B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

VIN KHOA HC K THUT BU IN
---------

BO CO
TI KHOA HC V CNG NGH

NGHIN CU XY DNG TH NGHIM H THNG O NH

GI CHT LNG DCH V TRUYN TI TRN MNG BNG
RNG DI NG 3G
M s: 13-13-KHKT-SP

Xc nhn c Ch
quantrqun
ti:
l ti KS. Nguyn Hu
Ch Hng
tr ti
VIN KHOA HC
K THUT
Cng
tc vin:BU IN
ThS. Trn Trung Phong
ThS. c Thnh
KS. Phng Anh Tun
KS. Nguyn Quang Vinh

H Ni, 11/ 2013

H Ni, 11/ 2013

MC LC
DANH MC HNH.......................................................................................5
DANH MC BNG......................................................................................7
BNG DANH MC VIT TT..................................................................9
M U

11

CHNG 1. KHO ST TNH HNH QUN L CHT LNG

DCH V V TNH HNH TIU CHUN HA TRONG
V NGOI NC I VI DCH V TRN NN
MNG BNG RNG 3G.................................................13
1.1

Tnh hnh qun l cht lng dch v v tiu chun ha quc t i

vi cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng 3G..................................13
1.1.1 T chc ITU-T.............................................................................13
1.1.2 T chc ETSI...............................................................................18

1.2 Tnh hnh qun l cht lng dch v v tiu chun ha trong nc i
vi cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng 3G..................................25
1.2.1 Cc tiu chun/quy chun xy dng.......................................25
1.2.2 Cc tiu chun quy nh ni b trong cc nh khai thc vin thng
...................................................................................................28

CHNG 2. NGHIN CU CC VN L THUYT LIN QUAN

N VIC O V NH GI CHT LNG DCH
V TRN MNG BNG RNG 3G..............................30
2.1 Tng quan h thng UMTS...............................................................30
2.1.1 Kin trc h thng........................................................................30
2.1.2 Kin trc giao thc......................................................................31

2.2 Cht lng cc dch v IP trn mng UMTS.....................................32

2.2.1 Tng quan....................................................................................32

2.3 Hot ng ca giao thc truyn ti TCP/UDP trn mng UMTS.....36

2.3.1 Cc dch v da trn giao thc UDP...........................................36

2.3.2 Cc dch v da trn giao thc TCP............................................37

2.3.3 Giao thc TCP trn mng UMTS-HSDPA...................................38
2.3.4 M hnh o nh gi truyn ti TCP/UDP trn mng UMTS......40

CHNG 3. NGHIN CU XUT CC YU CU V K

THUT I VI H THNG O KIM CHT
LNG DCH V TRUYN TI TRN NN MNG
BNG RNG DI NG 3G............................................44
3.1 S chc nng ca h thng o......................................................44
3.2 Yu cu k thut ca h thng o......................................................46
3.2.1 Cc yu cu chung.......................................................................46
3.2.2 Yu cu i vi MQT...................................................................47
3.2.3 Yu cu i vi FQT:...................................................................50
3.2.4 Yu cu vi Khi x l kt qu o................................................50

3.3 Kho st cc h thng o trn th gii...............................................52

3.3.1 ASCOM........................................................................................53
3.3.2 SWISSQUAL................................................................................54

CHNG 4. XUT M HNH TH NGHIM H THNG O

NH GI CHT LNG DCH V TRUYN TI
TRN MNG BNG RNG DI NG 3G V KIN
NGH TRIN KHAI.........................................................57
4.1 xut m hnh th nghim h thng o nh gi cht lng dch v
truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G.....................................57
4.1.1 S h thng th nghim...........................................................57
4.1.2

M hnh o th nghim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng

bng rng di ng 3G................................................................58

4.2 Kin ngh trin khai...........................................................................59

TI LIU THAM KHO..........................................................................61
PH LC A: KT QU O KIM PING GI 32 BIT N SERVER
TI GGSN..........................................................................62

A.1 o kim Viettel Bc Ninh..............................................................62

A.2 o kim VMS ti Bc Ninh..............................................................63
A.3 o kim VMS ti Thanh Ha...........................................................64
PH LC B: KT QU O TRUYN TI TCP TI VIN CNG
NGH BLEKINGE,
THY IN....................65
B.1 Upload...............................................................................................65
B.2 Download..........................................................................................66

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1-1. M hnh phn loi dch v...........................................................14
Hnh 1-2. nh x cc yu cu v tr, mt gi tin ln tng loi dch v.....14
Hnh 1-3. Kin trc phn lp ca cc dch v IP........................................17
Hnh 1-4. Kin trc phn lp cht lng dch v trn mng UMTS........19
Hnh 1-5. nh x gia th tc PDP Context v dch v truyn ti...........22
Hnh 1-6. M hnh phn cp dch v............................................................23
Hnh 1-7. Phn lp dch v............................................................................23
Hnh 1-8 Dch v truyn ti trn mng di ng 3G....................................25
Hnh 2-9. Thnh phn kin trc h thng UMTS.......................................30
Hnh 2-10. Kin trc giao thc h thng UMTS.........................................31
Hnh 2-11. Minh ha kt ni logic t UE n Server cung cp dch v....32
Hnh 2-12. Phn lp cht lng dch v mng chuyn mch gi v cc
tham s tng ng.............................................................32
Hnh 2-13. Chc nng qun l QoS i vi hot ng lin mng UMTS IP..........................................................................................35
Hnh 2-14 M hnh o truyn ti TCP/UDP................................................41
Hnh 2-15 nh gi nh hng ca Gateway trong m hnh o truyn ti
TCP/UDP............................................................................43
Hnh 3-16. M hnh h thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti ng
vi kin trc phn lp dch v truyn ti ca UMTS.....44

Hnh 3-17 Kin trc giao thc trong h thng o xut.........................45

Hnh 3-18 S khi tng qut ca MQT..................................................48
Hnh 3-19 S Khi x l kt qu.............................................................51
Hnh 3-20 Tnh bin thin tr gi tin............................................................52
Hnh 3-21 Gii php Q-Voice Symphony ca ASCOM.........................53
Hnh 3-22 Gii php DMU ca Swissqual...................................................54
Hnh 4-23 S h thng o th nghim....................................................57
Hnh 4-24. M hnh o th nghim cht lng dch v truyn ti...........59

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1-1. Cc mc ngng xut cho cc dch v thoi, video..............15
Bng 1-2. Cc mc ngng xut cho cc dch v data..........................15
Bng 1-3 Ch tiu cc lp dch v trong mng IP.......................................17
Bng 1-4. Bng xc nh cc tham s cho tng lp lu lng...................21
Bng 1-5. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng
nhm thoi/thi gian thc.................................................26
Bng 1-6. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng
nhm lung d liu............................................................26
Bng 1-7. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng
nhm tng tc..................................................................27
Bng 1-8. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng
nhm c bn.......................................................................27
Bng 1-9 Cc ch tiu Round Trip Time min PS trong mng 3G ca
VNPT...................................................................................28
Bng 1-10 QoS v cc tham s QoS ca mng VNPT................................28
Bng 1-11 Ch tiu cht lng mng ton trnh (end-to-end) trong mng
truyn ti IP ca VNPT.....................................................29
Bng 2-12. B cc tham s cu hnh dch v truyn ti.............................35
Bng 3-13 Cc tham s khi o kim dch v gi email...............................55
Bng A-14 o HSDPA Ping mng Viettel ti Bc Ninh.............................62
Bng A-15 o HSDPA Ping mng VMS ti Bc Ninh...............................63
Bng A-16 o HSDPA ping mng VMS ti Thanh Ha............................64
Bng B-17 Upload tc 8 kbps...................................................................65

Bng B-18 Upload tc 32 kbps.................................................................66

Bng B-19 Upload tc 128 kbps...........................................................66
Bng B-20 Upload tc 360 kbps...............................................................66
Bng B-21 Download tc 360 kbps..........................................................66
Bng B-22 Download tc 512 kbps..........................................................66
Bng B-23 Download tc 1024 kbps........................................................67
Bng B-24 Download tc 3072 kbps........................................................67

BNG DANH MC VIT TT

T vit tt

Tn ting Anh

Tn ting Vit

3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project

D n i tc th h th 3

AAL

ATM Adaption Layer

Lp tng thch ATM

ATM

Aschyncronous Transfer Mode

Ch truyn bt i xng

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

T ng nhc truyn li

BER

Bit Error Rate

T l li bit

CN

Core Network

Mng li

DMU

Diversity Measurement Units

Cc khi o kim Diversity

ETSI

European Telecommunications
Standard Institute

Vin tiu chun Vin thng

chu u

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

Giao thc truyn file

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

Nt h tr lin mng GPRS

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

Dch v v tuyn gi chung

GTP

GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

Giao thc truyn ti gi tin

GPRS

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access

Truy nhp gi tc cao

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language

Ngn ng nh du siu vn
bn

HTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Giao thc truyn siu vn bn

ITU

International Telecommunication
Union

Lin minh Vin thng Quc t

IP

Internet Protocol

Giao thc Internet

IPLR

Internet Protocol Loss Rate

T l mt gi tin IP

IPTD

Internet Protocol Transfer Delay

Tr truyn gi tin IP

IPDV

Internet Protocol Delay Variation

Bin thin tr gi tin IP

LAN

Local Area Network

Mng cc b

MTU

Maximum Transfer Unit

n v truyn ln nht

MQT

Mobile QoS Test-equipment

Thit b o kim cht lng di

ng

FQT

Fixed QoS Test-equipment

Thit b o kim cht lng c

nh

OSI

Open Systems Interconnection

M hnh tham chiu kt ni cc

h thng m

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

Giao thc hi t d liu gi

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

Mng di ng mt t cng
cng

PDP

Packet Data Protocol

Giao thc d liu gi

RLC

Radio Link Control

iu khin lp v tuyn

RNC

Radio Network Controller

Thit b iu khin mng v

tuyn

RSVP

Resource Reservation Protocol

Giao thc t trc ti nguyn

RTP

Real-time Transport Protocol

Giao thc truyn ti thi gian

thc

SGSN

Serving GPRS Support Node

Nt h tr phc v GPRS

SMS

Short Message Service

Dch v nhn tin ngn

SNMP

Simple Network Management

Protocol

Giao thc iu khin mng ti

gin

SDU

Service Data Unit

n v d liu dch v

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

Giao thc iu khin truyn

vn

UMTS

Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System

H thng vin thng di ng

ton cu

UDP

User Data Protocol

Giao thc d liu ngi dng

UE

User Equipment

Thit b ngi dng

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

Tham chiu ti nguyn

UTRAN

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network

Mng Truy nhp v tuyn mt

t UMTS

10

M U
Hin nay, vi s pht trin bng n ca cc thit b di ng nh my tnh xch tay,
my tnh bng, in thoi thng minh,cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng di
ng cng cng ngy cng ph bin v a dng hn. Cc dch v nh duyt web,
email, VoIP trn cc thit b di ng tr thnh nhng nhu cu v cng quen
thuc vi ngi dng. S pht trin t ra vn cn kim sot cht lng dch
v QoS, y cng l mi quan tm hng u i vi cc nh khai thc mng cng
nh ngi dng hin nay. Cc dch v ny hot ng trn nn mng truyn ti bng
rng di ng (Bearer Service), v vic o kim, nh gi cht lng mng truyn ti
bng rng di ng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng m bo cng nh nng
cao cht lng dch v.
Nm 2012, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in thuc Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
Chnh Vin Thng thc hin ti 53-12-KHKT-TC, xy dng D tho Quy
chun k thut quc gia cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng 3G. D
tho quy chun chia cc ng dng trn mng bng rng di ng thnh 4 nhm da
trn s nhy cm v tr v mt gi tin ca cc ng dng. Cc tham s nh gi l
tr gi tin mt chiu,bin ng tr gi tin v t l mt gi tin.
Ni tip cng vic , nhm nghin cu tip tc thc hin ti Nghin cu xy
dng th nghim h thng o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng
rng di ng 3G. Mc ch chnh ca ti l nghin cu xy dng cc yu cu
k thut cho h thng o, t xut mt h thng o th nghim c tnh kh thi
v phng n thc hin mt s bi o c th.
Sn phm ti c 2 phn:
1. Bo co kt qu nghin cu ti Nghin cu xy dng th nghim h thng
o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G.
2. M hnh th nghim h thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn
mng bng rng di ng 3G.
Ti liu ny l phn th nht trong b sn phm, bo co kt qu nghin cu ti
Nghin cu xy dng th nghim h thng o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn
ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G.
Bo co kt qu ti gm c 4 chng. Chng u tin tin hnh kho st tnh
hnh qun l cht lng v tiu chun ha i vi dch v truyn ti trn mng bng
rng c nh trong v ngoi nc. Nhm nghin cu tin hnh r sot cc tiu
chun v ti liu k thut c lin quan ca cc t chc quc t ln l ITU-T v ETSI.

