802.

16/WiMAX
EECS 228a, Spring 2006 Shyam Parekh

References
IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16REVd) IEEE 802.16-2005 (802.16e) Intels Whitepapers, 2004 (http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2004/volume08issue03/) IEEE Standard 802.16: A Technical Overview of the WirelessMAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, C. Eklund et al., IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2002 Broadband Wireless Access with 802.16/WiMax: Current Performance Benchmarks and Future Potential, A. Ghosh et al., IEEE Communication Magazine, Feb 2005 Wireless Communication Standards: A Study of IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16, T. Cooklev, 2004

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Source: LBL

802.16 Standards History

First standard based on proprietary implementations of DOCSIS/HFC architecture in wireless domain

802.16
(Dec 2001)

Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 66 GHz: Line-of-sight only, Point-toMulti-Point applications

802.16c
(2002)
802.16 Amendment WiMAX System Profiles 10 - 66 GHz

802.16a
(Jan 2003)

Extension for 2-11 GHz: Targeted for nonline-of-sight, Point-to-Multi-Point applications like last mile broadband access

802.16REVd (802.16-2004) (Oct 2004)

Adds WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for 2-11 GHz

802.16e
(802.16-2005) (Dec 2005)

MAC/PHY Enhancements to support subscribers moving at vehicular speeds

Applications of 802.16 Standards

802.16 Network Architecture

802.16 Network Architecture (2)

Scope of 802.16 Standards

Physical Layer Summary

Designation WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SC Applicability 10-66 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed WirelessMAN-OFDM 2-11 GHz Licenseexempt 2-11 GHz Licensed WirelessMAN-OFDMA Basic Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS) MAC Duplexing TDD, FDD, HFDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD TDD

TDD, FDD

2-11 GHz Licenseexempt

TDD

Channel Characteristics
10-66 GHz
Very weak multipath components (LOS is required) Rain attenuation is a major issue Single-carrier PHY

2-11 GHz
Multipath NLOS Single and multi-carrier PHYs

Wireless Performance (as of 2003)

Source: S. Viswanathan, Intel

OFDMA Subchannels
A subset of subcarriers is grouped together to form a subchannel A transmitter is assigned one or more subchannels in DL direction (16 subchannels are supported in UL in OFDM PHY) Subchannels provide interference averaging benefits for aggressive frequency
reuse systems

OFDM Basics
Orthogonal Subcarriers

Cyclic Prefix in Frequency Domain

Cyclic Prefix in Time Domain

Equalizers are avoided in OFDM

Narrow bandwidth long symbol times all significant multipaths arrive within a symbol time minimizing ISI no equalization low complexity

Tx Signal

time

Note: All signals & multipath over a useful symbol time are from the same symbol & add constructively (no ISI)

Cyclic Prefix

Useful Symbol Time

Rx Signal

time

Note: dashed lines represent multipath

Source: Lucent

Tradeoffs of FFT size

The FFT size determines the number of subcarriers in the specified bandwidth Larger FFT sizes lead to narrower subcarriers and smaller inter-subcarrier spacing
More susceptibility to ICI, particularly in high Doppler (Note: Doppler shift for 125 km/hr for operation at 3.5 GHz is v/ = 35 m/sec/0.086 m = 408 Hz) Narrower subcarriers lead to longer symbol times less susceptibility to delay spread

Smaller FFT sizes the opposite is true

Source: Lucent

OFDMA Scalability

Supports s wide range of frame sizes (2-20 ms) Source: Intel Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN

Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

General Downlink Frame Structure

Downlink Interval Usage Code (DIUC) indicates burst profile

General Uplink Frame Structure

Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC) indicates burst profile

OFDMA TDD Frame Structure

DL-MAP and UL-MAP indicate the current frame structure BS periodically broadcasts Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) and Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD) messages to indicate burst profiles (modulation and FEC schemes)

Frame Structure Another View

Network Entry Process

SDU and PDU

Connections
802.16/WiMAX is connection oriented For each direction, a connection identified with a 16 bit CID Each CID is associated with a Service Flow ID (SFID) that determines the QoS parameters for that CID

PDU Transmission

Source: R. Marks (NIST) IEEE Presentation

QoS Mechanism

Generic MAC Frame

Generic MAC Header

Generic Bandwidth Request

Management Messages
Management messages are broadcast or sent on three CIDs in each direction: Basic, Primary, and Secondary
Uplink Channel Descriptor Downlink Channel Descriptor UL-MAP DL-MAP DSA-REQ DSA-RSP

Key Management Messages (1)

Key Management Messages (2)

Scheduling Types and QoS

Scheduling Type Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS) Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS) Parameters Max Sustained Traffic Rate, Maximum Latency, Tolerated Jitter Max Sustained Traffic Rate, Min Reserved Traffic Rate, Committed Burst Size, Maximum Latency, etc. Committed Information Rate, Maximum Information Rate

Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS)

Best Effort (BE)

Maximum Information Rate

Extended rtPS was introduced in 802.16e that combines UGS and rtPS: This has periodic unsolicited grants, but the grant size can be changed by request

Scheduling Classes

Advanced 802.16 Features

Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO)
MIMO channel capacity is given by C = B log2 det(I + SNR.HH*T/N) where H is MxN channel matrix with M and N are receive and transmit antennas, resp.

Hybrid-ARQ
For faster ARQ, combines error correction and detection and makes use of previously received versions of a frame

Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

Enables directed beams between BS and SSs

WiBro (Wireless Broadband)

WiBro is an early large-scale deployment of 802.16 in South Korea (Dec 2005) Demonstrates 802.16 performance as compared to 3G/4G cellular alternatives 3 operators have been licensed by the government (each spending ~$1B)

WiMAX Opportunities
There is a work opportunity to create/enhance 802.16/WiMAX network level simulation
Contact sparekh@lucent.com

Technical contributions characterizing 802.16 performance and network capacity are much needed