aceitene tet tlt (sn) Sepia section saline inferoue ty ap ene mat nate iarocarbunir saturate an neste cs acelgi muni de ‘Homi de carbon. Un volum de aectdeah se daar Inceun vam egal de Site tempershara i prestenca embante; albiltaten ero yarn Dresun. Avani alztvanfi ew de ex. aeetona su Nemetiprlionty {zat candi mar de actin Denstifie acetlenlor slat mai mari deit ale tamenilor cores unaitot n sere akira alchenelon Spt Li, Alhinelo marginale 1 absorb nrsterstie ven ‘a 9210-8 S00 mn). Precrenfele do vibrafe le legit tiple vd hoor la 2100-3290 om Accel satiate sete dt see abso ee Specre BAN. Semnatl protonulul scenic =0—H. este pater ceasing In lini gy aire 31.830 ppm. ta etl ent Clly~C=0-GB acest senna pace Io 31.8 py tr in fail len CH, —0=0-GPapare la 89 pm, Deplastes hind spre chp mai init semnafoierncestat proton se datorea unl elect Go eta lamagnetieh (¥- Alene, $7) —. “Meena Inia setienl fa curl rote toe prin moment fn car ata molecalei exe rfntats parse eres impolite cxteroe Hl Hletronl = evealt tnt plan perpendicue lnle de forts ale chupulut magic indus de erelatia acestor electron! Inc roto aettenit care se gists maces ey inno deerme sem aul actor protont spare cp mai ial ig #3). 8, Alenine au aoettene a In spootral HORM, set bomulut aceite pare a 2 75-88 pn, Spattre 7V. Aectilenete au abo sb ea / a mNeH ALE ste Revetile eametevstioe le acetilonslor sint reset ale lgaeuri leiple C2) reat ale poribie! propane qt teactt it hidrnge a seetiens. cone me Tete } Nate foo MEACTHC ALE LeGAreMN muipLE cae {3} sa rar 1 Hidrogerawen eaiities we K %, ® a“ Reachia alhinelor cu hidrogen mnoerwlar in prez de cata stot i Be Eh duce te an Pes in a du ‘tape, hlrogenateaalchenel formate tntermediar decane i inate ast Gh izolarea ef nn. ese ponbla in aveste cond oT 8 Alehine san acetilene pao pn on eins eg a 2 e-em Prin hdrogenaen paris legit ripe blank dbl se ‘mt obin, infeed codified nea fe arakhene fe mash {humo ei erent nea se Shine pra sant a emer’ dit al al pol iv Aichene oe ohin' pin hidageaearin cali, iind mn cata dedi ta en pm inn 8) ‘rameAidhcite oe bin pe rales getenglr ca matali sev non cit-in, Cxe 1 Son dst a oleae: n+ ne — [tls Beton Radiat vin ee -& Alchine san avetilenc am ce pee oe eat ome = cia vin (sts te tte Dmghie Tae ont apa naan wert (= 1) hinge aime lai noma lg ipl do ‘tape. tuerind extn mol de haloes x ‘iniogecalenen, ‘lin ene mol de halen, tea tetraogee din neve st clor poate obtiae 12-deloctena a toa etn ati la de a luegitura trplb este mai pun reativs. af de rom dette ‘dubla, Tacening, care gonuin fegituryduble gi trple, ada poate Selecty. ae temperstars fous jue ey un mol dram fae ds fe obtine produs de adie nba! la Iegituea abit; en exers ale rem 1 Teastomeat ambete logue e-atutate: De ex 200 4 Alchine aa aceilene ete ence nt ste tn Sr are renee moe i et te endearment: ween ea to 4 ON ola Wigiees aie tei ee cat CoN Diferenfa de reactvitabe tne legeura Gubli gf lagtura tip we snes -H clectronii_= se afl Jovalizati_intr-un_orbital Oi See trebui ae ve ee Vig 83 =carbaaton vine @ atin do Marcia o tehine ae te in present, do etait lest eos Hy Ta seh ‘eg ifn It Mk fase sors Adin de hidmcid te achine dsubsticie cw vata dens taco Seneca "De x is enya He) > Eo O + Cc 4 Ada ape actin ane toe preaengh de aidan gt slat route ofl de stale. Preurdlpriar at odio ale ‘ine (hal) car se romerigaat tm neetleebion (MG. uglage 1881), ©) anec o Qgens-on cya eh-0 “ge aay Aaditia spot ln aotilens eatalinath do Sonal mercuric are, ca inter ‘eat compad organic sf merennula. Btapele procesulnt pot Tort [ate prin urinitoaren toccesiane de Tet? a ale Se gram Se 3 i ——_ CH-OH SE CHO i aoe i a tat ou i Re eee cpteumcee rs Fey eet aaa as ae renee aor oe ee ea ese eee as ee eee one ee hegre eee ce Ll why A oft Gas FoEDy sain a tr ae ait one mc ROH —> CHmcH-OR > caLeH an \on ptt es 22 4 Alehine saw aortitene si ce aac oa a in reso pened alin seem ree He ey, a Iateitr af end at ig empathy fe ace IS) ee os ee oie wie SS et ata ete eae ro nnscan Giie Prin ied seit acctie, se obtine acetal de vinit Miscit + ayETOM LEH ~ canace | | 4. Alehine so acetitene ms Aan, SO © Ants, EE = Atkin, 6018 2 wee hate sn ariitaten anionttor rspectivi seade in ondinen: ye eect Anionul de acetiturs i in general anion hidroearbilor nu pot {ist in presenfo apei, eave find uh seid ma tate dect hideocarbun ie pass pe nceatce din strut lor cu + ap + cutee san Acctlena (pK25) este un acid mai slab decit ape (ph 16), dar mat tne dei mfoniseul (pd 31), tena (ph, 36) 8 etl (ph ie aceey poate rections eu Shieh estar puind tn lertae i ‘rburite respective sant amontaeul t= 94) yy Atilurs de soi se ponte forma 9i prin trevrea actllene peste extn matey Ia tormenta tae Se formed scetlur de sod sau de potas a prt traanen see ewe eu KOM sae NaOH gol in. fin eave aeetie dealt usr), in avento aioezs-Deabiee net as atl on ‘ilienad mal ‘departe ret, fir ilar. Gaur de ete CAC ete acti de eaten are canine 2a 4. Alehine anu acetilene Compugll organo magneateni ai acailenelor contin font de cet! Turk, Bie ‘in halogeatrk ce metil tau de eu! magnesia gh sce- len (tn aceast react fare rolul de acid aro transforma com. Post organo-maguesian in hidrocarburl,¥-# 8.31.0); se degaj etn, Feapeotiy clan, gasot care plsiseyte sistem, NAcacH Cnignr > Roem aem LO fa cal aostieni se ponte obine mono dimgnesiana sat he a ae eee ee uct ele eecniler foie. Aosta de sain comps t- ci af neetenetor eacilonaat co copay ee ‘sabstituite si en comupusi carbonic ding ‘a, Reaetia aceite ou comm alogensyi. React de sub- career aT si RGEC“ MEX! WX op Cae MeN MEG acute gftler ai ranuematte mi rao pts ‘oi como deine de rc onl bagel) (ef i teetpecah to aaah de i nga jt, patria Siostat vb lektr, se tant saeinge malades STE. Tonal de acetiuri exte un reactant nucleotil. Deplasaren fonulai 4 hlogeaura din compacul halogenat are loe treptat pi stare de Urat- site ton = (te me") HEIR 4. Alehine sau acetilene an ', Reuejia acetilriior cu compas carbonic. Reacyil dé rca cis’ owe bu Acetiluile de soda sa. com 0 Jor reationeata cu aldehide i cote dnd a Pash Bel: inset act a oo S-ol (¥, lzopren, § 10): Spent Be fencjia acetone cu formaldehide are oo in conditl diferite (¥ ai apart can bonl, doplasind seetront a acest, } He reoje rel anion sicotulat acter caren presen sp re Acetone (each ‘moti ‘e Meuefin acetituror ex brom sau. tod Ca CMaBe + By —> R-CmC—Be + Mae, in reaotia compusilo organo magnesien ai acctilenelor marginal tn ‘ou brom, in temperatura neazut, se obi al ioe. Acote Smale aera cia a hipobromis aS hipoct rus 1030). 26 A. Atchine sau acetilene rile de cup sh.deargint DRE acetate nie. Tn sa west Tove sn lure de cupra calalizeaz’ aditia formaldchidei ta acotiens OW. Reppe, 1049). Pe teeast eale se obfine din soctlendaleool propa (ie gf te cbatindil newer + ero 24% reac—cnyor noc, , Dimerizanee acetilenelor eatatiznth de. siruti euprusee, Enine. Die si paiine nine sau inlactilneo o obtin prin indtsivea acetone aan a scetilenelor marginale en sirarcuproase in medi ta (CaCl + ECL ‘Siu Ou" in acid acti), Din octilsnd, a aceate condi obfine el taal Simpl reprezentant al easel ennalor (denumice sintetic dit termina na alchenclor #1 ind terminafia atehineor, inietiens (30 Mle fad, "1931, B. Strwnsy 1000). MnO enc ES eSOH Cac GME Hcy nce sel hie to pra drt sca monomer infatrearin coutueaal uncle elastomer fiG8 8), ccenaencn ¢ ner Gs fem cciacin Seats Sa Prin hidratare vinilaetilent 60 bine meilvinileetona; inter ‘mediarl este un aloo! viii ere tece in tutmeralcetone (Bide {aren acctenean) WoacHl-CeCll +O —+ HeAeH-cxen, > Hyemencomcay, ‘Riine si poltine se obtin prin metoda general de oxidare a acet emt peso delaras cpa er, su pin oxtar rue ota (0. laser, 1868) 1 yen 6) formeasi i sint stable In solute, 1. Alchine sav acetlene : fn yarianto mai nol oxidarea an face in prezenta unor cant a tice de Gus (CuOLpisiding) tn media boxe (Bglington, Galbraith, 1 Pes snes line w pone frat pi eal,» restr de cvtene ule oxen o acetenk ternal gh [ccea'ie presets deCu® foaming tering, de ex: putas (LC Aton W. Chodewies, 1057 incetlensy gasoass, cu pl +10, ve poste obfine din butind po eal woe -cac-cryon BBA ect cmcncnge Ae cm esr pe gl ie an paige ats mia te senses fe, Trimerzarea avetideneor Hai ede Pant seus as OA a ‘Trimeriaares acetone catalizats de compleyi organicl al ‘motate transifionsle are Ioe in condi inde de temperatura (W. Ry {ois} Unul gin eatalizatort uiisatt pentra transformaren abetlen Dense, 1a 6", eg ransdament de 804, wate complex Ineo tifenifo (learbonil deh {(yH,),P s8u¢CO}y obt nut in efnifoatink Wicket earbonit NH(CO), prin eininare de CO). Tn acest condi Aelo mooonabetituite daw smestee de derivafitrsubetitall al benz An poniile, 1) 3, 8 9 1y 2, ey ™ ‘& Alchine sau. acetitene Trmevsrea detente dag a hexane. Hee are Joe in prezengl de clara de paladin (sub forma complex ui ex bensonict, seit Ihara cloumds bs demon eteaan cow Poe Le abiteta An T- Hamat EM Abit RE Dota sit elite, nie tral ie ch ae lc aeboi ae dere de pada duce a etl $s he nanan Seow Ata 1, Dik, ‘orn fe obine it tehattss (CB Nea ‘feseu, M. Avram i colab., 1970). a it : eh, aemooe—cuae—croen, Alte oe tH aul ‘cH,000- ICH occ, ‘cetlacetonat de" michel (v. Ester!" Setoniel Gelecttetioens ‘oon Despre chimin ciclooctatetmaenel (COT) v. § 10.8 gi 18.4. ©. Compleesiorgantet formeti prin dimerinares acetienclor Difenilcettena tratath, en bis-henzonirl PAC enick, la ‘une camerel, trees in eomnplexul eu Glorure de paladi 1 teerafenieitobutadienet (AT Blomgulsty P.M. Sait, 1063) | roncenccom fee, Cee a ee . Alchine sau acetilene a ‘Condensarea intr cele dows molecule de avctilend are loc n etape act unl din substituent acetilenel este ¢ graph volumingardy de tx ‘meat se lzleuad complexul produsulut de dimeriaare, neciliz (com Plex avdienlies M. Avru, 8. Staieu, . G. Dinuleseu, 18?!) om os om oe ah 4 cg AL ron pnopANGLich. msnodtiaPnorAnCiLCk Poxiia «an vcindaten, ogtari tile (posite proparyilic) eat aa ce aan ce ep whites avind un ot de ‘proparglc I alee, 170 0 “re ive In lene ey-cac_a > Hye~coemy 1 alchinleeupeioare are Too migrare, leg tiple mara tle tmp nteriral eaten. Nemec, > en omerisatea propargch ae oe In afoot propre care et anion conjugnt, coman cu el al slenei In cuz 4pentin! tao th Wen , cht EEF cay cinema = 7 Onc Eicon Oy cnceysercadn 20 8, Alchine sou acetone ton; pth inl pont ection co bass oti ant un po prin relia ‘conjugst ou an proton aul nich tt eed far tapi migrate fm interioralextenl, aie -pontian, Ronee sah oy caenen, 2 cx Oy Bacmct, > > con cnc ti, FES oye coc cay, ‘Halogenurie de propargl verfar 6 izomerizsash fn alene in. prox sonia do ‘cupronate : conaenenen “Sy cenyoacmcn Tromerizarea aro loo gi tn prezenfh de catalizatori aca: ae ex ‘loool acetone eu gaps dros! Ia poxiie propels oeses ‘nid cloridre iofare propargitss nen ceca” mize. [=e Tete] [pene Inte ELE Seiten an foots maid Gly remy Gy dou 12 Ser au uae ale waka sine: a SEILEM OEIC, Cem GRC Hy GLE AEC, (Cty -CmC— iy, (Uta CHI BE Acumen ee eee a nd a Bk deat radar ena etna at ee ay (705 Pont mn dite porte smear sie Seta gta a vie ps usa at a se) 4B. Alchine sou actilene SEE poten eca sen dette ns wart ewe ia FS EROH- 00, yacH-000EHy CH=CH Oy, Hct ‘Asa ope nel, coe Be ew mtr pri und 1982, Br sli neal sebne ete kon ein, Soe sheptcin,c otn mae Gt -C26 26-6 9 GRE ERE GH, fo f11Antit ccm ain in ee cata creme 1 Reh Sears teria oe amd cmp: NE inci, Cay Sent nt Cer Ge pce 8 na nen cre ta cence etn a ree 0" | HOmCHE = CHOH HRC 9. ALENE $C CUMULENE, aus legarduble sind un atom de carbon comun se, numeae leptertle Seate: Do iste bie en ‘Sp ue oir hh nn tne ae ‘prin mai mulfi at é ‘de carbon se numese lepéturi duble cea caer C0-(Oy-000 gu abe cammne Lege aie cointe Lat nie tate ‘Hidrooaeburile care contin dou lepituri duble eumalate xe numese gstenn at atime Compt ere contin at male legate cue tyeatatnct, se i ran ra From de carbon central (op) tre dol orbie cia pap ee canes Saat’ din acesti orbital se trunde eu orbital, sl stomelatdeearbon tice hi aes ‘iar celilalt cx orbital pal ealllalt atom do eorbon marpnal, formind # dous lepiturt = Cel do! orbital se fis in douk plant perpendiclare nul fata de cae (1) ‘slersoisomeria tensor. fn slenb gi tn. cue rmulenelr ca un namie par de lelturi duble sub~ fituengi de lt atomit do carbon marginale afl in a ‘nar perpediole, u de ‘celta, fa eamulegee co eae mar. de Tee ig 94. Stren sent, furl duble veo subatituenpt ae afb neta plan, S.Alene pl cumulene 2 ‘cumulencle eu numir par de legituri dubie) eu ¢ seine ui acl tt decom po eu ab, fra ‘Aret de motceue vera hl (ee Recreoahinte cape 108 8 a mum use yt de) dot seein, mami enntionriy a seh yop Alc chica te deoaiiac muna fant propritcopled ean feta in are oes pln mat pute, tol rtd ype dept (Siti recta eb acl uk de prade! Ast de campo! me ram pte aetna cae stint opted we datoreatbaximetsiet nae oman sui nat de et Ge wu st iterate carbon tanga, afi fap St sbate AU scl plas, po area dla seria ess eta fi den planeare vests nce (enteeioomer eran) i 1 exci de limite a ou prin nmeeares aoe “ ent 0, Alene #1 cumulene A.| Din compayt halogen prin reais de ‘Siteca pore dela halogen de ll eat, winnie do hal: gen p liminart de duc, ne Storm insean’ dann ihlgecons ool dees pm ga ne Pr aman ae fe paate obine lena porn dea ronan de oi sties decree prin urinitoarele etape ae enyeen-c- te ayct-eg a —th cm newen, ‘Butatrien se poate obfine prin dehilogenarea cu ine a 1,-dibrom, fay 1Aedilor-batine Br—ehemc—ctee EL arin Lei ok on GY ° GkeDO=o + zing B. | Din alobens prin imseria unui atom de carbun Rooteerk —— agicpion Ao Rcecmi—A 8, he ‘Transformaren alchonsor in alone prin faery unui atom de ear bon consid in adifia unel haloearbene (de ex. CBr, formats din CHE, 4 ase tar); compusaleiclopropanieastfl format, la trate eu mage? iu, wodiu tu moti iti, se delulogenco2t desede nell (W. Fat 5. Dotring, 1958; Skattebal, 1961}- ©. | Din aoetilene marginale prin ieomorlzare ca Geay-cee —S=G=cm —y nea Teacjia @ fost dlacatatt la transposfia propargilics v. § 8.63. quer rnc ‘Alena ertoun us eu p-—S4 au pt. —130, Alene nueroare sint lchide incolore sau substante'solde- Biatrieus eate an Heide tail eae se polimerieaz4 la gedero se apne spostan Inset. Tes hespenean eumelanin to claro rose ou p. t 9.Alene gi cumalene ~ An pent seta TR, abet acter pony vibraile de vale e-cne 41900 em Alenele terminate ano band Geabtorbjte a ibmafiel de deformatie Bey Ia 800 em a cred armonich pate earaeteistie a1 700 em {in spectral RAIN protontl sleaio @ nastere unui semnal la 3 62-8,3 ppm, eu un ciple) Jy, de 5,510 He. ‘Spectrul UV al alenelor ni are benai earueteristice et doar bensl (85 MEACT ALE atELON Ca alchineley alenein adifioncashreactan}i letra, intermedt fait reaciet find carbocations ined ymcnch + my > ena —cr Be Adita aps este eatalizats do aca; final se obfin cetone (prin io- smorizarea ‘enn sntermediat). ery, TEs enyeneny, > each Teomerizarea alenclor marginale tn aceilene are Jos 1s incdete fou Na stu NaH; ceansposiia are le in anfonulalete- En > Benen ncn cucir neenncoen, ne {In presenti de cis, de ex. acd bromhidric,alena a compuy en nek cilobutanie. Iniermédiaenl reachiel cate uh carbocation vile (Ke Grieanbaunny 1980, — - 9. Alene #1 cumulene Patrevare Dat dene ale ae etartee cone saertlt bscttt du toStorenne cise 1 con npn tran pray fe ce prin ame Seated Yoru cnn sre van Et hc Spr aoe ACESS tor on ak tank a ce Sanat seven eon pte asks meen aes a come freee dent cepted ae wae Lae v2.36 cum ration ss bao HB, iets "S07 Serhan nmr mtn ete 1204 Papen mec pe armitauen rt ‘coc, ee te HOt na cae Set a 10, DIENE ${ POLIENE CU DUBLE LEGATURI CONJUGATE {hn slehencte cu duble legiturt igolate electron ae aft localiza {nie cei dof atau de eaon pat legit; egtrle dub se comport Hate ta fleente dui legit erin deocalza inte tof ct patra at ‘ete sonjugt. Lear simple due faten i in unde rofl te comport cx un ata tila cn propreti nhl, eonscteriatice. De ex. tfel de molecule a fin ines cnr det tbe del raga ‘gtturte arf independents, electionil y cat tranztiteeetronice mm Weer in UT, reactlonenst de"profriny® le capetele sternal conju We pote 1,¢ ete. Din aceste motive molecuele eu duble legit con specie oraz autem hal leno hl oi. ekastneane, vowescusrunk ‘Numele poliencor conjugate se formotsi din ridfeine mumel ‘sidrocarbur seturste prin adiugaren suffxuui dlend, trendy tetre ‘ios at porifile dublelor Ieghtue se noteash prin cfr. (Generic se nur “lealene, aleatriene ete) Gnt-tat bee, 006 Tae eine counts ‘Pri torment al teied aint 1,8-butadiens, 14-hexatrens lane peal deo be dearer Su ete! Pega ‘ex, dopentadient, 1,-cielohexsdiont ete. i nyowchcinel, ——-Myeactt—cttactt—cii=cr, } ‘Trmnaces taste es Cilopente= Geena Ccepta- ‘out Ont ‘werd 238 10, Diene i poiene eu duble leptturiconsugete 92. srmvcrUnl, mnoruarin canacromsnice Fron Bo aca Se ig fe re a rs eee tee Se Seachem rene ona harogen ge aoaye oat eat - poet ig: 108, Strate battens orbitals p nebbridizat, ocupati eu cite un electron, de a feeare ‘stun de carbon, tarmeask prin intrepltrundereLaveals eu ofbitait Vein Srbitall moleculaet de Iegaturs. =. Orbital amilor de arbon tag hall fe pot Intrepatrunde eo orbital stomilor de carbon. yecni Tormniad ‘bial Tegieurt = tatee atomll C,~Cy at Cy (fe. 10D, cae ter ‘ezintd Tormala cle 1 Oita Seoe (Cy nd a inde fea lor do oritalt atom p lt pot intrepdtrunde in aceeas aaun fu orbital vecin din dreapta yt cu Gel din stig ind ‘aptere asta ‘Unul orbital molecular extits peste tot sistrgul de patra atom ibridi- 2231p (lig. 10.4 ¢3 forma I) ‘Hletronit = nu so aft. det Localizati mura in doi osbitli molec Jari (b)eanespunsind formole elasioe Tt else aflt gf onbiatul molec dar extins (), delocalizel, Formula lasek na represint deci cowct te ‘artiures eictronior x din molec. Formula TI (in cate line punctate resin deloallzaren eletraniior >) tu este nic ee coresponioare ‘thet rele deoarece densitaqile de electri intre ele pat nulee nu 10, Diene i poliene cu dub legdturt conjugate 200 sin egae.Moleculee x lett due conjugnte avin electron x dlocal Sa Me pot t sepreventatecoree prin simboturde grate weak penta ‘PEaprima logit eu eletron localiza (o san =). De acacs de tate ort pana expen stave reat so utlieaet tof rite formule (¥ mab ola lsh I ott absolut caret este ate de starea ral “ie plank. Plaaritatea sistemelor conjugate tamer de earn peveumn i in is exten onl E.NGNE Specs un snumic caret de legdtark bl, erat ts 18% Daa lpg act! et eee Prin a a (Goel a une! ir smplo ys), svetea acest leet cont iin au ul de hibyrisne spelt conjures, egitante CC, inthe A338 nama pin sa gh doi i atcbenel spe Ce eee Oe es cersaeayd tenis fren ram 1 PaMbatu aM ine ocr gi svn (3 Sain a 2 Kx Pecans emaian trae ara ponte muerte nr le ex. tee en {ve #107, tales resin ioe ice is norte oa tat ig, Ue at Redline ct 2S Saath ya er ere chee Seen eee ge $Bh morse fart, scans eae dctent aa eterna fe acne emi onal des aia ASS crs ee ee Me dese nv, pe bar propre humice Tze, coe ce nomi asst lect ee Yocum aru 19 yates or ‘eheariican ake ete (ntti panel fre dete - SS Pee ae Ce ee pei iat pa a tet este) pe rycen, <> n-en-en-d, > Ben ends, tie ar=ar=ey tre fat sama De tceeay tu cazul sitemelor formate dit mal mult Stam se reeurge ia unele simpifcin i anume motodele de ealeul wa fa ‘In camiderane electron legttior o et numa pe eta eghturor =. Pen ‘ra tabilinen edt cetronie tnrolculeehonia cet wtize dou, ‘eto de eateulaprostinatiy (eu niyplficiete men{ late mal sus) deve hte eases meloda fogdlwrilor de ealena st meta cnbitallor wolecwar ‘abate, pe pin dee ier, mae mete dea searteasemabainaee (L. Paaling, 1081 Leenatd metods, mal cauplicat din yet de vedere Inacematiy ane avantajl pontre ehtiniet el ties formulele chimloe fle teoriel'eletromice {lormule, mevomere) Funetia de mda clecronteh dy amoleculel este yinarea Inked tne ior dels‘ teyctueloe de {or sat molecu, Dia mumeroasele combinafit posible const ok ‘ual cele conespniiad nrnetarilor bith aie teorket megomerte int femnifcative. Ponderea eu care partici fecare struct imi la starea Fat olivate se expen pattem oetiient eal fune}e de wna. De ‘xin cazul butadiene sia in eonsiderare structure de spin (stractr ‘onice sau nepertushate) J, covesponelnd formed clasice fy Ye 44 €0 ferelnt deepteite (yemutate prin deplasit do eleetron! In teatia'meaome a) ato struckart Gen elrtrons eu xpi epg fn yt ak thee ng rae Dm nbes hth se Prin varicrea coficientilor fanetille de und 4 orate sas fu fossd) participa cu punderen ea re EEE eare formule casice 9 itr mdourh mak nic leur TV ( ‘Srcite Inuit ew stein despite 1st UL st semmifeati fru lista lett feta versie de nt ete set see pmo Sake Saniora ae Seed (Ss ca abe raw de dealin din Wowie otiahlor mater 3 ent ‘oni Terie receetfl (le Peling, 1891 ete expr cl sr ite de toler Hs float pe se afr te my a ssn at ccna are ln} Oropesentate ra iste impottant i teori rezonanfed atrage atenia supe structure uae moleute sire poate fseprezctst2 prin tat Inule de srueturdy der tee ee nama prin mow de epi Spent ela in epi rai ‘ier aba pe lintel ene Pain Con Peo sont toni (metoda LAO, Lane combinat Anite erator nr we aria) ext ubtall hoteca. de ne ieee egal eee hontai nent Spin seme Fart esoiuete ; ; cas in gor pat bill molecular (0 Saas ream ai nilegat arp Fee ee ar ua ste uno a ead obit de Tigh som (ante ste me 10, Diene $i potiene cu duble tepturt conjugote Orbital urmitor go en energie mai mare, esto de loghturd inte 6,0, ¥ Cyt (intte orlialt ex medal acmn, postie sau negatiy) et tee de melegatis inte UC, (orbital cu sem opus, plan nodal intre ‘i Oral, «aon ma mare. Oval tte deltas tte Cy ai Cy si de shun Intre Cy—C, gi Cy—Cy-Orbitalal 4, este do rnelegithns fotre taf atom enagetre fundamen exc Fg 1, ~ Opal olen a Beata tn stare fundamentals sat acupat eu deco (lt do dectrnt Samer ai evn pal pede my letont in ‘Sar en energie apa a snoleeuletnotare cach de ot prin seared mail OV un cleo trom trace in orbital fy (fi. 102), . “Teoria orbitallor molecular? detinoyte o mcime numits energia ae devcatearecareeute o insur cantitativs a sabilinit molecule prin ‘chengia uel miolente en eleetoni delocliat. “Bnergia ae conjugare. Stabilizntea maloclelor cu ssteme conju gate av exprimi prin energia do eonjugare. Ba s0 determin prin. comp- Free valoritor ebeglelob{inte experimental cu eee calealate tearetio fin comtantele te Fegan ale moecutetoe ea legiturt duble. econ) (pale Pentru ceatuarea merge! be utiizeust ‘unele proprietttaditire Eafe ex ellgurite de arden qi edldurte de formare miu elduite de Ilarogenare 10, Diene gi pliene cu duble legtturi conjugate a Determivaren energici de onjugare din valerie elder de hdr ‘genare, Dupt cum fa afatat Taaint, hideogenaren logit Ube ate feaofie exokermis evel cdr de reac poste ft determinat for cayacu—cieenec, | See eIcaiay | exact bene spe ca te do 2830 koala. tn, dln att ate aes ela dedragente tte SORE aha oa Ie tovoalthee sr rebate (popreat ura) In hn Settee experiment nm mew 21 Kea ma Scie Coepanaitar? ane dite cx Tegttt doh" necon ale tae 70.0 ae an aria do conjugnre a butadenl cao de 5 kal mat. salts dn dle ie Tecan cigar Ge Sivgenae plaid pe foental Sif = Att hes cen tlie indie eld Airogette 0 insderdubie mafgisio in batons (OH! "3.5 sean dala) ie 03 Ket Fig. 193, — tenga cope beta eopranul are o energie de conjugare mai mare deeit.butadie eal'mal).Aceasta-rexulth din compararen ‘Aldurit de i ate experimental (1 ~ yt heal mol) et ram ed ou 10, Dione 44 pollens ew dude legiteri conjugate te, de. ena (3,3 Keal-mol) ah ex Haohutena (2841 keal-mot-t)3 Bog ABT yd eal A°%. 