11

V phn trong nc, c d tho ti 53-12-KHKT-TC cp trn, cng vi

nhm nghin cu cng tin hnh r sot mt s tiu chun quy nh lin quan
trong ni b ca VNPT.
Chng 2 trnh by mt s cc vn l thuyt lin quan n vic o v nh gi
cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng. Phn ny trnh by tng
quan v mng 3G UMTS cng nh cch thc qun l cht lng dch v ca n. Bn
cnh l hot ng ca cc giao thc TCP/UDP, l nn tng ca cc dch v truyn
ti. Sau nhm nghin cu cng tm hiu phng php o nh gi cht lng
truyn ti TCP trn mng UMTS c th nghim Thy in.
Tip theo cc c s l thuyt ny, nhm nghin cu a ra s khi chc nng
cho h thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng. S
khi m t cc khi chc nng cn c v cc yu cu k thut cn c ca tng
khi. Bn cnh , nhm nghin cu cng tin hnh kho st cc gii php o cht
lng dch v di ng t cc hng sn xut thit b o ln trn th gii nh
SwissQual v ASCOM, c th c c ci nhn tng quan v tnh hnh o kim
trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring.
Hin ti th cc nh sn xut cha a ra sn phm chuyn dng o cc tham s
dch v truyn ti nh quy nh trong ti 53-12-KHKT-TC. Do , trong
chng 4, nhm nghin cu xut h thng th nghim o c cc tham s
ny. H thng th nghim cng c phn tch chi tit v kha cnh k thut v tnh
kh thi trong phn th hai ca sn phm ti M hnh th nghim h thng o
kim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G. Cui cng,
nhm nghin cu a ra cc kin ngh v cc kch bn c th s dng trin khai
m hnh trn thc t.

12

CHNG 1.

KHO ST TNH HNH QUN L CHT

LNG DCH V V TNH HNH TIU
CHUN HA TRONG V NGOI NC
I VI DCH V TRN NN MNG BNG
RNG 3G

1.1 Tnh hnh qun l cht lng dch v v tiu chun ha

quc t i vi cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng 3G
1.1.1

T chc ITU-T

T chc ITU-T a ra cc ti liu k thut khuyn ngh lin quan n cht lng
truyn ti cc dch v IP, bao gm: ITU-T G1010, ITU-T Y1540, ITU-T Y1541.
ITU-T G1010
Tiu chun ITU T G1010 [1] a ra cc tham s chnh nh hng n cht lng
dch v ti pha ngi dng u cui, bao gm:
-

Tr (Delay)

Bin ng tr (Delay variation)

Mt thng tin

Tiu chun ny phn loi dch v thnh 4 lp, da trn tiu ch v mc nhy cm
vi tr v mt thng tin ca dch v , khng ph thuc vo cng ngh mng ang
c s dng (IP, ATM, c dy, khng dy):

13

Error
tolerant

Conversational
voice and video

Voice/video
messaging

Streaming audio
and video

Fax

Error
intolerant

Command/control
(e.g. Telnet,
interactive games)

Transactions
(e.g. E-commerce,
WWW browsing,
Email access)

Messaging,
Downloads
(e.g. FTP, still image)

Background
(e.g. Usenet)

Interactive
(delay <<1 s)

Responsive
(delay ~2 s)

Timely
(delay ~10 s)

Non-critical
(delay >>10 s)
T1213060-02

Hnh 1-1. M hnh phn loi dch v

Packet Loss
5%

Conversational
voice and video
100 ms

0%
Zero
loss

Command
/control
(e.g. Telnet,
Interactive games)

Voice/video
messaging
1s
Transactions

(e.g. E-commerce,
Web-browsing,
E-mail access)

Streaming
audio/video
10 s
Messaging,
Downloads

Fax

Delay
100 s

Background
(e.g. Usenet)

(e.g. FTP, still image)

T1213050-02

Hnh 1-2. nh x cc yu cu v tr, mt gi tin ln tng loi dch v

Tiu chun ITU - T a ra yu cu v mc ngng i vi cc ch tiu cht lng k

thut nh sau:

14

Bng 1-1. Cc mc ngng xut cho cc dch v thoi, video

Phng
tin
truyn

ng dng

Mc i Tc d Cc tham s ch tiu thit yu v cc gi tr

xng
liu
Tr
chiu

mt Bin
thin tr

Mt
tin

thng Khc

(Ch 2)
m
thanh

m
thoi

thanh Hai chiu

4-64 kbit/s

<150 ms

< 1 ms

c u tin
(Ch 1)

< 3% packet
loss
ratio
(PLR)

<400
ms
gii
hn
(Ch 1)
m
thanh

Bn tin thoi

Ch yu mt 4-32 kbit/s
chiu

< 1 s pht < 1 ms

li

< 3% PLR

< 2 s ghi
li
m
thanh

Hnh
nh Ch yu mt 16-128
lung d liu chiu
kbit/s
cht
lng
(Ch 3)
cao

< 10 s

Video

Videophone

< 150 ms
c u tin
(Ch 4)

Hai chiu

16-384
kbit/s

<< 1 ms

< 1% PLR

< 1% PLR

<400
ms
gii hn
Video

Mt chiu

Mt chiu

16-384
kbit/s

< 10 s

Lip-synch
(Hnh nh
ng v
mi ng
b ha):
< 80 ms

< 1% PLR

Ch 1 Gi thit iu khin ting vng tch hp.

Ch 2 Cc gi tr chnh xc ph thuc vo b m/gii m ha c th, nhng gi thit s dng thut ton giu
mt gi tin gim thiu hiu ng mt gi tin.
Ch 3 Cht lng rt ph thuc vo kiub m/gii m ha v tc bit.
Ch 4 Cc gi tr ny c coi nh cc gi tr mc tiu lu di, c th khng c cng ngh hin thi p
ng.

Bng 1-2. Cc mc ngng xut cho cc dch v data

15

Phng
tin
truyn

ng dng

Mc i S lng Cc tham s ch tiu thit yu v cc gi tr

xng
d
liu
in hnh
Tr mt chiu Bin
(Ch )
thin tr

Mt
tin

thng

D liu

Duyt web
HTML

Ch
yu
mt chiu

~10 KB

u tin < 2 s Khng

/trang
quy nh
C th chp nhn
c < 4 s /trang

D liu

Chuyn/phc
hi d liu khi

Ch
yu
mt chiu

10 KB-10 u tin < 15 s

Khng
MB
C th chp nhn quy nh
c < 60 s

D liu

Cc dch v Hai chiu

giao dch mc
u tin cao,
v d thng
mi in t,
ATM

< 10 KB

u tin < 2 s
Khng
C th chp nhn quy nh
c < 4 s

D liu

Lnh/
khin

~ 1 KB

< 250 ms

Khng
quy nh

D liu

Hnh nh tnh

< 100 KB

u tin < 15 s
Khng
C th chp nhn quy nh
c < 60 s

D liu

Tr chi tng Hai chiu

tc

< 1 KB

< 200 ms

Khng
quy nh

D liu

Telnet

Hai chiu < 1 KB

(khng i
xng)

< 200 ms

Khng
quy nh

< 10 KB

u tin < 2 s
Khng
C th chp nhn quy nh
c < 4 s

D liu

Th in t Ch
yu
(truy
nhp Mt chiu
server)

D liu

Th in t Ch
yu
(server - server mt chiu
transfer)

< 10 KB

C th vi pht

Khng
quy nh

D liu

Fax ("thi gian Ch

yu
thc")
mt chiu

~ 10 KB

< 30 s/trang

Khng
quy nh

<10-6 BER

D liu

Fax (lu tr v Ch
yu
chuyn tip)
mt chiu

~ 10 KB

C th vi pht

Khng
quy nh

<10-6 BER

D liu

Cc giao dch Ch
yu
u tin thp
mt chiu

< 10 KB

< 30 s

Khng
quy nh

D liu

Usenet

1 MB

C th vi pht

Khng
quy nh

iu Hai chiu
Mt chiu

Ch
yu
mt chiu

Ch : Trong mt s trng hp thch hp, c th coi cc gi tr ny nh cc thi gian p ng

16

ITU-T Y.1540
Ti liu ITU - T Y.1540 [2] a ra cc tham s dng xc nh v nh gi hot
ng ca cc dch v vin thng da trn giao thc IP v c p dng cho cc dch
v end-to-end chy trn giao thc IPv4. Cc tham s nh gi hot ng ca cc dch
v IP c da trn c s gim st cc gi tin IP ti cc im o (MP).

Hnh 1-3. Kin trc phn lp ca cc dch v IP

Ti liu ny cng ng thi a ra mt s tham s nh gi cht lng truyn ti gi
tin IP, da trn cc thng k t ti cc im o nh sau:
-

Tr truyn gi tin IP (IP packet transfer delay);

Bin thin tr ca gi tin IP;

T l mt gi.

ITU-T Y.1541
Ti liu ITU-T Y.1541 [3] a ra yu cu v cc tham s nh gi v gi tr mc
ngng xut i vi mi lp dch v nh Bng 1 -3.

Bng 1-3 Ch tiu cc lp dch v trong mng IP

Tham

ngha

Lp QoS

17

Lp 0

IPTD
IPDV
IPLR

Lp 1

Lp 2

Lp 3

Lp 4

Lp 5

Thi gian tr
trung bnh

100ms

400ms

100ms

400ms

1s

Bin ng tr

50ms

50ms

T l mt gi

1*10e-3

1*10e-3

1*10e-3

1*10e-3

1*10e-3

Trong , gi tr mt gi (IPLR) da trn cc nghin cu, ch ra rng cc ng dng

thoi cht lng cao v cc b m ha/gii m thoi b nh hng rt t vi gi tr
IPLR tng ng 10exp-3.

1.1.2

T chc ETSI

ETSI 123.107 V11.0.0 (2012-01)

Ti liu ETSI 123.107 [4] a ra khi nim v cht lng dch v nh sau.
Cc dch v mng c xem nh l end-to-end, tc l t mt u cui n u cui
khc. Mt dch v end-to-end c mt cht lng dch v (QoS) xc nh cho ngi
dng s dng dch v . Ngi dng s quyt nh c tha mn vi cht lng dch
v c cung cp hay khng.
Kin trc phn lp dch v truyn ti UMTS c m t trong Hnh 1 -4.

18

UMTS
TE

MT

RAN

CN
Gateway

CN
EDGE
NODE

TE

End-to-End Service

TE/MT Local
Bearer Service

External Bearer
Service

UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

Radio Bearer
Service

RAN Access
Bearer Service

Physical Radio
Bearer Service

Physical
Bearer Service

CN Bearer
Service

Backbone
Bearer Service

Hnh 1-4. Kin trc phn lp cht lng dch v trn mng UMTS
Cht lng dch v truyn ti ca mt mng c xc nh bi cc c tnh v chc
nng c thit lp t ngun n ch ca dch v . Dch v truyn ti (bearer
service) cho php gim st cht lng dch v QoS tha thun trc.
Ti liu ETSI 123.107 phn loi dch v c s dng cho UMTS thnh 4 lp vi
tiu ch phn loi da theo mc nhy cm v tr ca lp dch v :
Lp thoi
Lp lung d liu
Lp tng tc
Lp c bn
Lp thoi v lung d liu ch yu dnh cho cc ng dng thi gian thc. Lu lng
ca dch v thoi thi gian thc, v d nh video call, v cc d liu lin quan c
truyn qua lp Thoi.