1a-Cielohexadiena hn genenil digiele eclice a eneng de co ‘all nerd eonjugare ave rae mic (ae exude). Cougar tin acesteniteme se namestevonjupnre desing sau conjure abe ‘Ect isteme conjugate eare por reprerentate pri eh steel schlniedins oert cnet Aa dear ce une eowjugare icoateta (C. Denseul $ L121, 4 toned ea. ost saa ‘amjupurea exte an fenomen genera devatece prin conjure see term se tabiiey st, Ba are loc Tat ecto © af leur ean erin chron a a, ee en nige C= (oujayares =v} sat nite electro © din hpatut dle eleteant patina al pds tan deh SO se (ne py i oaigetle = urea are Joe intro cleetronit = ‘i leetronil "6 af Iesieuritr simple I in went 103, Meroe we srk Dien se obfin prin adaptaren metodslor de sinteai: ale slchene= or, deseice Ince "A. Biminares de ap din comput diidrositid are tae b termpers- tus sitet (peste 00") prezeng de eatalzator-aeat (acid Tstorc ‘lepus pe suport sau alia! de aluaninia). Pe aceasta cale se obfine butadiend din 14-utandia (au din 1, utandial) 4 tetrametibutadind(2,-aimeti't-hesadiend) din, 2 dlimetthexandil. Tatermediar se formes ut ele ciel, tetrabidseturan auuetetl substitute oy ye en, Enea SHE ee aug by 8 ny fay 28% eyaeren een, noon Ne a ce eme oe 10, Diene si potiene eu duble lepaturi conjugate a 2,3-Dimetthutadiens se objine prin deshidrataten pinacolute (a iol aiteriar, ¥ § 1842.8) prin tecete peste ALO, la 30 ot te ot Ain aloo attics substi ew sr csttia ei B. Bliminarea de sm pontiac ave ae Seng GL HS ey oo Pe aceasti cate se obfin ai cictaiene Ce Oe Cr €. etre sopping rah deta aporeaiee (KOH) me oganice (Cola) ae hela pert prs oo" De ex. din etlopontent se poate obtine clelopentudiens pein ter medial dibeomeiclopentatal iclohexadiona se obfine din dibromeiciohexan prin incite en hinoting he 1 ae 1D, Dedalognarea camponior I-dhalogenati avind dubia J vce nt Cyc metd eex.'tne nat rota, eomdace a 246 10, Diene $4 potiene cu duble lepituri conjugate ‘meaea Ia lene; metoda ere YimitatS de ugurinfa de a objize compusat Aialogerat i decurge in tod azemanstor eu deaslogeatts camper 12 allalogenagi Bronce eB eran enlencn- Li O-d=0 04. MODE INDCSTRUALE PENEHU OMFINENES HCTABMENE §1YZOFRENULUA siege te ot deo atc hata), Aer at so fabrick tn canttdji mart prin dehidrogensren alchenelorde ergioe peire, himies. Metodele mai Yech, basate pe reasfle de deshidratage le leolilor diidroxitic sau nesataratiy doscrise insite, sa pled dis i utaiens se objine pin trees trun G, (Daan baten) .i0—ra tn recent de kr (pniras eid opines), one al tod debe athe de ia do Cy Kee Bnei a us sa fermares 1 deidrogeerarnacetca, cryncnt—crycm er eases $f ee Soe Troprena) (2 metilbatadiona) ae obfine prin trae: ul nmin tu ames de eon arent Dentenele rezultace prin dehidrogenaea taopentanttey nami 2metil 2. Dutena(wrimetletiens) treco cu randament mare in ieapres SLeree > cayac—co ou eoprenu so obfine stdin propent pint-un prowes care implich lage, tn te feo dietare 2 opel stair 10, Diene si poliene cu duble Legdturi conjugate a erat este aerial te 2 ‘mt toe proces do dehidrogenare lobia proces wate e500 a oxy seca — nbc ceo © metodi industrials pentra sintexa izoprenului care pornete d 4 obutend consta in trataren necstels ey frmaldehida in prevent cist (fteacfio H. J. Prins, 1917). Descampuneren termick diel Tptbcimial oct Moma See Ba CN ug Shenen, +roKe SS OWT) E/ ye ove + ‘ten (Te “Gt « trmataraie peta cus + =e ce eee — oe i aE ea hg $05 mmornuerty reer ‘Batadienn ferbe ta 49,5, far 1-ctohexaaiens fs SL Dienele conjugate sat stubs tn hidrocaruri iin compuy hal ‘geoa}, Solubititatea Tor in api este mai mare desta mnonenleheteto, ‘In specrat 1H dienele conjurate se isting dolce alchene {aptat ch a tml matte beoat do-absoroye in Fogknea,vibref iad ‘alate OC: Sint caractestionbenaledatbnorOhe sea iy a £31, eletopeatadions bs ~~ meee us 10, Diene #1 polene cu duble Legdturi conjugate In apectrat RAEN 0) dinar cetinct aye tat RAL a denor proton eu sea rg “peeteul e301 ppm iar Ste 8 6, a oat $0 pn a pot yt 8 30 ppm Tepe rein 208, RACH atx: ALCMENELon ct Memts Le6kTOM eonabeATE: ienele eu duble legituri conjugate dus react de aditie fn posi fille 14, fa eapedelesistentlus eonjugat, ‘can I iid cpl jugar, altar de canta variate de A. | Attia de atogent aie 2 nul made rom Ia butadiene objine 1am fn vote gC tts Ss Smee aproope eal cor dol prog nh “SSSA 10, Dione poliene cu dub lgéturi conjugate uo ey CH-Ci-G, my > nren, cnc, neste, Amie 40m) ate 12 (1089 lic ci-6i, + Gly —> Aer -cH=crt-ah-a create 10%) 12 Gow Ciclopentadions adifionsash bromal in porte 1; stereoehizla ‘aati ent eis(puncelo dia formuls seubolizea ek substtuental este Sndepest deasapes plana Rite GO rapt Oe Hexatrienn aditioneasi bromul in positile 15 1s capetee ait ‘emutaiconjugat. Me eil=cit- C1014 | Bey > Bre, eH 6H —cat=cHt-ca4 mr Mecuaiem de react. Aditia bromului la butadiens este un exe ae ‘oo attermediae un terdoveion iio mab: Sau prin oonfgore- a eae re ale leer, od up. te prima etspit se fixeass la atonal de carbon margina! af butadiene! un fon de brom posite ia'magtere un carbocation alle (I). Carbocstionnl slic are un orbital vacant in. recinitatea_unel ogi be, lc = ncaa gata a a compenvete de ‘de eleetroni dela atom de extbon Feet st cel dot electroat se Je theta Prin aca wisteasin {masta 20 10, Diene $i poione cu dubleLegdturi conjugate 10. Dons 4 pollen ex duble legit conjugate 1 Structura cational alii poate reprezen iy aati Butadiena sdivioncass acid brombidric gi acid eloridsic dint fle tnre orbital celor ti atomPde carbon thayuras orbital ‘amosteo de produ de adie 12 #4. Hapoel Intre produit dei paper aaley aes SPUR detent te epi acre ate Toot reactin de aie Ya Vomporaturs joard (de ex- 80) predomin produndl ded ‘imp, composiia amesteeuli se modifi fm senval es produral major ‘attie devine eamposal de adie 14 (80%) a1 produsal nino este com Fors ce atti 2% Etre ei tempat emmpriia anes “ue valor intermediage, ee Cee ei coant into rei contain Lermodinamte Aula de hidivelas la heaiend tate 6 aie eects “Prin fcarea protonulu rezuts un earhoration ale eajgat care pose ‘eapta sntonul aeidaful (Be sau Cl) in posite 1. so 1 ony-ot—caao, > cr, Gitetaen, cay circr—cin, | (een Ie aeccae | eng eatsenraen Ciclo, M104. Staci erbcoe t, x x Dp ial nips Se ltr edt atest ae Ean eal uae net ame ga Amestecu de brom respectiy clorbutene format Ia 40° reprezints composts de ebilibra a celor dot izomeri, Aceusta rests dit dal feperimentale i anume dacs se inosleyte timp yo thule, in oe ‘ato component park in parte se objine acca! ameatec de ceil — ' i Gateci, = Once Pas oe nS wn aun Tete, Brecon a temperaturs jou ditribufa produaitor este deta de. vite cu care roscoe aon! allie en amlanal-pesent cont nt) & IS SSpertrs maint ing gaara et Stabila fermodinrcha prods Lisa fmt Yormadinan) 2B. | Adio de bidet ms ‘cam ha Wout faint, intermedia recede aie ey 4 ate eatin aie Examintsoordonatelereneies stant = + x —> + tear cu amiomol sola flee enengia de activare 4 ail de tras C$ Cyne, Sie pentru aia 12 ete mat mied det pentru nia 1.4 (Cg. 103). { Bite frident dt cd ofa ction aio "in pile 1 ven lou eae eee are ara ate es 17) Produ de adie 1,4 (lene dist) este sab tr odtamie dot pfodina Mae xenon mionoebatae 2 10, Diene #4 poliene cx duble leeturt conjugate ‘stabiitateaalehenelor, § 73.1). Ambele alchene contin un atom de alo gen alle care jonizeted dind nagtere unui cation aie comun (renctis ‘ste inversal reaciet de adiie) ieee, ES cu, GRRE, SEE heen crt meres reaegat —— 108, — Camda esl wk rhnin a aicrl r e tetas Din coordooatele clor dovk real se vede cd energia de activare ‘pentru formarea cationulatailie din. prodaeut de adie 1,2 (atingn) eato ‘mai miei decit pentru formaren aceluiagi extion din produsul deadiie 1,4. ‘Produvol de udiie 12 va fonisa mai repede far extiomal alle vs, ‘anionil Brin pole 1,2 (everafbl) dar tn poniile 44 (in propre ‘nai mieS). Produsal de aie 1,4 Sonizasd ghey dar mal gat” (energie fe etivare mai mare). Odati forma, isomeral 1,¢ se acumuleas3 eet, fncet fn amestec. La echlibry, cind vitanle reactor din saubue sennant int eale, prodnal de adie 1,2 ioniaind mai repede far prodanal de fiji 11 lonind ince, se acumulenad produs de adie 1), mai stabil anmodinamie 41 core ionizaai mal geeu- : ‘Un alt aspeet al reaefilor controle cine fal eelor contro gmoainamie err ent st de train Tra conta tit (eneraia. de setivare find mal miet, dee! vitexs mai mace) nla reo de tranziie 4 formesal timpuriu estructura sat de traf sea ‘nin mai mult eu reactant. Tu reaetilecoutrolate vamodiimnie sate ‘de tramslie e frmeaat mai tiring ete ma asermbnttoare ex prougt e reach (lg. 10.6). 410, Diene ¢ poliene cu duble legturi conjugate 289 (Oi-Co—OA-Ci ete) par eel — Pi 146 — Se ei te rat ©. | Hidrogenarea dlenelor conjugate m= Pa i. Metale gi donusi de proton (adie 1.) CH= -CHAEH-R > R-ChycHl~EH-C-8 tute duble int ma wor polarixbile #1 au af sitate tk are eat dee de Waa ble: De aco ‘deoabine de acesten din_unnd, dienele pot fl reuse la alehene aan. tie‘ionaane ie, de s._sodi- aa, ‘y, mai oparic) reanearerdiencor conjugite duce la produ de adie ds apoyo te pam per Zee nh nao (=EH Gt, —P GCC CHCl ated 41,6-Ditenithesatsiena aditionensi hidrogen sn posite 1,6. 24 10, Diene pi polione cx duble lepiturt conjugate Mecanismul reducerit 14 const tn transfera, de 1s metal to deny 4 cite unt electron la cate tom de carbon de Is capital sistema ‘Conjugat; rezutl un dianion sare rac}ionesahfiecare cu cite un proton. Ea ES acts ghee ee Be eS a ee reco me ece sacar ee moore a aac execu -ent=ctt =, 1c GGAE, | 06be > Cy cy-cH mech Bey eee, + Ye 1B, Transformiti ohelatzopice ‘Bintadiens a1 alte diene conjugate reactioncagS ox bioxid de sult, In ald, dnd produyi deal itt “is tempenitun mat dite ‘conte ‘slfone elimink SO, gt refao ena (eeacie eheatropict). Rene OD ‘F. Polimerizares dienelor conjugate. Blastameri ~ Fa a mse oi seen eS eee ee eee ec Iegiturt duble. a ar Prin plimerizarea butadiene cu sin malo so one wo proton ntaor'cu atin natural (Suns) lsc te Poe Haat fo. 10, Dione # poliene ow dublelegiturl conjugate 289, ‘mat prin adie 1-0 formas polimeri en eatene ramifieate resulta pein haifie 1 ent Ci a4 Ramificsnes nedoritS » lanfulutpolimer se poate evita prin pol amerizarea butadiene in presen de buts se ob{ine irl, pol ‘Dutadient en rexintent, superar eauclucafut natural. Copelimeni butadicncl eu stizen (Bana 8) sey e-metiltien (can sn on nent ie ie a as, oan Pe ae eee 4-1-1 CHE capt oa oy cttac Sa, copter Satatens Shen ‘oprenul este monomerul equcienlui natural ial difertelor cl tai dererucine sintetie polzoprente. Pata de legicurs dub din macro- Indlecuse de eauelae 46 “asietti structurale din panct do ee Sink Caneinen ats) este et Polistes cart Poiaopien oe cbin risa net “Goprena ta presen de iumialaNCh, fT. perca eis tate sinteie Ia pollmerearea izoprenutol fa mecanistn dicate (in prosenfa de promote, peresil sau siteme redox). Soy pl cissp-Patlaepren Conotimeratizoprenuui eu sgobutena nuit buti-eucine result prin pomerzare cate Ia ~"100 Aves copelzer confine ase ‘lay de nopren (34%) cate sigur din ow in ow catene oletiice 20 10, Diene ¢4 pollen cu duble lepiturt conjugate fevorabile pentru vulcanizare, Causinoul butil este impermenbil pentru ‘OS Cae wie ap 0 din obtanie mineral faucinel prc se ‘ge mes eee ean nen mc “oul asa! oe pelea de if ink srr demon er a mare mn trai a ri ne tac x mal at alin wenn esa a ‘han crx Yeas acon cent fost inirodus in practic wn now elastomer cu propre ‘agi snpericare dim toute panctele ie vere natura acest ‘rosy mit eaueine pollpentnamer, sei ‘elapen: 10, Diene i potiene eu dube legdturi conjugate ral agua, ene Nene! dinbetiaite fem Dieusle 4 plleneke da serie de ree} caracteriznte prin fap ‘es decuny prin net de teunsitseelice.mumite genere ravetit peril {eta perikyton ( oe if & Wy OQ reeves grea rerociek len 2 omen com Taatsinetonc Aceate reef lo Ln ou otoconia in npc tert Lonel tau Tat caret a ‘Tate tabarante opto rectaior ta egtarie oda ncje ae face lent i simaltan (monn concer) ‘Conan eae a oe act rea trote sn ftochin item ate Prati in ot trate dictate de numa de electron ‘wavfile pericilice sine strict stenompeetion a. Rene o ectrovielice. Inchider si desehidest de elu 208 10, Diene 44 poliene cu duble leptiuri conpugate atadens tree fotoshinl tn clobulend ar ellobutens ese tenn in buted” Sa ersten Se Saeae tesne We L-cde, ‘ezalen lar acon teflon ta heen Cantra wel eu gentle pends cu tn lcron = (n ~ 1, Sete) te lela fourier pros nor are fo termes Poleele 2 anton ween tele Nl Gide ila tothe espe wl 2. teoretice ale acetel reel ¥. cap. 14. if do eietonalgl 4-4 2 eee es Ot (Se a Sl ct wp ers Hei ee baa pac dpa re es beeen eterna See Sates Cel dol partenes al reactie! Dilt-Alde, dena gi filodiena, pot £1 hack ere ee Drop components aleic pot funaose Dutadien ti desiaite subatieiidin core resus compu ex ina elobesente saulSeietiene 2 Ain ‘are erat compas bie pute fl 8 a | g. Dropt floiene pot functions alchene de obiea substitute ex grape aizigrioare de dlectron (CHO, COOH, CN ste.) Plone reactive sat fanhldrida maleic, acroteina, ‘chinons 10, Dien pine cube leper compose - ne i ! C+ "Le + > Uh, Re be ce ae ety Bote Cr Aeron i cssazasiesens ‘oreo ona ca flodene wl actin. Acens te oe fad cu colopentaaiens la tempera ace) Fai iellf2.21]beptadiens (norbornodtena), 0) P= Or eelonepesiont sao —_ gees = : com 3) me). [ — CR Ss cb ccandiearsone wo 10, Dies i poten cu dub Iepturt conjugate [iatesa dien cate strmapeifios. De ex, din butadiend gi ester ‘maleic ne obfine eter ‘it silogexendicarbosiic lar eu eter funatic Uhyne exer frencilgbexen learn. i \ ey Gs de Oy at ne tin en pls aes — 2 see i ee a a Qarintecian eae Sepa wunai teas Rgindleneese Sahin ke 10, Diene 4 pliene cw dublelegatut conjugate 21 joputadiena poste funetiona atit_ca di (mPa @ 8 i i rane) ego ROD, one X i 8 t oO-o-4 bb sig da ee eee en meet wenn mt nai te ta 2 mathe Sectors eae eer te Say oocaaceaitma ie, me Cat 8 ‘rranepostia Cope tuce parte ditto catogrie de reve! cunowcut sub nucle de irenaformart wt mig ze\copein ase mine Sle are Toe rin mare transi "Paps gatope a cn we em lite ein ns een ww te ape are prt amy "sepa tae te psn bende 2 10, Dione $i potiene cu duble tegituri conjugate Gecaiboene Sacer omsererte oe 08, POEM eleLCe co HUME LietreRH cosarare NenvIMEMLT. meee 10 est Poliesele cleie eu. duble lagituri ew conjugare neintrerupts in ‘tot ial formant o sre vintogh in are sane erten dle de tetonen Decent petro grap CH “OM, BOY OY sound ° niente cronies mono ati Hidrocabutite de baz ale sect confin nual grupe CH eompuse ‘in tori de carbon hibridiza ap" vind flecaze ti ated biden, Ti ‘partincaselhidroearburilor cu formula, gener r eb envintallativese enutas, en emnifieagn de fal Fe Sond emir, 1859, s- ap. 13). fn acca nomenlaturt uma dc atorn ce Gy} Propritates clorurii de sluminin andre de a cataliza revetin computor halogenafien benzentl (au ew alte idrocartur guna fear lieoperts de Eriedel 3 Crafts In sul 1877. forma ol claie Sires Wea atti oi et lea ee ‘hh compa halogentt tn preatntt: de clorart de alu shit’ I {Hag edtatae (0-102 olf fael compus Bgenal). Pentru a ube ‘Compas monusteiat, hocarburaaromatiedtrebute Mati in exe de See Nonalchitheuent Feactioneart ef in conde ree{it Priel ‘Grane nd comps esau polinthilagh (8. § 128.4). Heaefia Friedel ‘Craft: este unw sin cle mai earnceeatice reactil de substuutte sro {eh gare vaste apeatit siete de Tsborstor i In mameraselo variate ale acest real wr aller x do aeare fl dreptcataliatentbtanfe eave pot da nastere impr {ie Gheboeation’ onze (we moeaniomel substitute aomotice eles Big f ttgsks sl mal departe mocentemel reais) ‘Api de bine stat ec et Gate ‘Apart de alchaare i eater cei ara cian “Ae Hw 3 eases al ‘4. Compurii halogen caro fan parte 1a reatia, Friedel-Crafts sint conpust fu halogen cu Feneivitate Rorimald (ale cicklei aan Sits als bell) um po alent ompust cu halogen oext de ole silt — ome 1, Widrocarburi aromatice monocitce es dove ae eae hao a'¢e, compu halogens). Pot lun parte le ‘Compas mono, 3 poinstogenst SM MOUE=E! Gn, +H 1-61 £64 > Gh + SI 2 > Gay 4 cam, 36, amen ie ont, Ot ‘oifeilelonmetanal my reacioneazh ma departe cu o maleculé de benzen ening efit erboeatot waiat pn comer ‘Composi loge cu talogene fn tend lateral a ann ahi: Jezzen ian putea Feo Foie rate dees: Slorare de bona’ a Halogen reat) dex Denzenul lfentaetans ethan 1, leben pot tua parte ta reac de uleilae Fidel -Crats dc In amesiecal do reattic exist i mel eanttai de acid lorie sso, (De oice elorurs de aluoinisy wtilizat fara A ada ne a a al lontadt pores fair "aromatied(e“Beseaasen ete propibazen tin popes x betsenHutecl nn alesse ae "Bop de altar ele dau ua hadiienen- (nay } at esten,-cy, 11, Hidrocarburi eromatice monocetce 0 i ale cet tert care formesxs_ user qubexatiogt lat pot teat apa de lehiate in preset de eisai de ee Puta san Hey [BT eth Uenyeont en, A. Drept component aromatied pot lun parte ba seactin Frc ‘rats ie, alelilbenaeni, hidsocarburleromatiee pliilee (nat ihe fennel compan air rma feu dy 2 electron = clea (y. 8 10.) Mecaniom de rene, Rewotin BeedelCrafts este renee de sul listinete: formarea reactant Ree + mc, —= RIN é Qe - Gimmie ormare realtek eednfl. ola exalzatoraah AICI, (a ator caclanor cea) cate de a aasorna ‘Techn renclntal prope al rae de alia, tn ears Hy mu into mole patrne plazas in are rll Eve ‘plerie carseer de easton. ad gage Merle sunt deere ato sick on elt cations pin comple ona De eta alelilares enon ev co rt de ter bul cu efor mareatradiactiv gf AlCl obignity sei clr aie depaat ta tea{ continn 289, clo raioty, tee cara 20 1, Midrocarburs arvmatice munociclice tru oto de elo a fost, hs wn auomvent dat, echivalen fi fonu AICI, te tgirotters 188), Cetin ae as we a alebiarea benzenutul cu elorard de izobutil se obfine smal te-butitenzen Samed + CG a G ae In roi clrunil de fodutilew ANC rerulth un earbortion pie nae, estab ene tece (rin tramter eich le hdr) ie ean in carmel er ct ae accel de eae tte Seat a feobatibensenfal” Sore ongcHEN, oie wel, = (cHy,onEn Ales —rcany,ecH, wae a ee countano—an, 4 alchilaea benzenala cu clorw de npropi se obfine un aawek- ‘ee do lsepropitiessen (70%) ql peopllbenzed (0%) oranona+ 6 al chin aces ean se formeazd gl prdus de alchilare ex cate ‘nk normals (irs eomerizae) poate ft atsibuit teainfel mal Teds Wo Saomerizare a carhocationutal primar in eel tecundar's bemsente pay ohh, eH ‘ x 70% 11, Hidrocerburiaromatice monoctlice Ee resctions atit eu eomplesal jonizat inainte sau dup iomerizar) el ste complesul donor-acceptor yaya, == ayayort aie 2S cylin, awe . é | cay ceayer—c ‘Tn reetia loro de prop ee o hidrrashani sromates mucoid benzenal, de ex meatlent, reste ei ome dn accep predomi ste orem erie paride at ose Se Despre etapa subtle! propitazie, comnts ator substi espn ss FLA. Sintexe prin intermuediut computor orzano Din dampant alegre i meta (eae | Sogpcan name anoncn sass {In forma clase, reacla Warts Fite const jn inclines un ‘compas hnlogenat aromate exo HatogenueS de all (prt su sina) SPSata metalic, Hewotin acre im dou otape. Sodiul tracioneas il ‘ujie nucleons, SN2, 51773.) arse extn Din brombenzen sé bromur de hesil © wt leomerizate eaten); Latermadiaral resetiel este tenis Pm engeH ye, > Gh. enyen, Revelia este wilh pentru obinersa de alehilbenzent eu ea normale Tun, denareor deere Fir emerizare, >, Din comps onganu-magnerien si hiaLzsnusi nective | state ore etten, > Achat, os 11, Hidrocarburiaromatice monocicie Compuss organo-magiesient seuuatied rexefowst cw bsloge nui de alien yeatictate ante x. halogen at sae de eta, pete ah hkdrocar {Gina Bene =k, > gn eayearaen, Gttalabe et, ean degen ERT Gr ln cima 0 etic Cake lin ale cir et snl ey SED lac ae wee ar ts and a cxyagenncoes |e, > enkeayenyen-6an, —> on 4G cegerenn 69% > eee, — my 4 tuo area mmc: sKSEHALE PENTRU OFISENES A Obplnere i ‘de paar s romatiee din gudteauele eden ideocariurile aromstice mono. si polccice se ites din gah din gudeennele formate a incsiteaclrtnmilor de plant ii vedere ata tempat na, 40-1 00" rete, ci " ide eaeserie) re ron{ive henaen gf toluen stn pine hitocarbnan Supervonre, sigan ue un Ld les (gudrooe 2 ts, Inde mia de eartne). Din'acexe suru, prin sta feos wpe ile, Svtmoti si eeatoliai, te separ nacre component pan “Gurounele de tennperatur Just (wudon pri, dels atic seovicosnul ia 3007) te forme in anh ana ma fapmus. 22 ‘Kevate karo au compile ier ecefe de teumpensigey li ye enn aan len, ast antraen elt eon i shan leat un proven ws ‘un uo pina send enteat Sh fen 11, Midrocarbes eromatice monocielice store hideocrturite sromntice, mai state in eur acestur transfor componente az iste tes ai aang ae pi an FL isportant ut iene friars caer ohm cae siterd denne tip aien mma de dehidrozen lee eaten ent dlonw surat de hideocarburi aeons este peraTal, eke colin ie, hire tie, ar noc: opreanth sos, W138 Seprvare hidrocrtat iors Free mirse ponte face prin dalla aifeta tin rousa consplestas anes tel momar mate de Soe horror sata 2c ppuete de ferbere se suprapu cu eee te ‘companeatelor once Pentru seapararesttrmartnioraromatice de cle situate se apc vedere extrachie eu zon sleet tare oe iva a iar aroma, Un teen oid ate oy ou ‘a Tibi eocederl alent ste poucedee eatin se face dh ‘leugico ey'nn micas deat apes. 10%). euneral x tlven et separn din beaudue pein isttace aacoizopiek et cena suas sees peste vk ace tile pe eran are en ost 11, Hidrocarburt aromatice manocitice reformare eatalitics bensinelor {In procedeete indus Lowers estonn pete talent ‘emeeste confit acestor ites dn eure neestul proces (patormare Someries dehidregens tbe hep tau este runsforaat in tole Se-d-6 money sence [enaenul este wn Hihid eu pf 80° Hp. 8% ew nis cate rematie", teste invoking ene tases cnt hid ‘Stburi,"eu eter, aretoai, leo! ee. Baers tat as ea een a seer tec ean td athe aan eee eeete nt a emer "pasa Saat nen eel eee fi pect St raen nels eit a ee say gos ee eh tat net tee Bene ees Shale I basa anes 11, tidrocarburiaromatice monocieice he de abortyie ale vibrate anata ea ‘hoeate‘Hidrocarburle aromatice ne deousbene de ele strate ‘hurl su 000 em} dae-n std aleene cate itt ee abs hewosta regiuue. Hidrocafburte aromatic au intotdesuna, spe dens ‘evatehenes inab multe benal intre 4 000-4 100 em" Ane, Deusen a 112. Ste RON de homed duba ate tre ena a5 8071 gh ODL ems ih funetie de poniia de 11, Mitrocarburteromatice monocitie seetrle dination sy "aumral betta, ‘apr In aceasta reiane dou pint beset beng. Vibrate de deformats proruset absorb intense intre. 880-100 ems Free” rae este dependents de mumieal 36 de pofensutmtitvetsor ‘in nucen, fap eave eonferd eestor henalo alate anal deoseit aa re Saal Qe ass). ‘nur-nt din obit: moecata, sain cane pros ined legit! O--H.osea ce prac o distrasere ‘4 Siete hexagoutle « bensenbl; intensittes scent! bene ete th ete eu fo teanaitie izatore trig 113. Th ateitbenzeny arapele ateit 0 usar intoniicare, esl 9 dope ry a an ete Apacs la 201 man ten, ta 206 ann In rt rte een bengen apa esac, i “aborbite vibrator de valent ale grupelar inet Al metlen in ‘catencle tert le ‘par ci freeventele din steal et eSeeph ‘Mirae de "valeniaaimeteis a eeuped fnetilen benztce he ane freerengh 30-40 cant mt just deci een in lean ‘Specenle UY ale hideecnebuaiior aro. tuatice te earaeteriaast pin stnuetue Me Sectee. Hemzenul sre Wve maxine deb she ia bye HSE nim (e 46000), 2053 am (24500) 3t "6 nm (= 220). ‘anda ‘e hs 256. um presi seructurt fin, Aceast frand se atone unel transit invest (are are lot Ark modifictrea moment ‘atee) a al sect inte ape “lol bit! molecular de legiturs degeners Antilegitur dogentrat =i ew ace imal eu (rasa electron ies "sas, ban ene ‘Cole mad earuetéiation exett do sabato clectrlia ale benz ce tarmey 1, Wenetia de douterare(v, ho ‘ula sit ree schemata fn und. cn paca eed iad fe inet In extol in rena respective Beast earectevatce de anbaitatie eleroiaole be latin espe compas onze ca a ‘de benzenonin, § 1.8) satiaah blades aonilare (v.reactia ¥ BSR ketal 43, Reuetia de aeiare Friedel-Crafts (¥. § 213.1) Gk | R-wa— Geo HT Puta AC, 5, Reactia do. sulfonate-(e-§-21.5.2) tks, — Ga SH HO eet 4, Renobin deo halogenare (r. § 2 Reacts dela Sayin athe coe Se aecaioma ables aie «een woe sar hctea ht extine dear deren ifn ca dno de econ la. # oes nba et ae tron chad free nursed err ric Sessa cre are Hs clnaten roan ences On consecs nt QDiv= orate jonni de bensenonia, termediarul reaeiel le suis ete reac ugteri gna i he ma nite ro gee satkchiaa sentir reverie, mn apare in seule Tha) en 8 11, Hidrocarburt aromatice monocielice Carba vavialiei energie in eursal substitatiedeleteoite a be ‘ult ate on minim care corespunde fntermediafulal substituent ‘de enztnonia. Acest onion este eu att nai promnfat tu elt satermed orul ete mai sirve in energie decimal stabil Masia pital hea a ‘urbe represintso stare de tranite tn curse produce loeulizarea une Berechi de eletron lw unl din stem de capbon at neal ncepe for IingeaIegituritcovalente CB: a devine oVegatura © Cin interme ‘tigral racic, Maximal celut deal dollea raja curb. corespande ‘sant de trite ta care lngtera 9 C--H dln interediar este pe ale de deters, prin tranaeral proton itee un fn sao mle ace toare din sistem, Intermediral substitute, ind 9 cation organi, este mah at in energie deeit molecalele sti uiile st finales else post statin ‘ie prin elminarea proonutai H's fe pn einige letra eleven) Ertl ana pe dea, ses Akpinde deletes (ates) rowtantl eeu fat tens pace ih care ool ato dp de Senility Tatra ruprea leguril OH st 6-E In majtaten enter dt ra fi = gare ot) eomgin de ae ina protonufui este mai mies deeit oes pontea elaine ful intermedi tg Ta)" xutepal voters ets ga tarp anid suo eto all, incre eal at 6e Wet cs So mk (ie tA AA aterm peal pte deve era alone, 6 ee erence 11, Midrocerburi aromatic monacilice 20 0 alts cae posit tat tn considerate pent subslitalia lett ‘is eate eoan whet desloeaint deere hidrogenl de eae elect, ein stare de tease ee aw ta wemt_cos carba vara verse va" avea on agar masioe | GigE. 10, "eats Rta sene = Spa a Gaile ae ace Cr rain omple Sth dete, F seg AD ewe! tecbnests we ee eect ee oe tis eleteie omg de been ‘ultestumeston sai rice | fie in caplet Tonner il iit one eal ne ‘Rectan elcie -noral de eee : {out a tensentay, Got tin celgase | acta dates 7 pe loser, coe to Seto fermind et aceta 0 Fi.tt.30 — Cats wt s Kenn vO atonal at cba ats Manse ast {Miocoraent capt bride) {Spain dleatizest ate ei cne atom de con ‘pin si formig wn exon pear ent Pn are siden devine al AGO dell atcetrleUnth cn lect crating tn dow loiter ale glee un oti! aca ee eat dle heasenonin tesa odistzbatic Iegua marci! postive tn wea oc Ay ena benaenal toa eet Kit at sats poate Ta tomate carbon secu. Kr ‘te eonjugare a tonal de bensenonia este dezox. 2 eat = tn” Tisometria fonda de eacenonin. Sstennl confit penta foxmat din et eine ntomi de ear spe eate pans eel de agate ato fae cao, hiidieat spy -este teteaedes Cot dot subettuen alt 1a ox 20 11, Hidrocerburi eromatice mowocclice 11, Hidrocorburi aromatice monocielce oni 08 intermedians i privind sistent sonitr de ben rt erowntce clctrfte. Haatenta wud terinediar hy et aromatiet electro ' fost dovedia: prin metodele experimental ete sn aute ea pit olaeen ude asttel de intermedia. “Durest de onlin cite, Efe ‘slope einte. O meted des wll ‘ats in cexetaren metantamnelr de reache pent & stabil det etapa Seterminanta de sitesi Interven ni rperen legitanh CH cout {ineferteaten acleag’ reach ew un compos fh eare hidrogenul in ch a {st nlocuit cu yn atean de deuteriu, Peuterul avind rt mat mate, ‘Snate Tegstusior ©--D sint mat lente ett le legitur CH, ene ia de vibrate ete mai nic, si rupeea Tegituriy CD se produse st ‘In consecinys viteaa eeactie! compusitul deuterat, duet ruperes | inguimrerterectronl eect ‘eguiurll CoD intervie tn etapa detormihantt de Nien vf megerat | asiititite telative ale hide pra silent rept etalon) vari in onlines oe Os Oo LA Crow, ne I oo = ‘aft de vitext reat compaculat cw hidrogen se spac ch 2 obsettS “a retin soma lotro arf de agteptat se observe tect tape eoeic ach subtest decor prs tare Oe mane “Geet (tf 1.) su dae trata en ntertodior Uo de bene ‘iy anaes ca etapa ent rapens lear Ct (reyeee CD), iach taps ints n rpreinta formate Sntermetiarla eee evident ek ite a obsrea feet tmp cnet, wl ete proton numal de acai foutte tart aypera an alpesee do HE SbF, nkrun solvent Sal cinticeefdetuate ta diferitele ret do substitute electroatn se benoraual tia beaaeuull dover Cy dus In concn rene ° ‘ fe finde nitare i talagenare nm presint feet zoopie inti ees co ‘athe en etn fee | nae goon, a 1 a = > SiGe impo ir TRB Teneo; alae af elchilare, care poe re: toartesosB“Sipesne tate ica toate abs Lon de beasnoni slit reais hexamsiensenal eu coca ies cn a dle musi sora abuinie bola seroma de ienzcnon, seit ta tempertarn cere (W. 8s Fs Doering, 10, ta pote se mal sali ial de. bea nla cate Mot tre (id sua lab el mn tae paar formeaaa cn acid fiuobore fluoboen te eae aU Olah, 1858). Hexamelihenzennt formeaat cu ast stabi chat a temperaturn camere. once netamti> @) Ravinia sdrcrtnror ormoti, Kul arate dstovite oa coe 7 ee ae : ” caren Proto este ect eet (v,§ 7.62). Prin pron Tx teal ensenis fs uatee wn fon de Benson uit ta alan mgd Perera fey ate ee a rears tempat il de Dene si pote fe oe nt tt so ten rept se et en (ore Tees lm ban Stati rani oe pecancsa aon So {ie do taro mba ecru i arene e0 Ny Be, s y uy y 1 rns li reattach 2 “ ilo de icteraal (de Loopy, epee St . ‘ : Pa “at dete sion ln cae tals Sev Sole, goad ie in eco é ESC ae came fi (erento reultd nelitytsilahenaions. c A Pia do blogs nem haf a - ae | eae ae | # i Ret desde le tezeat & gr Bana Te Mexaciorcicionexon (HCH) 2 ata de oes ‘pester dee i «uct : oO; i a Q ‘ me ets rl 04 11, Hidrocarburi aromatice monacilice ud stab lett subse (Lan AE 0G) omnes ‘ont ia sso oper ae pt ea” da pi eo ‘Shiwspegeac annem si om tan Peni wee wo een fo ee {Dlttobepadiasy tare ine tree in compas Ateptatrtenie(W. von Doering, 10045 2. Buchner, 100), GD + nemenony BCT onen 812. MEMGHRTE 9 EFEETE MH ontFNEANE I sUSHITETA. uncorH.A 1 nen kod iron sateen fin, Fane moconbatlt exh tet pul’ mechan oy i 11, Hierocarburtaromatice monoctetice 0s astfel o& prin substitutia eectrofit pot resulta trei comput dish- onngr a gales pot sp oC ae 4 ‘nt B depinde numa de aacara subsitocnie poeesetent X aft ‘ie! Dnen ay deine de ata ete ou ale inte | tater preesiatentertonteash. bata, Din acest pant de | Rite impart fa do gre # abst ile rt parm tuba de inl bent care on 1p praia ta btn de rina era, Beeuuceat | tare oresteaad in rtp teal ia "c ero ee ibeare orentearl aes iat em ‘ereu, eu Vitex mat ‘wenzen) { Ort este ‘sate | eae fevmtnit REGSAS han facut woot €8 Be ME) | Peale? i fre CREO Forest ents Hoetrageate | Os Tectvinion ine rainianjo oo rele ln compote ol oni ‘nrapor eu al neti fat ep men do ree Hc apn eprom deve ae rei usa bse | in aabritaia erotik debater ween reat iat an prt at ha hae ler aon et al fore deat bene = a nace zl ernie le pono Sees eee eee cree isa case ead =e igsene meena eee 00 11, Widrocarburi eromatice monocilice 4 fg. 1.11 se compard coordonatele de renotie pentew formasea fonitor de betixenonia respect in react de titeve a tena Couelet fetivat) at elorenzentel (ales desaet iva, bit avi sub fenton eet de onlentare orloppre, et benzenuly Lust eo referinfl. 