19

Lp tng tc v lp c bn c p dng trn nhng ng dng Internet truyn

thng nh WWW, Email, Telnet, FTP. Do c im yu cu v tr t hn so vi 2
lp dch v trn, c 2 loi dch v ny a ra mc sa li tt hn bng cch m
ha knh v c ch truyn li (retransmission). Lp tng tc bao gm cc dch v
tng tc nh duyt mail (Email), duyt web (Web-Browsing). Lp c bn bao gm
cc dch v nh download Email, download file. Lu lng ca lp tng tc c
mc u tin cao hn lp c bn, do cc ng dng trn lp c bn ch s dng
ng truyn khi lp tng tc khng s dng. iu ny rt quan trng trong mi
trng v tuyn do bng thng thp hn so vi mng c nh.
Tiu chun ETSI 123.107 ng thi a ra khi nim B thuc tnh c trng ca
dch v truyn ti (Bearer Service) cho tng lp dch v nh Bng 1 -4.

20

Bng 1-4. Bng xc nh cc tham s cho tng lp lu lng

Lp lu lng

Lp thoi

Lp lung
d liu

Lp tng
tc

Lp c bn

Tc bit cc i

Trnh t pht

Kch thc SDU

ti a (octet)

Thng tin nh
dng SDU

T l li SDU

T l li bit d

Pht i cc SDU
b li

Tr truyn tin
(ms)

Tc bit m
bo

u tin iu
khin lu lng

x
x

u tin cp
pht/duy tr

Thng k ngun

Ch dn bo hiu

Tm li, ti liu ny a ra c m hnh qun l cht lng dch v trong mng

UMTS v phn dch v ngi dng thnh 4 lp: Lp thoi, lp lung d liu, lp
tng tc v lp c bn. Ti liu ng thi a ra b cc thuc tinh cht lng
truyn ti dch v (UMTS Bearer Service) vi cc tham s c trng cho tng lp
(QoS Profile). B cc tham s ny c s dng bi pha nh cung cp dch v trong
vic cp pht v qun l ti nguyn mng cho ngi dng. Mi mt b cc tham s
tng ng vi mt th tc PDP Context khi ngi dng yu cu v c lu trong
C s d liu ca mng (ti HLR).

21

Hnh 1-5. nh x gia th tc PDP Context v dch v truyn ti

Tuy nhin, ti liu ny khng a ra cc yu cu ch tiu v cht lng truyn ti

dch v cho ngi dng. Do nhm thc hin xut khng ly ETSI 123.107 lm
ti liu tham chiu chnh ging nh a ra trong ti m s 31-11-KHKT-TC.
ETSI 122.105 V10.0.0 (2011-05)
Ti liu ETSI 122.105 [5] a ra nh ngha v Dch v truyn ti Bearer Service
nh sau: Dch v truyn ti l kh nng truyn ti thng tin gia cc im truy cp
dch v v bao gm cc chc nng ca cc lp mc thp (trong m hnh OSI).
Ngi dng s chn tp cc giao thc lp trn cho dch v tng ng.

22

Hnh 1-6. M hnh phn cp dch v

Ti liu ETSI 122.105 phn loi 4 lp lu lng truyn ti trn mng 3G vi tiu ch
nh gi mc nh hng ca tr v mt thng tin ln cc lp dch v .

Hnh 1-7. Phn lp dch v

Tiu chun ny cng a ra cc tiu ch nh gi hot ng ca dch v, bao gm:

Tr ng truyn: l khong thi gian gia yu cu truyn thng tin ti mt im
truy cp (access point) n khi nhn c ti mt im truy cp khc;
Bin ng tr (Delay variation): h tr cc dch v thi gian thc, thng c
quy nh bi mt di gi tr thay v mt gi tr c nh;

23

 T l li bit: T l gia cc bit b li trn ton b cc bit thng tin c gi i,

thng c quy nh bi mt di gi tr thay v mt gi tr c nh;
Tc d liu: xc nh bi lng d liu truyn i gia 2 im truy cp chia
khong thi gian truyn.
ETSI 102.250 - x
B tiu chun ETSI TS 102 250-x [6] a ra cc yu cu i vi cht lng dch v
3G vi cc tiu chun thnh phn nh sau:
ETSI TS 102 250-1: xc nh cc vn lin quan n cht lng dch v ca
mng GSM v 3G. Mi dch v s c b ch tiu cht lng dch v tng ng.
Cc b ch tiu ny c xy dng sao cho ngi s dng cui c th xc nh,
cm nhn hoc nh lng c;
ETSI TS 102 250-2: nh ngha cc tham s cht lng dch v ph bin ca
mng GSM, 3G v cch tnh ton xc nh cc tham s ny. Cc tham s c
qui nh da trn nguyn tc chung nu trong ETSI TS 102 250-1. Trong tiu
chun ny, cc khi nim, nh ngha v tham s c chia thnh hai phn: khi
nim tru tng v phng php o qui nh cc im kch hot tng ng. Cc
php o khng ph thuc vo h tng mng c th v c th p dng chung cho
cc mng khc nhau;
ETSI TS 102 250-3: cc th tc c bn khi s dng thit b o cht lng dch
v;
ETSI TS 102 250-4: cc yu cu i vi thit b o cht lng dch v. Thit b
o p ng cc yu cu trong tiu chun ny s cho php thc hin cc php o
t c tin cy yu cu;
ETSI TS 102 250-5: cc bi o c bn, cho php thc hin o so snh
(benchmarking) ch tiu cht lng dch v gia cc mng GSM v 3G khi
nhau.;
ETSI TS 102 250-6: phng php thng k v x l s liu sau khi o;
ETSI TS 102 250-7: xc nh phng php ly mu, m t cc php o cht
lng dch v ca mng GSM, trong kt qu thu c bng cch p dng
thng k ni suy.

24

1.2 Tnh hnh qun l cht lng dch v v tiu chun ha

trong nc i vi cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng 3G
1.2.1

Cc tiu chun/quy chun xy dng

Nm 2012, Vin KHKT Bu in xy dng D tho Quy chun k thut quc

gia cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng 3G [8], trong a ra b
cc ch tiu cht lng cho dch v truyn ti min chuyn mch gi qua mng 3G.
D tho nh ngha Dch v truyn ti trn mng di ng 3G l dch v vin thng
truyn ti thng tin gia hai im truy nhp mng v thc hin cc chc nng ca
cc lp thp (lp 3 tr xung) trong m hnh tham chiu OSI

Hnh 1-8 Dch v truyn ti trn mng di ng 3G

Cc ng dng c phn thnh 4 nhm da theo yu cu v cht lng dch v khc
nhau: Thoi/thi gian thc, lung d liu, tng tc, c bn.
Cc tham s nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti bao gm: Tr truyn gi tin 1
chiu (One way delay), Bin thin tr truyn gi tin (Packet Delay Variation) v t l
mt gi tin (Packet Loss Rate).

25

Bng 1-5. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng nhm

thoi/thi gian thc

ng
dng

Cuc
gi
thoi
VoIP
Tr chi
thi
gian
thc
Telnet

Mc
i
xng

2 chiu

2 chiu

Tc
d liu

Ch tiu nh gi
Dung lng
d liu

4-13
kbps

60

1KB

kbps

2 chiu

Tr
1 chiu

Bin thin
tr

T l
mt gi

95% s
mu

95% s
mu

<3 %

< 150ms

< 1ms

95% s
mu
< 75 ms

1KB

95% s
mu
< 250 ms

Camera
iu
khin t
xa

2 chiu

95% s
mu

28.8
kbps

< 250 ms

Khng
quy nh

<3 %

Khng
quy nh

< 10-3

Khng
quy nh

<10-3

Bng 1-6. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng nhm

lung d liu

ng dng

Thoi,
nhc cht
lng cao
on phim
ngn, gim
st, phim

Ch tiu nh gi

Mc
i
xng

Tc
d liu

1 chiu

5 -128
kbps

1 chiu

Dung lng
d liu

20-384
kbps

26

1 chiu

Bin
thin
tr

95 % s
mu

95 %
s mu

< 10s

<2s

95 % s
mu

95 %
s mu

Tr

T l
mt gi

<1%
< 1%

thi gian
thc
Truyn d
liu dung
lng ln
Hnh nh
tnh

1 chiu

384
kbps

1 chiu

10 MB

< 10s

<2s

95 % s
mu

Khng
quy
nh

< 10-3

Khng
quy
nh

< 10-3

< 10 s

100 KB

95 % s
mu
< 10 s

Bng 1-7. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng nhm

tng tc

ng
dng
Duyt
web
HTML
E-mail
(Truy
cp my
ch)

Mc
i xng

Tc
d liu

1 chiu

Ch tiu nh gi

Dung
lng d
liu

Tr 1
chiu

10 KB

95% s
mu
<4s

1 chiu

10 KB

95% s
mu
<4s

Bin
thin
tr

T l
mt gi

Khng
quy
nh
Khng
quy
nh

<10-3

<10-3

Bng 1-8. Quy nh v cht lng dch v truyn ti i vi cc ng dng nhm

c bn
ng dng

Mc
i xng

Dung
lng

Tc d
liu
Tr

d liu
Gi v nhn 2 chiu
Email

1 chiu

10 KB

95 % s
mu
< 60 s

27

Ch tiu nh gi
Bin thin
tr
Khng quy
nh

T l
mt gi
<10-3

1.2.2

Cc tiu chun quy nh ni b trong cc nh khai thc vin

thng
VNPT

VNPT hin ban hnh Quy nh s 1581/Q-VNPT-VT ngy 25/08/2010 v cc

ch tiu qun l cht lng mng dch v ch cht (KPI) mng v tuyn di ng
2G/3G ca VNPT. Trong c ch tiu Round Trip Time khi ping gi 32 bit n
server ti GGSN nh sau:
Bng 1-9 Cc ch tiu Round Trip Time min PS trong mng 3G ca VNPT
STT

Tham s KPI

PSD_RTT

HSDPA_RTT

Mc ngng
ngh
Round Trip Time min 95% s mu c
PS
PSD Latency
200ms
Round Trip Time qua 95% s mu c
HSDPA
HSPDA_RTT
100ms
Din gii

Ghi ch
Thi gian ping gi
32bit n Server ti
GGSN
Thi gian ping gi
32bit n Server ti
GGSN

Mt s kt qu o kim ping gi 32 bit qua HSDPA c trnh by Ph lc A.

Trong mng IP, VNPT cng ban hnh quy nh s 1624/Q-VNPT-VT ngy
30/08/2010 v Ch tiu cht lng mng truyn ti IP. Quy nh ny phn chia cc
ng dng trn mng IP ca VNPT thnh cc lp khc nhau da trn mc u tin
d liu v xc nh cc ch tiu theo tng lp. Vic phn chia ny c minh ha
trong Bng 1 -10. Cc ch tiu trong mng IP c VNPT quy nh l : Tr gi tin
mt chiu (IPTD), Bin ng tr (IPDV), T l tn tht gi tin (IPLR), T l li gi
tin (IPER), T l b qua gi tin. Trong 4 tham s u tin l c th o bng
phng php o ch ng.
Bng 1-10 QoS v cc tham s QoS ca mng VNPT
QoS
class

Loi ng
dng

V d

Lp dch
v

Class 0

Giao thc
nh tuyn

RSVP, OSPF,
ISIS, BGP

iu
khin

Class 0

VoIP

Voice

Thoi

Class 2

Bo hiu
thoi, ng
dng

SIP, H.248, IGMP

Bo hiu

28

802.1p

DiffServ
Codepoin
t

MPLS
EXP

CS-6

EXP 6

EF
EF

EXP 5

Class 2

Phn b thi
gian chnh
xc

Class 2

Video

Class 1
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 5

Qun l
mng
D liu
doanh
nghip 1
D liu
doanh
nghip 2
Lu lng
internet

1588v2

Bo hiu

Video theo yu
Broadcast
cu, Broadcast TV
Video
SNMP, SSH

OAM

Dch v imim, a im-a

im
Dch v imim, a im-a
im

D liu
tc
cao
D liu
tc
cao

FTTH

EF
AF 41
4

EXP 4
AF 41

AF 31

EXP 3

AF 21

EXP 2

1
C bn

DSLAM, FTTB,
FTTC

EXP 1
Default

EXP 0

Cc ch tiu cht lng mng ton trnh trong mng truyn ti IP ca VNPT c
quy nh nh trong Bng 1 -11.
Bng 1-11 Ch tiu cht lng mng ton trnh (end-to-end) trong mng truyn
ti IP ca VNPT

29

CHNG 2.

NGHIN CU CC VN L THUYT
LIN QUAN N VIC O V NH GI
CHT LNG DCH V TRN MNG
BNG RNG 3G

2.1 Tng quan h thng UMTS

2.1.1

Kin trc h thng

Hnh 2-9. Thnh phn kin trc h thng UMTS

Thnh phn kin trc h thng UMTS bao gm:
Thit b u cui UE;
Mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN, bao gm NodeB v RNC;
Mng li (min PS), bao gm: SGSN v GGSN.
Mng truy nhp v tuyn kt ni n mng li qua giao din Iu PS. Mng li kt
ni ra mng ngoi (Internet) qua giao din Gi. Giao din v tuyn gia UE v
UTRAN c gi l Uu.

30

2.1.2

Kin trc giao thc

Hnh 2-10. Kin trc giao thc h thng UMTS

Hnh 2 -10 m t kin trc giao thc UMTS s dng trong truyn d liu ca cc
ng dng chy trn nn TCP/UDP. Cc ng dng cng nh b giao thc TCP/IP
c t ti pha nt kt cui l UE v host.
Giao thc PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) cung cp chc nng nn tiu
(header compression), gip ci thin hiu qu s dng ph tn trong khi pht i
gi tin IP qua giao din v tuyn.
Lp RLC c th hot ng 3 ch : ch c hi p (ACK mode), ch khng
hi p (NACK mode) v ch trong sut (transparent mode). Ch c hi p
c th m bo pht d liu tin cy qua giao din v tuyn, do s dng c ch truyn
li cc RLC PDU b li. Trong ch khng hi p, d liu pht i khng c
m bo l khng b li, nhng khng c truyn li trnh nh hng n tham
s tr (delay). Ch trong sut hot ng tng t nh ch khng hi p,
nhng cc PDU khng km theo thng tin v giao thc.
Lp MAC bao gm tp cc knh logic cho lp RLC. Cc knh logic xc nh loi d
liu s c pht i. Knh logic c dng pht d liu ngi dng (l cc gi tin
IP) c gi l knh lu lng dnh ring (Dedicated Traffic Channel). Lp MAC
nh x cc knh logic xung cc knh truyn ti (transport channel) lp Vt l.

31

Lp Vt l iu khin vic s dng cc knh vt l trn giao din v tuyn. Lp Vt

l ng thi nh x cc knh truyn ti (transport) xung cc knh vt l. Lp vt l
cng bao gm c cc chc nng nh sa li (forward error correction) v d tm li
(error detection), chn (interleaving), tri ph (spreading), modulation (iu ch),
ghp tc (rate matching).

Hnh 2-11. Minh ha kt ni logic t UE n Server cung cp dch v

2.2 Cht lng cc dch v IP trn mng UMTS

2.2.1

Tng quan

Hnh 2-12. Phn lp cht lng dch v mng chuyn mch gi v cc tham s
tng ng

32

Hnh 2-4 trnh by m hnh phn lp QoS t xt t gc ngi s dng. M hnh

bao gm 3 lp:
-

Lp u tin l truy nhp mng, l yu cu c bn cho tt c cc tham s QoS

lp trn. Kt qu ca lp ny s l cc tham s QoS truy nhp mng (Network
Accessibility);

Lp 2 bao gm 3 phn lp: Truy nhp dch v (Service Access), Tch hp

dch v (Service Integrity), Duy tr dch v (Service Retain-ability);

Lp 3 bao gm cc dch v khc nhau. Kt qu ca lp ny l cc tham s

QoS.

Cn lu rng, cht lng dch v cn ph thuc vo s lin kt (interconnectivity)

gia cc nh khai thc (operator) v cc dch v truyn dn trung gian.

C nhiu quan im phn loi cc ng dng trong mng chuyn mch gi, tuy nhin
ph bin nht vn l da theo nh hng ca tr n cht lng dch v ca ng
dng .
Cc ti liu k thut ca 3GPP phn loi cc ng dng da theo c im v lu
lng: thoi (conversational), streaming (lung d liu), tng tc (interactive) v c
bn (background). Lp thoi s m bo mi quan h v mt thi gian gia cc thc
th thng tin (trong cc tham s tr v bin thin tr phi c kim sot tt), tr
1 chiu end-to-end c yu cu rt thp, lu lng thng l dng i xng. V
d in hnh l cc cuc gi thoi, bao gm c cc dch v thoi c hnh. Lp lung
d liu c dng truyn d liu m trong cc gi c truyn i mt cch
lin tc. Cc ng dng ca lp ny, nh lung video (video streaming), thng
dng bt i xng, tr 1 chiu end-to-end v bin thin tr thng khng cn cht
ch nh lp thoi. Lp tng tc bao gm cc ng dng nh duyt web (web
browsing), lu lng trao i dng i xng, tr vng RTT (round-trip-time) v t
l li bit (BER) phi c kim sot mc thp. Lp c bn bao gm cc ng dng
nh email, trong tr khng phi l vn ln.
ng trn gc nhn ca mng IP, mng truy nhp UMTS c hiu ging nh vai tr
ca lp lin kt d liu (data link layer) trong m hnh OSI. Khi u cui truy nhp
mng, mt knh truyn o (tunnel) c thit lp gia u cui v GGSN. Knh
truyn ny trong h thng UMTS cn c gi l PDP Context, cung cp dch v
truyn ti knh mang UMTS Bearer Service. Thit b u cui s di ng cng vi
knh mang ny, v c th kch hot mt knh mang th cp (secondary PDP

33

Context). Trong trng hp ny, mt b lc gi tin, cn c gi l Traffic Flow

Template (TFT) s c s dng kt hp vi mi PDP Context th cp.
QoS l mt trong nhng thuc tnh quan trng nht ca mt PDP Context, c
m phn trong khi thit lp th tc PDP Context Activation. Ngoi vic ch ra lp
lu lng s dng mt cch ti u (lp thoi, lung d liu, tng tc, c bn),
cn c mt s cc thuc tnh khc. Mt s thuc tnh chung cho tt c cc lp lu
lng l:tc bit ti a (maximum bitrate), trnh t pht (delivery order), kch
thc SDU ti a (maximum SDU (Service Data Unit) size), t l li SDU (SDU
error ratio), t l li d tha (residual bit error ratio), pht cc SDU li (delivery of
erroneous SDUs) v u tin cp pht/duy tr (allocation/retention priority). Thuc
tnh chung i vi 2 lp thoi v lung d liu l thng tin nh dng SDU (SDU
format information), tr ng truyn (transfer delay) v tc bit m bo
(guaranteed bit rate). Thuc tnh cn quan tm i vi lp tng tc l u tin x
l lu lng (traffic handling priority). Mi thuc tnh QoS c th c xc nh bi
di gi tr quy nh trong tiu chun.
Kin trc QoS trong mng UMTS da trn tng v kin trc phn lp vi dch v
knh mang (Bearer Service BS). Mi BS c nh ngha bi cc c trng v
chc nng (c thit lp khi khi to dch v t ngun n ch). Mi lp trong m
hnh phn lp bao gm mt hoc nhiu BS c kh nng cung cp QoS mong mun
da trn c s end-to-end. UMTS BS cung cp QoS bn trong h thng UMTS, t
thit b u cui (Mobile Terminal) n Gateway ca mng li (Core Network).
UMTS Bearer Service c phn thnh Radio Access Bearer Service (qun l kt
ni gia MT v CN Iu Edge) v Core Network Bearer Serivce (kt ni gia CN Iu
Edge v CN Gateway).
Hnh 2-5 m t vic qun l QoS khi lin kt hot ng gia mng IP v UMTS.
Thc th chc nng chnh l qun l IP Bearer Service v chc nng Chuyn
dch/nh x (Translation/Mapping) xut hin ti GGSN v UE. Chc nng qun l
IP BS s dng c ch IP chun qun l dch v knh mang IP (IP Bearer service).
Chc nng chnh l giao din gia UMTS v mng IP. Chc nng chuyn dch
(Translation) tng tc vi IP BS Manager v cung cp kh nng hot ng lin kt
gia cc c ch v tham s dch v s dng trong UMTS BS v IP Bearer Service.

34

Hnh 2-13. Chc nng qun l QoS i vi hot ng lin mng UMTS - IP
Trong thit b GSSN, chc nng chuyn dch s nh x cc tham s cht lng dch
v IP sang cc tham s cht lng dch v UMTS tng ng. Ti UE, cc tham s
cht lng dch v ca ngi dng / ng dng c nh x sang hoc l cc tham s
PDP Context hoc cc tham s lp IP (v d RSVP). C th thy rng, nu khng c
nhng chc nng , mng UMTS s khng th a ra dch v knh mang (bearer
service) thch hp trong tng ng vi knh mang IP.
Ti liu ETSI 123.107 a ra danh sch cc tham s cu hnh cho dch v truyn ti
(UMTS Bearer Service) tng ng cho cc lp ng dng nh sau:
Bng 2-12. B cc tham s cu hnh dch v truyn ti
Lp lu lng

Lp thoi

Lp lung
d liu

Lp tng
tc

Lp c bn

Tc bit cc i

Trnh t pht

Kch thc SDU

ti a (octet)

Thng tin nh
dng SDU

T l li SDU

T l li bit d

Pht i cc SDU
b li

Tr truyn tin
(ms)

Tc bit m
bo

35

u tin iu
khin lu lng

x
x

u tin cp
pht/duy tr

Thng k ngun

Ch dn bo hiu

2.3 Hot ng ca giao thc truyn ti TCP/UDP trn mng

UMTS
S tng trng nhanh chng cc dch v v ng dng i vi c mng khng dy v
c dy l kt qu ca s pht trin ca Internet v cng ngh khng dy. S pht
trin ny l nn tng cho vic ra i cc ng dng Internet a dng, tuy nhin cng
t ra thch thc trong vic kim sot tc nghn trong mng v c ch iu khin
cht lng dch v ph hp cho cc ng dng khc nhau.
Thng thng, cc ng dng c th phn thnh loi thi gian thc v phi thi gian
thc da theo yu cu v tr ng truyn cho ng dng . Cc dch v thi gian
thc yu cu v tr rt cht ch i vi cc kt ni end-to-end. Nhng yu cu cht
ch s ngn chn s dng c ch truyn li (ARQ) v c ch khi phc khi xy ra
li ti cc lp cao hn. Do , vic s dng cc giao thc tin cy nh TCP, thng
c dng iu khin tc nghn trong mng Internet, l khng ph hp. Cc dch
v thi gian thc c ti bi cc giao thc truyn ti nh UDP, kt qu tt nhin
s c li ng truyn.
Cc dch v phi thi gian thc, ngc li, rt nhy cm vi li, mc d yu cu v tr
khng cht ch nh cc dch v thi gian thc. Cc c ch nh truyn li v c ch
khi phc thong tin khi xy ra li l cn thit trong vic kim sot lu lng ca cc
dch v ny. Trong cc trng hp , giao thc TCP l mt gii php ph hp.