1. ~ Comat rior de wae 4 ean, nl crenata {Skea ma o's Se pasts en ‘Din diagraime sciese ck toluenal va reactions ma repede in por ‘illo ora st para (enorme de aetivure pentru formares fotermediart nal mies) dsc ensenal st acesta mal repede det eloebeazenal elt dec ch arpa, moll actions iar opal desaettveazt nuelenl, ‘substtuenjll eu efact 7, zespinlior de eletooal, utes ds stauea de eleetron! tn nnetea ti aetivenat nuceul; de ex. grapele Cy 3: ‘Meu, Sabetuents aeragiort de eeetron, et efet indwette Ty ile Soret densitaten de electron lin nneleu, dezaciveaa’ nucleus dees. era SOBs a substituent eu eeetromt neparticpanti, piste efetal induetie 1 suprupune sn eho de coajusive Inte elector fleet tubudtuentulaty care prieasd i taste casumle. Aces elect de onjugnee exe deciste ponte senna orintaci! ya sewn La eompasi ‘organi avid rupee Tunejonale respective nh 11, Hidrocarburiaromatice monociclice ce 19, NCH ALE Lemmon Rewofile alchilbensenilor pot 6 ry senie gf evel ale exter 1 reat ale intake A. Newell ale neta: enzenie a, Substitufia electro peek | Suey. oe oy = ch if een sey hain pen et sp i ln ti wr Beet ye com oe eh meer aveina postiek de la ast carbon, sabiizindiouul de eto Gl par Alehitbenenoni, oa] ca om 11, Hidrocarburtaromatice monociclice tu lntermeiari rabstititt fo positia mela toute strocturile tit ‘ay sarchile postive la storl de carbon secundar (cl In benzeual ne ———Rhntett); lsctal grape alll este mat putin efeace gi fomal de benzen ‘nln cote nl puja Mati. Mnergia de activare pentew ormaren acostui 111. — Goes rind frmar ilo ce Mi Caan cats fa te {om ete mai mare decit cosa a sonar oro i para-alchilbenseconia. Coor- ovata easton de ubetitujie pentre formarea color rel omer! do ‘Mchiibenzcuonin, in comparaie ou benzoate redate In fig. 1112, | } 11, Hudrocarburt aromatice monoceice 209 Sim SG. om 1% cw, ‘Xileni dan in prevent de cantiatt catalitice de. esi | tw rordamestca de ointment noe CD. Ite Caatey, AP. Len, 19527 1062). ia Sa poe Q -©O- en 0 11 Mrcarburaromatie moncilce Bo I ie «GO +n el ener, ampere ant ate ta Lo le pd nes ene mc te, ibn roe sere Pa ae ns vat as Hpropafonare oi iomerisare are le bat screen fide tbr, Catalaatra 6, tote, Tat banel dest benzentl, dind toni deal ised, Ia echiiray in, alelbonsentl inferior (dezalhllare);, carbo, ‘Stone alehilreatehieass inelul beusenie mat Teast (are confine mai ‘mule gvupe ali, wat. baz) tere eat nts en rel ort 1 pak el, Dex, care de formar ‘Renee de ee ee Cal ah pare (0 nam oe (oie as oor ee OO Se rae, ee ae MCA tn a, dann oe (edaat""ucteneeassn fe estionl omer pola ext dev at ec ae ee ao roe emer aa prec Alaa nat igi sectarae, © 1 Rane 11, Hidrocarburiaromatice monoecice am ‘Catena aturat wlll din lchibenzent dt eset earacteriat ie iL ean, byes "male hidvogen Ge fa atonal de earbom Tozat direct de inela wezenie (psifie Benet) siut toa react elt etait atone tne fendin cen, De aces la afehbenzeuletreatene ina Tus, reset Sn toe net in moans. porte p if loa sh rows, i rei ani can a Gene fate toa de droge Denstil. De ex. di folluen Bree se objin in presenta lumninss prod de substi Tater (la tment, tn Adeentallzgvr Fol ee In ‘lectroily in nneley, ¥. § 110A $1232.40) Gana +, > GlaE CL He 6a exces de elor, la temperturi mai inal se substiuie angi atom de huarogen. anne cte, > 6ay-0H0, 10). Cai cee, +04 > Gace ner Feicrotan cag HCL ening <> GIR C1 CF He in ibe la, Tamia pote oie ra 3 [,-CHCICHT, sh Gye CC, He i raliaatt eu agent 09 ini (GOP wanton 01, ten mt cuz de potas m8 jeter lateral ale Aegrumesat pln ly ped ine benzene, reristent la oxidate, ian intact. cana, yen Mh > Ge EOC, —> Gt 0H sw 11, Hitrocarbur aromatice monociclice Agent oxidant stacstomil de hidrogen din postin beni ane neem, oti a estat hidogen, oxidaren an are Toe, De. seek aitoluen se osieas monal Rupa etl eatin Saar “Autoxiarea eu oxigen molecular, iu pezen{t de promt, pale a he hopes Izlabily de’. 1a vee, in funetie de na duces in funetieOeifenenuta,(euten) ve formen,hidroperexid de Auer oe elu, § 191-0}, Tn alte cazurl #9 obfin eetonc umn, (*/ Meta de sneak le composlor respects), ce ntrmaias’ Dene stabiizat prin compre se dising tri tiger de Sntormetiarl,ataiizn{s prin conjure penned: acai Her earbacatont i carbanioni fadicalé Wert Safuperea nomoliick net egatunl C1 calc en) orbital pin care ae af electron! par Se Me CNS carina a nea nae ottl ok etext din Intend ea. antreg estemlenilic, Pein accasts acest obitl rte tol eae im emerge dest ma abil (8. 11-13) g san ©. ‘tu atvoctile Tit eestromol impar pare, tn afords de posit pensiie, n poiite oto st para ale snelulat benzene 6-G-9-0-0 ‘ou eit posbilititile de conjure (delocaizare) ale, lectronul sink Sta, aka er ate mat satan svt feaiietanitr ta- ral mato eneste tn odines Teluch Gna AC padi bert cu eas Lung tire, Rodstl ier ie (Cais ‘Shane ber eunostut, a fost obit de Gaba ant arene oobtine safle pinto as anne relate cue an Te, i Mts ata cy bi te de ulate gabon on: bene ae at rei sir ew ier Mreaye th —> 2a? == sin sa indopsvccedpiantaul i asenarulul, oon, seers en tet aztraen seta nba para eh ae th lint corns Eben 10 i MG rea numfru de molecule de radial ravine leg It eer potivt ella ta modifies, CGH 0, > Gany-0-0-C4y Radical liber trifeitnetl se dione la bata ile 14, 18 benzochinonit in poritiile an : eae + CHecH—cHmcHy + “Hct teapho—oh CHOCO reyoe + on(_)=0 + “obah — ee ace Spee deoseire do radical bert abil (eu via seurt), radiata tier tafnstueil ny extrage atom de hidroaen din Lega CHF poate asragt nal atom de hifogen ma rear de ex ain Teetaul N= fittteomna ete tuarmat face Ie all tee I (GINO GINNING GALAE HL GN Nat, atm ier rnc pete cote cecil sta iin a nt ee te ey om pn ep eet (atari acne eed Tope icin Suara sit itr enti a dimen a, tm a are ee eee er ens le ec ea SSG oor owe” neem ct prt Sine eae EY J.B etl ele ‘arto $i para ale acestor inele. bensenice, cu densitaji maxine in yposifiily son 11, Hidrocarburi aromatioe monoctlice Dimerizren radical ier efensmetil are Loe pein Iezaren at uti de carbon central a une toleenle eu un ston de carbon din pov {in porn a tl pel bengenie al celta molecule Caeoheen, 1909, Hk, YaukGonpe We The Nonta, C. Meteen, 1968), + acess neh Yaavsion ‘Structura utileneilohexadiened a dimerul_trifeitmetitlut 9 olor raieai ber! waned! fost demonstrat pein spectroscopic {isis UV prerame qt pein ree} ehimice, Prin Lzomerizanen dimers, sine. pentatntl-para len. em ee, A a) -ovenin, A vero) ro ‘Radical er ris snt ew ati nal stabil (tending de deo: cere a'dimedior ni nage) cu ennai de iuele bensenie este gl have. Teves, radu de iscesere (qi sablitaten radiallor Ibex) reste Gh estinderea tenn eopjuat In sri ana = Lette rapresiné grodl de dine) th atari de stabiizarearadkalilor ident yen eferte de conjugate, ato ate eile Mek rate JU Hatten de sstcoenft io pole rte ala a 8 4 dimer sae engenice, cae prin velumul le bnpiedieh propieres 11, Hidrocarburtaromatie monocilice a ral de pot para wnt lt radial, supine il heen earned dials Bee Q OQ oo. 0 ee Se ere eee ncaa ine Te ee ee eccrine ale ae 9 par _ foe ep at = © rumigonse eh carbust se format de ex. pein elimina de ton de hia; di ache brim nai de hidraca, halogen ete. jugre, Tutse electron eemyantn_cy, 229 jonyt-cn-ay Groner + HO) > Gy Ear-eat, > Gtn-creL-e carbocations Hensitik (eu sk cation til) sit mst stabi ‘ation leh stabieacen send In ordinea: Nin > Race nae OE ‘try a hse determina speteete £0. Ota et tonmear stra nyyo-o18 1480, > Caner soe G6a\E=E4 A800) —> GUE? BOT + Ase eo, Carbonion’ bent, Aviiatea Nivocarburior, Wie sist ain srialcant spew dean cat iii itt 06 11, Hirocarburteromatice monocielce earucter sab acid. Bi pot fcedati uel baze ml ttt deeit cath lente tare se fOrmeaed rin cates esto" peotOn Pirin tratarea toluenulul (aed slab) eu fenil-sodia (baat tare) se orucatt attenlonnl benale (baat wasabi dee carbaronn fenit) ‘omen (ackd mat slab ett otwenl) ney 6 at > CNC egal a ec tea rao is aon al foal ht uta, Te etre de task Suionir unuraelal extremn-de slabi eum sint Didronarburile saturate. De SBE aust se ohne task din elorberaen 31 soda metalic. ‘heidiaten Widragenilor bewallet (datorat stabllizhit pein con |jugarerarhanioualel relat rest eg mires numieas de nee Den Heer ge atonal de eatbou bene. Difeainetamal este seid mat pee Ie atuentl iar rfeniimetana este eel al tare din seria fail ae dey sivocarbunile find aca foarte Sabi in comparate €0 oD anh til torn pot exist nprevenla pel. ‘aiiaten rotor determina yi nett ae 0 apeite exprint in sears exponentlor de aeiitate pi, (Vv. § 182) ‘Guile cel mu slab, metony i corespanide baza cea mal tafe, anfonal ACUI Saul mat tare desiocicste ac anal slab aim combi weet tar anlonal eidulad mal slab exteage protoaul adalat mai tare (eabete 113) GGG GAD AN GING, GIG CHAE, Gay Hh Ctl GH GIN MAG GAGE cine GI OE GLO teil, corti pron sat ma stat 1h actin caranionl act cet terfna (odie vera Ea 3 eit eo sca tert Staten carbocations) he > ae > Mi > Sn 11, Hidrocerburiaromatice monoctlie Tutrebari a AE i emi Hn TN ae tea st ele a8 11, Hidrocerburt aromatice monocilice 1 Gare eect cr real Bennet Cape UV 8 RMN pve ine gon arnt wate "Ee iy tie ae me ean tint? 282, Tn Gaon HS, oe Soa trp te aci xw 19 EI, Compe wens a sonra ot GH GH ac © GiLcHN + Gt, >t Gin + nye —> 2 1 Seiad leer md ct: OCH NCHCOOR. {e112 La ain ema en run Uhr mt a ine wa ame et Ca eter ae ae 28, BIDROCARBURI AROMATICE PoLIcICLICE, HEidrocarbarile aromatice poliiliee int com ‘unilor tiperonre de la distiaren Zudroanelor cxburilor te ale tr ‘te pain (21. rex, gt pours: abel 3 oli xe format din doo le + Pleo unite print-o legaturs simpli. Termenul maton, cu tet usle 1 ln, se aan fre eles pot fae quate, lt a ‘quest, ou ase. sexifentl ete, t fx an atom, in nucleae bonae (egrets Ee : . OO Y , 24'-Dimetildifenit ogi Dieter sw 12, Hidrooarburi arometice potciclice iimplick structure sarcink despanyite care, dup cum 8 ale, partic irre mk i stare fnanmentalt2 moleculelor conju, Ue ‘Stare, clectronigh din biti poate fi deserish pin steueturite mien Sabu oun pent fecare inal bene. 0O- OO siete de Asta ines ae eal atk oh Ie ore oars aan es eo bse oe tare cha lA ee epi oe Ton Ha acs ieameee, Set er a tay i, we ne So ii, a i ae ala ae 2, a as dle poor sr 8 Dever mf da tcl Gk ig ee Me sae eintlith molela te pak. Pl ren at > ene Gna lt ea li di set mo enn rea en mirzecres do aime 12 ou ae a rene ie Pe Metin yt say fam malo a a cr compet SCS Tila Re af aS ct Sate Toone eth sonata os ee Seer he Senet ni iy tnt ee, Teoma ani sind ap ttf lactam runes ecu Ge gD 412, Nrocarburt aromatice policilice wt BD, Metode de sinter condenses pioeh a bnteuta | ee > eos (lesen, quate Bitoni se obi tte fenit, prin treceren be tea altar de bomolog! sup ada hn ture de Yap, >. in hatogenotinzen sf expr metalic (rete Uthnan) et et, So Gath ttt ae cath—t By thay fn sevia halogensbenzenilor-reaetivitaten seule in ov lod > trom > elon ©. Proprieth tice ‘itentulformened cristae en pt TO pt. 204 est foarte a ere apie ih hidoeatni, alcool, comput a ret “ty xpeoteul RMN datortt eurentula de Snel (v. § 11.2 oh 1 semaite Denil apar in teefanen provonilor aromatic (348 108 ie JMetral UW al aferfula eke caraceratie oan ts 1,0 a, ae 18 000, munis brads de coujugere Beit ator Teel ia storen exetath a moteculel a siructut ei tVatitura ai inte lace. fa speetrele UV ale polienitior, wn ‘otter bene se deplaeaad seein annren uma de nel eee aveetS chided aisveuios conjoeae; de ex. 14 tevfeni hn quaterfel 200 am (23 000) ys ung 5 00, Deve hime ‘eurastera chine’ bifenital sal hemolatlor wt este col vate, Reni de substitute eet au Toe in poste 4.0 hp ov) nt ven inn aaa is. di dedigia eae aeiveard eleul 3 rien tn aa aren bifenfula ae ol{ine a-ntzobeni, Cea den zp yt dot dt he deat ee atin pont para 0), CO--00--OO> ‘AN rovetany etctrofill se comport la fl. a 12, Hidrocarburi aromatice polceice Naftalina este cel mai simpla reprezentant ol hidrocarbuslor_eu onan sone Sia 2th S20 Soaks roan cae ae pene =e ak ic Aw ASS awe iO SS CI 1 4m matating se namerote atom de_eqron care your stomt "arm primes fee Joetianea * tote ff canoe te i ele se naie pon Tb de aseanenes echialene be mumece po B ee ea ol anya seme abot 49, Noma compar dabei eno de 1 end abaiaen i {aenus A in cua coat substan en A. Structunis Propretii caracterstioe ‘Formula nataline a fost propusi de H, Brleumeyer n 1866. sin ce nd ae Dna 4 tnt densa en at eer a st rl fe, oergia de conjagare a natalie este de 61 keal- 01", mal mick cae atling rene do abttaieeetrot 4 enle rae de 8. Rent de mui, Sustain lets «natalie se tree si on in puts eatin " o+-- Go: as. Em G, 80g N,nCo, $0, te f dlijatt, in funete de condi d Fan 8s tenure matali x ee afro ‘de 8 12, Hidrocerbur aromatice polite idrocerbui aromatice pole ar obfine ald pnafalinalfonic, La inoilsinen ma tndelungatl 2 acidul ; de comportare in cle dovk, con imental se ‘vnaftalinsutfonie, en acid sulfone, zomerul a tee In comer 8 ava esa eel, ade et HOO ce iapolara de nitrobenzene avind ‘tn volum ma maB0 Ya reaotionere init. posfie en mai pune conaringet erie ‘ ‘ Tt | 3) deoit in poaitia a, in care, desi mai reactivi, existd interferente ‘ sf | lett Ady Sor stbetacmal dn este a tied aos na a apelag alfa Ss) aun torn ina anaes eto Pde ese online rose Gs Tene ee Beitcog tinal Tene ety cleat vo dc nel aot CF a ts pri = dni sobs le ex OO, Ny). Fat * "a call I ee eecvensthecke (ae. Oe SO, COM erent nes el dl Stn cbse in ple om ee fae sented ~ CO eet pee ’ Be 7 : Be eae t ‘ ntogenay, rect area ‘ tas te: -Avestereguli generale presintls fast mumeroase except (reali contol eral + grape rane, wlan 3. idreaininet de sh ale, liat aral ‘Boas, intefereash ou atomal do hidrogen din porifia 8 yi din causa to. “oxidan hicromatul on permangasatal de potain, tn provedes inte Dus serie, corsa hatowslot eto oi mares In lama fa _ aca fas asin ede, 1 10 naan sith interac steviee inte grup tlfoniel st atom de hdvogen 1 fenpeant te ohne ce ros de ea aobaida als. Sa SSpoeecne xprieeiagas eee yore ganda Swale . ‘ \ i Ghe. Gis oO - CQ - OF - OG miaanth a prance ae ee eee eer eee ee es ee SS oe ee a cara on Es an ain " Grr ¢ oy OOH ‘aditioneast clor Ia rece, in absenfi de catalizator, in TD) + ence +a, J yd. Aceyt produsl de adie slat inst nettebilt x lima Es -— Se ee en aE ee eRe - ‘Naftalina iioneaai hidrogen, in 4 catallzator (i, “avmnacave st FEGAMENEE, “Gh tetrahidramattaling na totaling i decahidronaftaling sa hi ‘alin erat #0) trae yy at an an cb ele et Cs ee ee SOO} Aniracan serait ovens Idrogenstes natin Boake sven oes in preset do metal {Ene si red ( al Sonos lead) gi etanol ‘inedattes sree, ¢804. A). Tn erate eon 96 Bae pene rit say tomer 14 tes, 5 | 3 ee LT ee numeso poniile 8 tr ‘Poni tri Heomert monorabstitait al antracenl Fervent, Propet carnteraer are enexgia de conjugare de 84 Keal - molt, sensibil ect cea corespanzitonre In ret inele benzene. fantracen repartfin celor 14 electroni poate fi repretentat® itracturt Tinith Keka. - C20 - COO - CK ain cele patru structurt limit au leghturi duble intr atom Nish gly, coon ce prevedeo densitate mai mare de electron! Ines Poni 9,10" (meso) au o reacivitate ma mare dee cele- ‘oles, nteratmnice inte atoll de carbon ai cichrilor bense 5 lghtutie in cate se prevede dentate mai mane de elee- ‘Nenijeseu, A. Avram, KG. Dinuleseuy 1900), 4 CIS en Fan ci, kyo wah sank saat a= ce aad vagl ee Feoantrenal ao energa de conjugate wate stupa Sera i pri ee cine trtor Hmi rts ck Intrestomi de carbon 8a 10 denataten de clttont exe mal rate (pe fr din'ele nc masta cong ign Ga ni eet 00). 0-6O-6O-hd- giptcns patracioons Antachinons dere essai we odin sate poring let tense (event ast) nbd tah : Gay pon Undine aceaten Gorman C+ ey oo : ‘Tot print-o reacle Friedel-Crafts se obfine gl fenantren, "util metodd peritru obtinere de fenant ‘deriva a eaten be to Bae Propriety tziee Antracenalcratlizeax in foie incolore ou p, :216,6 p Aimolubil ix sp, total in aizetvantt orgaucl, eu o flaorenenth arvcteristion eare este specifich i altor deriva u inet ant il are pt 100 pf. S47. Beco mai uporsolubll doce rin toluje presi 6 fluorescent alban Tn spectral RMN al antrveenulal protonit « dau semnate ta & 7/5 fat pbtonil's in'87-2 pps proton # y 10, mal olefinic, se dife- eh 00 pp fa petal AN al eae ict opar ia 875 ppm protonl 9 gi 10 ce diferentiaxs de idigd temnal ia 3 8,5 ppm. Iapcteele TR, slrsce in bens, slat caracteristice pentru antra: Dent Intense lo 725 880 cm" lar pectra fenantren dous beat Forfrescents, Fenomenul fluorescent apare Neu inele aromatice condensate. Prin absorbjia nek Aroce Intr-o stare exctats leetronic (v. § 3.22. ). [promovat poate conserva spinal sit, opus cu cel al electro- ia dekpaeit(eare singlet) mural tn tmp fourte sear, €ca ‘permise int” de In starve fondamentali winglet la Mngt). Mlooula exeitaih se sabilizeaxt prin plerdere ‘formh do energie termioh sas prin emia unel cuante de naytere feaomiendial ade fluareoen(a. Spectral de iso ‘ote' lunge do wid nal mari delt spectral de absorbtie. 322 12, Hidrocarburi eromatice poticilce Fosforesenfs pare Ja inglobarea unel_substanfe fuorescente ‘ntr-un media stile, de ex. de topitart de acid orle. Electron promo” ‘at (anget) tree in nest car into stare triplet eu spin paralel oy lee. frontl de core a desplrit (tansiie intra ST), Acct stare meta ‘stabi, eu probabilitatea mich tranzifiel, emit o radiafie tab dar do ape ma evar anlonallclopenidios ey aldehide sa clan Ie Sn nai fan (1 ll, 100. Fle coat tea, dea gb a os O-6 A, tle ecironii = ai lgitusitduble exocilen sint implica} in con lsetroni al legaturor duble din meal de elnel atoml, Bnerg ite de 13 Hel: mol Moleeulafulvendlor are caracter dip ‘lots al dimetfulveneleite do 1,44 D cu polul neguttv TPalvenele au caruetor nesatarat. ul eiloopttrone, C.K, mami 4 cation de tropitiny fo atchoptctiens 9 brom (G- Merling, 1851; W. Yon fi. Dow ~G-a-9- a 12, Amulene: i de hidrogen ain ona a Ge psisis nti td pct AN dna spe saa Spe dtc de hele (eo aro T eh searlare ener sacle Site cen ald top are oenenge de conjugare : Poca pecan omental eet a See F ‘de ARBs tenn, Call stn sn na silheriatine codes can (determina pi Inet de det este Be re fiat et toes on OR > a oxlenis ate MORtate carcino a sasendor ate caudate = Staion dui inele de cinei avai condensate, fate heron amin ce Seasid nadie avail DD “8S “ Penis) * 1 |ANCLENE (Aa ELACTHONT, CD EANAETIN NHAROMATIC. sl anafenelor eu dn elee- eu careter de radical) ma sta- igi ec a ‘nu manifest oe Soot atin pees htenene inant 0 Mructurdlec~ snes ipbutadiena, gin cline do Madre rcjobutan, au dus In aceilendy ceinguo deen fal ch 0 Ge molecall ng poate exis din motive de tense (H. Wilsttte, Ceo a 13, Anutene Prima dorado existent cllobutadiene 0 fost ad prin xlarea ‘merle (oin sent trtclowsadinete aomere) ln defogeres tee. Aa ‘tn slate atte (8°D. Neafsos Avrae Cy Dinca ‘colaboratori, 19571904). rayne ng Dot (oa) = at peti FO : Greco, ‘epcTicle- | antaicle= _Cleaputodand iedend cclodend. fer tearberh (inersil ——denowent corse Giclobutadiens monomers a fost pusi tn evident, in ulimit anh ‘prin descompunertfotochimice la tamperatart forte jease (—230) uel’ ‘impinge de dena toate (4° es CE i912} E- Ghopmnmo” cola 30133 G2 Mater istij er a0 Sched ket mare ea ct in reais eee eeneee SrLacty SS Se eee ee Anulene ‘Tetmametlelelobutadiena a fost objinut® din 3y4dictr-tetrameti- “Siege G. Shier, 6. oul, 1000) sar “ch amalgam de Uti, sub forma dimerlor “ye Ci c— ol ae Lot on cH Set Dicorteraneti~ |p _ Teromet ‘idea sebitoded| ch PAG Lo Hatt ‘etonetitieto ‘sctetierd Sng anti atlldoputaaensle an fort obinate pen, dexcmpanert alate deni penta cebutaains (o.iaer, ai0%s. ‘Bentilobtadione fos chau ub forma unui in der Beseriepeadios divcanieodlobatenc! OL. Cart, Dol span een es fot demonstrat pin care ox ceopent eee eedcea Tuoehonind co 0 oiend (0. D. Nene, D. Din, 1951). Adalogenare diprombenasleobutene ty prezenth de ses: glee olan wn daner Tarot benzoilobutadiee - 13. Anulene Sateen ya 5 alastanecinel ene yere, Persie no “icraens a al dimer at enzediad, blnu debaigearn Aibrombenzociclobutenei, are tcholet dihidrobenzodifenilenic ‘Gury Din complesul beieailobetsdene ev exbon ae tr oO Dbensaciotuadens 5 Stenen! ‘Benzonlclobutadiene substitulte eu grupe voluminoase care ick dimeriarea alt stable a temperatura camer. za ° Cts ao Cn an ony era hy 7 cr, ‘Anulene a clara Ca et cts a Hu St rae ramen seucoa Be, Pentre cioninetraeni pian cletel mecanie cuasie proved wit teil mtce de oars cpa de ce wn etn purl) Agar rere ot dn malay celoouictroeon, tu te’ pand Peau lost on ‘teorie prevede 0 aid repurtizare a energie: orbitalilor 2 fo eta ea de sit cit Be ctoon ek epi euplat nenrth te omer do congue mie de $8 Kemal valor Wine on ea td experimental: etrcma adopt cnfguratie i” in care ttt tom ‘duble formenzi unghiuri de ‘oe (anghial normal al atomulus spa ca ae nat ets ei tn oslo igi nu sna ame ep rh re ete eth k Ooo ae 18, Anulene tn etal BAN pon lta, cial magnetic dau un seman 85,78 pp, ro c in Vinby are exloe pubes os conjugate, saturate; GL Teaejt de adie, sinteze Gien ete. these neem omer 4G sinteze den (C. D. Nenljen, 'O> One Of oa sleds lca scans sittin ‘tieateh(W. Beppe, 1048; C0) Nentfeca, Me Avra 1900) ay j . Co fea oxy a (a saa eet oh readin ‘te seneetic ra ees ec Soa Sano eo a ie ‘i By wet 128 MOWER! DE VALET at axcuzELon ‘zomert anulenelor eu acceaiformull molecaark (CH), se numese tomar deni Act ecm rhe in mods de epariante ) dntre tamil de "Sumara omerlor os i! Balaban, ‘rin mods grfaro (4. Balaban a eeainnee coh cet 2 Uf avamt (eyanolen See dol pense anulenele cu = fe Cieobutacend —_Tetrheeran [6]Analena are 5 jzomeri posi. Co.0a0 Us femzen” Senzvlent Gen Pinan _Diilepropeni ast mm eal 2, hand vena. San mr (ae thee rer ee a ea eae ecicemtante nam and Lnemcaea naar ata sooo »f c Iciclioe cu inl do patra atom, co do ex. cubant ut ingustart do ein Caractere in presen de oak = Guys ~ 2 ™ 11, Amulene Latnedang 2 8 a mee a 3 See eta psa ptr cre inset compen? oe. Re a lt ot ett pind es eid tel atef enim Sie ein Ghat see un cag (9 heat me' lts |. UNELE ASPECTE TEORETICE ALE REACTIILOR “CU MECANISIE CONCERTAT: “nerpretirileteoteiceprivind acestereati creer La dout aspete seactici'O interpretare se bazeash pe principal couservart simetria in renetany in prot (1B. Woodware Hoffmann, 196), id dou aed pe pina wb arama nt {footie ut Tikal. fm ele ee eneast vor fi expose eaumal Mupecte esen{iale ale ‘elor ous Interpret “peony consis Xm sturraueT onTALALOH MOUDELLARL Aorta Woobeard-offnant ave ta bask principi fondament ela Wi ceil cc imecnic concert ee comservath ime Mn reactant produ Conform tere, se nuese peri oul nce si gba exe eoanerath ie mum anton nave smtra oral aa ste eoneryath geverah, ransjormdrle perme formic tnt nerve foci fundamental into troniformare elertrociliok ext Ie se) ni do ac eral a a en Miuble conjugates procesul inverse rupere a unl legit ich nesacurat ‘en, fomten wh seem cele eon} ues te rar nem efron ta Paula eri he fine nbamalam ata it: eal 7 Jy pana mle, Rota, oe ae siete sto nat ee eta (a inn ares ro elon a enra Wf dif nd Le "magna se rotyt in tena avers cel poate aven| interfor su spre exterior). Dewohideie de incl conform Dine} iti microvcopie,urmeash alg Fel, iret in sens inve err 14. Despre recefll eu meceniom concertas Ciclzarea slectrocileh a butadienel esto permish fotochimic™ st procestlinversdedeschidere de cen ciclobutenel ete pers trie”, C#0 1a butadiene subetite so am at. Astfel, trans-trans-1,4-dimetilbut eden ree ie fe nce cme ‘Sdobatent far "aceatateee crm fn iransatetyedinetlvundied, Gatar fla rate amen de seen dieticictobuend carebe dee enmicin tran rane od ‘metilbutadiend. ee ‘ Ja ee ae eee Siena dir 130 berate i ate ‘ ‘mish termie™” $f desehldehes de inel eet ypermish fotochinic™ “Popul de medic Conaiile {1 modul tn eare au lo transforma cS foe depind in pial tind dential de electron! = dia sistem ‘Tamominte decrwinn ale eine 39 seutate mal for decarg, de ancinence, serconpelig” oon Saw ses ee ies a abil one Penta famave ue! gtr #—C ite atm decom ma ‘all at ua stem potent conjugat plan, acelin trebute ane notes ‘entra permite Mtreputrunderen orbituilor p at ester atom, flat tirana fnasmeatae rte tee ‘Sel attra nt it are ert uy oeupat de elestont (HOMO, ‘molstla orbits) iar in reachilef neh Taferior de antigatar, nooeupat it fas uate ih nare exo 0M "unoeetpietoecuat rocen de cline termed a butsdenel partp 1k Fee ae Saaeaeat wana super epee (HOM 48 ‘Ma ,Despre, reat eu, mecanizm,concertat ‘Pain soten conrotatoric sp Jutrepitrund opbital eu, scelagi sen, (obi ‘nnegrii);seformenzi wn orbitals de eghturk i, evident, procesul este ‘emis eonrotatori. O Tole ditotatorie s-aclornl bila apropis lobi ‘Serema opo; orbital ce sat forma eate de antiga (04) procenl ‘ote interes preter rt se! era rieprd Actos In procea decictisarftoehimicka butadiene partis itrmarea ecu ein ccltatend orbit hy inferior newoas (LUMO). Se r= tea oxiall de eta in proces data (pers) He an Irgburs om tn pcesl dette costal itera). Tarte An hesatrent (sistem cu 4 2 electron +) transorniile lciro- cli an ioe tn orbital de frontions (HOMO) kn proetsele termice 9h _ Despre react cu mecaniam concertat ” tal esc thi, Clara, aml ve enh aati go foeebeonattariiare sia een pte Principial consercdeit simetrisi Webiplior. Diagrave de cordare, reach ea mecssian epbeeriat int ‘cele transform neat in orbitallor din reactant cite conserratd in produsul de resetie aetna ii sng en atc Boa scored sae ee NG pes arate a canta ct Ite oor , 380 1, Despre react cu mecanirm concert ‘Simotcis color patra oebitall molecular a butadlenel (2 doaxa Oya plana ¢ este edath in fig. 14.2, poralel ea simetrin ‘de eeeayt clemonte de simetre. = tas {ie pac eelobatent fa on Ht ra | Qh Ge ig 162,~ Sint ar mob a ate a a Gy pln 1p tl tn ae tenn» ven maaan emma siete eee aeons ne Pcnitaccsmenncast (8), (8) iar obit ¥, (4) formensk lophrara w(); simeten orbitalilor care ara a antoar ft denen i omer, Ta poe oe q ‘int consereatefaja de plamul ° ‘fay de planul de simetrie ¢ in proces ‘ig 163. ingraa ects» iter bata cal eda DORE Satara ah pms ato | Reve de eltoaitie ‘Reactile de ccloditi en mecanian concert sint controlate de Segui ei onume sine peralse procese fn care simettia oritaldor etry see secant prod we orcank ial co metic, \Cilondiit 2 + 2. Sint permicecigloaditit2 +2 intre dows legditurh sual in reef fotocdimice jaca Os a Ae aed ect incom i hoa Pere ac a aca Tbisns ore Goi orbiteli molecular = al n°. fn starea fundamental vou dot electron, obitalal x- Pentru corelarea orbital x “deetend ct ofbita dia moleealo un eietobutan tebule Iietsie orbiteliior in port cu dou plane oy. Be conelderh in bisecteah cele dou molecule de étend (et: cktobutan) ver- ‘plannil ey desparte cele douk molectle de etend (plan orizontal in Orbital clr us atu pst ing reat I ig 1 Dingeama de corclore pent ce “De (22) (340) penta treceren celor dou8 analecle de etend In eielobutan co on eiapiiliec 114, Despre react eu mecanism concertat ivan ete caelonians letoadiyé 4 4+ 2, Bxemplul clase este sites den eos envi ae “scans ae a . =o oe rence t ‘acta are loe la ineairea reaetangilor (r. § 10.7.B). Meconieme so corelena orbital sci fandamentale a butadiens 2s geal (0 cea val athe fundamental A 8 ¥ sesh ptt ng Fi isin Waltel ek 44.