2.3.1

Cc dch v da trn giao thc UDP

UDP l mt giao thc truyn ti da trn nn giao thc lp di IP, c s dng

trong mng d liu mang cc dch v khc nhau. UDP truyn i cc gi d liu
phn mnh (segmented) ly t cc lp trn (lp ng dng application layer). UDP l
mt giao thc hng gi tin (datagram-oriented). Ngoi ra, UDP cn l mt giao
thc phi kt ni (connectionless), ngha l khng c th tc khi to (establishment)
v kt thc (termination) mt kt ni. Giao thc ny cng khng s dng c ch iu
khin lung kim sot cc tnh hung trn b m. UDP l mt giao thc khng

36

tin cy, do khng c cc c ch truyn li hay c ch khi phc thng tin khi xy ra
li. Do , khi cc gi tin (datagram) b li hay b mt s khng c khi phc.
Giao thc UDP thch hp cho cc ng dng truyn cc bn tin ngn qua mng, v d
giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v cc ng dng v nh
tuyn nh giao thc RIP (Routing Information Protocol). Mt loi ng dng khc
ca giao thc ny l cc ng dng Multicast trong cng mt thng tin c gi
n nhiu ch khc nhau. UDP s thch hp cho nhng ng dng kiu nh vy v n
l mt giao thc phi kt ni (connectionless), khng b gp cc vn nh i vi
giao thc TCP.
ng dng ph bin nht ca giao thc UDP l truyn ti cc dch v a phng tin
thi gian thc, nhng ng dng yu cu cht ch v tr. Do khng s dng c ch
khi phc khi xy ra li nn vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca thng tin phi c quy
nh ti pha ng dng v m ha ngun. Trong nhng trng hp , giao thc RTP
(Real-Time Protocol) c pht trin cho cc dch v tng tc thi gian thc (v
d lung d liu). RTP bao gm mt trng th t (sequence numver) vo cc gi
tin RTP pht hin cc gi tin b mt v khi phc li th t cc gi. Cc khung
RTP sau c a xung UDP, cho php ng b ti pha thu v loi b tr v
bin thin tr gy ra bi pha mng.

2.3.2

Cc dch v da trn giao thc TCP

TCP l mt giao thc truyn ti tin cy hin ang c pht trin v trin khai rng
ri trong h thng mng hin ti. TCP s dng c ch khi phc end-to-end m
bo thng tin khi nhn bi pha ch s khng b li. Ngoi ra, tc truyn v bng
thng chim dnh cho mi kt ni c iu khin bi mt tn hiu hi p
(feedback) t pha nhn v c ch iu chnh ca s truyn (transmission window).
TCP cung cp mt s dch v cho lp trn, lp ng dng (application layer) bao
gm: tnh tin cy, kt ni end-to-end, hng kt ni (connection oriented), song cng
(full duplex) v lung lu lng (streaming).
TCP l mt giao thc tin cy khi m bo mi gi tin pht i c nhn chnh xc ti
pha ch. Cc gi tin nhn c s c gi trong mt b m v c chuyn theo
th t ln cc lp trn. Nhng gi tin b li s c truyn li s dng c ch khi
phc end-to-end tng t nh ARQ. Giao thc ny s tng thch vi cc ng dng
c nhy cm vi li ln v c yu cu khng cht ch v tr nh truyn file (file
transfer) v truy cp WWW. Nhng ng dng da trn giao thc ny khng phi lo
v vic mt gi hay li gi.

37

C ch khi phc li c thc hin theo kiu end-to-end ca giao thc TCP. Mc
d cc gi TCP i qua nhiu node khc nhau, nhng ch c pha ch s hi p
(acknowledge) cc gi tin b li. Trng hp gi tin b li, bn tin NACK (negative
acknowledge) s c gi v pha pht thng bo truyn li cc gi tin b li .
Chnh iu ny lm tng tnh tin cy cho giao thc TCP.
TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. Trong thc t, mi ng dng s da trn mt
kt ni TCP c xc nh bi mt s TCP port ngun, TCP port ch, a ch IP
ngun, a ch IP ch. Mt kt ni bt u bng vic khi to v kt thc TCP khi
cn ngt kt ni .
Mi kt ni khi to bi TCP gia 2 ng dng pha pht v pha nhn c gi l
song cng (full-duplex). iu ny ngha l c 2 pha u c th gi d liu trn cng
kt ni TCP ti cng thi im.
Khng ging nh UDP, TCP lu cc gi tin nhn c trong b m, phn bit cc
ng dng khc nhau v gi ln lp trn. Mt s ng dng in hinh ca giao thc
TCP: email, telnet, www, truyn file (v d: nh, video, ).

2.3.3

Giao thc TCP trn mng UMTS-HSDPA

Mng thng tin di ng th h th 3 nh h thng UMTS v phin bn nng cp

HSPA, ngoi dch v thoi cung cp cho ngi dng, cn a ra cc dch v a
phng tin vi cht lng hnh nh v video cht lng cao, cho php truy nhp
n cc mng d liu khc nh Internet. Cng ngh khng dy tin tin c da
trn m ha v iu ch tng thch, c ch truyn li cc khi thng tin b li, thut
ton lp lch. iu ny gip ci thin hiu qu ph tn v tng dung lng cho h
thng.
Nguyn nhn chnh dn n mt gi trong cc h thng khng dy l li trn ng
truyn do s thay i lin tc ca knh truyn. Cc cng ngh s dng cho ng
truyn hu tuyn nh m ha knh v chn knh, khng hiu qu trong vic bo v
ng truyn v sa li trong qu trnh truyn thng tin qua ng v tuyn do
s dng ARQ truyn li cc gi tin li l bt buc. Tuy nhin, ARQ s lm tng
tr truyn gi. Cc thng s tr mu thun vi c ch iu khin TCP khi c ch
ny hiu tr trn ng truyn v tuyn ging nh tc nghn trong mng hu tuyn.
Phn ln cc dch v hin ti trn Internet da trn TCP, giao thc ny c mong
i chia s mt phn lu lng cc dch v phi thi gian thc truyn qua cc h
thng v tuyn. S xut hin ca TCP trn ng truyn end-to-end gia cc host
cho thy cn a ra mt cng ngh tin tin hn cho mng v tuyn. L tng nht
l b qua TCP v giao thc ny c trin khai trong nhiu thp k qua. TCP
38

Reno l phin bn ph bin nht v ang c s dng rng ri bi cc dch v v

ng dng Internet.
Phin bn UMTS R99, selective ARQ c trin khai ti RNC. N c s dng bi
lp RLC trong ch ACK. H thng HSDPA, Rel 5 v 6, s dng hybrid-ARQ, v
c s dng bi lp MAC-hs ti NodeB. S tng tc gia RCL (MAC-hs) v giao
thc TCP cn c kim sot nh gi ng hiu sut hot ng ca HSDPA.

2.3.3.1

Hot ng ca giao thc TCP

Hot ng ca giao thc TCP c th o c v nh gi theo nhiu cch khc nhau

ty theo hon cnh, h thng c s dng, v cc ng dng trn phin TCP. Ph
bin, giao thc ny c nh gi da theo cc tham s sau:
Thng lng hiu dng: Cn c gi l bng thng hiu dng, l tc
truyn d liu ca ng dng, bits/s. Tham s ny c ngha hn bng thng
knh truyn. Trong nhiu trng hp, trin khai h thng khng hp l hay
tng tc gia cc phn lp TCP v RLC c th dn n gim tc truyn
lp TCP.
Bin thin thng lng: Vi mt s dch v v ng dng, tham s ny rt
quan trng nh gi thng lng tc thi. Thng lng thay i trn mi
thi im, ph thuc vo ng dng, rt quan trng nh gi cc dch v
end-to-end.
Thi gian truyn file: L thi gian truyn ton b file. Tham s ny lin
quan trc tip n thng lng hiu dng.
Tr vng RTT (Round Trip Time): L thi gian gia vic truyn i mt khi
thng tin v nhn c bn tin hi p ACK. Thi gian ny s bao gm tr
truyn qua cc node trung gian (v d cc router), ph thuc vo khong cch
v ti lu lng trong mng. Tham s ny c th gii hn thng lng hiu
dng.
Bin thin tr hay jitter: Jitter l s bin thin thi gian ca cc gi tin nhn
c hay chnh l s bin thin ca RTT. S bin thin ny c th dn n
tc ng trc tip n gii hn thng lng v lng ph ti nguyn.
S cng bng (Fairness): Mt thng s quan trng, c bit khi cc ng dng
TCP truyn qua h thng v tuyn. Vic cp pht ti nguyn khng cng bng
c th gy ra hu qu khi s dng bng thng.

39

 Tiu th ti nguyn: Lng ti nguyn (v d: b m, cng sut pht nh

hn,) cn phi c kim sot tt t c hiu qu v bng thng.

2.3.4

M hnh o nh gi truyn ti TCP/UDP trn mng UMTS

Nhm nghin cu ti Vin Cng Ngh Blekinge, Thy in thc hin h thng
o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti mng 3G UMTS thng qua cc thng s
tr 1 chiu (OWD), t l mt gi ca cc ci tin TCP/UDP [7].
Mc tiu ca h thng o
H thng o ny a ra mt th nghim o c bn cng nh cung cp s so snh gia
3 h thng mng di ng Thy in Tele2, Tre v Telia, thng qua vic nh gi
tr 1 chiu (OWD) v t l mt gi d liu khi truyn qua giao thc mng
(TCP/UDP). Nghin ch r cch thc thc hin php o, b tr thit b cng nh
nhng cu hnh cn thit.
Nghin cu ny cng tp trung phn tch nh gi cc nh hng ca tr mt chiu,
t l mt gi v a ra nhng kt lun chi tit v s nh hng ca cc tham s ny
n cht lng truyn ti mng 3G UMTS.

Nguyn l o
Nguyn l o ny xut pht t m hnh kin trc ca mng 3G UMTS.
nh gi tr mt chiu mng UMTS v t l mt gi, mt cng c to lu lng
c s dng gi gi tin TCP/UDP t mt u cui ti mt u cui khc. Th
nghim c cu hnh nh sau:
- Mt my tnh A c kt ni ti mng 3G/UMTS qua sng v tuyn thng qua
modem USB 3G. Mng iu khin c th cung cp dch v Internet. Ni mt cch
khc, my thu c kt ni ti mng Internet. Vi s b tr nh trn, my tnh A c
th gi gi tin UDP ti B thng qua s iu khin ca mng. My tnh B c th nhn
gi tin ny thng qua mng Internet. im o (MP) l c t gia hai im l c
th bt c lu lng d liu v cng ghi nhn thi gian chnh xc nh khi mt gi
tin c truyn v khi n ti my thu (B).

40

Hnh 2-14 M hnh o truyn ti TCP/UDP

Cc thnh phn c bn
H thng gm cc thnh phn c ch r nh hnh 2-6.
- 1 my tnh pht/ 1 My tnh thu (Sender/ Receiver)
- 1 Gateway c t gia my gi v USB 3G.
- 1 my tnh ng vai tr l im o MP.
- USB 3G Modem kt ni vi mng iu khin.
- 2 Wiretap nm gia hai u phn pht v phn thu .
Cu hnh thit b
Gateway
B tr mt gateway (GW) gia my pht v my thu. My thu l mt my tnh Dual
AMD Athlon 64 bit vi dung lng b nh 2Gbytes RAM. GW ci t h iu hnh
Windows XP v c kt ni vi my pht thng qua card Ethernet Broadcom. GW
cng c kt ni vi mng UMTS 3G thng qua modem USB 3G. My thu c
kt ni vi Internet thng qua wiretap trn ng Ethernet. Cn phi b tr kt ni
modem USB qua GW bi l khng th kt ni ti im o (MP) thng giao din
USB. Vi vic thit lp nh trn, b to lu lng d liu l c th a gi tin
TCP/UDP ti my thu thng qua trung tm iu khin mng UMTS, my thu nhn
chng thng qua mng Internet v ngc li.
im o (Mesurement point)
MP c s cho vic o thi gian truyn v nhn ca cc gi tin. MP ly d liu t
wiretap nm gia my pht v GW v gia mng ngoi vi my thu. Hai wiretap

41

ny to mt bn copy dung lng v gi ti my tnh dng o (MP). MP l mt

my tnh vi hai card mng DAG 3.5E gim st mng. Card mng DAG cho php
bt c lu lng mng ngoi tr vic mt gi trn giao din mng ca n. im
o s chn lu lng d liu v lc cc gi tin theo cc yu cu c p dng bi b
iu khin o. Kt qu thu thp s c lu tr trong my tnh. kt qu o mng
chnh xc, cn m bo rng giao din DAG l ng b ng lc. iu ny c th
lm c vi vic s dng GPS.
H thng gi/nhn (sender/receiver)
Th nghim kim tra bao gm 2 my tnh ci h iu hnh Linux m c th ci t
phn mm to lu lng d liu. Mt my tnh s c coi nh my pht (A), to
cc gi tin TCP/UDP, my kia s c coi nh my thu (receiver) v ngc li. C
hai my tnh trn u c tc 2.4GHz ci t h iu hnh Linux Kernel 2.4 v
c kt ni vi mng Ethernet 10Mbps.
Cng c to gi tin TCP/UDP l mt chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng C++.
Phn mm ny c ci t c my pht ln my thu to v thu c lu lng
d liu. Cng c ny bao gm 2 thnh phn c lp: Client v Server. Chng c
thc hin theo nguyn tc Client gi gi tin TCP/UDP theo nhng tham s c quy
nh bi ngi s dng. Server thu thp d liu theo nhng tham s c yu cu
bi ngi s dng bn thu.
Phng thc
Cc thng s nh gi cht lng dch v mng 3G l tr mt chiu, bin thin tr
v t l mt gi. Tr 1 chiu - OWD (One Way Delay) l khong thi gian mt gi
tin i t ngun ti ch. Gi s gi tin th i bt u c gi t ngun ti thi gian
T1 v n my tnh B ti T2. Tr 1 chiu OWD ca gi tin th i c tnh nh sau:
OWD = T1 T2
Thng thng, thi gian lu du c nhn bi hai ng h khc nhau. Nhng
cho vic tnh ton mt cch chnh xc, nhng ng h ny c ng b vi nhau.
Mt vi phng thc ng b xc nh nh GPS, Netword Time Protocol (NTP).
NTP l c th ng b ng h vi khong thi gian chnh xc l 10 20 ms cho
mng WAN v < 1ms cho LAN. Trong th nghim ny, DAG card c s dng
cng vi nh v v tinh GPS, kt qu ng b nm trong phm vi 60ns. Trong thc
t, rt kh c thu c thi gian lu du hon ton nu ch s dng card DAG cho
my pht v my thu. gii quyt vn ny, nghin cu ny s dng nguyn
l wiretap c bit m c php chng ta bt gi lu lng d liu trong cng card

42

mng DAG ring l v cho php tnh c khong thi gian lu du t cng mt
ng h.
Nguyn l lm vic nh sau. Khi mt gi tin th i c gi t my pht ti my thu,
n s i qua Wiretap A (WTA). WTA s to ra mt bn copy ca tn hiu v gi n
ti card DAG 0 trong giao din 0. DAG 0 lu du gi tin ti thi im n c gi i
Tp:SRC. Gi tin ny s i qua mng v n Wiretap B (WTB). Mt bn copy ca gi
tin s c gi n card DAG 0 ti giao din 1. DAG 0 s lu du thi gian n ch
l Tp:DES. Tng t nh t khi gi tin c truyn ngc li. Chng s c lu ti
card DAG 1 ca my tnh o. Hiu ca hai khong thi gian chnh l thng s tr 1
chiu cn o.
Cc thnh phn tr
C 2 thnh phn tr c ch ra nh trong hnh 3-2. 2 l thnh phn tr gy ra do
Gateway cn 1 l tr ca ton mng. c th nh gi nh hng ca tr do
Gateway gy ra (2) nghin cu tin hnh mt th nghim khc bng cch thay th
modem 3G bi thit b mng Ethernet.
nh gi nh hng ca Gateway

Hnh 2-15 nh gi nh hng ca Gateway trong m hnh o truyn ti

TCP/UDP
nh gi nh hng ca Gateway ngi ta thay th modem 3G bng mt b
Adaptor USB Ethernet D-link. L do cho vic la chn thay th ny v cc gi tin
cng s gp nhng c tnh ging nhau nh khi qua modem 3G.
Kt qu o truyn ti gi TCP Thy in theo m hnh ny c trnh by trong
ph lc B.

43

CHNG 3.

NGHIN CU XUT CC YU CU V
K THUT I VI H THNG O KIM
CHT LNG DCH V TRUYN TI
TRN NN MNG BNG RNG DI NG
3G

Da trn c s phn tch ti liu lin quan, nhm nghin cu a ra s khi cho
h thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn nn mng bng rng di ng 3G.
Cng vi l cc yu cu v mt chc nng i vi cc khi trong h thng h
thng c th hot ng mt cch bnh thng, nh gi c cc tham s cn thit l
tr mt chiu, bin thin tr v t l mt gi.

3.1 S chc nng ca h thng o

H thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti qua mng UMTS ch thc hin trong
phm vi ni b ca mng m bo kt qu o khng b nh hng bi cc h
thng ngoi.

Hnh 3-16. M hnh h thng o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti ng vi

kin trc phn lp dch v truyn ti ca UMTS

44

M hnh xut h thng o cht lng dch v truyn ti qua mng UMTS gm c
cc khi chc nng:
MQT (Mobile QoS Test-Equipment): L thit b gi lp nh l ngi dng,
yu cu v s dng cc dch v cn o kim. MQT cng c th c ci
t trong xe thc hin drive test. MQT cn c chc nng gim st cc gi
tin c gi i qua giao din im o 1 v cung cp cho Khi x l kt qu
o.
FQT (Fixed QoS Test-Equipment): Thit b ng vai tr cung cp cc dch v
cn o kim. H thng o kim ch thc hin trong ni b ca mng, do
FQT c kt ni sau GGSN. FQT cn c chc nng gim st cc gi tin
nhn c qua giao din im o 2 v cung cp cho Khi x l kt qu o.
Khi x l kt qu o: Nhn cc d liu o t MQT v FQT, t x l v
tnh ton cc thng s nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti qua mng
UMTS: Tr truyn gi tin mt chiu, Bin thin tr truyn gi tin v T
l mt gi tin.
H thng o kim hot ng da trn c s gim st cc gi tin IP ti im o 1 v
im o 2. Lp IP trong kin trc giao thc ca h thng o c biu din nh
Hnh 3 -17.

Hnh 3-17 Kin trc giao thc trong h thng o xut

45

Cc khi chc nng ca h thng o cn phi c ng b thi gian vi nhau thu

c kt qu o chnh xc.

3.2 Yu cu k thut ca h thng o

3.2.1

Cc yu cu chung

3.2.1.1

Yu cu v thu thp thng tin

Trc khi thc hin o, cn thu thp thng tin lin quan n php o phc v cho
vic phn tch v bo co. Cc thng tin c th thu thp t ng t cc khi chc
nng hoc thu thp nhn cng.
Thng tin cu hnh php o:
-

Phin bn ca thit b o: Phin bn phn cng, phn mm, phin bn OS

Thi gian ( thi gian chun v mi gi)

Ngi dng

Cc ghi ch

Cc thng tin lin quan khc.

Thng tin UE:

-

Loi UE

Phin bn firmware

S nhn dng UE ( Emei, Serial Number, MAC)

IMSI

Phin bn phn mm nu c.

Cc thit lp ca phn mm iu khin.

Anten

Thng tin mng:

-

Network ID ( MCC, MNC, CI, LAC)

3.2.1.2

Yu cu v iu kin o

Ton b cc ch tiu cht lng mng 3G trong tiu chun c o trong vng ph
sng ca mng 3G.

46

Khi o drive test, vng ph sng ca mng 3G c qui nh bi hai iu kin v

mc thu RSCP v t l nng lng chip trn nhiu Ec/Io (nu o bng thit b qut
sng) hoc Ec/No (nu o bng UE) o trn knh CPICH:
RSCP (knh CPICH) -100 dBm;
Ec/Io (hoc Ec/No) (knh CPICH) -14 dB.
i vi php o tnh (khng di chuyn khi ang thc hin o), v tr o c coi nh
nm trong vng ph sng khi tha mn hai iu kin sau:
RSCP (knh CPICH) -90 dBm;
Ec/Io (hoc Ec/No) (knh CPICH) -12 dB.
iu kin o c la chn theo tiu chun qui nh v vng ph sng ca cc
doanh nghip ang khai thc mng 3G nh VNP, VMS, Viettel. Vng ph ng
xung tt nu nhCPICH_RSCP - 85 dBm, tm chp nhn c nu 95 dBm
CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm v CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm l km. Vng ph sng
km cng dn n hin tng khng c Pilot s cp. L vng khng c pilot s
cp hoc vng cell s cp thay i lin tc, UE chuyn giao lin tc nn h thng
s lm vic khng hiu qu v li rt cuc gi tng. Mc CPICH_RSCP < 100
dBm v CPICH Ec/Io 14dB cng l mc ngng truy nhp ti thiu, nu di
ngng ny thu bao khng hon thnh c cc th tc di ng dn n kh
thit lp cuc gi

3.2.1.3

S lng mu o

m bo tin cy ca php o, s mu o t nht phi l 1000. S mu o cng

ln, kt qu cng c tin cy cao. S mu o phn b theo cc iu kin o kim:
o ngoi tri c nh, o ngoi tri di ng, o trong nh. T l phn b ty thuc
vo cc mc ch o khc nhau. Mi iu kin o cng cn thc hin vo cc gi
khc nhau trong ngy.

3.2.1.4

Tc di chuyn

Trong trng hp cc php o c thc hin bng drive test, tc di chuyn ca

xe o khng c qu 50 km/h i vi vng ngoi , nng thn v khng qu 40
km/h i vi vng th.

3.2.2

Yu cu i vi MQT

S khi tng qut c biu din nh hnh Hnh 3 -18 :

47

Hnh 3-18 S khi tng qut ca MQT

Cc thnh phn ca MQT:
Test-UE: u cui di ng kt ni mng UMTS. C vai tr nh l modem truy
cp mng UMTS
Antenna: Anten ca Test-UE hoc anten ngoi tng cng kh nng thu pht
sng.
Controller: iu khin cc thnh phn hot ng trong MQT. Cung cp cc ng
dng cn thit phc v o kim.
Processor: iu khin hot ng ca Test-UE v tin x l cc d liu o. Cc
chc nng ca Processor cng c th a vo khi Controller.
Storage: B nh lu tr d liu o v cc chng trnh.
MMI: Giao din ngi dng hin th ni dung, giao tip v cu hnh MQT.
GPS: B thu tn hiu GPS.
PWR: Khi cp ngun.
Cc yu cu k thut i vi cc thnh phn ca MQT:

Test-UE:
Tng thch vi tiu chun k thut 3GPP.

48

 H tr cc cng ngh WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+

Controller:
C kh nng iu khin v gim st cc thnh phn trong MQT.
C kh nng hin th li v qu trnh thc hin ln MMI.
C kh nng cung cp cc ng dng thc hin nhng dch v sau:
-

Cuc gi thoi VoIP.

Tr chi thi gian thc.

Telnet.

Camera iu khin t xa.

Thoi, nhc cht lng cao.

on phim ngn, gim st, phim thi gian thc.

Truyn d liu dung lng ln (> 10MB).

Hnh nh tnh.

Duyt web.

Truy cp my ch Email.

Gi v nhn Email.

Processor:
C kh nng kim sot v gim st cc gi tin m UE gi i qua giao din
im o 1.
Thc hin tin x l cc gi tin v nh dng ph hp cung cp cho Khi
x l kt qu o.

Storage:
C b nh ln ci t cc phn mm ng dng v lu tr d liu o ca
MQT.

MMI:
phn gii 800*1200 pixels tr ln.
H tr 32 bit mu.

49

 GPS:
C kh nng nh v theo h ta WGS-84 vi sai s ti a 10 m.
Cung cp tn hiu ng b thi gian cho MMT.

PWR:
Phi cung cp in p n nh v cng sut cho MQT hot ng bnh
thng.

3.2.3

Yu cu i vi FQT:

Cc yu cu i vi FQT:
FQT ng vai tr l my ch cung cp cc dch v o kim. Do phi thc hin
c cc chc nng ca mt my ch, c kh nng cung cp tt c cc ni dung,
dch v m MQT yu cu nh VoIP, lung lu lng video (video streaming),
email, truyn file, m thanh, tr chi thi gian thc
C kh nng gim st gi tin c gi qua giao din im o 2 nh dng
ph hp cung cp cho Khi x l kt qu o.
FQT phi ng b thi gian vi MQT.
Thit lp TCP ca my ch phi tha mn ti thiu cc yu cu sau (EG 202 0574 [9]) :
-

Kch c on ln nht nm trong khong 1380 bytes 1460 bytes

Kch c ca s TCP Rx < 4096 bytes.

Cho php SACK.

Cho php truyn li TCP.

Cho php khi phc nhanh TCP (TCP Fast Recovery) .