—ime cte pnn an 6 om 14, Despre reactil ew mecenism concertet in diagrama de corsare elese ok reacfia este permigh na numaé temic i fotchimie, dar procul fotochimie este detavarizat energetic. ‘Clon in care legbturile inte reactant ae formeasit san se ‘up denceoast parte sistemulul se mumerc ruprafecal (se noteazs ex ack legitarle we fonmeaa inte feele opase ale molecule, reacile se sb Ale ste te ER es cont ea ‘Reachile de ekloaditic int suprufacafo. Cicloadile 2 + 2 sat clon 2x, “+ 2,5 sintaza dien este 0 cicloadifie 4x, + 25, ‘Din punetul de vedere al smeteielorbitalilor int posible legitart ‘antarafaciale; ele it loc ina numai dacSgeometrin moletule © permite. egal de sate petra etn =o aemaeel Tate Sve Yc =o [tem [otcame| soe easel wu ome foraraso SiieNatte Vee [eee Tenataee Cielrecersia este inversal reocfici de celoadifio. Aceste reach (Gisloadifia f cleloreversa) deoang prin aceleagistiei do tranaiie, find fuvernate do aceleagt regal. 114, Despre react cu meconism concertat ass ‘Teamaformstslgmatropiee celal shag eee Saige sent emit _ueraranae ee se ena eh ce nue Wc ode ae aa Ke ( Ne re o f eee bs € pre A 530 Ss ‘ srr “Migrirlesigmstropice pot fi suprafaciale gl sntarafaciale, cesta ‘urmi niu se produo decie rar din motive geometrce, Peniru cu Simmacropieh so abl Ioe este dicily semmul tobilor terminal Thala conjugaés Avestyalterneast In orbitalit HOMO i LUM tod Tegalst. aprotocit 15 frterstoce 8 siprataciel 13 fntratoil 35 386 14, Despre recefit cu meceniem concertat recite termice mou regina in tre fundamental coud, taf iran rr de hvne) wpa entree seem etacds was i posit enteral 12 upratall Shine ae inert Pcie se ose mig, egtstconice 25 Eight gS eee a ee Ing i aoe igre sgnatro [3,3] impliek dows sisteme alilice. ot =o Antal de mig sint exrente tn sisteme poicelice, de ex. tn Aid carburaNenijerou st foment de valent. fe - By -B- a ek ee een peterne rt bake semeaecs 1 reactii fotochimies (de ex. 1,5). wre 142, DESIRE STAREA DE muaNZtfIE A MEACTVON FERIOILIGE ‘Regula fui Hilckel privind aromatictatea tn slsteme ciliey on 44n 4-2 electro = 9 anume condita cxlsenpel une pturttoeise” ex ‘vate compler veapate ca electron v. §11.2-10) afortextins la stile {de trait celle ale veachilar peice, i dtoutingur olan hut, Onan nee oral ce cau an tr a ote iat een do Grae peteldietu chal atte catalsceteaic pein sms SGuScS2l a ae tet apropate pnt af eonalerte on Subse teave preheat wo tre! sel 6 seme pone Sopot som [Sur ae rife tl fn 2 won abun, Dd cum fis ners truant aise abide na dhl dino) 14, Despre react eu meceniam concertat aot termi; oleae reelonea.n stage fundamental ear ie ane mc ven rin ip roth Satie i gu cub nti de ack pr) Hd ee nt ie ce eerie sagen superior orpat (HOMO). Tt ere eles, pote fi contrat to dowk modu: roti aiar mssna laotstoria mu comotacari ne teal ume rend sete en obi Pee eee ote interact poe (ase le i Stadnea eurtacone se sprepe bleu sen ope, Orbital sence Sytere avon lan nodal deantece 0 0 IN eat bial cx sinn op (nem ce Mab. ne Pages Mabios hu cilaaren 1,9,5-hexatrieneh duce aarotatorin In o sare ich sistem Heke ist conrotatartelagun sistem ACGbine a me Q ca RGR 148, st do, vane ci de iors eet e ‘itis Some 358 1M, Despre reacti eu mecaniens concertat Xivelee orbitaior molecular! in cele dous sstee sint redate i fig. i i sstemol iio Heke aspect general este aseminitor eu ot ‘a benzennls (eau al altorantlene eu 4a" 2 eleconiy ef ULaa. Oh 2 + a ote Procee aren Procts carsner rocket mobu Intro dt orbital moleculari eu energi extreme cella oxDltlh moleculast (Gogoneroti in benzen) formeazi perech eu cheng apropiats. Tn storey, Gbgs col ase rbiall molcclari int grape! imran euencn frescinde, In sister Hc forming 6 »piturk Ines’ Tn aisfemul Mobitn so completo nena ae east ppbtura inchisi” i eistemal este desthiiaa. ste neck cele e ee fects aistotatoris prin sistem tele Hickel ese favonueaee ‘a sstame eu 4 eectronistaren de tansifie ou sie!y Mobis poate oe ‘Malin. ‘lectzveclicd Dutadient = cictobutend, esta , gomrtatorie (Mobius), fevorants temas Gt cet sin redate iat tht gos , WES ‘Pentru out stir de Aisrotatore (Heke), debavoreat et aa ~ St toi i rc eet al viet 14, Despre react cu mecaniem concertat Aermice care at oo I ‘numa ta rene Aceste regu se starva fundamental Tatrebart "arlene pnts peeve tie 9 ele fetch Uo 2 Aa pss acne tse tame eine st utero 213 atta pod uralgrlee tfc sre “OAD * fs es Bes Gerken dniecict a nium htprayh te dt SES oma waa Rta este crane at tng enon pee se era ie ssa cera 60 14, Despre reset eu mecenirm concertat Bebb by ey Getter blr i's pi su St mcs arn ‘insure nt tre ee es “il sana ct mca eect aca opal ema an Ace ap Bes op Na 7 Be be Hiviascraaheeseeberet tse SiS tna to Jog bl cr ee fe eps 22.42 ‘roel els er cae Sete bet ore alta setae, Neen fiction itso IG, Rao wafer toma tetas tae 15, COMPLECSI_AT_HIDROCARNURILOR CU _METALE ‘TRANZITIONALE idrocarburile nesatuzate (alchene gf acetiene si idvocarbur ‘aromatice an caracter-doane de electron, He farmeaza cu atele metal {Tannifionalecomplees sabi in care sgt Gmplical letront = ai hid Server iam ig nym ba at Imetailal transition Acer complecs poarth mu sas oe are parr, Alcea (en compara matic) donenet lets etre wt bial neve ai metal trinifional ea Tormarea une Tegitat fy iar metatl nev vers eletront in orbit {e1a' cenpat) fn orbital ae savegitur al ale et i 18) fa “lnk complet = nearomatic 9 campleegi = Pith dma ‘ex caraeler aromatics "noes ‘Completa lohensor. Primal complex al une! sehen mot inna ctnoneu in anh 182 ee empleo te ‘lore de plat, conoscut sab nameede area hee (cet ‘objunuela ataree bet ooluit do PICl, coutinlnd KCI, ey eicnas Complex Selo al etenel eu elorura de plating a eu elrura de pled bli tub form de dimer, prin testntea etenei eu telmactoroplatinit saw tet ‘Gloropainait ae pocast. Gane mac, + nae, Dinner int unige prin pungi de ACI (respectis Pte) 7h Complecy a paladintal ew etena (gh eu alte alcheno) se obtin prin seaside seh de liga, stud comple slorun te Pld {Ex henzottita (his bensoaitrl” PAC), eolubili bessen HG IKO9,PI Ga > MOR 2GKEN a2 15, Complecs! metalici at hirocerburllor sien tan Su lalate Ee elson Bx mgs Monvalchenele dau complecsl cu Ag! si Caf (8. Winstein, 1938). ‘Bi so formeast, la echlibr, prin tratarea alchenei ex slujil de azotat de ‘agint sau slut amoniacale de clorurk enproasi, La iedlzzes solufiei ‘eomploxal te descompane, Tegenerind. componente. Heactia serveste ‘Pamtru teparicea sichenolr inferinre din guaele de rmeare. ‘Disnele dae compleot stabi ex cabonll metalic, d ex. eu eb. all defer, earhonil de molibden sou de cron. AN fhe oc“ co 6 an RT aunt so foment din wctene i Ply i Hse tansform in compleeyt ¢ PAC prin inserfin act lenet in loghtare Pd—CI (insarfie es). Aces complecyt sink intermediari ‘wimerizars, tetraeiaaze et. ale aceilenelar Compe = alii up obi ca dimer I tatarea propens,aloooulat allo nau a tel haloganurt do all, cu eloropaladit de sodla ql aoctat do ‘odie (i. Hite, 1063), Compl» alandio ow lignat nba grep seit ca we Gobet tre wl et escheat facta eu goat eal inti nanty nt) Aram, oe Ee Dinars, 15 ‘courte = eo exnacren anoaaiC, 8. Complesul cilobutadionsfor rcarbenil, Ci, Fe{CO)y, Stab iciobatadienes ca metate trankifogal font prev ates ecg et Sigs Is ioe) Stream, a ar ‘* ‘re tel orbital ae ‘molecular de anogiturh (i. 23.0) Orbitalal de an 4 15, Complecs retaliet at hidrocerbuilor configuratia unui orbital atomie dal ona metal tromrtional (ig. 15:2), Prin Intrepbtrunderea ositalilar de antilegiturk cu un orbital dat — yt ‘A aul metal tauaifional ee formeazt legitart de tip dosor-acceptor rick neal citer ‘rg. 152. stuson cempytor mela data, ‘dot incl la metal i tavers, dota metal Is inl. Ta nagtere astfel 0 conti eMicteccronich de 4n 2 electron = pentru care ne prevede caracter sromatic. hveste prevederi tcoretice au fost confirmate experimental prin intone de couplec stabil a ciciobutadienelor ex difeite metale tranti- fone, Gomplerul citobutadiend-Pe(CO)y, ox pA. 26", se obgine pein ta ige-lcaldrellobatenc cx encacarboull de fer (1. Pett eee Toes) ane hid) s! Fo(CO), ML. Avram, I. G. Dinuleseu, 1978). ne 2% Gpracon ‘Comploxat tty: POO), aro structar plant patra’ cx distan ele O. Compleyt » ai cclopentadiene. Ferocenst. Ia react aniounlui elopeniadienel ex clorurt fers a fost obfinue prital ctanplex = cu feimacier aromatic, ferocenl (diciclopentadienl ford), castle galbne, pat. 178, pk. 27, extrem de stabil Le Pauson, 1951) CHAIN: 34,04 ‘ppm; THE? 8085 cm) irs rel, —o (egnare 2800) {In feracen cele dou Inele ectopentadioniee se tlt la gstanto ‘gale de atonal de fer, structurS penten are K. 1, Woodward (1952) Bropus mumcle de structerd senduieh, nome care a extinn 1a Innenga hack Din analiza specttlor de raze XC teralih ok datenta int alee fertede332 A, distanta Fe—C esto e204 A, lar dstanjele Cd 140 A. Intre cele dou inelecilopentadienice exist rtapi itera in jurul tera In stare erstalizata cele doud incl se alt a conforma intereaates {9 ware do vapor! ferocenul are conformafic clips. (eas : erocenul are caracter aromatio, Insole ciclopentadienice int relstente la oxiare; ferl est osidat le fr teValont, formitd te fora de ferielniy, sabi sotwbil fo. ap. come > eonaret - Ferocenal di seaetii de substitute eletzofis 12 ambele inele, de (6. cu acid sulfuric se obfin acai sulfone, cu cloruriseidese olin eetone prin raetie Friedel-Crafts ete 15, Comply! mettil ai hidrocerburtor ©. Comper = ai hidronrburlar aromatie, Representany ‘mental af elatl sing benzencrentriearbenilal #disentenerom fin benzen gi CRO}, (E-0. Fischer 1959) ‘Compleesi de orleromtrleasbont 4 dlailenom au eazgeter aromatic ‘Bi an tenet de substitueeletzois, Cu tot remareabia este ui ‘Cueate dec reachite de substituyie aueleo. Asta substan tora ‘in closbengenerontseatbonil ex gra metoxi (Us tratare eit CHONs ‘decange de 10! on mal epee dct i eal lorbeazenula meonaplexat ‘Soensta se datocraat eapacitagt grape CACO), de, stablliza sarcn ‘noztivi a intermediarulutsubsticuie aromatiee nucleo (¥. § 11.0.4) Formarea caionnlai beuzle, im reli de solvoliat S81 (c, § 17.7.0) fie ex, in coral vectatiut beaalic eomplety are foe de 10° 104 of fepede decit la eompusil necomplesat (8.1. Bogen 48 & Rogeay Intrevars Sn Rete agen cae maine a oe ci ie Sonal cttntatent eto? SSR TLSUND Sci tes pone freon sacs suman ater thing a seoaie madeie tos 0) ce ma ga 36, STERKOCHIMMIE 1. CHIRALITATE. ACTIVITATE OPTICAL 101. GUMALTATE MOLEELLARK. EXANEIOMENL, DIASTENEOIZOMERE ee ei eee, sealer St oreo, ami econ ees rs eee eee, sean erat aa tse ener ett ae a apa nee caleal it ‘chimbarea loculnia dol substituenfi pain de 2 oes et eae een lzamerit find intereonvertibit pri. pla torioeare Cote) e eeanoe peek eerie Peden earned oe Se eee cence Facet OEE sone Eimear mit kn tt esi fatetaate Gaetrem mena tas, eat ae aS Serene eer ce ee oo ates ocean sae na ol a tego en ml no Poa iaee nen ee eee eee eAih cranes ear Ee an i a cic ‘stereochimia clasica, prezentel in moleculi: a eo ‘wtom de carhan legat eee nee ac ee Stare eel aan ca oo ee eee feet er vente ee meee ae Sera tee ee es la ag rape enle Rpt 16, Steregehimie IL Chivalate, Aetiitate opicd wo oo ene aes Ai i ee ae ae Bermenccimee Ss | 3 fa ene Bea eeen ee salar lh Sb, Be ee caee se tote ea Beene en cee oer Bes fatie e ca nares teeter ieee HRSER ea aabececn lee mga) Be ciate tom teet er cea pe eerie te erence tetcat geei daa eee aper peerage ‘Centrul de simetti¢ este un punct de la eare, in limie distange egule, de o parte si de alta, s¢ intilmese element rn ec Ro oma ogni ci sees LEED tpn oe inten es seo ne ee eee eek: ca on en oe creates ater ncet ela ae Caner ne Sees Me ain ci > @ he ne sahil pk ie x sey oi ob els Se mal ember cami snk po 0 16, Stereochimie 11, Chiralitate. Activitate opticd plan perpendicular ye axa de rotaie, Dac in acest fel se oiine o fun niles eu 'cea inials se spune taxa de rotatie este de notaGetfleste [Att axe, st 9 anal» pot fle aa hh le element de smectie ale hgahomeeice (ua le molecule) Pe a ~ Pleated snes a taint 8. Se nunesocialD acele molecule cate se aft ma fade cea © tera eee osc fm Ot oma a 92 © lite in ogtnd eae ns pleut chiate,ea 3 (Che *) Reaile peonthrce sisi ui ou ned ie efefese Motte chiae Disa aetiitate-epliek. alma mpi exempta af unei molente chile este acela al unei roleeule care eonfne-un atom de earn gums (eu patra sbeituent {iri Atomul de carbon aronetrc este un carbon italy repnerase tin entra de chindiate (ie. 10) ‘Molec eGo strona spagiale (configura sa conforma) sin superposunies det rates, cu moleate en trwctun satiate cate “Taygin( lot in oglinds se aumee cbmc. Dack th molecu ‘html cin fg. 50 itvodae dot substtaont Menict molceute devine ‘shiva, soperpresbilt eer ideniek ea magiven sn ogi. vient set GP lene a prsae edetate opi i 163) dete litera tt leat nines hn lla eget, ops, alia ge 5s ropamety ex nee ee SSomert at fic namin eiromary acest. ormen eflectind inal bine sent seometiol a conte! rome (2 Oatrngoite, Fs Badea 91 Ketek, 1974) en de rove esupetporaie hale co eames Hated estima on ser psi (tar, dn intre atomi legyti.sau nelegati intro me 7 Ea aa ot ie nora oa ee as 16, Stersochimie IL Chraltte, Actioltete opted on emai de dit 9, dadovozome. Danner Seri, tite tin yt done agtan oy nae “Prezint® diastereoizomerie izomeri we ai mils cere chia, nic oe . voy x oe; > oanect wo ig 168. — Conese tana (oil 86 ‘sim, “Tipuri de chivulitat, Ya tanete de ciementle de sete care deter ‘nnd chirttaten moleculast se dating pata tips de clavate, Chia Ttton central eatvctrigaat noeeulele cane aaa 0 tna mle center Q00000, weiter 000, ete Solr oa i 2607 Ts ack Iunina poatiata steauate un sedi chil ‘de propagire ale eclee dow raze TE edn figure 10.16 apare of oe ErePeen ia premnta de substanie dextrgiv ese tl mare {a opmgnre are Harn peso de strane evi de eee opagute a cumnponentet 9. 1a lesion di tos Stag tah de pat ail de polanzare vor fi dite. ezulan ea ees be inten pla ttl faft de plannl initio! de pola 1S eg oe hn oa a cenvntionel egw diesen contra se anuletad. Moa it aaa Se tia Hips de getistace opted paul tain po ba este ati fo wntcoule eu anai multi atoml de carbon asin (cnt irate) nama de rusted sai ehiromert este ex 1 2 cae de centre chirle, de carbon} asin) etectainerit A iB sin entionet © fornead un Siereaipomers € nD wpresata 2 doua pereche, de enatition ‘und doles erie (ig. 10-9 a de ent formet ere feet ioe prin propre Hr ier (Ps Pl Teulon dan Lene ierite in spectral RMS, We ace st ecole sent dé neparare Be teamiteste ch Brean proper an te por bepara prin metovcle c ehuicl speciale (¥. 4 10.) me 16, Stereochimie I. Chiat. Actos opted om oe om i pH ew ee aia ow aie oe on by es i i em ria sated UP) ess se Eel gett se: OPN rs eg yak aga festa nanan near (2) Races, forme te (2) maceni, Joma ee ‘Se consider, conrenjina,e stereizamer cae a a frau do price Fate, ca enero, Go su oenf Tete fp Hine eon {ni ayn de cent pe invert ae une eal de ears ‘mimetic, e mumese fre ers ereOnamen ere ne ise ero {alee tee etn cera, apd of ss se actu ettetina teat el wl ere cara ‘ete doud forme soc pe basa oda de rote dup tegae soos Ta alehene (v. § 7.2), ie aoe Borne mec Molecule ou dol stomi de crt asietit vei vind flecare treisubstituenfiidentiei ea ol celuialt atom, presi numal itl etereleme vps entione frat te anal sage 16, Stereochite IT Chralitate, Actioltate opted a0 ‘pentru forma eritro, Acesta din wml poarti mumcle de formi meto fag. 16.9). emia tte acme dn entre eae woeaot Forme eo Thin, — omer eng w 2c ormele meso ua plan do simetrio care biseteaxi molecule inte ‘coi dot stom de curon axtuotric Deosrece Tota optice ale celor dl Stomnt de earbon gale side wens contrat, st compensa ssimetriel spare actvitate opti (eompensarea ge le inermoleculan. A “Acids tarate nepresint un exempta elasic de moleeal ou dou ‘centro ehiale avind col dat stom de earbon asimetietsubstirut Mente Dinstrvolgomert to al cesta Acid sepresit ee dol enartiamest opti ‘etivtaeddal tartrie dextrgtr st asda tortie levogir, Diasterenizmeri ‘entry ‘slat ientic, neseparadill; el corespund‘aldulul wero tarts ta area grafic a moleexlelor eu dou (sau mat multe ‘centre chirae pt, formule db proiceie Fischer, confor couventiel cat iad acenor fru, oe fasten forma do conga ‘8 maleic in confarmayiaeclipsita, In realtate inst molecule {ncouformatiinterentate in caze exist nina de constringerseice su, falcata de deja seri Contr intral re ‘prin rotiron tala dire ator de eusbony cu substituent sy In Jura {Bae co tmeyte cet dot stort de eatbom ehitalie = 16, Stereochiie Il, Chraiete,Actiitate opted cx00 00 ; ; oo soon wedion ween wooden Hefat i T its wong Heo poe Hoe on f boot foo boo goo jo oxo too doo may Foasihen peels sos teh Ad citare a pete pages 3 aioe Ses * ite He ru, 1420-Demtem i ie (wan tt ‘Acid meio-tartric poate fi reprezentat prin formulele din fig. 16.21. f roy M rota won / rota boot i oan bos rig conhstio brome goss oroacie LE ex Pig. 1631 — Colne aaa moar, Stereochime Il, Chirltate, Actiotate opti sat “Aeidul mesotartrio ore trek conformer! intereslai, Conformertt sat sail este acela in care grupele earbostl (ex volum mere) aff ia oui ent-nterenlate una fa) de cenllt Cela conformer! eu grupe Peftoall ngauche™ aint mal pain stabil gf tree eu uguin(@ tn forma mad fe tg ake he 3 ig 1432,—cConomer a ene (= Har, stabilt; O examinare atenth & ncestor conformeri ara ck numai confar- fmeral éu grupele COOH ent intercalate este achiral deosreee are centr do simetre. Colla doi conformer’ ex grupele COOH wgnuehe” sit unl faye de ecllalt in report de obiect #1 hnagine in oglindS nesuperporabi, deci ei sint enantiomer, Energie acestor conformes lind exale (atorith Sdenttayt tor structurale) probabitatile lor de aparije int egate. Hota {ile optic ale acestor enantiomer conformational (egae side sens contrat) fe compenseaci Intermoleevlar (analog cu compensatia din racemiei) "Asidal tariie dextrogit poate fi repreentat prin formule redate in Sg. 1622. nterealai ai acest aid shat tot gal, fecare din st ppt 56 rT THESE ede axcmenn te cnt intercaa Piceare din aceftia corespunde vnula din conformesii acidulul tartric extrogi cu care re afd in Faport de enantiomerie. Perechi de satel de ‘enantiomer! par in acd racemic (fi. 1023). a 16, Streochime I, Chiraltate, Activate opted Ps tm om c at as sof BG; ae : ; es ee er aoa P fi ie ar ao oni se es 1623. Ginemor anor (parte (Hate, 1B, — Chinaitaten dinstereoizomerile clei 4 compost cet ast oo doi subsites pot onion cis su rons lf de eli upon on lana steal er {i Stn dancrszmer faa de omerd mn dente mn ak port de obit gt imagine in oglinds (fg. 10.23), ale a Peay 16, Stereochimie 11, Chiralitate, Actvitate optied 3 Tuten cil de tre atom de ex 4 dol atom de carbon subi sinter eel unten sat dn anda de enantiomer Mh) a dena onneet 3 recedes dows perslie de ena ‘SOA la SNARE TR ok intl cktopropante ain enti {ie tigetercozomeral en (arma evr) va eorespunde forme mean, dee} va esista nn singe izomer Wola ©, Chieatitate conformational la molente fr atom ‘eatbon scinetee Clb ase wm tom de carbon asimetiie, este chiral x ctv Prin inlocives atommig de elor eu uz atom de hidrosen a firbou mepectie devine achiral decarcce dot din subststenti ented; Mutannl na este opti ety. ‘th cute rotate ihete molec poate tzece tempura prin cow format imerenlne care sat ¢hirale (craliate axial. atte cel ted conform! intereala( at butawufat-anma cont erst aniviqierctat este nehiraly eu centrale sinetsie, Gonformes Mhwincenceal sing ebinaliy un Ed fala de cela in rapa de bet ‘Piimaglnea Sain oglinds (0s fig. 166). Din eauza baviere foarte mic de Guage formele chee eonformafionsie tee pred ugor una intralta Ge saccnigenst") astfel oh tn ee pot separa entatlonert Waza pe cit Yate eomormationala. Une apes i ‘peruite pararea de_Suantiones asc. ibaeprcaigtt zamena arp (vs § 0s, CONTI PENTRE NOFAREA CONFIGUIATILON ‘Contiguratia stoma de carbon chiral ne poote fi dedust rotatiel optee ‘oleate ou aeseasicoutigmatie adc aranjare cpa sit ‘ntiloein jel stout de caren asimetie) pot wot penal mini pola Silo accagt seme sau Sn seneur contra (ig 1625) foo por ween, AL Comigarai ftv ips on fwolute ale ea ilzat molecu relative, Conventin Fischer Rosanolf (01) anijlace expevinentale pentra a stabil configura ‘cr ato de eatbom chiral enim ela! iro i atid anuait contigural 38 16, Stereochimie I. Chiralitate,Actvitate opted (Win cele dou posite), ia mod arbiter. Tntre aceste molecule si maj {ates couple optic aetivt au fost etataiteinruain eonfigurtive, ind rene chimioe cae nn sfeeteast atonal de eatbon anette ( us}. Configurafile attel sabilite ae numese ae pt wien bam ¥ NA © aN ee ga woeegoi TY Letsstcenaceide ig. 1934, Beane wii, Us im teen de rein propor db Fheher A550, «fst woot doling chet dutta sfc ce Seeaat kee Siairs crvelt = @ pres Gonploets pet nal nde opens tales tot ast une ae ersten erring ls Mieka ig Sa oda necrect By paced Gs alll staal cg i a ata ets ch ‘sean ot, supa OH aa cll ay ovenpes hx seen ‘nai ting In scot ste rapa CHO vo a nel deo i" gra CHLOE net jm festa perch eel frittat sn spate. Aerts ogre fo mts eneatonal e iieen'n iat shana stag ope In penates Su aemaal Cy ea ae ire bh. cheernatdchte roi a reve cng tales ‘antimatter tar mal aes parante, Sera meer en oe ee curatia abvolata a unu! compas opte actly «fort determinats OO de ML Mijvost. Uelicied teloiel spegtede aligk in raze X, fost determina eonigaratia abe siti de rabid Edi a aestul tare dextrogin, Confguentie aot experientaT ‘rine diy Serene pent iterntma chines, on eoniguralie eave fuses fishaita avbitrar prin couveatia Picher Kosauol Astel configuratie 16, Stereochimie 11. Chiratdate, Activitate optic sa felative sabilite pe bus soestel emnvenfii au eoineit ex contiguraile hsolute: Doek rerullatal determine confizuratiel abuotate & aidulut {acto ar fl fost Invern, configuraile state pe baea conveufiel Dt, Tnainte de anal 1949, a i trebnit Ak fe versa, even ce ar fieonpliat mal iterabora acest domenia (1 Pigs27 (4 ‘© conventle eu earseter general, adoptata in pre- MN: Lh seal, a font propusd in ano! 1096 de B.S. Can, Cae fold at ¥. Prelog, eunoseats sub numele de conventia ‘Ros sau CIP (de iy iniialele autoilr). a srveste La $taeee Raporplor nnn} de earboo chiral» ‘configurstiiabsolate ni, siat determinate direct. ‘Convexjia LS are la ash eomparares apesile chirale ye aaa ‘unai standard chal gi anume sonia! de rotatie al acclor ceasorienl ‘plivind ele regal simple. ‘Se staileste nti oordine de prsrtate in sucesinnea aubstitue ‘lor (atom! sam grape de atom) direct legat de atomnl de carbon chiral (regula standand de mucteslane dayra pontates v. § 2. 'b, Se priveste alomal de carbon din partea oouss cotta tetra caalnd care poartssubstitueneol ea peorittten ees mai mi (de ulti fing de obicel un atom de bidrogen} (Hig. 16.25) «. Se sous sete sentria elo t ubtitent cai t colre fee etunghislare a tetriedrot Sore oh tor Dach sueeesianea substimentlar descreste in sens sector un Shsornl, configurafio atonalis de eabon so noteazi eu litera Jt (de Is roti dzeaptty 0 lignba latin), Daok prioritaten arupelor desreste in ‘ne invers rot aesforceasornouln, configuraia se noteass eu itera s {oe ta ninite, sting). orbs, # 4, Ondines de priortate te stablloste dup urmitonrele rag Ropala 1, Prcetaten stomilr diret legasi de atonal de carbon ‘leat omnes ex migrates tara de dine al elemental, Be neta cw numate do ordine-Z mal mare au peioritate fafh de cele eT 30 16, Stereochimle I, Chiraliate, Actottate opticd ‘numfs atomic mai mie; bdrogenal are proritaten cea mai mie (proritate Je ulti rang), Dees: prontiile deserese tn seria halogen (> > S GUS Py SO SN SC > Hy laotopel ex masa mal mare are prion: fave fay de eel eu asa yal mlet (D> 1). 10.29). oa oe Pi 1620, Cagis at an — cetera tee. Pie gnc eter -Repita 2, Tn molecule care contin 18 atom ebiral dot substitu enji ca plortate egal (de €x. stool do Carbon) prfonitatescelor dows Sr tiles lod seamn de atom dec Lett de acertt stort, Be ind regulle de priate expuse mal Sus. ‘Dees la 2lortutan prin sepls 1 se stabileyte doar priorzatea ‘Goratl igi do ce dot stort de carbon, Proctates grupel CECH {318 Selgrapa CH, reese din condderarea atornloe ditect Tega ae Se EoePaisettegat de central ehirl (regula 2). fn grupa met atomal de Fae eee carn exelget nual de dol ato de aoe Se ee mnt do dls i soeen (Gane cul i gh ey EC protate 30), Prostate tuber ar Pama aie Caen descends" C1'> CHLOE, > Soi > aes “rela 3. 0a ‘ck atoaelrenpecte ete ‘en legit auble tan Giple se consider’ de dots ronpeetir de trel atoms do aeeagt el a ed Gun | ce cna coo coc cae m=|< - CHOI Bo re coy cesralcdl, det suntiguata ewe 1, Giernaldeids Rm ctefars) are acu de carton cu congue 8 ig. 163), fn scidul let odinea desereseinds a priority substituent ‘Bnantlomert estroge are. carbon Shiral 1 (cchdeven peiortigit in sensul rotint ecelor ceasorniealu I ‘Snautiomeral levogit configeajia atomelal de carbon este fieyte ie 3632). " a - D, —Negull pentru uslizaresformlsor de proeeie Fisher 1a"Crea coniigratioe pce te saat crane (oureie Du) at gale ear esis pata To leith Ss ac haters tropa OH ye be vinta (ce x step etna repertory cu rapes GHYOH pCO i es to otspas eu lege oenate a su) eum rgula expos In {162.0 poet eta shin "atl on ea nrc, done sohod nest peat 8 he tear pasa ae Caper de jon nel vere, Back neces iubnttwno, conor ert Ge pirate, ma oe 416, Stereochimie 1. Chiralitate. Acticitete option {tn sensu rotirl seclor ceatomicnlai,configuratia atomlal de carbon va 41 KeDact ruceesunca ese Invete oti geeor ceacoraicu, configu. jis stomalul de earbon va fl 8 (tig. 10.38). be An be 4 f bit § as, He = iB Be = a Bes 183 “oy i! > "ig, 1635 ~ Cotesia Gnaecereamtanee, B, —Notaren configuratilor la molecule eu mal multe eentee ehirale Meer oi atom! de carton sie ao form ie i 0 so ite Rec til oa een ‘tral rout opie nl eu configura storaor de tbe seme she ‘eta ficate tom de carton i pate consign ti is sable soto Sana de Gabor. Sagres cu ae yw ph gle aoe Soa Br oiS ta ‘De czonph In 2 dierent pirates, mbaenr a atx sal ar ev yee natn CS cnc A'S a a Momal Cy otnee C1 CHOC, > Gat, Ss i Fein e N ee tie G5, 35) te GF, IM) CIS reo ARS) © moritate petra sable contgurfitcoms in notre ato: ae Soe sam ef ato de Hirogen, cu piontaten co mal i, ao orient in pat, apo ura enol fa carescade portage ‘Dever! penta for {yw dn namie are contguate 8,38 ire recon {file avere 32, 32 (ig: ay Bnantiomert erro an conizraile 28, 3 gi 2M, 38 di. 26.85, 1620). (O ales modalcate, care mu necasth een former de contig , nia hua tse ret folio de prokerie Feber ‘ind rege doi la aragrtal enter, Sofa perma Beco 16, Stereochimie J, Chiralitate, Activiate oped. ‘80 srs ade atomulde drogen pe ina vera a ‘poactag mibaiteohot in taper Tie oreo Bach destroyers Guede ee Py at ak ae Q naa u pepe eae ea area lou) contiguia extn RO deserter in wens invers repens 0 condewafe De ex, petra stabilves configuraie treozl ertrozel se stabieste te eee ee: "ee catbon Go euandomell teed Wal ‘erie est 0 ei 0 aw 1 eed vot a ation ot ebon wood nto bon dou Saxon bao (amas Coma yaks aa vente (4) Gu, 352) avemie (2) QS, 857) 16, Stereochimie Il. Chralitate, Actictate opt o Teaegabee, conteent eoouba, ‘kcOHoxO) Cee « ti, o£. des fa st ata actor cl do stom carbon fu vole ‘mortaetae a Hae eee Shs tentnenens Od ODOM =OHOMOSBH). coon a i tesa Naga N™ an kh En 16 DESPRE ONELE MOLECULE CU CHUNALITATE, ANTAL Au chimlitate asials unt contormeri(v. fig. 166).Ca orice contr. meri ceo nt st eparabil , deoaree e© fis tot inpal In contiti wo Crate im atom &¢onrbon atime Db: x saxty ay tin ‘Formarea racemicilor se, datoreashfaptului ch moleculé prochin prune motu out pi eevee per waco! reactant een ee ess ee oir sere ae Pe acerca... | Merona oan tae roe rc cn Pompeu samen eaten, |r er cS gr ae 2a | ee ‘eelor dot enantiomeri. Aid on | ». racemiek din tiomeri. Racemisarea, 8 Fe ce mec mame sme, (MMe est ace Formares racemicilor din compusi achirali repreginté mersul “enantiomer. i In avert cas trebuie ak se dispund de enanth 396 16, Stereochimie I Chralitte. Activites optic agomiserea const im tramsformatea reverabilt wa enantiomer reacts ae Sas bie ee ee oe mats ‘Tamlomare weal ceatoner I rc, Recemizaten poate fi urmieitt prin seidara treptat @ rotaie, optico a enantiomesnil eate se nccrazeaai ont aetna ee ae ‘Racemizara poate fi tolals (amestecul confine 50% existiomer +4) 41 60M smantiomor (—); Totatla speifet este Zero) tk paral in tose mai exact ensatiomes care mtu iccmizat ines Foals speck fish difers de rem) Tas transforinare wo eiantiomer in celia, in curs racemiziei, ‘ro Joo schimbren cofiguratie atomulu do carbon chit. Aceata implied Tiperes une legitur eovalubs dela cent chin efaceres ota deen olla terwedralal Ia eare fost inal (©. nversia contgurs oy $1.1 A). i Rucowizirle sint in mara lor majoritate react catailzate do ‘oie sade Daas le dcourg prin intermedia estat eu structed plan (Gatboeation’, earbaniont eu stractursplsmf, radial liber) in care exist, {dous foje serootopice echivatonte. Un exemplu de racemiaare” prin intermeiat cationic ese redat fn fig, 16.19, Aive exemple, ¥- subetityia SNI. $17.71. ‘ yh = hb = 1 sk, —Heemiy pe lntemaal ad crtoatan lan, ‘Racennieiet prin intermediart anioniet (cashaniont stabliath prin cconjugite) vor dicatate la cap. compisi casboulict st eompust catbo- silo (re $0846 9 20.32.4)- TRactaizarea yspontani, 9 ate le aparent wre interventic sin ata eot do fapt toto reach cacalizat (de ack sade baze) tn rare Gotalentoral este iusi 0 imapurtste nedessath in enantiomeral ut sai {ineor! poste f-chigr 9 grapage din moletnia enaitoneratl, RacorteAele ‘pontade at oe In soleeue care tro gor tn tatermedial plas 16 Stereochimie Il Chiraltate,Aetiviate optics tomes conformational Barre ds ene sown fan es We BELA st 16a0). Th molecule ou mai mle centre chiral pot le muceares di singur centr chit, Fenouentl posta epimerisare iat stereolzomert formal (dlasterslzaea) set Stor (ig 16-45) ae OH one, tesarona ‘Bpimeriaaren este un fenomenfreevent inti in ehimia hide de carbon fp 3). ! e. Proprieaite rmcemivior, Weacemicii sini optic ins compensare-fatera ean w-rmafie speifice 9 co fl nstae ici, solujiesanin stare gononsh, propeetsie cen fit dante eu cele Ale ensntiomerior (oar singel ele Int ware ervaliznts ae snting mai male tipast de facemil I fe proce diatre moleculele Tacemicior yale eusutinnet ametria tipo rele evstalin, ifn proper ae ss ene ote setercsae nakcc he neocon pa fas ica see 9s 436, Stersohimie I. Chiraitte. iitateopties 4g . pone de ere saitce re 1e.— Diam pct dete ance ERG pes cen ren ated coun ce ee (ett lat ar ct te amet pat forma cance agg See neue tera feongiooer) 2 HAO Poe Shite: “d, Mele entra sparares (seindaree) 1 cenieiar in enantiomers, Deonrece enantiomesit ‘ine Tormenal'tn racemic au toute, proprietaie fine pchimice idence, cu exceptia wenaulal tv Sire tere planal lamin polstante, separates ‘Stndmceror Gin racemic hu se poate fave ct etoile chimien sau zie curente ay eh ‘Sepurtrea mecauied a ristallar, apleata Fe can, — yma de Pasteur fa cartratl de soit el amon, Fe. 2e20, = Daermee ice 0 meiod picts, caving mai degra ods ae rk ogee stone” Delf cnt _pufiie saat ‘ier eistalienad in englomerate separable Seporaren prin transformart tw diasterctcomert. Tiastereoizemeris ‘an, spre eoncbive de enantiomer propretal fizce diferte (puncte de ‘Hnsbey punete de topiey slubilidqe at epectte fete), In general eperistacaah. tu viese aifeite chiar cu wh Teactant achiral. Pe tht tnoprictat! le diasereolomerior se basetzh metoda cea) mei importa apiee ee mor iB de + oie xationes Micloda e separare imple urmitoarele operat: trataren race- rmicutu su um revetane optic nets (aed sat bao) et cae forme cite mica Sean din cet do egantionvst (sarunte celor doi enantiomer int compan dastereoizomety deck paral), veparanes prin crstalizare Enon s dastereizomerilor in stare pur (de obieet se separ ea facta aclu fal eiberatca euanttanera pur din diaeereoia0- i. ee 16, Stereochimie Il Chraltate,Actviateoptict oe inet, O olapi suplimentard este recuperamaa ractivulul optic aetiy, de ‘he! ut prods mata [PR OALOME OAOD PAH eo SS ‘Reactivi optic activi folositi pontra separate de enantiomer di rvceril st ed os bane naturale nia stuelle, Petra separarea bazclor (opr Sep sc spt active naturale sg sivtetice(ehinina, bracint,ciucouin, ee dino, feta et). ‘Pentru scindnrea alcool oplie acti se wtiizensi o variant, care alepola ete transform ag nen inonoestr a aida fai se ceine ngrupa carbo deci poate forma sare diastereokomners ‘eno baad opie activa (fig. 10.31). Dap separare, se regenerea2t aleoolal pun bil. i Berernaen atm, é oo es, : AY, ee Sinden aminmelior cae ay coracer amber (~S12 neces transforms fe 4 grape! amin fie © grupel caeboxilintrn erieat Cuncfimal sap! trafaren cu aeidul sat eq asa optic acti, $100" —> (29 Hoo. ry |-RCHOLE a8 =) HLN—IK-COOR, Compusi carboniil, neat, se transform’ In semicarbasone subati- tite en grape acide capable at de, cu base optic active, sara diastereo- Somere (tg. 10.32) co-w-f \)-so0 14:4, — reo lay em een 400 416, Stereoehimle 11, Chiraltte, Activitate opted soa sierece Astwerner SNE IsDUETHT ASKER ‘0h nuinele esate aimetrice sa indi asinetrce se enprind Stare la fear unt atom de arbon asineticy Ine-o molecu ‘Jhochialis ual in etetelzomert so frmenst in proporie mat mare Ta Beall. Ta sinezle noma, sbetree et dl stereakomer enatio- SS) s2termena in propor ae gt ae obfintactl (©. § 1072), Sta ‘ei admetree so raises acl mediel chil eos, cataliator sa {Gdtrvane) saa edd fnte Quin eielar polaron) ese chiral ‘A. Slateze asimeticeinduse de un centru chiral preexistest ‘in moleeult ‘a tn reactile produslor natural cate contin centre chirale to -vecinStaten central de Teafie prochiral se forineazi preponderent unl {in steeoisomes. stil, a ada acidual elanhidrc i + )arubinost te ‘Sine aproape exclaiy nite acidulul manonie ji mumal foarte papin Sitril ginconie (8, Fuvcher, 1899) o nebow sic aa iat eae : ‘rgato-mag- Rian se objine dupa Bidroliza esterulul (edics indepitaren central {Ke chiraltateintrodu emporar), un hidrosiaeld in mojoritate racemic ‘dar care confize in exces tal din enantiomer. “Aste, prin esterfcareaaeidullfenilglioxilic (achiral) en (~)-men- tol) 4 tstareaesterulul optic tiv format u fodusk de metilmagnesia se hee dupe indeplrtares mentolala pein birols, acid atrolactio Shale acti, conpinind tn mic exces de acid 2(—)-atrolactic. Uulaind Geof Stoel cr, le ererficaren aida gloslic, uma din enantiomers 16, Stereghimle IL. Chraitate,Actvitate optics aon tropiel ai sleotula biteilie (1) formas mojorter uml din enantio- ment acidelal-stzolacti, acid ("-}atrlnetc. eae er Mien | toa scbaccan <-4-coom ets atc Rihana ae ee 7% Be Foon ete ee Poe ee ieee eee Sten ris ul techno elt of deel termining a eens Petes en peme Jefe Ea ares oa eee ta eee ieee os Becmenccn ereesaee Secs ees exter «com: Pes sie Fo atau a ea tt SRE w ere ies t ' pe va Biases aca wcinpug hice: 0 R ye a substan) Mamare Interac, mare 1439, nee onl eatin coo cmp ern megnas apt rep Crm, 02 16, Stereochimie 11, Chiraltete. Aetlitate opted Benin a prvee coniurtia nla rl ln Mi tn tuncyle de coligusafia central etal in ester ne cuaideri, comyet {lonal G4 ele dous grupe CO (dia carbonill eetoni 9 di grape COOR) AOR orientate antipartel gi sat coplanare et substituental eel moi mic i i ; ; wh — - cin eat oats cus comps orguamaei apt ol Dei. ‘a carbonats chital care produce induetia asimetriet (regula fat Prog 3 gatbonll chit teaser 8 rest carbon chiral, cel doi subst Dato Sp) sevor afla deo pte gi de celal plat restuls mole cea eee rufu in ups C=O 0 Va produce pe fais. degaiath ek Afton Tefen ubaituedeai eu volum fntermodar (i) (ig, 16.0), fi SiStonte notarea comfgitaiel oma chiral dim idroxieid ‘ca arg lo canton rogull BS (C. § 1644.0) Yd seam de ordinee de Ghamale s subetituenylor. De eee deqi (—)}mentlal dinjews tac Priore eee gommeguerian ln grap OO a una exter s-cetoate Io. co ee Dcenn natura regal dn campus organ magaezian aan a cvoal Hear 8 al conGgurajielearbonulut china din enatio- ter mate, De ex, in reaehi feuigiosilautul de (—)nenti eu era Peeimagtesinse one, dupa hidralas excesdeacld (atte se rosea pruvacnil de (--}-mentil et jodurt de feniimagneris sti mes dupa preuetare, exces de acid $-(-}ateolati. t ph -60-Co0R | enkaAT — GE —C00%1 ECS st arte i (e000 = Get PC, €—COOH w GenG=OT, Small naa (Seance 1. Slatezeasimetrce induse de eatalizaori sau dizolvant optic wetvi Sintezelo biochimice catalizate de ensimo cnt strict stereospecitice doors de seletve. In attel de reel se formes onal din esanti Free eel natura, enzimele tnd compugs natural (¥. § 32.) Hi aif acidulatclanhidrc Ms benzuldehids (catalizati. de ional 0 a i eve nti manydete raceme dit care dup hidralsh Gilad ca inanatdic racemic. Dacd adn acid reve de baad optic activa ca de ex. (chin 18, Sterochime Il, Chiralitate, Activitate optct dups hidroliza ckanelnei se obtine acid mandeie in exte,predon apt Ridroleridomnen, Caiizind deep eatallatoe exmulsind (aesten Tn te hsb de igs nage) ew contin de exit (CFobtine exe itl gh reapeet aed (~)smendeli (See 6. Sinteze aslmetrce induse de medial fire ehiral ‘Formarea de compogi opti ati din conus! prochirali opti ns tion presen ami rela plat wedi ii cial xs cane Ait rrenteganmetice abeoata. Asti de retell sit coreate e SNsiq sparta efit pe Bimint. Introd Gea Ca ar a eR cu 1 ect re SM Ma tw beret etenrage oan 404 16, Stereochimie 1, Chiralitate. Acti tate optics oti nde te Se a a cme SS far secon ens 8 cso Rem ou (3S ti eto ae ete peta it 4. setae stb ctl attic tte fra tee ue henna ahr its arn Exempt po ee ee eget ciara ve? daz on eats temo ntae eigurier ea shige asta CHP seins. ce ra cnn tier cade etd pe le aii ati SCRE Me Nese, Nie EO, sue ae P icinter te hattge pu sneered Dalene 1 Padi fot pc gg mete toe nln teste cae dessa 3 SACRO GIScabunt tae deamon ba compu fom By, COMPUSE HALOGENATI com conn in molecule to, dept gos fantio~ tals un olcn de hnogen BL pot dent formal din Roca {dlocanen ‘su som de hldragen ea wn nome loge fo exasnacane, NoMUNELATER, Compigit halogenagi se impart, dup netuei radenduul dros ona legut de stomal de hafegen th comps! halogenatt sara In eae [Balogentl este legat de un rudd lei clone sau de eaten satorat. fui afllesm, compas halogenats mesure cu halogen legat de un carbon olefinie ft compust halogenafi avounatie! et Kalogenal Tegst de wn Inet aromatic. "Stee compar alent e freaz pia adsugec. une Dalogemuluy ca prefix, In mumele hedrocarbur Toes auth llscers go als nomenon 1 cre mole cela comput halogenat ete considersth cx 0 hlogenurh vest Ui hdroearbonat. Seen ara ee Poritin si mumirul atomilor de halogen se notewai prin cite, Dac ‘molccula eontine mat mal atom de halogen ifr et we indie In ‘rain altabetich su in ordinesereseind® a tamirvtul te oedine af halo ‘penal cules say GCE atte ti. oi atom de halgen af aca atm de caren se nue al aa in post ye mutes vain (ae La geminu, geen If vctnuy ving in Fest hes. ee Benth te 606 17, Compust halogenate {hn compusi hatogenati nesaturati in earo atomul de halogen este legat aitet de frhonil legiturt duble, halogen se uumeste valle Hilogeual dito paaitiealies som henalek se aunieste aie sau bone ee vinta 7 tte F erat ule de ale se impart dupe natura atomului de carbon ‘de careesteegatatontl dehalogin inbalogeauriprnare (halogen primar) Sogn rune (lg ean haga terre Gale Roce x able one va In comput halogenati aromatic poste 6 noteaxi prin eft ‘mn compugi disubstitai{ive noveazt pri orto, meta gt para. tu alehtbengend _erupa ahi primes fal de halogen, grupe ale peaind narnia ae ce va rt-dileoersen 24-lerouan 252 SIMEON, PmOHMETKyH EQnNeremstiCE ‘Legiturn © OX se formeazi prin intrepiitrunderce unui orbital CHLENLEHE = ch aN = = aah matt ACH Scr > (CHC ae need mat (orem ser > (eye ea ta att int. ee ab hige St comparate coordonstelecelar tel eae de extra ig. 172. — Cando ect fie eer ember Cu cit eudical ber este mat stabi (ani sltwe in energie), enerein ecosr pentrua atlage tarea de tonsil ehetgin de setae ssh eMerg liberi a stitde tanaitie Gv. § 4.2) vanaf micas react va deci fr viterd mal mre (tabea 172). Dupi eum results din ‘abel, Aitrenfele de Bg in eaefie de elorwraee Sint mies; Vasingio mare % Bye ‘eu temperatura (¥. $4.2) fueo et la temperntatt mati st aibe loc o tive: lare a reactivitijilor relative (postal reactivitiidor relative ale bidto- senilor prim: sce? ter file etre 1); clorurinea devine neselectiv Aecurge dupa lgile probit eieniior 27, Compusl hatogenatt uF Jr tor iy ar eve sab np acs co ale! pote dabei crater a rand nde hte esl et a edo ela Se pain mle Bee eM se 2500 om ‘starea do tranaiietimpurie seam ou renetani (Og. 27.9). Aton ebro este ma pun sect’ energie de ativare ‘tue mat mari (abel 172). fn Feta metannlu ex brom, acest este de ‘300 de ori mai pufin tenets dest cloral raportalvitezeloe relative pre~ eas Tee inti de ascmsnea diferente promunjate(raportal primar : secundar : tet fine este de 128251 00 fagh de 1230 La elororae) Ta bromurate inven de truaije te stabieyte tiriu Didroeariurs capt un paternie a 27, Comput halogenats ‘amucter de radical liber, efectul de tabizare al raicalull devine operant i determind selectiitaten promunfatd a aceste reac. Energia eudicallor, {n‘ambele reall este, evident, seeeagl nor ae se fest aye > wep ame pe eee eee se ert recreate te Soe ee : si emaay a eeriuess Seperation cic dn fneio de aetna dee. a cra ab) acta Sate rae arnem eeeeee Eotat Pau aeameanonees Boy at Fenomennl nu este observabil (si uu are consecinje structure) ta metan sau in ropan deoczece sezults molecule, shire. (9) Soret a WS E " a Be a Ca jot produit de coronre al butanol, nal t-clorutanat set aml aa ae Savi in aru de eh vind patra fbetituen diferi; tn consecint’ sit a A ‘Ghimie Hf, § 10-18) Deeareceganssle 17, Compugt halogenatt 7" cxmntlomer int egal, din rece regu mcs dod ameter eo i. oe ot y aa g & 23 2 (Utica 1. Din alehene prin adie de baloge RoaAcH-Nsis > R-GIN-CHN—n aRencion peed Bonet ty Ko 76... ‘ip aadiia de halogens in conaitl hetero ST ional clave de halon ‘Nature cco a foutdul de halonin face cain etapa a doua a edi st fol de hofogenunis sam al alta agent wuclootl (4 ex. ops aie static) aa sir oa "ntermediarl cle (tae pe la spate) ‘ae alogen dit (nat ps one. a oma fen ce oinis ten geators ‘Stobilitates joulor de halon sade fa ordinea iodoniu = brom- tla adil fons est pestath ad lan oe carson ‘sl pitas se Sect denvini an ora ‘Sense ees primi vor preset 9 eerecrpctionae al mare. eisai a Bal te cris croton en sian eve ona de an inp oceans coun ceter romans ae fon dee Siiteseetesetatns (eaters arte Saltese he sais ral depen). {atta do fonmar halal pina soli hal tein azarae, ‘Dupa cum 8-4 mal meptionatyalchenele cu dublalegiturs substi tuith asimetrie formena dont de halonia nesimetra, ow sigeine poxitivi ‘coucentrats tat malt le carbontl ee mai eubsttait, corespunsind catbo- ‘etlonaia el mal abil eersr sn secundar), De wonea acest ion de balo- ‘hy eset ete atacat de daorantal cin (aw st nell pre- eat) preferenjial 1a avout de extbon posiivat, coudueind la un singur ite. adie; adifia este des) tegionlestied(V. regula Int hor, F % 2 “os ® Oat oe OB oH el ines Ts yen ae < Gives Hie menos . Compu halogenatt a aie a aloe, te, dona rou i 1 ta ine aie 1S Mencia ou pcan cation aie stabi eonfugnre, dea: fnante (v- #10.0). esata irony cite wetting. Acai iseam ‘ch wh nine Secolome al schone coma i sum dawterwts aan Netra dwterelsomerie format et apo “lena delves cen, Avtl in ce-lchee so ob datereo ‘reo {iscemie) lat din’ treexalchene se obfin aiatereoizomer racemiet aan mezo, in fanefie do substituent alchene) ‘De ex. sin de brom lao gla trane2-butenk duce i 23-dibrom ‘Vostereoromers. Din oo‘butend se obtine amestec de enantiome Morel tee (racelnc) sd taaa-2-batend te objine forma mete (rte) ents (meno) ‘do bromurt poate ataca eu, protabiltate talk eet dol atom eatlul de bromoniu (sinettic in aeest eas). Atacu find p ul de carbon veepeetiv it eehimbt coutigara}ia. Din fo — a coon a aed a ‘de bromonin ae a = R-GHite— cr, \ none “ ye 4 + R-GH,—CH,Be Mri se aaionsat Ie aleten, repose, conduind geal cre con ati de alge et co ama de a iat fouls fa Barvornien). Aas decane pl BP Ailel Gromit se avons a snd Noles dar ta ‘eur aie deeurge contre Tegult Tut Markovaikor. elt apt (erg meets) le aiid dr ne, ¥- Alene, F181 6, Din slchene prin eubstiagie aii 5 | erm: sn 64 ie , “A@ebenete tratate ou ¥-bromnueinimias (BS), in conitile men ra sn, se subaital ca Rage nosis. Meta et Wr re vate prepara oa ede neo alchene, ca de ex. propenn,suferk clorarar lied pet tare ct lo emperstane leat peste 300) CeO +04 = eoracNE He & utitaia tm pone allen vy §7.02. i Trin bien ea clr neta api in recta i ena om apa brine clara de cll ( enter ers jetta 2 By decurge ase ; 2 Dia athe pin aie de ins ee ee aig Actin $18 —> mc ee cay ay ; eres a tr tt oa Hate enraged compo bloga don a8 1%, Compuri halogenayt Din alcool ¢¢ hidaeish Roan IS > RON SMe tate: > B= HEL: Rg > Ra Re ‘In reactia sleotiior cu hidraca, aleooliterfiaeireacfionca’i mai yor dost et secundsn lacey det cel prima. Distre hides seal ‘odhidre reaefioncaat cel mal wgor acl elordie neces de tule tt ‘prezenfa tut cataltzator (lorie in), re mers este Teach v-Aloal, §18.6.D. XD. Dim aloooli gt atogenuat acide din seria fostorual si seit Roos rs, pO, ROOM PS, > RO PO = HN Roomy $004 > RAO 4 FO, eactealcoior cu otnlogentn defor ese 0 meta ge: ‘ip penta bine compas halogeap Cloraie do ales Selo ‘chile objin avantajan pen eaten stool ey tara de toa oven {tal presen de pn prodan areundan erence nd vost, elocrie nist deeebit"de upoare ‘Despre mecantenal $f aapetetestreachimice ae seertor rei ye Alco g 18 ere | © Din arensulonat gl halogen ateatine | ROIS Ar=SO1 —> RL OSO,Ar | HH Soar SAX RK 4 Nate (© variants pentru inloeuires eu halogen a grupel hidrnit cous in transfrmarenalcollat Ingen stent ($330) a trares Sees alogenurh eli ‘e accastt eae se obj wjor composi Auorarati gt odurai,gren cecil pen ale tetode TET Sums normal odarat rw 2.) Din avai cabot prin decarboxtine halogen Sree ol eat xl 8 sro ns) Ae tat en PHONG 1 none Ko) Compuyi hatogenat rups carbo we poate iloew ew halogen prin mak multe variante Cexporimentate, toate avi al halogen se aban pra tear sae do arg wna ) suit eattontie clos trum sou ta, bn solic de tetmetorur de estbon I Hunatecker, 1938). eatin dacurge cu rudamente mari, speci a lidar walla ‘carhoxilie cu oxi ie ere ron I tes grit cst a dad velcaah i id poe retn a ialank ee chew eit” fetzanerat "te pl Roth te R001 + moor +L —F nt 00, + euoodenyy, (9 J Aveastsrenctie decurge en randamente foarte maxi, in special Is \ oh grape arboxilLogate We ator de earhoa becudan qt tet 1%, | Din compas Ralogenafi prin reel de sem de halogen nox im SS pwns, por at Sage fou yaa, ge co rn ale wet, Thu dovivatelorurat man breat sun exces de fodurd sa, a was de een a, i ant Prin ncaa mete 6 obi ie pe alte vor fodura gf Muoeura de beia pawcncry sin > cer + sec Feawerges xr > cayenne «se mervul refi, v, Mecaninunl reactor eompoyior halo 420 17, Compugt halogenatt 733, snernze DE courust matoceayt AROMATIC! | A-Din hidrocarbuti aromatie prin halogenare direct’ Haopoare crc, baer semper Waal ioe ‘opreainta eal ten mat utiaath penta « bine com: ‘as lraai 9 bomar. Compupit fod nor mst acento ‘aru aromatioe Pada bescnt oa ‘conti sa ronson tora anak nba nen acti male cece ae Sree rece Pe PoP ae cleeaees) Compurt halogenatt “ Aleitbensenit, la tratare eu elor cou Dram in aecleag! con ‘au in prezent® de promotor), re substitie in posiia ben F66-6-S Crud de lors de Fenitiir ers Reaiigen mtn fp pt do halogenare holla ve i b, ne hetero lootrofit a intut Halogen Hlalogenare Ihomolities tt scart in ‘bata lero afanace, $110.4) Rea we 17, Compuss hatogenats subetituie electro a tenzenuias ex tenn sau et lor atv 0 eine ‘compica, Vitean ie react dep de concentrate clonal, benentat fa eatlizatorulal (einties de ordinal TKI); © — (Cty) (C4 (eC ‘Reactantul cevtrft proprv-ls, oat! Cleat ional Be", spare Une din motive energetics. Teae{la ate loe Intre hese 3i morale de lor sn de bros sre formenz in prim etap, ex hirocarbura_ aroma wo. un comes uestabil de tunafor de sareind eqgplex =) in eare bea {ure dintee tonite halogen devine pola’ Tae es. FeCl) Intervie in eott complex prin acceptaten sonal Cl In lof! Fel; Tonal de elorbenzendnin format inkermesiar cans Intro etapA uimitoate, un proton care este transfert ansonalay FeCl” lemind tid tat (PCL) cre se dewormpne gyre te HGS regenercart eatalizatora) Ores Bence Ooo + Foy edn tt into nti, Coordone sealed at alsa ae ‘amie eign lor weak saber tana i ests dre si eon summa aa aga 47. Compusthetogenatt ~ ote eel ae gms sts Malogenaros halenolvenzenllor decurge dupa reuse orien “LT. Haloyent sit subsite ar ‘onifile orto gt pera, dar react. deeuruet tt nleal coat, | Din bsimare oromaties prin intermedi sir paren ainzanin seat, SB arene xe 9 anes tinea sro dere fi aninelor prima wn ren acestorn. comput alge ‘vhf deoeistsmimange a § 28 Aceasti metodi este mult utilisats pentea obtiners de ep cre astfel devin aceribil De seen ste fl ¢Fompusi eu ear raw roan i psi iste ‘pot fF introdasi prin halogenare inet. 6-020, - 17. Compust helogerati {734 SNITERE De cowruyt wALogENATL NusamnAs ‘A. | Din compusi dilogensfi prin dehidrotalogenare neato Be cone cry ex ak x i ai, fe i ai, lj ata: hen ea ni se See, Sa ee me i bg: Wacmericulas diane ar fae tthe Yoh mo aaa ae adi acres (CH, >. ctynctt— cr tr | Din acetilene prin adie de hidracat Coma seme) Ortineren computor tnlogenagl nesta din azetlene (s. § 654.6) eta lita do aooeltatonsoetleneh, sat tnd'oh to scene so obtin ain ‘compuy helogenai vial! prin aes logetate v. Actions, § 33) ‘rin aia ctalitiel (EGC) a acids clothidric Ta scetlen so ‘obtine De weard industrial dota de Vint HomoHjneL —> Hea Din i om 4: | Bin alchene pri dle de, Ralogenestbene, Compu fe ES ns: hia aed ara ate Dinalognocarbenle racionset eu logitury dublb dia alehene formind compas caine! opropanie Adin stssoppac, 42 lopropa. oH SH cag Gn AE ci, MSc WO no Woy by 2 3-dlme ‘orm “aimetit-1-a ‘xistenfa ditalogenocarbenclor a fost demonstrat pentra prime princaptare dclorearbone' cu clelohexen (W. von H. Doering, 1804). Cee — OO oot Péter, C0, taste tinal ‘eet Fee OKO KY C4 (CMAYC-OH 4 K*, ear eae cr lopli» resofil ge climint un proton, extras de besa Ithul anion ticlornetl, nastabll Acosta. elssng um Spe ae er eae ed i It uate, ts slo peat, prin ater ie eancentate debirenid Ge tit pret lo iru eumterareeamotia, on doe. tet Gam NORTE HRA); rei do tamer do a 17, Compusi halogenayt eae arent geal ye i re te anal Seed ice is nee rete ta etratutniars tah onic, am a aoe es ‘Compusi clorurafi ai metanulu ve obpia prin slorursres meta 1a temperaturtsidieate, In present de clrbune nev, Clorura de met, ‘dorura de metilen, clorofarmal si tctraclarara de carbon se tilireaas 1s inl agi van Clr do et ete wan aed metry Tetraclarums de carbon, neiflamabia, serverce ea egivant Het ‘penta atingitoare le tecad ‘Govatormal are proprietit ansstsice si eate unul din petit com- ‘pus! iz Inehirurge ea nareotie (Simpson, 1817). Se obfin, fn afar ‘de cloruraren metaaul, din elanal sau din acon’ prin trtare! cu ipo ‘tort soa saw do cleta(elarars de-ear--Au oo i ‘at cexenon enone Spec = cit + ne00: cexycocs, + execoen, > axa + cnyco0 Din ens mater pein alsa actos) hii do odin i ee Bitty uilizat in modicing ea’ gentafeetant: “apasali eaibonie tialogenat sth Selanen Daze: lor pour nue de rece Meleformd (v9 § 171) “lorara de ei taj inde niin sida lorie ‘ri loraarea slant gaa a1 > encase, 41,2-Didoretanal ette materia primi pentru clorura de ‘bine rin adiiaclorful Ia etlea Senay +64 > 0 aye Lj1.