Cho php tr ACK (200ms)

3.2.4

Yu cu vi Khi x l kt qu o

Khi x l kt qu nhn cc gi tin gim st c t MQT v FQT tnh ton cc

tham s cn thit. Khi x l kt qu phi c kh nng lc ra cc gi tin mang d
liu ngi dng phc v tnh ton.

50

Hnh 3-19 S Khi x l kt qu

Cc gi tin d liu ngi dng sau khi c lc s c nhn dng xc nh c
ng th t gi tin bn nhn v bn gi khp nhau.
Khi tnh ton s dng cc mc thi gian ly t cc gi tin gi v nhn, t xc
nh c thi gian 2 im o t1, t2 dng tnh ton cc tham s nh sau:
Tr truyn gi tin 1 chiu (One way delay OWD)
Tr 1 chiu ca mt gi tin l khong thi gian, c tnh bng hiu s gia thi
im gi tin c pht i t ngun (t1) v thi im gi tin n ch (t2).
OWD = t2 t1.
Tr truyn gi tin mt chiu trung bnh c tnh sau mi phin thc hin o.

Bin thin tr truyn gi tin (Packet delay variation PDV)

Bin thin tr ca mt gi tin k gia ch v ngun l s sai khc gia Tr truyn ca
gi tin k (xk) v mt gi tr Tr truyn gi tin tham chiu cho trc (d 1,2) gia 2 im
o.
vk = xk d1,2

51

Hnh 3-20 Tnh bin thin tr gi tin

Gi tr tham chiu d1,2 l gi tr tuyt i ca tr ng truyn ca gi tin u tin

gia 2 im ngun v ch.
Bin thin tr gi tin trung bnh c tnh sau mi phin thc hin o.
T l mt gi tin (Packet loss rate PLR)
c tnh bng tng s gi tin b mt so vi tng s gi tin c pht i.

Trong l t l mt gi tin, l s lng gi tin b mt trong khi truyn v N l

tng s gi tin c truyn i.

3.3 Kho st cc h thng o trn th gii

c c ci nhn c th hn v hin trng s dng cc thit b o nh gi cht
lng dch v bng rng di ng, nhm nghin cu kho st mt s hng cung

52

cp my o c uy tn trn th gii. Nhm nghin cu kho st hng ASCOM v

SwissQual, cng vi mt s nh sn xut thit b o khc.

3.3.1

ASCOM

Thit b Q-Voice Symphony ca ASCOM cung cp gii php nh gi cht lng

cc dch v trn nn dch v bng rng di ng. Cc bi o c ASCOM a ra gi
chung l IP Data Test. M hnh o ca gii php Q-Voice Symphony c m t
nh hnh Hnh 3 -21.

Hnh 3-21 Gii php Q-Voice Symphony ca ASCOM.

Thnh phn chnh ca Q-Voice Symphony gm 2 thit b, QVoice Symphony/

Companion v QVS-Data. Thit b QVoice Symphony/Companion ng vai tr nh
thu bao di ng, kt ni vi mng UMTS qua giao din v tuyn v s dng cc
dch v cn o kim. Thit b QVS-Data c kt ni sau GGSN ca mng, ng vai
tr nh l my ch cung cp cc dch v cn o kim.
Cc dch v c th o kim c vi gii php Q-Voice Symphony l:
Ping
HTTP
FPT
UDP
Email

53

Cc gii php o ca Q-Voice Symphony ch nh gi cc dch v da trn cc tham

s c trng ca tng dch v, ch cha nh gi c cht lng truyn ti ca
mng UMTS.

3.3.2

SWISSQUAL

Hng Swissqual a ra dng thit b o Diversity (Diversity Measurement Units

DMU) c kh nng thc hin cc bi o nhiu dch v khc nhau trn nn mng bng
rng di ng. DMU c kh nng thc hin cc bi o v dch v d liu v nhn tin.
S khi ca DMU c trnh by trong Hnh 3 -22.

Hnh 3-22 Gii php DMU ca Swissqual

Cc khi chc nng ca gii php DMU:

TestManager (TM): Phn mm qun l cc thnh phn chc nng ca
Diversity.
TestManager database (DB): C s d liu lu tr cc thit lp cu hnh v
cc kch bn o c gi t TestManager.
NQComm: Phn mm cho php giao tip gia TM v Measurement Unit.
NQComm ti cc d liu t DB, chuyn chng v cc nh dng ph hp v
truyn n khi Measurement Unit x l cc bc tip theo.

NQView: Phn mm hin th qu trnh o v c th chy cc qu trnh o

thc hin t logfile.

54

 Khi o: Phn cng iu khin cc thit b o thc hin cc kch bn. Khi
ny nhn cc ch dn v cu hnh t TM. Cc thit b o y l cc my u
cui thc hin m phng cc dch v cn o kim.
Mt s cc dch v d liu m gii php Diversity Measurement Unit c th thc
hin l:
Ping
FTP
HTTP
UDP
Email
SMS
MMS

Gii php Diversity Measurement Units cng ch nh gi tng dch v thng qua
mt s tham s c trng cho dch v ch cha nh gi c cht lng truyn
ti. Bng 3 -13 m t cc tham s khi o kim dch v gi email s dng gii php
Diversity Measurement Units.

Bng 3-13 Cc tham s khi o kim dch v gi email

Tham s

M t

Msg Time

Thi gian ca bn tin

SMTP Server

Tn hoc a ch Ip ca my ch SMTP

Email Address

a ch email

Subject

Tiu email

Size

Tng kch thc ca email

Connect Duration Thi gian kt ni n my ch SMTP

Sent Duration

Thi gian gi email

Throughput

Thng lng = Size / Send Duration

55

Qua kho st chi tit hai hng cung cp my o di ng ln l ASCOM v

SwissQual, cng vi tm hiu mt s chng loi my o khc ang s dng trong
nc cng nh ngoi nc. Nhm nghin cu nhn thy hin nay vic nh gi cht
lng cc dch v trn nn mng bng rng di ng 3G ch yu da trn cc tham s
cht lng dch v c xy dng trn c s s hi lng ca ngi dng. Hin nay
cc hng sn xut my o cha a ra gii php o dch v truyn ti, c th c
gii thch bng mt s nguyn nhn nh sau:
-

Cc tham s cht lng dch v th hin cht lng dch v end-to-end, trong
bao gm c dch v truyn ti. Vic nh gi cht lng dch v l
phn nh c kh y v cc dch v m mng cung cp.

Cc tham s cht lng dch v hin nay c xy dng kh hon thin, v

nh gi c s hi lng ca ngi s dng i vi dch v - l tiu ch quan
trng nht i vi ngi s dng. Do , ng gc nhn cht lng dch v
pha ngi dng, vic nh gi cht lng truyn ti l khng qu quan trng.

Tuy nhin, ng v pha nh mng, vic nh gi cc ch tiu ca cht lng truyn

ti vn l rt cn thit. N cho php cc nh mng phn tch c su hn cht lng
truyn ti, t c th gii quyt s c, hoc trin khai cc dch v mi trn nn
dch v truyn ti. iu ny rt ngha cc nh mng c th nng cao c cht
lng cng nh cung cp c cc dch v phong ph hn cho ngi s dng.

56

CHNG 4.

XUT M HNH TH NGHIM H

THNG O NH GI CHT LNG
DCH V TRUYN TI TRN MNG BNG
RNG DI NG 3G V KIN NGH TRIN
KHAI

T s khi v cc yu cu k thut chng 3, nhm nghin cu xut m

hnh chi tit ca h thng o th nghim. M hnh th nghim l h thng cho php
nh gi dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G da trn 3 tham s: tr
mt chiu, bin thin tr v t l mt gi. M hnh m nhm nghin cu xut
l kh thi v mt k thut khi cn trin khai th nghim trong thc t.
Chng ny gii thiu v m hnh th nghim m nhm nghin cu xut cng vi
cc kin ngh trin khai. Phn tch chi tit v thng s k thut cng nh cc m hnh
o c th c trnh by trong bo co M hnh th nghim h thng o nh gi
cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G.

4.1 xut m hnh th nghim h thng o nh gi cht

lng dch v truyn ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G
4.1.1

S h thng th nghim

S h thng o th nghim c xut nh Hnh 4 -23. Nguyn l ca h thng

o l m phng cc dch v ngi dng v gim st cc gi tin ti im o 1 v
im o 2, t tnh c cc tham s cn thit.

Hnh 4-23 S h thng o th nghim

57

Cc thnh phn ca h thng o:

Client: l mt my tnh ng vai tr l khch hng s dng. Client c ci t
cc phn mm ng dng c th m phng cc dch v o kim.
3G modem: L in thoi hoc usb 3G c kt ni vi Gateway truy cp
mng 3G.
Gateway: L mt my tnh khc, lm nhim v cu ni gia 3G modem v
Client. Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng Gateway l to ra giao din c th bt
c cc gi tin ( im o 1) truyn i t Client, qua 3G modem n mng
UMTS. Giao din gia Gateway v Client c ci t thit b chuyn dng
bt cc gi tin.
Mng UMTS: l mng bng rng di ng 3G cn o kim. Phm vi o kim l
ni mng.
Server: C nhim v cung cp cc dch v m pha Client yu cu. Server cng
c ci t thit b chuyn dng bt cc gi tin truyn qua ti im o 2.
h thng ny, nh gi c chnh xc tr trong mng UMTS, cn tnh n
phn tr gy ra bi Gateway ( 1 ). Tr trong mng UMTS s c tnh l
= 2 1 . Trong 2 l tr ton trnh.
Vic nh gi tr do Gateway c nh gi mt cch c lp. Do tr ny c tnh
cht kh n nh nn s tnh c bng cch ly trung bnh trn mt s ln kh ln
cc php o. phn mm tnh tr ca h thng s tr i phn ny khi tnh ton.
Phn tch v cc thng s k thut chi tit ca h thng o th nghim c trnh by
trong bo co M hnh th nghim h thng o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn
ti trn mng bng rng di ng 3G.

4.1.2

M hnh o th nghim cht lng dch v truyn ti trn

mng bng rng di ng 3G

M hnh o th nghim cht lng dch v truyn ti c minh ha trong Hnh 4

-24. Trong m hnh ny, thit b o di ng s thc hin m phng cc dch v cn
o. Cc dch v cn o s c thit b di ng yu cu ln Server, Server c nhim
v p ng cc yu cu ny. Khi thit lp dch v thnh cng, h thng o s tin
hnh thu thp d liu tnh ton cc tham s cn thit.

58

M hnh o th nghim chi tit cho tng dch v c c th trnh by trong bo co

M hnh th nghim h thng o nh gi cht lng dch v truyn ti trn mng
bng rng di ng 3G.

Mng 3G UMTS

Giao din Gi

GGSN

Internet

Giao din Uu

Ethernet
LAN

Thit b o yu
cu dch v cn
o

My ch cung
cp dch v
cn o

Hnh 4-24. M hnh o th nghim cht lng dch v truyn ti

4.2 Kin ngh trin khai

Hin nay, vic qun l cht lng lch v trn mng bng rng di ng 3G c thc
hin bng vic nh gi cht lng dch v u cui n u cui, vi cc tham s
nh gi c xy dng da trn s tri nghim ca khch hng. Vic nh gi ny
phn nh c mc hi lng ca khch hng i vi dch v. Tuy nhin, cht
lng dch v u cui n u cui c kim sot bi nhiu phn on mng
khc nhau. V th khi cn phn on mng nh gi cht lng, phc v cho vic
kim nh, gii quyt s c hoc khiu ni trong ni b mng th vic qun l cht
lng theo cch truyn thng cha thc hin c. Nhm nghin cu xut s
dng h thng o phc v mt s mc ch nh:
Kim nh cht lng dch v truyn ti ca mng truyn ti bng rng.
nh gi cht lng truyn ti phc v cho vic trin khai cc dch v ca
cc nh mng
o kim phc v gii quyt khiu ni nu c.