-Tvicloretanal (metildorotormul) esto snult_utilzat ea do- capanc fnindustn eleetrones, Se obfine prin adiia aiduluelorkidse Inelerarn deinen. wee eoysery, per 2 ry keriney me ubtve that prin clorwrates open in tempestars eto. 30 YaAcH-cH 4.0, > y=eHt-cnp 4 He 17, Compush hatogenati ‘ Clorura de vinit i clorura de viniliensint- monomers vinit important Cori do ise oie dust pon dia ei lr Ifo Ia acetilens saw eit 12-dlloretan prin debldroctorurace terich lorura devin Aytp-tctoretaon re fabric prin debidrocorurates tric ovay-engs — Pea dls i wen vac Bo art ete or cea tt een ‘etruetoretilena ee obfine, altri de tte ‘lorararenprepenct 00a eracataci, —> e,4eyenec, orn de carb i Mexaclociiohesanul amettee de ausercizomeri) se obi alin cloratl to beazen ta Tun at fn prexenfa deprunseton ml, vf 14.2} accra ete atid iat psa ma ty mm deni” Beg @ aa) ge clerata We vn i vlorara de beuaiden fic” yr ove Homelite intact) tne eayeen, “a, eae! > ena, —> eee Chosbenzenul re tabrick prin eloruranes benzexulul fm presen Mor) electri (Fut) i ca cannes un nw inferior ai compugtor alo genat rrunogs @xit Hh eusoy a temperatura came tne nies fueron vit sls Yn sei comp tir pea aemate 428 17, Compusi halogenait formpoyt mosalogeoa wnt Hh arco sau polhalogeani sit {aTeme'mal mule chet soa (abet). ‘Comp halogen sit incolabil inp; sat slab stata dizlvanlpesgabit, Dena lor ceo ai tase dl ‘Si tregte' ontinea "lors Chvemert rex onexagy SE tux ‘Prin tratarea unui compos halogenat fn eoluie de eter aire, ‘eu magueaty, se formeass um compus ongahomagneriad (C. § 5.31.0), ‘Tost composi alogenafi reacioucnat In accleosl condi, dar in casa compugoe halogenafi winiicl oste db preterst ak se ullsrze TEP ‘arepe dsotvant. - ‘Reoefin compar halogenst cu lita se eteetueest in wule de ‘pentan {eter de petrol) in abmenfs totais a aeralal (atmoeert net), ‘espe reacflle eestor eompusl, v= Aleani (f 531.0) wi Aleool (1851.6. 1 Compugl hatogenatt oe user ane gumauaceays ou REAcrrOTEATE ) A. | React de mubstitntie nuceotis @NE SSN nck ($78) ‘Atomal de hulogen din compusihndogensfi cu naitvitate deslocit bub form de anon Xun i ahh aon mses poate Apa oe nace a ere -e tesae F | (ho noteaes ew xinbolul 8 Atargal degen eaee wi at sn up eam ‘i molecu se nawegte grup detail faye sotcute (lenny rou, ia tia englex8) Sati nul» tna de a ato de Aur ho ier acta mt un i iolinponcante entra obit do compas anganit dn seria aia inaith eae st afin alcool eet, tiateool lower, arise te ‘him de halogen, allt conipugtelogenagt (dv ex. campus lun fi, Prin ecg on eartaion se een Hogtun © 1 1 del ng de eaten Se obj astfol nite weit ew wl Mn de eartom in pla ft de eaten compas Halogen exe a Sein demir Fx 4 no m HoHD re ROX + NCD (me NeOOI) —> Roc Hate Wx on eos, Ain pm Rex oN mR Ai se mex ns Tinton Mex oon Se int CX aNCOON, > REGINCOOM, fae stats ‘Meet de liminare dle hidracia dst at Dine se rato ete (0 17) (EN tama 1) ase 17, Compuyi halogenet Cmpusiihalogengi care congin um atom de_hidrogen in pita tag om Tipo i tad pena sd alchce fv exemple $ 2.30. B). (ese de inure de dra au lo tn presenta acloras ne tani asian sunole resp de subaaieuctra (hdol een {rete aceay de sale of, aentereasnt tn compete. Dis. ‘axel npr oastitaie soa spre chitin depinds de coud exp FinunalyQesruecunempanoas loge mec pin fe = flomenah [mt dete) 177._aimeaytsuts MENTION CowPUsON UALoGENA pear — [Subetitufie uceOTnC ab cimare-de hidraela) © (@22), waco suustircTe NueLEOR 629 eee ete Sear cree pear te get et eee ieee seer e o ies ROT De exempln ‘ayeILCHyeH,—e + HO” —> cue, 01+ Be ~ tn reaeile ou mecanism SNI viteza resetiei depindo numa de enosntng crpat haigeat ete idpententt conceal ‘stantalu gucleo Cinetien reacfe ese de ordinal I, Heacfia poate ft ‘oct in mein baal, neu i ease al tunel react de subiti hil rae BNL | REN +40 —> ny6-ont rs sie = RIKER De crm Ee do aleil senna jet eda, in fonee de oon on . Tite falters do 17, Compusi hatogenath ’ ti, ele via tae esac octan (. cond reaepit, §:17.7.2. ay. " . = ” — he | DMecaninmol SN2 se earacteriaa prin aceea e&ruperee Init ©=X ah formmares noi fegitur YC loc shuultan, insta rani. oveit de substtagie nueleoils himoloeular De exempl hidrotizn bromurt ae metit ‘eaetantul nual, eu sarong negatisd san electron! nopart fiw afinitate petra’ aueleut atomufat de carbon polrizt p Maioaat X Oebial {Cox eo se rue te ule prowte Wletroit reictantulut nueleotl fa starea de tronic leptin When format ned defitie ia tegttura C2 mu a rt Ine fu sa sna nega. Ys" i mijoreanaurlies deoatece” elt dfs spre total dean fn gels tinp alam mh X capita a. mrtg poral negative mat promunfata dv “Wns elec lgatun C3, Are oe dee 0 dust «sare let five, Hherls er se Mégojs in forinara Testun YO esto ois “Ble Foyer estan CO, Braga eis rect este fra tna Sleroehimie reegilor ew meconigm SN2. eaetantal ‘y= hin ator de earn al logit CX pe fata tetra I In care ao 36 atomal de alogen sat alld erupt dep! pe spate; apopinen cca mal favors esto din diet Wolo to eee m afi colinkne, sare de tates Hamma de carbon ve aft tn soelai plan sar grup Vel fo Ioximai ge go ata de cbf cb poi Miaarh ct se forineaat gitar YC. vatenfele atom i ndreapts spre arc opt cofpl in ear me forme ky MOuAte oe o'tnestare a eonfagurfet stam de carn. Fo poate compara cu faloareenen uuck wmbrele es dos do tranafe atomtl de carbon este hibridit tem Each rai om al sina De eas rps Hy a bape de a 1, Cpe aegeeep pent ve smi pe Ta spate al carbons ep e ogc net aN Ae orang era aay de subaaie nae ‘ss eae a fone geo Hm pout net Gener Wate Apt mat devote atin, 80) ove ‘april vd pgm nwa ae sae Sa ha fst adn in tual totuate Seep Sompas i baa gp act “Aste, ai ow hidroxid de son ae einetiea 2.romoctanal exist sub forma a dol enantiomeri care daw prin ideo petanoll enantiomer i ete foe spent it ot. 9 ence Aca eecmeemnngae eee rem oar Sper hera nena 1, Hector caret ‘rege $32. Usarinja ou care a too refi en mecaniamn S89 depinds de eapacitatse Feactaniulal nucleo {fos destoval grupa dopa (atom de halogen care presto molt: {ij Seranta dopinde de mat raul faotor tee are e8 ra Important fine tar ot nature ait (Ga genera grupedeplasabie), navurs deo "Weft reales basi” Hearn meh sin. hear sates neath tao rdert te ita ae fae carbon ia ite pani mst te ce at cual HO STN. ‘Novlestieitates sen Ho. eho" Scr 10 seads in ondinen» RM: © NH, > OSH, > O.N In'seria’ carbonains CH, > CH2C= 5 * cH 008}, Breer eas sain clonal meni fn seria halogenitor cade in ordinea T= => B= > Cl ==, I SO" Mines volamalul substituentlor la atomal basic produce wt ore neleotietiit aeeatain + (CH,).N: > (CHCH,)§: "Natura radicalates organi. Radicals alot primar favorinssa untvapin SN, cel tergian favorita SS. ‘Natura heioqonuiat X ain TX snftenyonad ati, reaite SN2 o er Reovitaten weno neste nel legit OX Mn dine mere 5 Nature tentataé nunc vite, de racic SN pig itt fare o eceveth amuprn sani de tranitie (21. Hughes, C.K. Ingold, hari de tranalfe (deci vite eu eae aze Loc rea) este mir ft mkt fain de cape dean de ovr Sparii respecsi dtspariiny de urelnl. Solventul Intervie een serine wed ating dou situa: a) reactantul nueteft este un i seat ed intl nucle este © moleenib neat, eompusal ala Tail cazur @ moleealt neutt An eazut In care ractantnt miele este un ton negativ, in sate ‘ris ate toe iapave hsalnil Intro dou een. eer ace ul polar abies in os mil mare retusa nucle neg HO") dt sane dita eae sri att raves ¥en depart). Sal In care reactance moleentt newriy de ex (do trwasipe par waren’ deel diznivantal pulse vn abn yt 436 17, Compuyihalogencti ewoite SN sing inspite de rent de eiminare. fn atnbele erat ractanisint acta (bage tat, HO", HO, {a ola concentrate). Ta ‘afi do cuniare (r-§ 17-72) sorta a taaaige are surekan Qifueat peo divangh mai mate divi Jateg mcf do substicule SN2. Marre DPolartiitdaotrantatal va micjora proporia de produs de eiminare fal {oct a eubatzntie, De expo ftad ect etanolt, vi fave ie sein 8 peee ins Dee wr cer es ar lent ce hee eae Dupre desire Dara ites md wa apt compor taps ia a atl tae parent et ‘Shona acti ma ro fv! spstars nti) pute ata (nse tin og oma Stet eoott pte ome stent uti and lg tla ptr ye, pre tg, i al et grt de ge PeSi Sigee ao ratte lle ont ee there in oes ir” ropa eb ee Ie ea degen no materi nt un eat. Solve sri pot oon, insomnia (DAE, dine samara (HMSO htuwtin “asi tanto UGA 0) nls or nearer ea ‘Saar ott (at fat rei) So Pa eos ‘Shion pea 9 tines srs ary nee crys hud di hewn Ow Scr wee Se Solvent apo pie lent) hau pte de inzare tne onli oo Aue ties a ea esti 1B, Rowe de substityie nucleoli unimolecular (SN1) Mocanismal substituie! SN1 Lmplet dows ctape dlsglera, cn psa ‘eu formahea unul carbocation fl racfia earboeaionalul ‘ba dizotetea nucle Crx wee ap a y Ye ynn0 > Reon a Bia ak Prin etapa reatielente etapa teat doterminantt de vitess, 4 aoe I eos enstics mu pore dal eoneealnojia compacta halo’ ar wt (# = {RX}; find o reuse de onan, ote roves, Ktapn 9 Foch eas toats de sabe ara earboation ($3.02 A) aio racie pun fun ponte. spatea in sotlin ‘Corina eh ‘Pot revetioma dup maecaniamol $1 halogenurile care prin jonizare ‘carat sta = ile scoundare st halos evallice gt bonsiie acastes dav urms pot reactions si dup fil SN2 in fanohe. de condo experimental). Bubettajia nactoflS untinoleculak SN1 este earacteristioh pen reap de soak (regi eu dizolvantal). Fcc +10 > (e1gye-on + HEL GA Fo > Gre ED |s Sorwwehinia reeitor de eubuitujie SZ. Tatermedtiaral vac: ioeation ou strhetirt plank, aviud un orbital varant cu parte gd al fea plana molecule dos capta volvental dintr-o parte san din cealalté parte 9 plu i. Go urmare, pradusal de-resofic este un_amestec ethi a8 17, Compass halogen Uh sre ms urea arr gu exp xen, urbana intermedia a reef) pan. Orbitaul vacant poote reveiona eu inerediy iie planglul molecule. Dac motecla de apt tenefieneaad uae cee t care a fost subatitueatul X, configurabia: a psteeal 5 sin ices are lc a divetia opus se produte inverse.” Donarecs sed reactyoention plan gcd de reicfions di colo dous dicey sine {mira gine amextee de cuan‘lomert iy proporpi egal, Tn general ink Eos ehula tin enantiomer! este mal mare det ectul. To Perak efi fn reaei’e SN. Studi cintice om atat o& tu ctapa do fontaine s unui compas R-—X exis donk stadil consecutive. Ban raporwa heteroltes legal eovalente R—X ve formeazd doi ion, ttn carfeatiou Re sn jon negetiy X~ Tnt-un prim stadlu cet doi iont ‘Hii teagl tunl de culate prin atractilevetrostatioe (peroke dion Tntina), find incoojurati de molecule de @zaivant (cused de meteete do “isotera}) in stoal stmt flosare ion este rolvatat de moleeule de ‘dsoluant pein legituri fon-aipol formindse porechl de toal sotvacal oni sovatagt recefioneat apot ca dizolYantul(S. Wiastela, 1051), as onl in perecies de oni to pot combina gi intre ol (revenire dater- sn), fn procenul te revenire inn carboeationat poate suterl transpari- {ii malate de n se recombine eu anion. ~Insac depereh don crbostanl anu comps options “Dal ataend are Toe TH Gest 0 GR ine un prods cn configorfie invereath. Daed tact mucleat- {ugh are loc ssupro easbocatlonalasolvatat simetrie,deplasaren nucleo- {iis solventalul poate avea loc eu gante cgale din amo ple le mole- fied, even ce duce Ia formatea de Tcemiel. Haportul inte produvul de 17, Comput hatogenat tape Went cots a \ fe e Gy dicen, + GIwa HyGotth, CHE ~0CA, u rmoile SN2 LB? concentra buzel intr. cousin cine! eserminall de viteot, Mince eoncentragilrenetanialul hagie procs Init vitese de reotie it ambele esr la maclni (fiatn fa de proton) a0 Say yoraaet ‘ ci petal we eats (38 : furs Ste nucteott ban re Hazele oxigen {sien} favoriza eliminarca (2) ‘c, Pactort oar intuenfaed BI/SN 1, Pent seclagl compas taloze nat posie fr hryorauta rootia EL sa S81 prin modiiearea condititio ‘sperimantate En ganeral far sede tenperat au (age Fitave eelativn a compasulut ologenat i revel Bt i St ‘eroyte in noeens Ondine dela Rj La Toy etapa deerrainant® de vitex finda ambale cara fornia earbocat ona CH) eNO -X < REN «ON Ramitcarea catenei la Ox tovorizeax A fa de SNL cope SEES ca cencen, ergo (auger “PPS fexgcocn, + cuuye-o1 Natura Malogenula are aed feet in etaps de onizare in eal ‘dous reuoft dar so nalts leit iy ‘etapo urmdtoare souzir i st “fat peveshor de fot lor, tai baste dett roma st dect fod, ponte awe 17, Compugihelogenafi st marc oon ri $c pt tpt consis foperimentle pore reais SY [aa fon eal laren ue eae irae echie S ‘uvonzcas Sheps yi SNI/EL 2, ‘owefoneizh dup mownlsny SN2? coate alogomutte de alehil, ria oi ace eit pet ote (le ex Halogen Acro ‘Wtnee Rnogenart dealt seeurdar (inet). ‘cu mccraiam SSI SHI toate halogenuile teriaros cole secindare reacloneas mal inet lar le prunes reveonear ap ‘ew meranien rile de vnit si cele aromatice nu renefioneaz. Ate anatitice pone reennoayeren entiaied a renilor c macax iom S80 Sh “de sestont eo ua. raetiv Sas er ma aor as Print Dopupere tects de Nnogetars saint ste wit ttn" Feed nk vocands yl divada ca pent presen a leh er- tales : ss ite ent as ome A pera a mene ee etc me lt cr ate pose noases mgpeeinaa came reat arena meron iio ate Cee es aie treeriterntnae? {H@Ai oma hate ut coplanar cin eat om anal fa do ceeldlalt, (anti-eoplanari. ae ie ? 17, Compe halogenat as Hulogeno-sleansi reactioneasi ln contormagitinterealate, eH + fn halogeuo-cicloaleant sit avd-coplanant atom de bidrogen 4e halogen gaia. Dey conformerst en halogen seuatoral este wat staal ects fe elite ia parte coaformers! eu halogen ¢xta f i a a onth sane ate, imines de ai ome eu tae) dn te, 2-brom- ai Oa neta Srometank (eer ba va oisomeral we ers) we abner aon brometena (Hj ¢it-a-bromstilben). Se co ot Ben Hc, HN te orca aN 17, Compusi halogenay ws lay liminarea din formele tree partici un conformer de tp 1 Lips de eonstrngert seriee, ect ma stb, tae tre atone. hide st beam enleeopinan ” MO a tec ce me AR 2 Diasteresizomerul meso are doi eamforier intercaati THL 9, 1V5 ‘din punetal de vedere al constragenlrsterleo TV tate a stabil lin ‘nave portiipt inst conformeral mal nertail (11), care are atoms fdimiat (hdrogen si brom) en coplanar In eliminivle H2-anti voluunul substituent induenfouss vtess (Zemetstuben) #1 epede. din formato dinate te forme 7as- ‘tind -semetst tba ee [ope — |ao..| — Ss, ee ae 17. Comput halogenati a“ ta foarte ti, aid esd aie ici, ub 8 17, Comput hatonenet seas Pte Pri ie, Bi toi de, os “alae sia alte in eda pape ele) a ane su a ‘ Si oentagutu papas” [aceel in ne obtane ai Soares ae ea " ws lin conformerul IV, mai stabil, al meee-1.2-dibrom-1,2-difensl-etanulai, ino- ” lecular trebal 28! adopte o conformafie velipsati” Rliminaren T2-sin ar - 2 Acre ronsachnay oe crac Ober. | ey me 2) CI me) * ike myo Din pore omtsten ve stine aiete, de pare 3k meen olen (liuidine) ar din rtsbontaien ne Dine seated rt" 8) esi erect. a A 4 va g-Od- dg. ‘als ha soe (lvl) ate mati. De t he {ncomaiitexperimentale derive de ale din seta sift fn om oh A.) Sttale pin endnote ey ey Cc ae S q Ce | 1a ream AQ 9 neennea ret nay xn aA “subi <2" yp atin te fit‘ i propor de #0" arena QO Sere est cra ee, Boge a ea"a atom ee ou . firinma net vpe Dee 195, Reeererat Halogoa ia clo bom ldasn poate lst ea sa Ihigros tn trate ae ‘auatice ie a 4,0 = enone Se ‘In seats condi, or cortoluemul Ai inst un amester de ota xk ‘meta-idvoitotuen (renal) un anion incerta axe loc expulzarce halogens agen, en former bens = oF us 17. Compust halogenat onzimul, foarte reaetiv, adijionaad nuctot present formind ‘un onion, cate 4 stabiizese prin extragerea wan} protan din amon, Ay om ee Aa Os" — OF" = Or ei ce «om oid pte rant conte lcs Sle am Remo gue shot i poe on coal a ef He Sabnuc} attest de ctactoat (QOH, Nil) tiveness pen tii ban pose pre 9 Elnit ponifl n Q= QO: Q, a Ne , eee een cote opr ptr in ete and agi “SR teput Aiton, gitar tp rte onan drut ‘ett cre wai tn pit ered, apt S/S ates una inate ptr etc plate 11 la eat ete perp pe era mene rin devices de a itaty otal» ce fr ii ms Kittin = Hedi eps aad 17, Compugi halogenat 400 trans, Oita din pla oe dstantas, miesorind eral do ate Ditrundore ogar> in psnch ole sede tt alt 3. a Rota (ig. 5 B Substtaie pin edie tininare rn pacar ase Soy, i, EE, In hatogeno-hengenii avind ua sau mai multe erupe atv ‘toare de electron! feu efect —E). bu special grape mls, ponte orto pa 5 cineca ese aaet = i eeareree rca es a ha So ieee OI vx oD ees el rupee pniie oe pere ites coe ‘amet SUWSpm 2-¢-dinivocorbenren ¢l bidrasins so obfine 2,4 dialtrofen hideasins (oesetir pentru compusi carbonic, v. f 24.04.00). 450 17. Compusi halogenatt Mecano subways prin die mina este analog subst tujie clectufile tromatice (SE) ew Geoncbien fundamental eh are 60 {Bleed galaexsain. Hot grupos nto eto ada de ee Dian snional ‘emai departs) 17, Compugt halogenati bent Eula asta ed nog mie, Ss strata it a 2tnebbeaen,wsl dn sam de alo (age pate tc wpa nite a ly Slade cared ae mae tl rat xrays Sete eis uct ated sai ig “e L7d ArBtairaiode fzie st chimic® pen, eae se istiage Entre wrmatertl compu baloge su CaReNS Gey, creates cage, Cyecrine GI Ke Dap settee emt ae ae toe anathema at asda «mt tee A "proportia, Ge izamert formall Ia reabewonuraren (Ia 127°) a Ridrocarbae ‘Structura intermediarului anionic (benzanion) poate fi reprezen-“ “o 17.5. Seretetapels reel de clorurare fetechimiet te postin 2 « t-butausiul, Caleulatt ‘i a ate ren, i ey a a ra am tr cn le Bicone nearer ang ce ee si cSt “O6) arta stractars compet halogens mcannml pes cae we oraeash CE op de ea apo recta ae 217, — Compas rai Ge btn "Mol roars pin ae = emcee Ati a 3. ell alegel pear sattin ura: compo: 2 ftursclabatan, iz Att we a a sa Betice.ciereienoe i ee ass sre cers cree ate ee at ceca ear ors re nme cea o @ ry a sv 38. COMPUSI HIDRONILICI 1, ALCOOLT ‘exasiicame, Nowserron’ Aol fye part idx avad_dcopt sup funconal OH Bt pot considers ioe a toe ioe es ta mal aia unio de antary mae orgie crete eg rg Jae, coeaneeiocnt ee nee ieee seater Sue Sohne (So sinis dra iad ieers an Seto ea = PH Raton Re~08 ‘opm set weander ait tia Sloman, denen prea Aurast aula ‘Unk somos ohapissuitisaestcaemestater al peeks ie ear Surin {at algal ee arma do numele rican tidroearbonst le cre and ‘et satis fe co Cgnon on canon, fee | eet eeeain oa fe AS a eon ex naturale we ded pra do anette sour a « enon no cn on/ Hoenn om umerosi reprezentangi: din easn sleotior on numiri comune ingrate in us do mult sreme. rol CH CHa bia exo-Biciclel22+ f cane eat miei estt [Bement 2? - ciate ama te il 2g a dat acetone a oi Sei a okt educa sro: wt tue pies ace ean Goonies an el aay ie rat ig 84. — Sout ener i 6 18, Compusihidrostiet 1. Atoott tolidi alcool formensi asociafii moleeulare compute dinte-un numge ‘Permanent vaviabit do molecu (roar de molcouleasnesae), unis Pris {htt de orfe de attacks, mumite lapater de hidvogan. He gatlegatind asin ee ee ne a ay oR aT As rt i ute si ee 20—son Katt" Tete van er Wain de a8 08 seen apie Mae eee ee re fey Geeaeen arate cae od ogee face ae ae een eee ee er reece See a Scere aes MAN tte Mog oe doll cl mal ne pea mete iain aagur ett a4 ula toa lay, Gp (thea 2 ach data dha ‘voxlans (barttate) i nese Iasitar, GAL de none seal ‘ie. in sb dou apa ring pag ag" ME ae ee eae erie ‘nl apn adn bases rl a racie de conor de uniter de proton te o subtangs daa rar ey pee ca er a a eee en nt ea mene fee eae aie ae su cer pt mt dap eats ese ‘conlagat—onugnta ean Rind lege ani mas s oie aman de eer a Lorne") KOTIDT 18, Compugthidroie 1, Alco « Concentrate ionilor de hideonia, H,0°, a hideoxl, HO tn ap ‘pars sint gale st mie de ordinal 10° moll" Introdacind acesie val Er eapreste eoustantel de vehiibe eased coment sel ta Manta de 5,3 mo se objine constanta de eehira, Tncluaind eoncuntrofia apelin constant de ex stants de acidtate, 1, bru te cline oo 0ri80"1 ig (395) ~ MOTO 9.10% mat Pi indie ape constants fine conta eet e atoprorai ax ea apes ke fing" |GH0"] ho-to Et U2 in ay park comecutral er dl fan x eile, yoy = = y= 0 fun soluie: i tn. corespunn scale concern. de ont HHO" as flea pds ‘Sims constant Astta, dact intro suite concent HO" cre $2 io" concentra HO-'va scaden lu 107" dated! suieent al tcunonscs concentra una din font pentra « cleats concentra RRBs oe rrr la he lai pote ce ern ‘ental sse-numital exponent de sciiate ate pile Ava.nenteh. ae 17, sin ja ae ia Se ai nor de hide inior HO" ete det molt st olor BO” te {n solntit aposse (itre 9H 114) an poate exist sm acid alt ‘eet 1,0" at niel o bass nal tase Qeeit HO". Apa are um ect nivel nates prin veactia selaior,respectiv a baseor eu ape maul ne font (10° 51 HO") care imprima taracteal sed respect cel hse. fl we explickfapoal ob in solute apooss nei gh haze de “art foarte dl Fite na aparent cet ‘Aci safer in 5 peas 0 renefie de proto, 58 18, Compugt hidroxiit 1. Aleoot yxprimind constanta de echilbru si inglobind in constant tei tonstanth apt (939 mL") Ho Oia cstanin de a fate a aeldatus respect, K, ao saegeee sistas een eee en x Egramanprarnirs sae eee mkt sehen Anglin yn nde ust conetantadecetllbraconcentraia spel fe obines como" 18] Avind in vedere of concntrojia HO" deter univ el eonen: Aeon Santor 20% so ponce fot entra expia earathra ald Gl ale Searet a Kal yFamune onstanta do aetltate I, Pentru nasty Pee mea eset hn a oadorive ceca de potolil» asda ‘ajo at tase man be 4 m0 = Bs Tot Tngibind, st In acest ex, a constant 4 spel in com tanto de ecilira, constanta de aciditate vi fl datt do expres, ruc aT ‘Prodasulintre Ky, constant de haricitate a bose, xy, constan: “cu prada fonts al oe Ky Ky — OTD] = Ry = 10" onengt de acditate pi, = log, 4 de basse ‘expresia do mai sus devine bis 98 ‘velaind tate PE, = “10H: © wr sve Cease poate er ee eee Sesh erect pace eka ee | cana inks oe ned 474.5 idrataen alehneloe (tect son prin intermedi moncstror sci ut) sw di i stat mp a Bisjmsle conde lool a uh desta el mn ‘de orlentare ca ai sion (x-seeule bel Mariknvaltor, § 7.82.5). ‘in lchene prin hidroborare y' eae ee 2S nanenon | cena: Bb genes By NB 47.4.6) raat tm t Erk ati hon Neo _saitia nidrari de Dor a alehencle rubstitate condues 1, boranl, fatomui de bor legindurse de atomal de carbon anginal (¥. § 7.61.6), Prin oxidares i Tiny te obfin alcool vind gruparea subsea ‘Pornind de ls aceeagialehenty prin hidrexilare regioelectivs dup smetoda A sat B se pot bane eet doi alcool izomers econo, 2 cecriac, > ery cx, se © sepa Ree ie: a Fr tccasth renchie este mai pain ate ich ors Rls es oot ou SNL a | nce coc, + 40 Bb non = cx,coore ana toes cube GSH a On, tien a ai ARM cn Wie nb be open 40 18, Compuyi hidrosiit 1. AJeooth Hidrotia ester eizlorearboxilii in media bazic rau seid va f. Avcutaid in § 2730.4. “Niotods prexntl interes ca variants experimentali pentru fnloew- ic atmo de Sno eae dg, Computable Ti Hat Si acetal de sodis, isolate de aeid veel, did acetafs; reach ddecurge prin SR 4. de som ds realtate bane la compasit a dal, fi TA) Aca ve spl Brn Me™ ira on moooiny “+ n-0- tty —> Roms coon Y% din compat arnt pen edcee Roo SRO / paar 6 me gre see it MUO ‘Reducerea compusilor carbonilic este una din metodele importante entra prepururea alcool poimastyi yecundaei (¥. 41 § 24.6.2.) cay—c0 —> Gato Siecle Mist bene Gti c0-ctt, —> Gi4-cr cs, excco—at > Gi ciptt cit ‘arhoailat se pot reduce ou hldragen molecular, a tou eu hidrart complexe 18, Compupl hidroailiet I, Aleoolt a rogenarea catalitich # acialr gf @ estelor are loo mal grea Geclt hidrogenatencompusilor carbone; ea decurge la temperaturt 7 a ‘Spr ht eg evn less ape fromoxid(obtinat termes a eromatatul do eupra HE Adkins) Pe sceastS cole se obftm alooll superior! din scsi superior! 6 ex. din acid palmitic (Cy) se obfine alool hexadeclc (ete) gain |) atid stearic (Cy) anol ovtadeeti, (@_) Din eompust orguno-metaiet fi compusl eatbonilict ea bay re erm fe aest rou Ce Bhi ti =< mays + Reo —> Ric —> mien Cotas oie Eee compar onsen spt ern mages eau ng insite ale ex Ya ps pe Sru'intse do aldol pear, sonndar iter. yoo + Gaane — Gixeijoname > Gsyeryon © cayeettn0 + ean > Ga Et-outume —> 6901 by, 5 i. pseu XS = Xe ‘compusului orguno-magnezian, in solujie eteie, ‘ex compusul earboniic e formeued un produs de adifo(aleoxid do mag” | tsi) jacestay la ratare eu aps, so hidrolizeai ia alcool yt halogenara ‘pasich do magnesi, ‘fn compusu! organo-magnesian legiturs carbon-metal este puter- “nfo potarznts gi radial organ ne comport ca un entbanion java Lng, 462 14, Compugt hidrozilie| 1. Alcoolt de atomul de carton cx posttest gruel carbon (Compa ‘carbonilici, § 24.61-D). . FRoalis = RES — wc—omex —> ac-o1t 2 Faux + coe! Reactia crgano-mngnetieni cu esteri ean clouri acide ‘ance favind dat sabetitueni dente. Gth=COOR + 2 egteRe > GHIA, exh-Coon +2 Grate —> CHA du Formarea, ain compas. maguetieal si ies worm: nile ue sein tou epe Br ace ol de ‘SSiapos organo mapuesian eu'en mol de ster su corurs aid se formeata, et ee YF (2); din amine prin tratare on acid azotos YX e poy — Rea —> non ‘18. Compugi hidrozitiel 1. Aleool boll eke “meatal. eub. fon de moleett de. azot, Carboeationt enue Tesefioneass ‘ew ap, ind aleool, ncfenjr > ye Reo Be tyo SRO He Blizatnares azotlu din amine prmaro, pe aceast eae, st ta baz net se ciemctt de doce aor Gi comport eal (ne> ‘toda van Slyke) (¥. sf § 22.6.1.D.a). me q 452, snmezk DE ALCoOLL DE 1 FouttiDKOXILIct Dili sf pool se obfia, in peincipin, prin plicares metodelor generale de sintezh ale leoobior. |A. | Din halobidrine prin hldroiat dud ber der conti: Marat ea pe 2B. | Dn posit pin birth tone Dio 70°6(*~” , Ciipnehes Pe P seqegin > nonlin a Masel coos meas ido aes TATA OM | Di state pt oie en permanant Dist on: naira ein TALE D, | Din breaiakibide san hdroscetone pra reduoore he ne Hm mpi pt an a4 18. Comput hiro 1. Aeoott Reducerea hidrostldehidelor san hidroxiotonelor este @ metods ‘mult utiliza pentey objiners aleooliior polihdrosii, Ste, di ter ‘ose se obj Cetrll, din hexozo, hesiol et. buon ‘yon hi-ow on 0 bron > de-on dao, > dom, “ discon, ee Poe e eg ff Cousttlt: ZaiTtg, Mente, Zo-Cu v meio mec pera obinra do dt ot asenundar coe ate ceo on uot sid ets seaipasty aumitassigstet a) taco Scene Bag, ia Din sero toon wn gl dierir pacts dia benzo fexon'e obie beseech temyeno —> (eye cre, aue0 — ere —acan, Numal aldehidele aromatice dan accasti reais de condensares te x, din benzaldahida, hn prezan{s de ali] ainecupra, se objine hades Gih-a-o > Ghee ath Condensarea pinacoli esto 0 reactio de rwlcere incompleti in ‘care se formeasd a itermediat tn Tudheal- fan} acta se diuesoeash fh tetas - 418. Compu Navosiil 1, Alcott ianionnl dimeratat extrage protoni din ap. Metatul are sola de w tun electron gripe easton ene sane —> cage —eeny, 22 corye—eqen "| i laa Metat-eti. Rade onil torrid etone aromaties au pu inoue su form de situs existalizate(mtal-of, Astels emote formenzi In’ trvtare eu codiu metal wa Tadieaion de culate has fo taraeter de radieal ber. Beste stab i abc ogee formetsi an perosi, v1 §5.041.C) teste ta eet cu dimeral _—-isane eu pa eee in Deneplaacol (WW. Sobek, 1811 © G) wsv0s woes: Numerosi sloooi press mare importants proctea. si te fabri in euntitt ihdustiae. tn continnare se presi ‘Wilizate pentru Tabetearea nor fermen! teprerentaits in ult vr ales an Seas ‘pos, eu un continue de 2% metanol, wpb de separut pin it lare Poca amet ta ce gine Inset priaaogenren oxi wath SO" 0 af Cat ES Se lines accent walete pind ca fabricar bensn tetce prt Mocedea! Heber tropeck (w§ 5.400) a sure we inter u comporifia CO 2 Ht catalizatoral ste dei, no {ind ‘un amestee do osizi de sine’ erom, eu adaowtl eal oni ly ae engl re ete aptitten etttcte ES exon Actanolul ete foasie-tanies tn_concentratit mich produce. orh faci Gs ea ae ene enlaces reget ectanict ha See Si a 18, Compugl Adrenal I. Alot, “r 460 CCompuyl hidrostlet 1: Aleoott esos de etre uns tu cooing lel a uals Alcootul allo a de ail eau prin noe ‘leoo! laobutiie (CHL), CHCH OF, ‘sgoatiio™ de ferment smerizaten 20; far i aol amie ope ete CREECH CHO. {Po sede snare, penta seapurl ‘the cHchyea —> Gechl-cON — CHy—cY—oH, rar el (Gra pia he Nv MELUDI eee pon. hidrogeharen eavalities a acetaldehide, wor aceie hr at Ast ie Proponsid ile dia avetilena (v. § 8:6.1.D). Grinch = Mo —> cHy-erort moat > Gig-ch —> cry cajout Aleoolat bensilio Gl, CH,OH so hidrtizaelorut fi Hf,—CH,OH ce prepark prin 7 “Aleoolii izopropilic, se0-butilie si terj-butilie se fabrick prin hidra- Fe Sane. pO Clear: r peek cig, > HO ty Cita etece > (omgecon Fete ete eb cmon oH ‘opie, bute sl iobatile se tabieh_ prin 35 in shal x am de iron a 408 18, Compust hidroxtit 1. Alcott 184), Vail alcool nterior dau apa, eventual ex al compusi ameste ‘ua aestope are apne debs tal soe sero 18, Compuyihidroze I, Aleoolt 00 sola rial tren atop setStromsber trate fo) tote ane {reed Ui a slemior at aracterutce bre fide de aleft sie eelturior Oi 4O--O,caroou tale ante dup Eitan’ aleotuad prema becundat,erjn) inate yt caren tae (ret mde) Rio nipisae aT ee eee Inspectrul TE al unnt eloool, festa stage Uchida slit sou in otajic catcentrtsy banda von neawooiat de 1a3 6003 600 em" ne ‘Sure, au spate four la; in achimb opeze o band lat gt inten tnere Soo s'3 400 em", davoraes grapolor OH atociate intermolecular prin Tegitadi de drogen (fg. 18-2) “ia diluare ca tun dizolvant ne ‘iat teade in intenstato gi ve intens ‘escort. (3600-3 650° ex). ® (dg ex: CC) banda vot a40- Thunda caracterieticd grape OF oo) ow! io) Hao Sem" TO aD Soe , ° b < Spear I a Lense setae eC) ei 07M, bale 08 Mai OM ‘petre RAY. fa otal ACY lator depar, a ‘concentra nih 9 ESere Toners senna se dapaneashspre'o vale al oe Oe ths tte nd seas ipa aide eet (cinch ate depths chet 2 peor dn Detha eay-om Reon RyCHL_oMt 3 ao 2 Say Sheae OF Alea sara na day evorbi in OV 4 de acecn sint foloit en dlaoivantt in rpectroseopa (6 REACT ALE aLeoouLon ace ces loo tase ee ho By See se ss a asi et Ande sn Sn 1 re raptive (SA, 18) rm ct orate Ra ea (=O1-+ 84 —> eam om Ne #12 GHONNe + HO => GeO + OH a ar ‘bate mal tar det fonulsleoxid, de ex, sald Reon + HATH > RON Nt De ssemenea reaction ex compusit organo-metalicl (organo. “magneaieni sat otgano lis) ind hitroserbunle corepunaltaate 4 ae onidul nietlaiat respect. (la compusl organ _onisare creer carina fore taney. § 334.031183..0 8 R01 + Galen —> 2 + Ronen Root + titi —> quigs ROLL |. mecompnees nog, de met-nuanea cx asl st bn unt muta see ae (oe ie o S Aloosiai find bate tal sint eapabili & extragi protoni din grape Haein v condenare eompepior cata § 4.02.0. Dep Saree alcoxisllor ca resetanjiMleofli, ¥.'§ 1082.A° st IE i aioe econ 2 recom gy, 4c eke vp Alen reprint sted de ode item tre hie si compusil earboniiel, do-aceea lar seus In aeffunen agen ttare rode de axtare depnde de aratar sot ae to 0x aces egies ait, impului de eoutact cu cxidantal, se oxidecst mat depart I econ — auatco —> axcrow * cakeyan —> carcino —> caycoott Demat Ad bee «: 18, Compust hidroxtict I Aloool concn, > en-co-e, —9 Alooolit tertiant sint réZistenti ky oxidore. tn conditit joe de coal 2h ti Sd ap eh a ee ae ane ee aps pe mettels Cetemt toa attoe one tee as ea SSL Species te ee eee ‘ndeptstate dn ames! defo yin sare aes ae nat se weiasns ca agent oxidant. comple C90, (pid, senha ee eae es SIE Pa Sa ocraanres Gases ay ca a Sear go an nats eae AGES ett pate Sales ae eee are fe eet Gone > Meo a meer amcor — Gok +10 Se eects ee ere poeta ae a rae etre C8 tt orogtiessse EgSDOMt nu sett ch all Sete eet ah Sree eee ‘elas a tis rips tn OR nea eb Heh, fn ce pivots moda ty ae ae a apres eth C= ‘eura atts sed an ro ed reps mest Sica 18, Compugthidrosii f, Aloott a Dupt o alt interpmutate, hidrogennt este transferat intermole: Jar, sa form de fom de hia oxidant; carboestioodl fez att ‘Gebel protonaty ve'$ 242) limits aor un proton (I. Tovek, 1955) nero fete de fapt fe st hidrowen RGitiagemne cualieks we fommast compos: con iron ee HO Dehidrogenaven estliied a sloolle la compes! carboniliel este 0 ree{io tovetsbi: Dentrn deplasarea echiibrufalrpve dreapt este nice ‘ore prenenjs tl acceptor pentru bidrogenal degajt (H.W ead, 1913), ‘Weatla arco mmportana iadutriitvemstata. 12 procesele ina {ale se luereart in preren\t noe cautiti conttolate de nore oxigen rac rota de acceptor peateu bidsogen, et eave formed pi. In flal Aistor des. tehidrgenaneaslcoolat cate un proces endoterin Pectin ‘Gevine in onsosby exotermd, gi reactor uu trobate inet din exterior exon a ee (0) satan | BOGH-GER —> R-e=GHn i liminsces apel din steooll este @ motodd imporiant de sintexi fr gh fone dneatatt asinte(¥- Alchene, § 731-8 a 18, Comput hidrosilet 1. Alcoolt Alcon te tn compas Ralogenati SELLE de Ways ecttaten > HBr SiC. de ZnCl, Alcolit teria seaetionetss el mat fr ss eon se => oahu + ne brs eH- olf > pec 40 Sst @ieonr pm = eHy.con + ae (ergemont > carer = 40 (ane see — (ange. once aS ae aS Reset slooolilor ou ticlorurs tou en tibromust de fostar aro ex. ‘ated an ete led al feo (aaa 0), Grup de beatae fine expt tna 9 Sana a ‘cai eno hows molecall de sivool 9 proceed te Sopot Room Po, —> nore, + c+ att G+ ROR, —> CLR + “OPO, COPE) ee nice a rt ee, Settee ere c Pen eee Oe ‘Prin tratarenaleooilor en clorar de ton, SOCIy are le nloculres ‘erupe! hidrosileu elor Tntermediaral Teaciet este Gh esterclortrl al 18, Compugl hidrosi 1, Algol a ‘eidulaienlfaros cae, nte- etapulterioa, treo in compastl halogens ‘egajind 80, estat pn ttre helo SOC ne de dian sr sn ssn, ea ts ee de ma eau pl agreed et asta pat te R04 (00-9, > R-006-R + HOOC—R nt a ee ar tan Aloo (a pail ca peimar i meds) reetabeah on it corpoxtet (in eal nds ba on ria fosoal (rat SRS" in Ste (va foal abe abe i oop 2. In ator de renee es nile nome le grap hiro, ptt A. | Bupereo oxida MH no pone \ ne—om du ou Rc=0 + noo om PAONNY Ig OHNO HO, oxidation tozugetas de plum Crea sien a le fama Cig soca aldo {(ESialaprad, 198). Diol Goeandart ata Adehidn, ee erie a (emo, Peary 7 Sat enn 8. pms ws ma ht ert ma ee f >e0H SET Ne im 18, Compust hiro 1. Alcoolt ar 0 variant experimentalt pentra raperea unl legttuntduble const {ntrataren une lelene en priodat de toda tetroxid de omni, tn solute “Tamieas, W. 8. Johnson, Din clclohexend ce objine pe accasti cale dialdebida adiped, 2H Se sanies act alehena se teoteaah ou NafO, ¢1 KMnO,, grupete CH(OH) st ‘transformate dine in ack earbosiie'respectiv (BH. U. Lemieux, B Ys ‘odlotf, 2958). : Rewcan —> RE—cHR —> RE~0 + NOOSE \ ba bu Din celopentent se obfine acid glutaric. Cy Ce ite B- | Teanapocitia plnscoliek # |) Rp —an > me-conn Ta climinarea pel din glieolt diterari, in cataish acid ia Tece. tau HEL In cad}, ae obfin cetone cu schelet idro- fst transpus Din pinacol ae’ obfine pinacolona sou pinacona 48 18, Compugt hidrozilict I, Alcoot!, 4terfbulilmetilctona) (It. Pittig, 1860; AM. Butlerov, 1873). HE Ot cyt bc, 5 (ergs toc, (aoe —acatD, —F CaNye=cO~C8 ers Benin to condi similave gliottdlseemndarl aromatiel dau aldehide, =f Ga, — (GH eHnCHI=0 ideas aoc (llc eitiek aa tnguste wi rps de eta, Mecanim, react reverilt de ioe Eas, care Se ‘aed dnt B eae Cd a net dleale fe apt in carne goviar migeates WHT rupeah faematea Un ‘Staaten eats ‘maven proton i agorta result te ‘eansporiil ‘ste enengi ce se elt ln formaren grupel earn! ta Seawre (rs 342). eet ahi € 18, Compusl hdroxiil I, Alot 0 mcs. La pinacone eu © graph mil mat cats otope se obec Is fear ce a pa ocr ‘a eon meta (A. Poy ean we explich pin feveraiaten tro {reich carbocatonior intemediari Me ieee He te ty <> cod Et, nd don nk bur ox, ng Bie rn, SF cdc oe wit 8 41.2-Diolt tratati eu acid hori formeazhesteri cil, inter care stwbilzeaah prin exp if tnd am-acd tare cesta "igor de revunioseat prin couductibitatea x elstrich mare, Reson svit in periouda clasicha cigle!arganice pent stabiires eonfigartieh, fr diol eoarece num le dill dnt neeasts Tent. D, Aciditaten dlalor Grupelo Rigrosit ain composil pollidronlil an 0 sciitate mai re dec grapes OH in sleeol, Aste, lo tratare cu hidroxia! de ind aa estes, poll formenad niu insu, ‘esrent at arcoouiton Wt afzatavomeavier oxtENAT 480 18, Compugt hldroxiit 1, Aloott ha, cLasiPicant. NowencuaTURA ‘Numele ester acalor fe formeas4 in mod analog eu al icon acettor ace. Hater ail nolon se tuned i ett — edule azote ita (Denaie de a ral ge wl ‘pens compa ia cae grupele NO fu NO, sat legate de radio {nt ongnio pin stoma de ht) ic eu-0-0, cn-0-50 6fic0-10, baa-s0, gn0-N0, ee et ae ee eters omarion apts rates Gea suse ae det 3 mpi ste dec aaa cuan-soxt epson ee ater aciduul sie, SOR), se numese eas esterit aca tute, BO born SO 1882, METODE BE sueTEZA -KEBD-No Fe Nos no-no rut 2 RERIENO, = HO+RO-NO, Nit n-eprmpson 2 Ho no-soy sua we Estrificare direct aleollor ea acl esto o rwactie rerersibili. ‘Ra decurge pind a stabirea nl eehilibra,Pratra a se obpine randamen . Compusi hidrosiliet I. Aleoott - fente neces deplasaren ecbiibrull fle prin Inepirtaren ape the ndepisearen eterulal din arestec. Din aleoolt gi alogenusi ace ste aciatlor R01 HO-80-€1 —> RO~80,-OR_ Dina 2-01 op |, HONP=O aa jnconene, | > oy ttt drcon ps, FOB at de at reacin topes alae x noe de alos se iets es pote amen sti cost nib sho of Sntermediare, de baleen ROM 6-80-41 —> RO-$0-C1 Ao Anson +00, —> (O,FOGI _Dseiantn ‘Alte metode, cn aplicntHmitate ‘nSafne acd deal di alchene i ack storie bio. Yen + moon —> w-f-b sont ee amen, 4,-0-€14, +80, —> IK9-80,-03%, : e014 50; —b H0-40,-001, 5 =< srk! FIZIE CARACTERISTICE. TOXICITATE, involuile inp, soluble in diz ra tent ae Hat i Tome Pom Pome [owe | eee 060, +5149 28,120, i ume de aia top rt Ba Stomatol dia é me de ain de nora ke numese Shame aC mere cape de Sef de cluluai ni de gliering. Nitatal, pentneritolli, aie su mumele de pent CEHLONO. ese Bllizat ca 8 idly slic ela de metil gi slfatl det, servese Dimetsulfatul este wm toxic puternie; detilllatl este mai tin tox. tri acidululfostoric pesints important in proweslo bio nice fondamentate ale ongamianelor Vil Beterit mouoothiosfricl int fetus Uni estert a acior fosforie a tlofosore preaintt tosicitate tare gi se utile In combateren tector in agentur. 1s. PROWURTATY cuMece Ester aczilor snonniel daw La hldroiay Yo cata acid sow ‘aie, teooll dn tare sat forms hse (invermal heeftel de forma). ono, Ho —> MOL HN, 0}50, 119 > AOI +1680, ‘in multe reset exert aciellor anonganiel se comport in, mod seemaatitor et eons iy dind Feet desubattuttenucco fig S82. Asie aim aimetsalfer lane de potasin (ln clan) se ‘bin nite (72'§-2.83) eay0-s0,-004, + nex CALLEN pety-s0. [itv de ale servowedrept agen waar $488 18, Comput hidrarilet 1 Algol “ Intrebari ee ae eee ESHA 6 Rate ¢ Gitta at! 1 tie ttre a 418, Compusi dros! 1. Alcott 4 ee eon era [spe deel de tae (ada stat ela 7 cn nae See Pigs Seer ee $i cian eames cn pentm ars oo ‘Compusul A: 02 (Up, 1,37 (ate), 2.28 (anglet lath 3.38 trp Sat tae emia seca oi =o Bee peerien ome ge pe ue st ear SR ra poatey a enone rs i sar sel 2:8 A rtp se "SS Cam se pol ati antl cate 2 esc ict NO, b Sio—Noy o, CyO~SO.R, I IauSynOn € Chibae eiedionoyn MMe Aah Ici ai ent erp etn sr ie aida oer eee TR tas ato ogi, 19. COMPUSE MIDROXILICE FENOL SAU HIDROXIARENE, 194, eaauneane, ounvetsronk (Compra hidtoxii. in care grupo. OH este teat de un ine ato rmatie se mumese prin tdi, fel. a trea ent pte ca ea Fe nee ‘ pumin a tr) ev mises pres hn on {In nomenelatara sstematichhideoxiderivatitaromatict se den Imes generic hidroxiarene, Numele fonolior se formenz\ prin adugues terme hidroxi, ea pres, Ia numele hidrorarburi su prin adres “Fovtcull of, eo ali, a eina mumelu idroearburi é o° or ao ahd pe Namerogi fenoli ow umii comme. Af, idrositolvenit ‘nunesoceezaiidrosisileni te mee aicaol, Dennis ex miles ‘a dimtienct st mas putin ntrebuinjae la ecsttreprezentan am i elo aint sa usuae Interment superior. De ex. la alehilfenohs fees mal Tung, grupa ale esto consierata ca subviituent al fenotah a i creel 2hesianel 19, Comput hidroxiit I, Fenol sau hdrosiorene ‘tn compusi polihidroxiici poxgile grupelor OH se noteuad cu ele eee opti won snag UG LA oan ee ae wh Dn f eee nee 92 smuerumh, mnormmrkrr camacramistice: on, pea ree tes eee ee Intry electron neparticipanti i oxigemnat gf elasroui = at benas- null are ioe 0 itr nucleate fn general, cu pondere mare la nares Teall molecu ‘de sareiah necosta consum do energie. in etroat. Structure ‘aa contsbule, ‘legarece desptr™ Ini este reaultatal, epresentnh in atracturile (36,2 6.8-§-5-% = ‘as! oO a a & 19, Compugl Ndrosiet I, Fenol au hidroaiarene wr Geometria inelulat Denzenie din fenol este onoleagl cu 9 Snellut ‘enzenie nesbstitut, Tn polifeolldistanfole interatomic nu aint egal. bac See al ater an Te en re AGPRGin) peste aces fell Neneniey stucucis lm na fu saveini desplrtite ct sate img dls -G-0-9-8 ‘Struct electrons fenolula is fopubut fenaxid are conseciny® fanupra resclivitift oucleul si grape! dros “Ashton fonoltr. Fenolit sit ‘anh Beh. Ar ou 10 St 0s HOY rap fal dey alo Acasa edt i ues lalab (pis 18) ca §f majoritatesaleoolor (pi, 1618). SaTar-wtntituh variaak em natu substitventulal as 19, Compush hidrosiic! I. Penolt sau hidrosiarent Diack miegorare, respetiy mle acigitiidfenolilor ar deter: rninat® numa de acest eect, ae de agcopea ta substcuental st efi. hene mi putermic in posifia ‘orto, aL efectul Hi sea in meta i #8 fie cel fot slab: posite pra cea maf Tndepartata de geupa OH [eenteal de efi fndeumonent ch eft tnductteseade distant. Dateleexpe- iene ua) concord eu aceusth prevedere eran ave eer de conjugnre, pagent nett de acidtate'a fot, fect este mat siete 0, sei oa was este Fe eee aes ae fa pms aan Daa pee tet grape NO, a ‘para nites considera satan, Tatrtenalil pie, “of este uma aa tane elt vii mnonoeatboniliet (py 45), Ronin encacidel-teftuoracet (ph, 0). Satie, ref de subst {ile soln a se A. | Din acini eufonll gl hldrosta ean asop SES geo Ee amore Sr. su de-yn i aci a seoa (yg q0 ae Paco atc (opin (fia) eas date pe aida, sob TR Cae estcid benzentatfonie se obfine, De accasth eal, fenot (A. Rekulé, cassie Ges 19, Compuyihidrsiic 1, Penal seu hidroxiarene oo Din acted a saw f-matalinsn line a: rexpectiv pnt. QC eo Coe Aeansctein, state! saghseteine eto Meconinm de yeole, Substivatin grupel sulfoniew fi este‘o mite stomaties cleat decargind pri ule hare (vs § 1773.0), Joe in dou etapes 0 eta ent de forinare aint Anjonie a etap apis in eaze are Toe lininaren anion ine priate prin itermediul sirurlor de avon J arse ning tet > arf te 2 eign | Prin tran aminelor_peimare aromatics eu seid asolus sae igen, tb ar Motu are toe desesmmponcrea st Mlotmarca deena (45 2483.1) Me "Dan anil se” obtine pin ‘ome, I Ine, rece in Fen 0 19, Compupi hidrosilit I. Fenolt sau hudrasiarent Metoda nu se aplied pentru sinteza s-naftlulal deoareee f-nat lamina se bine lara elim naftol (©. § 22.4 8). ‘n-Nitrofenolal care nu te poate objine prin nitrarea direct feuotul pte ff obfinat di itrobenzen pri erst acted Oe Gr de. ‘De asemetus, prin est proceten este necesthil m-eorfenoll es oe Oe G. . | Din compost hoogenaft gf hldvoxte ale Gt —> Gah oN, —> GIL-O8 Conti; NeOH 10-356 temp SA pe 150 a a Atom do Radogn in compet aromatic wnt neweted (ef 1.6. Sumrtft Ralger rum ace ov mame com een ie Saperata'e prota! ua Garbateanl anatase ot daa miefid nero pas Cubur imac a SF sab pres $row 3D prem en's ae 1325" hed de mds Co Hoduh weunaite formas fester, “OC. fn see’ ot Ribs nacet arate rai Toe pein sidminarsaife eerie ‘ Anloenires alee ee eu gtupe hidroxil, dificil ta ee, Sac ae tee a preci ems As Being ene tra de grape intron wns In os iii os sha yrs: Ruta 42 uelorbensealaefionent ea ba fer potasin ts 150-200" presume, dnd 2,4ailorfenl. ffi Ay Vs = lle sctivarca prods de grapole neo este Incl mal aceentuath, Aste, ‘potrocloriensenl teaehoneash en oli dilgate de hidrosid ia {or'2.tdmitroclorbensentl reacfigneash In 80-100". Tra grape nitro i Donic n, op setivearh seatebitde paterie Naleenty clara de Sierh ge uideiceuas cu np tntosmna os deriva cu eet mai feaetiv halo deen (etenifelormetan, vf 17.5, sam cloran ade, v. § 272) 2 Comput rae Fen mm itraiarene 4 tininate fe eeu fe ha p20 “Wr ="C tes fc, & , Ancient, AnH rat eye 0 n fenok gf aceton consti importante pentru objin cfis ate dou etape distinete : formarea hidropeti eee ens evn ee promotor (promotor pant chiar hitoperoil se ete Miseinare'mecanen halite anja (vranteiions. Midyear ‘lor, § 5.6.10). Transformares hidrmperoxidali ae cumen in fend [Acotoni este- reaetie fonied. a are le in eatalizh eld (acid. sulfa | A¥ind a intermeian a semetal a eetonel (vs § 246.140), Fue os Be om eo oO Cimen—Weroperonid ee \ yo = on, Senicaal Mets epic industri pinta ober altr fen (i 1 pratt, stun ao aetona.” "tT" OM bs ee ae 402 Compust hidrovitict 11. Fenol sau Nidrosiarene | compe hei Pr sn ‘ 1943, SOITEEE SPECIPICE ALE FENOLILOR FOLITIDROXELICE Ploroglue 4 8e obbine benzen prin urmétoares succesitne se panto i ne pean mee i. e a eee ee eta, y ’ eee = O+ 0.6 ar om on Ana awn, H0- on Ly alee ie) "proce 2 sume NATRAIE, MIZODE INDUSTRIAL PINT OnyEvEHA tAOH Fenolul si xezoli se wise in gudroanete de la distil de plain (v. tabla 111) do unde te Izaeaah: prin tizavare de sod st spot acidulare. Termeni individ se sep pris 5 a! Fd ten exc ng open = Seage catanlae ee yy oe fit nia ecarctee ate ante et sett ce pia | RR aie en nn re pn dat no |g ea dame fe a ae ain or res tetera at) Fca bhcte C ge SqESLRER Soe Sere eS | cpa Sh io ee So an R i f b=a=O* On Oe me C 2 Y ee, Be en cet ea ea a pa tr mt pence cee rarer gg i st tno sete Se on nln | ia Secetclin we cote pdt Sats uno tain enn ns Sei neat iar eel en a Bec pi nti nnn tat 41 19, Compusi hidroxet I, Fenolt saw hidrosiorene Tiehid ma dens deett apa, sore exe o sole de pin enol (ihid tx un ak ne TgaT thtetoe Din table te teal oa ‘pat mmc pata; ardacalestcaal ste staat faa ee dene ‘ru shia, De serene Sctubtitateaovo'aitofenntata in dizlventi onganiet-nepoack eet -et PRprietafidiferite ale iomerilr se explick prin bgturile de hiarge de tip derte ce exst insert ome omc rte pam, molecule sin legate tte se prin tgatur de drogen Fate $title inte grupele OH sori de oxigen din srupele neu san hoo il din molecule difete. Paton. mia mare se-tlecale eae s0 Gt el ate sole a aps erento ana 419, Compusi dros I, Penola hidrosierene 4 ‘Spare IR. Vreexenta vibrated de vsleufh xrupei OH nowool lin tonol este euprina inte 5.994 93.630 cat“ Algor ferven Sia din fenoll (in comparnfie eu aleuol) se ditoreste Sonja di iecroni pai gruped OtP eu inealatomatie, exer dp eke feanstantel de forts a legitueit OH, conconaitent a iii 8 Ini tegatast ¢ 0. Grupa OF din tenoit asociagiabsoarbe ka 300—8 500 con! In apectrat RAC grap OH sera La 3-408: ppm ralal'3 19,3 160 pu Aenolit anon, avapue OH a semi in tite ‘in benzen' (S737 ppm), proton eto in fenol st ecru 4 ppm, ec din meta ex 0,1 ppm 9 et din pare eu 0,4 ppm uP atoms et grup : nse D, Sore densebi de pediclorbensen (x. §-17-) Akos 23D. cca attri Supra of valenjelo oxigen Ti ey tel ‘momentelelegiturt OH fae tm unghl en an motets. fu unolo oe ‘ule aceste momente se eompensnarie in atele dau testa 94 xen ate Frxouton ue Att female sit caractertie asi rp! Mido re A. | Formarea de sirurf, Fenosiai Dees thane ‘ab deci acl curbote (pk {09}, de ewes el ponte tps In liberate din iru ale char eee / 496, 19, Compusi hidrozilici II. Fenoli sou hidroxterene eid, Pe sewustt propietate se bazea separateafenolilor de acai organi Inferior, de ead forme sam acid efi, are haut pu ber tte din’ savant lr de etre nota ean Tonal fenoxi este o har mai sla deat onl hidrosid evident dal tna fra anja neato sd ta deren {iv onines fenol apa lool). Baatitaten mat mick a iow Teno- Sia se datoreash conju sareinn negaties nail Tota 1a oxigen (Goin slenci) f dant tn nucle, tendinge oxigen ea accep firocon (iazitaten) este diminaat. ‘onal fenoxid este wn renetant nucleo (are afyitate per eu ear ton), Beste inst moet ma la ete iam alcoxid din eas eon {Birt care microreaet draakatea de electron oxigen. Teeaite SNZ-e% fin tenoxil ‘au hoe mal greu in eondiit mat energce de temperate) cit tele toni alos lor (8 2013.8) “Wreai metic al fenolioe se obfia wor prin reacts fenolior ex i (. BBA secon ita > ae-ocon 4 net + wag arian mom oma a ae as te enol us eateritic direct, In inerire lor cu acai enrboxitic (deouaine de ooo VAT, FTE af Este, € 27.2.4). Sintra eh rn ielr ob ag ere ‘See tie er rtm shaw en cea lh nel (rar de et, B negeneee oh petoms i lc ae woe SRE ae a-01 0 Ge oco HE ee: \Compupl hedrecittel Ii Fenott seu hidrostarene ‘a Uneort (mai ales ein se utilizes lara ale nevi eaofia se efeeenas prin incaien teveranfior, Ht absenfs: base onal {In eazulelorunoe acide atabie in solar apes en de ex. elon {—avidutut bene, sear ve poste ee prin trate ie slag ten fn hid le tin (fenonad en eonur acid one (mtn Seat fen Houma) eres clorun salfnied aromatic, de ex. eactonenst et foual dnd betsonsatfonati ca-0f A506, > Tevetia fooler ex anhidriele seal carulied ae bx i cas Ya nes (S0,) a Dash (pins); despre nena sotstel Teac Vata. \ GIR 01 + (HH00,0 —> «a4 oF, + COON Pentru esteritieares fnolilor d- 1 poibidvoxiie! se wine sou ea moto. [ a, (® « reas oa atone peat goa ie Manas ¥ LL: Compast mondrmbetirige sonnei ie haar ee ete at i mui rita (v, exemple mal dopa) Pi ‘enol in omparain el ‘pin cies leetromib fa ira in fon ‘ect it fk intermedia sti Wlapelo sabwtitatiedeletrfile a fenolulul Mber implied un exon ‘0 eletron osgenutul, cw attuotur vinel cetone protanate 98 19, Compusi idrosiiel IL Penol saw hroxiarent Acexts plerde proton de la oxigen spre a tree into moleeubl neue, ina stese in anemic dit font le Detenca dec al sabi se Bliminates protonula(raperen legitarit CHD are loc mai ert atin intermedia devin dees tra on de benzene nd ‘iu Conjugat ttl hdrmcarbr elimi wor proton). Fx vee ‘Sie Suites omer eat ia onal fenorid ote mat react dat eno ier- leanne 0 ear cant nots nntoagt nepartsts soup etl somadle Prin fa ‘Sevres eee acetamide Laermer Net | 19, Compt dros I, Fn su Nidrsiarene 1 Wola reatows (0S Su da Sotenol Prin ‘erate fenoluba tn” prex (Pet pa en ee ens mien seein SEER iarieeg Sanh eee ces fee Gree pt orane ea cen aes ie senarea Eximate. sie 8 mt supe ainect lye tbromtenol a ora us Sls enalifit am se poe inal compas erveste In dozatea tontiatia folalt, Tteontenet-——_Dibromehinond eee = — 19, Compusi hidroxiich If, Fenoli saw bidrosiarene daly racine dec cy fal, Kalra Ceol meaty aie teeeeriodienst. ‘te sens 3. | Suter “ ne Ome Or * bow at | mz ra atare oo c ell salfie coat, sb 20% inp desta ear, sr abine um amie de eal 9 gore ‘Miate i eterna thera rt kaise a inaeangnt ‘anal do aed tab espera peste Ta" se obra TIN pretension, sore ake roves ( § 21.12), Aca tno sont ors reed ) irate abe leer ere aio fore Eh Sind inet ma un fe soumaleat aca at sabi imi nial ore oan Saliomres in condi nal enetgce doe Ia act 24-fnoaialto nis = + oN ease oo Fenolal di la tratare ox acid azotes pare nitrozofenol ait: de ‘putin on uitrons deriva (raport 1:1). Agental de nitroare estefan {te nitesonity NO", slestoft slab, capubil i reaoftonere numa eu um Iniclen aromatic mal imbogifiP i eletron! (eno, amine} dar m4 eu bio ‘arbi aromatic (¥. 