59

Trn thc t, trin khai vic o kim cht lng dch v truyn ti, cn nhn c
s h tr ca cc nh khai thc mng trong vic thit lp im o. C th, cn mt
my ch (server) t ti GGSN. My ch ny c chc nng cung cp cc dch v cn
o kim.Trong qu trnh thc hin o kim cn m bo mng hot ng bnh
thng. Phng php o s dng l kt hp Driving-test ti cc tuyn ng c ph
sng 3G v o c nh ti mt s im kho st. m bo kt qu nh gi c
khch quan, nhm nghin cu kin ngh thc hin o kim ti cc khong thi gian
khc nhau trong ngy. Cc kch bn o c th thc hin l:
o Driving-test ti cc tuyn ng c ph sng 3G
o c nh ngoi tri ti mt s im kho st.
o c nh trong nh ti mt s im kho st.
Vic o kim c th dng tng kch bn ring r hoc kt hp c 3 kch bn. T l
cc mu o vi tng kch bn c nh ra sao cho ph hp vi mc ch ca vic
o kim.

60

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] ITU-T, G 1010 End-user Multimedia QoS Categories ,".
[2] ITU-T , Y.1541 Network performance objectives for IP-based services".
[3] ITU-T, Y.1540 Internet protocol data communication service IP packet
transfer and availability performance parameters".
[4] ETSI, TS 123.107 V10.2.0 Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase
2+); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Quality of
Service (QoS) concept and architecture" 2012.
[5] ETSI, TS 122 105 V11.0.1 Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase
2+); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Services and
service capabilities", 2012.
[6] ETSI, TS 102 250-x QoS aspects for popular services in mobile networks.
[7] Madhu Vundavalli, Mutyalu Jogi, "Evaluation of TCP Performance in 3G Mobile
Network," Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2011.
[8] Vin KHKT BD , "D tho Quy chun k thut quc gia v dch v truyn ti
trn mng di ng 3G" 2012.
[9] ETSI, EG 202 057-4 Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects
(STQ); User related QoS parameter definitions and measurements; Part 4: Internet
access, 2008

61

PH LC A:

KT QU O KIM PING GI 32 BIT N SERVER TI GGSN

o kim HSDPA ping gi 32 bit n server ti GGSN, tin hnh ti cc a im khc nhau, mi a im thc hin 1000 lnh ping.
Thc hin thng k kt qu tr vng Round Trip Time (RTT) vi cc mc khc nhau.

A.1 o kim Viettel Bc Ninh

Kt qu o kim mng Viettel Bc Ninh c biu din trong Bng A-1
Bng A-14 o HSDPA Ping mng Viettel ti Bc Ninh

V tr
117 tran hung dao- tp
224 ho ngoc lan - kinh bac - tp
Benh vien da khoa tinh bnh
Cau Nga - Van DuongBNH
Dai tuong niem _thi tran Luong Tai
Dong Ky - Tu Son - BNH
Nga tu Dong Coi - TT hO - Thuan Thanh
Phu Lam _ Tien du
TT Cho - Yen Phong - BNH
TT Thuong mai dabaco bnh
TT Tu Son - BNH
Thi Tran Pho moi - que vo
Tinh uy bac ninh - tp

Trun
g
bnh
109
78
97
101
103
105
104
99
124
139
105
95
96

RTT
<
50m
s
0
149
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

50<RTT<1
00

100<RTT<1
50

150<RTT<2
00

200<RTT<5
00

RTT>5
00

252
659
662
538
488
514
481
620
34
131
439
700
675

723
173
314
435
483
455
499
354
932
374
530
276
306

9
10
11
13
10
13
12
11
20
468
12
10
8

16
7
13
14
19
16
5
14
14
26
19
14
11

0
2
0
0
0
2
3
1
0
1
0
0
0

62

A.2 o kim VMS ti Bc Ninh

Kt qu o kim mng Viettel Bc Ninh c biu din trong Bng A-2
Bng A-15 o HSDPA Ping mng VMS ti Bc Ninh
V tr
117 Tran hung dao - Tp
224 Ho ngoc lan - kinh bac - Tp
Benh vien Da khoa Tinh Bac Ninh
Cau Nga - Van Duong - Bac Ninh
Dai tuong niem - Thi Tran Thua - luong Tai
Den Ba chua kho - Tp
Dong Ki - Tu Son - Bac Ninh
Nga tu Dong Coi - TT Ho - Thuan Thanh - BNH
Pho va - Hap Linh - Tien Du
Thi Tran Cho - Yen Phong - Bac Ninh
Thi Tran Ho - Thuan Thanh
Thi tran Pho Moi - Que Vo - Bac Ninh
Thi tran Tu Son - Bac Ninh
Tinh Uy Bac Ninh - Tp
Tram Y te Huyen Gia Binh
Trung tam vien thong Tien Du

Trung
bnh
(ms)
64
62
97
71
63
71
72
91
85
70
82
62
70
83
61
62

63

RTT<
50ms

50<RT
T<100

209
214
0
196
156
129
93
0
0
3
0
208
6
9
302
283

782
779
931
793
840
863
888
975
994
988
993
786
988
979
688
709

100<R
TT<15
0
4
0
37
4
0
2
3
18
2
6
2
1
1
8
1
1

150<R
TT<20
0
1
1
10
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

200<R
TT<50
0
4
5
22
6
4
4
15
7
4
2
5
2
4
3
8
6

RTT>5
00
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1

A.3 o kim VMS ti Thanh Ha

Kt qu o kim mng Viettel Bc Ninh c biu din trong Bng B-3
Bng A-16 o HSDPA ping mng VMS ti Thanh Ha
V tr
02 H Vn Mao - TP Thanh Ha
02 Hc Thnh - TP Thanh Ha
13 Trn Ph - TX Bm Sn
16 inh Lit - TP Thanh Ha
16 L Hon - TX Sm Sn
53 L Hu Lp - TP Thanh Ha
55 Nguyn Sn - TP Thanh Ha
92 Tiu khu 2 - Th Trn Nga Sn
93 L Vn Hu - TP Thanh Ha
388 Dng nh Ngh - TP Thanh Ha
Bnh Vin a Khoa Thnh Ph
Ch Vn Hoa - TP Thanh Ha
Trng Chuyn Lam Sn - TP Thanh
Ha
i Hc Hng c - L Lai - TP

Trung
50<
RTT
bnh
RTT
50ms
(ms)
100
88.247
0
94.697
0
94.27
0
88.337
0
91.547
0
71.944
0
83.48
0
93.951
0
88.476
0
85.16
0
84.088
0
70.27
0

100<RTT1
50

150<RTT2
00

200<RTT5
00

RTT>5
00

933
966
956
965
841
988
993
954
925
988
997
992

62
21
34
27
153
1
1
35
69
1
0
2

1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

4
0
9
8
5
9
6
11
5
10
3
6

0
12
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

85.544

992

84.228

990

64

PH LC B: KT QU O TRUYN TI TCP TI VIN CNG NGH BLEKINGE,

THY IN
B.1 Upload
Th nghim gi cc gi TCP c kch thc khc nhau (40, 232, 488, 726, 1000, 1218, 1416 Bytes) ng ln (Upload). Vic th
nghim c thc hin trn 3 nh mng Thy in c k hiu l OP1, OP2, OP3. Cc gi tr c ghi nhn l gi tr Tr gi tin
mt chiu nh nht (Min), Tr gi tin mt chiu ln nht (Max) v Tr gi tin trung bnh (Mean)
Kt qu th nghim gi cc gi TCP ng ln tc 8kbps c biu din trong Bng B-1
Bng B-17 Upload tc 8 kbps
PL
[Bytes]
40
232
488
726
1000
1218
1416

OP1
OP2
OP3
R
Min
Max
Mean
Min
Max
Mean
Min
Max
Mean
[kbps]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
8
74.35 355.27
92.02
69.61
480.6
88.66
85.42 336.84
97.79
1107.5
8
75.04 436.59
98.18
60.19
2
163.38
76.24
529.4
101.97
8
73.74 499.43
336.17
78.56 689.32
332.91
86.64 640.09
343.7
8 146.92 716.27
163.5
70.41 375.75
153.29
86.11
606.3
168.39
8
75.79
408.9
200.53
186.3 759.84
249.47
72.3 434.09
203
8
73.71 302.32
218.24 206.82 865.33
228.18 208.87 867.55
225.75
8
74.81 944.72
265.71
69.62 562.12
265.76 248.79 773.72
263.71

65

Kt qu th nghim gi cc gi TCP ng ln tc 32 kbps c biu din trong Bng B-2

Bng B-18 Upload tc 32 kbps

Min
[ms]

OP1
Max
[ms]

Mean
[ms]

32
32
32

74.72
76.47
64.9

229.75
235.1
430.6

92.02
98.18
220.88

32
32
32
32

77.91
75.79
83.72
84.33

931.61
556.49
506.31
505.92

198.78
210.59
259.28
260.35

PL
[Bytes]

R
[kbps]

40
232
488
726
1000
1218
1416

OP2
OP3
Max
Mean
Min
Max
Mean
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
[ms]
6405.1
68.94
9
232.73 116.92
824.8
234.59
172 521.18
238.4
76.51 634.89
234.95
70.79 595.81
220.4
73 2194.9
287.94
3997.0
70.29 1516.5
206.43
76.9
7
499.1
113.61 655.42
240.39
76.37 496.85
238.98
80.9 608.59
262.41
76.23 506.37
231.75
68.8 864.18
285.43
76.63 507.38
281.24

Min
[ms]

Kt qu th nghim gi cc gi TCP ng ln tc 128 kbps c biu din trong Bng B-3

Bng B-19 Upload tc 128 kbps
PL
[Bytes]

R
[kbps]

40

128

Min
[ms]
65.59

232

128

64.56

488

128

55.04

OP1
Max
[ms]
631.53
831.76
1368.1
4

Mean
[ms]
100.31

Min
[ms]
59.51

99.27

56.14

OP2
Max
[ms]
595.04
1314.7
8

97.52

59.26

694.19

66

OP3
Max
Mean
[ms]
[ms]
840.18
104.54

Mean
[ms]
91.97

Min
[ms]
65.57

112.4

64.94

949.76

111.28

90.69

64.64

569.93

98.99

Kt qu th nghim nhn cc gi TCP ng xung tc 1024 kbps c biu din trong Bng B-7
Bng B-23 Download tc 1024 kbps

1024

Min
[ms]
34.44

OP1
Max
[ms]
587.24

Mean
[ms]
52.84

Min
[ms]
30.88

232

1024

35.36

497.99

57.55

29.96

488
726
1000
1218

1024
1024
1024
1024

36.01
35.05
34.35
34.65

59.01
52.63
57.32
54.29

30.67
29.4
32.44
27.7

1416

1024

31.66

492.62
600.15
307.6
607.39
2545.6
9

OP2
Max
[ms]
545.32
6774.1
9
9067.7
2
81.67
74.56
221.84

94.43

185.85

190.72

PL
[Bytes]

R
[kbps]

40

Mean
[ms]
50.18

Min
[ms]
41.1

OP3
Max
[ms]
1535

185

40.23

122.21

55.11

302.36
47.65
46.42
46.87

40.72
38.29
33.71
40.75

394.6
283.25
620.49
405.57

56.75
54.71
57.82
60.25

46.28

41.17

97.28

51.62

Mean
[ms]
57.45

Kt qu th nghim nhn cc gi TCP ng xung tc 3072 kbps c biu din trong Bng B-8
Bng B-24 Download tc 3072 kbps

3072
3072

Min
[ms]
33.82
34.69

OP1
Max
[ms]
480.24
477.55

Mean
[ms]
55.68
57.81

Min
[ms]
11.86
32.06

3072
3072

37.15
35.12

130.24
491.68

51.4
56.45

30.31
29.88

PL
[Bytes]

R
[kbps]

40
232
488
726

67

OP2
Max
[ms]
29.61
4161.17
10119.7
9
393.48

Mean
[ms]
58.69
312.46

Min
[ms]
34.03
41.46

OP3
Max
[ms]
215.19
583.69

Mean
[ms]
55.42
56.97

56.47
53.55

40.75
40.79

91.99
482.5

52.56
55.49

1000
1218

3072
3072

35.23
35.39

1416

3072

41.62

590.61
488.9
1784.8
3

55.1
54.85

27.13
27.75

518.01
277.38

46.75
46.58

40.47
39.51

694.21
274.38

56.86
51.65

73.6

29.26

530.38

46.69

41.77

684.82

56.12

68