8 28.2), a 29, Compuyt hidroilit I, Fenol saw hidrosiorene oom “Nitromfenolul este tautomer Cu ehinonoxima, ‘Trunstormare’s unt ‘untomer in elite ev oe prin intermedi sonia! oman, atin p-wtrosotenat nanos, «ff self : a Be iam fi " xb of Pio CL ijoz0:o° enol reofioneas ea acidul azote diuat, la emperaturaeamerey ‘an amestee de oro. paraaitoteool. Ot aeld tm comeentr 6 ‘Badin: fi 2@-teniteotenol saw we ple. 0 19, Compugt hidvostit I, Fenoli sau hidrasiarene (iste diterit ae "in aitraren fnolalal cu ack 1O-GI4-N0+ HON, > 10-63, -NO, + In resettle de nitrire eu acid azotie saci aulfurie agentul de ‘trae este ional de nstrnit, NO;, ea ai in alte reel de nitrate aro huatiel. Revofea decurge dupi meesnismal SE desoin fa § 12,88. ‘Pentru aorienta grupele NO, ta pose orto (2 i 6) de multe or tat se sultonetad fenolul ‘prin inellav eu acid slfuricy spo acid paren. ‘lle se tratetzt eu acid azoti, ln reve, Grape mallonied se Inder “eu ltero (©. § 21.4.8). fn eondiit pain ma eergice ae lores sep lle esta NO om on ow Sie See ee fos " oe Api No. a oy ntocuines grapel safonice eu grupa NO, are ea intermediar font ‘de bwnvenonin este simint molecule mente’ $0, O eee I. Comput dros I enol sa hidrossarene ws 2, | Alene foo a pci-e (de hy —cir=oh ‘ é enero | A ch —En—cn—oh, Okc, Dinitro-derivatnl aoetui compas este uit in protectin planer ‘eu acariid, ovild i lerbieu. ere a aor WH i ‘Corara de ter-butlreafiones28 cu fenolul, Is Insite, fi eat “fn noeite Cindi fonimten olorilat ete favoricats ewes al insu enol Aldehidetenotion fe Menetis Helier ‘emam, ot 19, Compugi hidracilet 1, Fenoli sow hidrasiarene sity rane ota aut hidroxi de sino eine ‘vio idrosiberalicid"(clesldeid) pare hdrocbenahidt (ities Tema, 1870. a Satteza Heimer ~ ‘Tiemann este 0 reactc de ubstitute elect fi iomulat tenon cu, diehomearbend (w. $174.4), aenata din rms ‘uneionind ca rettant electrota (y. $12.6.4). Diclomeierivatal inter- tian trece prin hid ty aldehih. =0* G- 02" s 5 , [tre ef 4 Z Crema a tHe siiming ptr esas ‘enol oer toot reucfoneaza eu un amesteo de acld clan ‘dre si acid eloniidee useat, in preven de ctaflztoneletro. dd ‘Srbidenthl une aldimae, eae se hada In aldekig fn eal feno- Ire utizeasy drept edalizator,clrara de sine; eer fenolor fee {Heat tn prexebta tora dealuiinis (aceasta dit rm eae di {ERLIG cme ein tein cet emetic ps “Auental de substitutie este o clorari de formimid, neizolabili, format pei ndifia aes eloriide la edu edi. S420 —> cae sane 19, Compugihidroviliet I. Fenol saw hidrowiarene 8 Nit wesw enol in prezets de HCL use intocmai ‘cael chai. Se ob eetone folie oat ele Ion avn [patea'se n posilin para, Intesnuenea eae este clin », Trumaponitin Breas estelor enol fa G oR Pisceiacitere! ster fenolilor, La trate eu AIC stort o tramsporiie deta supa tmucfionalt la uct, dind ceione fenolice, Transperifi are hot frmolectat, Grupa ail tgrewsl de preferin in pervs ‘Meconinm de ‘ult ester, tzeco in woaulfenoxid, foarte fenetiv, cae reason en fomutseeut pri substitatie elect wen se Bcoct, ak, > ae-Q—ecocy = ae! eh, + ny tr-BeRey¢wBocay 2 AB sar Bm enyeo? 64, Be eHyCo 44-014 cist fenolii, Sinton Kolbe ~ Sehinitt oO Tonal fonovid reetionensi ex oxidal de carbon, in condi it anh 125" gL atiny dit saren nekdaltortbkdrosttenaie sat weit ‘Heenogia ae ecu tn vs ch 4 mo | ie /. oa | on 10, Compuglhideoritel I, Fenol sau hidvoxiarene isonet nese sre ta ea arate * on ow : ame +I LZ nates ou og ai eta i bioxidulut de carbon, eleetofi slab, la nueleut bogat in Sonat feos Tutte anionil orto gh pura hidvosideivailor se stables, Ia. team perstus init an coir ente este dept in favoare formed ti Mune termodinamies 19, Comput haroritiel It, Fenlt sau Nirasarene ow 1963, ACT NRACTHE ARE: FENOLILOR St POL WENOLILON | A. | Hidroyenarea catalitid B ofd | idrgeara clo» fecal in yroveah do sito (I niin, 100 Gece athena tpn etches (18 | 1. | Oxtre fir, Rate Mes ss aoe eno wi mato in ani a agen oxitang, Pet nin yoionta dota oxigen Wi eaare und cron tre ordant (Phy | Poo) oe formal maleate fen (at nafs) eu xara naa Sir odive. Seng male, nots in pet de vere sti, se nal ean pea eusfupr eu elton llamo pa prin in ere eau roche ov oxigenal (pros), 0s 19. Compust Mdrasiiet I. Penolt seu hedrasarene Aste, din enaftol se objine dibidroxi-binati Poe ad ‘To-trt-tifenoln se oxideasi ex feriionueh sau POO, a eal- ata bee "THeter-utvenoxil fatbastra) carey la tet, a ah pecosid ‘To-ter-utifenolu ete utiiza eu inhibitor toca datorit espa uy la tm de eg tea tee nn el er Inert | Reach de oxioredacere ale 125i L4ihidroxibengenilor Aye S80 ert-chnan Hidroehinons treee prin oxidare tn pare-benzoehinon’ (sau chi ont); ehinona trese rovers, rin Feducety in hiroehitons. La fel so ‘Shmport ptocstabinn an eare se formosa vre-banrehinoiy et 19, Compusihidroste 1. Fenol a hidrosiarene om tare cu oxid dle arpint in eter, in prevsnts de slat de sod, petra inde preamp e i OO = OO : seDhicevnatlnd ite nt, em) oil ai rua edo, “Reaofla de taldare are loe Sn dlaplom Mdzochivonel 4 = a i at 4 i 2 j Despre teorin reacilor de oxido-reducere ¥. § 25.4.4. ‘Mdrochinnuee formeasd ew chinonee respective ewes 1 ‘ular (hinbidrne)y ealorafy coructeristicl fete pererhi He ehivon Iidroninont. Chinidronete Se Torment 91 ih cual ods hit Hoe inchnain respi reducert chinoclorls iden 4253.0.) 'D. Reac{it de eulare ‘Faqoll enol d- plibirosiil daw en ota apoase deena fore, colors taracteration tae sense eeuencre ogmaje rose exo “sibastd, rostehin wre SERN Caen ve ceteld pba elt ork Poa "E Raniit peioe unr pltenal 212-dosi y ete in Dz i ‘elie “adie, Sn 28 1 ao 7 ow 19, Compugl Mdrociet I. Fenol saw hidrasserene enolit 12 oi Ldhideosiel sin ayn reduetors se utiues cos revelatort fotograties (poate, hidrochinata, $1 pga 189, sem eyCrOMENEA ENORALOR gf A PENOLILOM oH Suna anemic a hin i ‘lias Tipal cl ai frcven do fantom este foment iia aoBent ales ie et pin oe wn proton 3a ume ou 4a ita Inga de (pers de eee HL-0-G3t, = ame SHY Glym0N + CL Be > Gt —0-cry + Nate Reactia consts intro substitutie nuclotitt ahalogeni de oitre ‘oma loi fv. Subsiuia aac SAS, 91773). 1a repatarea tenor feo, sol de fond reactant nucleo. ‘i substittte Rafogenal dn halogenura de alc. Reveia tverst Hann ‘tae ual compus halogenat aromatic ev un aleoval nu duce 1s reel fat deoarece, dupt cura se ste, halogenul aromatic nu este reaciv in Tene: HESN2 normale (v. substituia aueleof sromatios, $47.53). Cette + tet — Hy tte GHo8 + Chom ee cao, {In eal compusiorhatogenat s wtitienst si sll de ali, in ‘are grupares OSOgH eate desea de oni icon sade on fens (apres Bsyocy A eocoy + Dwreeh> el ena a hile np oie in loreal tr fir 96 ntgent dealt prima pein ea cu msi SN, Sa 4S Sapna font kau ssh fc (C1 E—0- 1 + eye Hest -Omct re eage-asenyt a pene on, cau ZN st te aD poeta ‘ter aromatict to pot objiae din fauoxid i iod sau boytabenzen (clorat este mai putin reactiv), pra thelr ta 200 In prevent de roms ‘do cupra (reujit P- Ulmaan, 1903). Ga 088 FGM BE > GOO + Nae (Qo set at tt et snd or gsm wom (4909 sa Mak AND Be tmp 20. Beers mt Formarea eterlal cic dinaleool ei acid sulfuric, la inelxire (140%, este eanoseuts de malt (Valerius Cordus, 1040). Spre deocebire de Dprepaiaves tenet din acest reiclang, le preparasea terior raportul {iar eld i aleoot este savers, fi anne se Iuereazh exces de alcool sti tenperaturs ja Gi-O1 + HOC, — Cao 0 Mecgninm de_revetic. Btextcares sleoollor poate decurge prin (eae a ca ‘pont 4p presenfa apei exist o competitie intr reveta aleootlul_pro- tonal =O, eid sau ape tea dea dun meaclie? HOU! P= Rone 10° hn pote seme te Prepare dient decurge prin mest $2, coon eatin CoB + caine — Gh G-erh + MO GaH-o-ea KO" Prepartea ter tbnatietran, cae ve reales pin taanea unui amestee de-aleool bute terfar Ai metanol cu sel, ecurge pein ‘mecanism SN1, econ EE cryyc—oen, cane, = eugene ae anger + 2a, > cyber, Br cenye-o-en, C. | Bet mete ai Senor din eno diazometan | eakon reais, > cao, + Fenolireactioneash eu diaometan, in scfie eteic, ind etext mest “iol, mai putin ace, rwetioneae uma in present de cata ator, code ea I, Dua-deiaft ate BBB os 20, Beer 204 SUSE NATURAL METONE DUSTER Numorosi teri ge fabric Ia coor industrial, find utiiath ea Leto me dt i ee Seo eae 2exKoHt > cty-0-h 140 Dieu url ile eae in alle win de amare het etge in preven. deat prin shorn stone in acid aul fsobmpaeres sultan eel we ob stmortec de eter eile i etanol, yor de separat pra distiare, ‘Difenfeterl (dfenllosid) ve objine das brombeuaer sf fepoxid de sodin (metodn Ulmann; este tiizat ca agent de transter termi. ‘Biri fenlici, Bterul metilio al fenkulas anna 9 tera etic al {eqotuul,foneteted objnut din enol dunt respect dietoaat) ‘las i aintere de medieareate a eolraat SoM st 5) ai mios pleut de fort de vo i de ain sna taney ‘Te gudronee de fa distiireslemnului se loleant etert mle at Dirocatehitel, gualacolal $i Yeratrolul ‘In plante se giaesocter enolic, de objec metleer. Acistosabstante ‘tule distlabe eu vapor! de npi falar eerie) su minos plied Se fort at se uillzazt in parfumerie: late sent wert fell se renege ‘sea ltl Grup ae lone a fr eo ‘atu peopent ‘strigl te objine anetol, din eugenol, tet (Beno, dit satioi, incatrol 7 Se ree Ch —cHCH, j borne, stone vga! 1. Bteri Ue et el susan complica, etal core er RS a ee aos. pnornecrie ric pean rr inspec canoe are oem peandaee ante oe ea {In pametde de flerbere ale eerie inter, a ie a} we ce preci TE can poh « rr ett Pere cee ere sevens Sees Saeeatnen at kt ote spectral TC, proton fein ca ci oxigenul eteric sit pega e eee set ie oe =e Pe ete er ceo ate tere uae reser einnat cme tors oo tert sit qubstange stable fas de msjoritates reactive duct, De aove, ete intern se ulizeaa ea iztvanf in nurnroas ‘Hi chins Se font iri chinis, stein o avo de rene caret Aatorte ogee eesti atomior de barogen i pont = ‘A. | Banh le oxigen. trie, Sra de omni, As aie (sigan stro ae carter sla base, Oa ai mineral ta formaga irr dons analnage satin de iy de ramus ioe Riare ‘in substange ste oj tr inlisie le diocias th ster) sed = 20, Beert Siruile de oxonin au vel important fa reaoiile de aeidoias ale tril Latnajaren un eter eu ani todbidse e obtain prima ety area de-ouomi care, into” etaph teronriyrexefloneazs foal de ‘outs cleat prin wee SN se formena aloo fodure respectin ‘acl unl din rajeai lel este un atcilterfiar, sare de oxoni poate disoeis In alo) am carbocaton tertiar; aceasta se tabilveued 1 alehend, iar aloolay ew exces de HC teee in compas Fada cone o-om 2 eae Bea Seige s wm * (eile omena, Hon Anisolul ta indtzie ex TT, fenol yi jones de mel rupenea ste siehitoxigen. cm-oay 2 en don enone eat ste utigat in chim anaes pentru dazaren retort HO, sa eto, CHO, In ete folie {netoda Zesel) Toate {aot He eetamal formate donee eotad de weg w ichiultle deadly A bee st asi mire ae ‘a temperatari at Inlle, devarece lol deb SCL st mal Pals nucleofili decit I~. ace ita slndirea tetahidofuransis! cu HCL se adangi deept catalina Za cae complereak ex igo tee) fl So obits Siicorhotan es cmenenencat mA Diariteterii de ex. aifenileteral my 50 seindeaas, Hoslogenurle deficitare in eleotous de fel HY, formea eter ‘composi stabil distabiy num eteral: eceratl fiom de. bar (pe 326°) ate un moment electeie mare ¢ — 5.20 D), fh eoncordans eu si tra "dipolar say 20, Bert iru de Prin trataren erator ev fuori. de slhil ve bin eeu, de ‘rialcdlononity nabie Ta temperntira fous; ele abt age de ali Duteruied(eedenad earbocatton) (H. Mectel) feign, cae > yg ne (aug BeT sO > ROCIO MBF, X, Neameia Siruile de tsfeiloxomin sint agent de feniare (4. nos). Ale se objin din nirun de Deusendiazonia si difemieter. ce DE + GMO eH" jowil de halvogeh invecinati ex oxigenul eteric (poritia «} ion ‘parte, eu mull usutingy ln Feaeit homie. 2, Antoidares cttlr Neo = 0 ROH | en) ; sitet Hine autos a er, forming higroperoia; ot tap shen aesin se Wanstms i peat pliner (leh SURE STONE: env ein ‘estar ast snail Be Indepirtarea peroxizilor din eteri, acestia se rail on, 9 sori it fel se conserva pe idrosid de sh 2 SSE Sati fecna oa ve pstrenst pe sa oe ult iete Sica designe feat de wh carbene no ures gcsehtdewst Ditoprapietertseoxiear chat (erento cane 0p > «eNe—O-EE, ter{-Patilnetileteral mu ce autoxidear, 1, Halogenarea eteritor Pe OOW' + Sy > RON OS HX, ) x-om oni ns ewe ‘tel renefioneae’ cw halogen, in conditiy de reset homoliien (Quin. promoteysastitad ex stem de Midge as posiia Cie OCH —F CHLOE ea He se utiliza eu pe Reaetia decarge eu mare violent, de ace coufit speciale, ue 20, Beer ©, Reatii ale etoile fenoieh san eselile crasteretice sle terior femal slat datorate salut 1, Substitafia electoft inelulud aromatic esc ane ROO. ona: eae et neta aomatis din etl fant A. eae tice de subttaia ectsam ‘aromatic. : wre, nitare, alchilare, acilare, sulfonare et m in poe mts ome wreee de Se ee etree (v. § 19.6.2). 3 ee = ihHeadcew ou notin fn amonae eid (reuoere Hirsh) | bah scene INO ede He pata o § eda us fen cat (dna de elton) amie Liehid gt metanol (door de proton) duce aan wok ete ste ‘ce prin rol trece fa ‘efelakexenons (A. Je itch, 1844}, cot ‘crs 8 C= oe Ka we LZ 2 2 st tee scm, up Hn an cll ail (180 ss Lem 4 Dy, Ey oa tert fonolion sled care formas usor cuthocation! (tert ani, secundart a eal) se transpun tratare eu etalzator eZ {ieg0y si act Lewis es BF AIC) ot parealhitfenol. Tn ears $2Sieteunaporitit are loc mighen ictal fea de oxigen La mule, Ce tee p15 eee: ae : Ka, + met — + ben, 4. Tonpoxitia alter, Traporiia Claben | a ey O-Alleanlié se transpus, l incilsre, 60% eatallzator, In oto litt (L.Clasn, 3912 in thuixprziin Clases: atonal de carton lic marginal. se test te agonal de tarbum orto at hucleal tent. Reve este evident f. ‘otf cer emo moece, OF aS neon, ti Usa ‘Rego ane mecaniim coacerat (6. § 14.0), ruperea logit 6-0 erind toe simulta en forsuanes legaturii OC, “Pranspori ia deci Printeo tare de transite eile! st este w teaclae de igre semat Topics Roel rnaporiti Cope (v-¥ 141.0); eu cote denmsta de tee 3 (Ns posite ost Cope, By a Wo, ic fe | hes ct ice 1 -O Boren, {canta un atom de oxigen instar inttun hele efiOM 96 eigen nto nun stag te ta nat a tut ge kn, al ga coeptaatios ‘te la unde iloleanae ‘Numa eteri lal an denamit comme inzats in uz, esa Rea" onlay! oa Q trois Teron. Teron Fe iat (ar FReMir teil ca clea do tre atom! to videmant petite in sami ine Gr dear Stina ec ereuoxt) $1 numiritealcétuite din sumels hidrocarburii saturate prece” eta epost a Ba “poxipropan ey 10. Bert cs 0 serie de polieteri clei eu formula generat (CH,CHO}y, con ssiderajt formal ea ‘ter coroand. tr t8-coroers S| ‘922. smucrunt. mornimrit! canactenistice 1p Sitges ei el dep domi, Jui Ta eporizi cei dot atom de carbon si atonaul de oxigen seat tn aoe ‘hl plan, Theta de tre este teusionat.Culdurn de arts eifenosdal ‘de S02, keal-molh Sea Jn tetraniarotaran atomii de carbon adopt o conformaie sem ‘sted 3 ge tal oxigen pi Sate te a dae Cy sil on stom de hidrogen simu fie elipati (HT: Bll, 1962) 1 ‘Oxmnal ar conformafic sean. Acest ete any lisifi de tenshane, sab nevactia, ‘nas. MeTopE De suvtezk {Pail eter colic pot ft obfinut prin adaptarea metodelor genemne de sintead ale terior acl. ‘au unele metode de sintest ype ‘lhe. ‘A, | Sintezo de epoxist . Dim alchene gi peracisi AatiiecH—R > n-eecHn No” Conaway rc COM, CO a) 28 2, Bers », Din haohidrine prin tratare ex 1 cana tnt 6 011 KOM ve COED, ‘Halobidrinele daa, ty eatace ex hidroxietslealini (NaOH, KOH) ‘wa eu Ca(OH) nt caudiil bide de teraperatury eposzl. La contiis ‘nai ehengice att loc deschiderea Inelulal epoxide 4k se obi diol AMecenisn ste reoeie. Substitufc wacooftdlremacewiardy SN2. ‘Ellmingren de hdraeld din halahidrine este o eacie de substntie hace ‘Hat SN2"intrumoleculars in care wectantal tuckeofl este annul rus Del hidroxi a haloes, ¢ a ke \ Sag pa an ear sidiat mal Ge balogen ent siesta pee roar i Sogo eer Eee Scares og To Teo By fi. Or p agi re ei k ce eo couenaii rn a, Ialohina loons soma cntomerat tadas indeplineste condifiile anticoplanuritigit EI AE eactn compusior carbene stand conan © mets feewall be tigate Sapstition Mads ae mall wae dears ‘Speak acon na aso sco Despe modal de obfinre nl Rawle rain wos feonn srbami cs man | Sintered eter ex it al mast | eae nado F en Aite-o1t Sey x nese ‘Pentru sintensle de eer cielil ea citar ma mani de tei atom se plies Varnante ale react de oliminare intrimalectliet de af dn dl, GPiprecentt de esd sulfuricy sau tenefi. de tbat inteamoleab rs falogenulus de eStee aniounl wlensid al unt ‘campus halen Aidvosiie 7 ‘Oxetannl sax tsimetilenosidal se objine din 2,3-dinidroxipropan rin tnwtane eu aes aulfuse Aa dn Ielor-s-hidroxipropan prin trate tu baze o-angHgn—on > ‘Tetrshideofuranol se objine din 1,f-butandiol (format prin reae~ tie Reppe din aceteont 9\ fonaldchidt St hdrogenarea aleolulat sets Meni, Pe {'S.02-k.n) prin desbidratare wales ackd8 heterogen Astorth faptaind od eee donk grape hadrosl he cin inte Conformatie clsid 58 20, Bien Ciliates este favoriat taf de reein de tertiary inbermole- ‘lant poi factorul eatropie caren variant ia pram car (diate-9 mole SE, Eg fo" 9 otc po nd i ean Interior par Adoni molecule spre'« form ta ngur vy tesa er a ‘n etopidefuraic subett so objin st prin hidrogenartaeataltios'a neal! furan. Pe aceasts ale oblast terabiatrand eoll ute cu 1 teerandrotaranl ‘ep disolvaa ae ae erates Ayd-Dipxanal se obfine din gligol prin tratare eu acid sulfuric. In ‘est ear are loc condensare nice ous mbtsule de geo. Reachis deetngs in dook tape! Homeyeayon | cayman ett womengate-o > Congsee-on Senay ‘Numerosi tei cite! se obfin la sent ndstra [Beles se obne i indaatre prs teere unl amesee do sexs sine posto ear de angint tin iad Seer aad here a te te ne Sere Propenosidl, (termellr iaportant i saiede hme ate pice sne(y 84) cotati dia oped pomurntoana scott i te ih co selina wh 5 dloxanul se fabric prin procalesle dese eas genomnurét rrzice ‘ellmoxidul ae p.£.12°, propunoxidal are pf. 43%, tetrabdrotu ‘nul 67 $f dioxanel 101, Sit solubil i aps.Teteabidevtarana Hd ‘oxanalsint misc eu opa, tera aleolal 9 ultima sex bens, 20, Bier, ce ‘a spectral 1 al epoxzilor troovenfa vibrate de valeafh. C1 fapare peate 3 000 an-" stveate eareristie elas tensionat dot ‘tom (v. eelopropan, 9.2). mp special AEN protonll legal de inelal epoxide‘ puterne devecranai, Ia 3°240--8,00 pom. - tx aca ce a, Sica cot lt Hah aa eat ae sme stun ea hn ren sper PY aus neactu enumier ou, excepfia tilnoxidului, sint substante stabi himic, neractive, ca 4 eter aol, Retrahadroraaal sf dioxana ie ait ‘© eomportare deosebitt au epoxill care, datorti ensiunil di tut de toe int substanfe reaotive. Bi dau Yeah entaeteristico oii feu desehidere de cela A, | Meac{is eposiilor eu api ti alooo tod fon — dered + ad Epoitil‘reachoneasi ou apa gi dy prin deschideres colts coxiraniy diol, Hectia este catalzais de sede nat de bnowy in shen festars, ean Tent, apa natiind ralelent ts seid st hs ‘entra s provors desehideren ntl de tel ‘Din ellos ap i exces se obfine ail, eo a Sean ee 14 adiia ape epon ctali aids, participsepoxidul pr tonat aa techie hm daschis (extbwectan 0 20. Bteri svat ate wma, eu, et ie spun pecan aa ber, oh ne isi Mia gctnunens pai smal substitu Oh ge = ee dea—on —> o4--a-er-om alalizt acid, esto uneort tok Se formaazt ity scheleeal Deschiderea inelutui epoxiie in solufie spoush st catalies ai fare loo prin afseal S82 al null hirosi, 0", tin dicta opus ox fennlus punt eposidice: din molecule lelce se objn tram 4 oyoxii eubotituti nesta taza ata stomnl de carton mat pot subs tn somal dspam de Yee ne on if ough — pty ore, a Din. acelayi epoxid se poate obtine dee, ilegind conde exper smoxaly prods Qo aifieataolotas untae i eel a semua epoxide 4B, | Reaetia epoxisilor cn hidractst | a HK en ey 20. Beert a cog oe psd Big ls ent as "Hn iu Haden C4) won ti tas te pone ERE fe ton spot Hi te 6.) Metre qos some [aren ere, EMCI” > Res ctty Be ex ba Lompasii organo-magnesient se comport ca niste carbaaioni, cu earactor aud te adi “ep ct dwekes lt epoxide; ind atooolicu radicalal R'legat de siomal de eatbon. marginal ‘al unl epoxid substtait nesimetric et GH 4 Gta —> exter crt ca, Prepon Pe pope Ce fo + CR! > yeeros, In local compusiion organo-magnesient se pot utile compush forgano-iticy de ex, eat lith, yeti 1. | React ale etilenosidalt 1. Polietitngliost EF MCE, —> ocaNEA, (0c A 7 n v ’ ‘patie oa 20. Bieri Peet a came pe i vara EE ee a at tate Cet, + MocALON —> noma oexteatoH ite Brin tatarea etilenosdulut cu seat Lows, do ex. BEy, are loo 0 poaricisanets cee ce cmp pi ina ste pte fi eas ie roomie An primul caz jes este. juol ave minal ec ste iat do aorta etext id RNA A 1a a deal doen cas seca decane io Inti, peti a a Pou eieagieaie i elena Wr02y we AD pe NA Se ON ‘Prin trataraaetlenoxidului ou alcool se obfin monoeter aglow fu (eeosolv, digicolai, tigieolal, néllzatt ew Aizlvants petra acu do altocelalo, snr gh en tf st ea i wn poeta aaa gto espana tc tpn oes aah lah eu ie Sak fm i, Wh var St ons eae freee a ee nat age a, Ma Se toc a Moho won'eth Ahatts set ances Ss TShirt & Soma Beri ss , each ale etienoridalat eu ali clot. FRearf e hidroxietane tefl Ni, > HNC te 8 . i PNBTEN—O1Ty Dent NGieneom, —Ttansannd le $84) HES > RE-ENEI- OH No phenomena tet HsOe > NOS CO Ald Pt ow % J CHEM Om, kph Gia. mie > RCH ott No Renofile etiemosidului ew reactant nusletlleonstituie metode ints poutra Pbidrosieli deatvat! (reat de hirozietier) "Read{in de hidrosicGlate decurge prin staeal mucleoiola: saupr iduloi (SN), Die ex. in. Hache. etfenosidulak ea seid eanhidic, ‘dtalizntt de jonul cin gental noleoeatelopul cian Acidul cia Gere rule trausfers un proton saonulahidroxintilui ee reface’ asta) onal lan | So | es “iter enraan so obtin prin conden aris} sat poletengio! ea un a pete buts se psn. De ex: eer 18coFoans- ob ital rotenlicolel 1 teetenglica, ta tratare ea batoxid de potas, on {im diuti mari. DupA prima condensate, eterat nck aciticy complexes ‘3 potas wurind asf! propre grpeor restive de 1 Sapetee a fonscint ‘nin! dev puters uncle (as ex. ain HE) Dates {nvelgulh exter al eter corsant‘eare ce Ram dia grap it ‘dru insole in Monaro ede af depot! devin slic i benzennetiiates anon ce ‘Singur eepoaiy act sna mee bee fares oles oO 3 Lo ey a emda dere stom de hidrogen sit lost eu real organic El pot ft penvait ae ot poi ee, Daal mnoeba aApe adgcste grupo ale se mimete hidropersin. Desvafs monorail cu ‘aa ail se amene perc ce oe Disks perosld——Blaltpeen stop eae 20, Bieri 5 ass. sinwerond ‘Peroxint gt idvoperosiai inl deivati ai aped oxigenate cont {in molecule lone gh apa oxigen, 0 legaturt covalenta OO care ‘rue tor: Bnerga Iegatani OO tn apa oxigenats este de 34 Kea mol fin dertvagit et subetiul! cate le aaa! odin de misime. Prin raper Homelite a peronilon sesultd radleali beri ca eeutnil radeaio ‘sign (©. mail departe). a2. NEvODE De sistr2s A. | Bosal de als Din opi oxigenac® pri aleilare. 3 hg O80 R= ahh pina en sama Prin testa. aps oxigen, In present de hidzosi ales halogen deal primar nou sek we obi un ‘hdroperoaiy forms Sled Sota Cu exces de agent de leila formas pet ‘Kichianes apet oxgenate esto subsite nucle. ES 2 cn, 00.8 e007 eed > etl O- Oc Hidvoperosiait si persis de_olehl tartar se formazan 9 cogent ool in presen de acd sulfur cage—on +110, 2 eanye-o-er —> emer o- occa, Agental efeotiv de alcilare ste carhocational exp ati (eat cational stabil eave reashoneass co spa oxigensts su hidraperotd respect euse-on 2 eae: 24 eanye-oow (exn)6-0011 + aryye? > canyyo—0-0-4cr4), Intro Grime R16: HY 4:00) ee 536 20. Rters Prin antoxidarea hidrocarbutlloe walt Ridroperosii. Sint ico lab poctast ees numat hidroperonn Cerf hideoperosidul amen eis as ee tiidroperowai primar seoundasedesompus i conde rae ‘ie sutaxiare trend in produ taalare (feo avon) hal core 1. | Peril hidropernix de ai (pecs) 4 Prin aearea ape! oxigenate RCO HOMO —> nco-v01 —>¢h-adl-0-0-fe Prin tratarea gpol osigenate tn peezengi de hideosid_alealin, en slorurs unui el eorhoxie se obtin mono. sl diaidesiwai. Din sloturs ‘te Denzil re obtine pe ecast eale peroxide ens 2GHy-€00. 180, —> Ge0-0-0-o051% 1b. Din acai say anididy gf ap oxigen —n—000Ht +40; F=c000H = 110 F qccoyo 44 —> w-coDOH + COOK sm amit etfomic, HCO, ji perestio, CHLCO,t, te. formenat ameatecel be oy fepetti neeiey ‘Solute ewer era reer fk fone "ely EN Izoares peruciduta ("reat ae GTetita gt 3094/4). "ACGMpetalc se Soane din Sunidhi ph oxigen. cok Se iy 9 a, eae pee ey ipa [ois cones, os aecay aa eae ae aes zoo. mormusrArpzice caRAcrEISTICE Una din proprietiile cl erosizlor ss peracalo ese Nemperaturl care varied cu natura radial in ep solide, Cot Heh nt stat i i deseatipum expioiv. Punclele do fleets sint Float di eas aster for prin tagturt de hidrogya. Hudroperoxidul de met, CHOU, aist- nai earacterist or terme} La inet, Ta 20, Boeri ost Inv £3586 my espe vin, Hiroto de teats tl ai sted (ps9 ts}, ince se. deecampan peste Go sd descompane estou laine brow le 207- Peon ae elit (10/600 rom) ete abl ft ne salah apt formes rust ew Mossi latin Perbtst de acl sl mat sta tee ‘stereo eta a sas adnate nei, Ta ‘Pevoxidl de see, €H,CO0-0--O0CH,, (p.1-260" fate exploniyj me wlizesst, fet late, Iasi Pecoxidul de benznily (ll,cO—00--OCC4E., “exvahil in Hares ee peneat (de. obies ‘vee ca promotor in Teae{t homolitee 3. LOS este com sree pan umes) os. USELE enomurhy eamace 1. Descompuneri Konottie, Prin ruperee humoltek 9 legturit _o-0.~ erosidice se ermessh radial litt lal eu central tie iota exige Aci ricall se staizcaxs in thal multe modu. fren hdroperamlor de alc prima ecto, pre ceum sa porosaton, dee In ada leo, 1-0, neta Bite ab Sterner cent destained a £814) STanume prin estragers de higensen, eliinare B dlmegare a pee elaldhe dau peotapede nai HMA pea De not ra ier! (womtor) Stabiizanen pen extagers de, hidragen duc a scot, ‘prin elimina g do hidrogen st grup met, ia a deh, respect eetanc ‘Aidchldele stl formace we autazideat mai deporte dia pgtere la cl Protas de imectnte, ‘perosia fastabit Cem, se Fap nwo Ih ruleal cre se tnbllgeaad dup efile desrise mal suse ‘Batmagere de hidrogen (Gye-0-OH —> cHye-0- + Ho. (age ono > (aeons ‘Aditi ta olehens CBE-0 + teeat > INE—O- ae to Biminare p de hidrogen ergg-o-on 73 eae SS cayenoy m0 i eate-0-01 5 ny-cn-0 = cat-ct0 > eaty-coon ope ptm ‘ose at 38 20, Huei Despre wo de autoxdare alder (§ 24.020). eoxia a Buroperoxat sit promotor ab seetilor homotitce inte al ag iat >. Descmapencsite ae hidroperoxisitor si perosalor de lc eating acidy aa intermedia ction: Un ekedpia dante Ge delrmpuncs ciate propa enol rer fe camen (034) heel fice ot inate dee, i Sota ‘© Descompunerea peroxsler deal in solu, dul de enzot sé descomipune la TOA sa ia to ‘rezenfa Tamil, dnd mogtene Lawton rade th00-0-0-00-641, —> 26-C0-0 —> 2 6g + 3.60, 4. Hidroperosii, is perosicit apa oxigenats, pn i libertate nfs te ae fad de Dotasin (rea tacteristch de Feeumaagete - Tatredari alehidel a weld, y. utosidares pen eect oe eae INCH 2m TRE Perce emcee a ce see Reealceedl chOOee 8 taste Seman « eel mene ee (¢2200. opm etl nr snes 20. Biers 3 mean et ene eal ands Cpe ee hs camp 2,18 Inder bcgeinrteond a Stes sre, Ata un ce met fot bie pen on pd ne, A ie ot ores a ee se eens ee Sth ma leo gen wet an era Boy saipnciee eee Ms ahs ameter SE papel Se te ce sen Ga SOURS ea LS STS, i

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