Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Entering
st
the 21 Century
INDONESIA
•"«&
FOREWORD
MINISTER OF DEFENCE,
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
With the publication of the White Paper, it is expected that the Republic
of Indonesian (RI) government apparatus and the people of Indonesia will be
able to better understand defence policies.
MINISTER OF DEFENCE, RI
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
INDONESIA
Chapter One
The Issuance of White Paper
Progress in information, telecom- of crimes has also become more com-
munication, and transportation tech- plex because it is led by actors with
nology has generated changes in vari- good international networks, with
ous aspects of human life making the technological ability and financial
world becoming more transparent support. In addition, domestic secu-
and open. This openness has made it rity issues such as armed separatism,
possible for universal values to pen- radicalism and communal conflict
etrate and interact with the values of challenge several countries, espe-
nations and cause the formation of a cially developing countries. These
global community. One of the char- world security issues need compre-
acteristics of a global community is hensive handling. Thus, the conven-
inter-dependency among countries, tional methods of dealing with secu-
which often draws countries of the rity issues are less effective.
world into close competition. Along
with this, the world's political map Along with the global develop-
tends to develop towards the domi- ment, there is a process occurring
nation of international influence on all over Indonesian, from
regional as well as global perspec- Sabang to Merauke through
tives. the format of the Reform Movement.
The Reform Movement demands
The implications of global and re- comprehensive change to enable the
gional development changed the establishment of a democratic com-
world's security situation which munity.
caused new security issues. Security
issues in the past, which tended to Cross relations which occur in the
emphasis geopolitical and process of global, regional, and do-
geostrategic aspects such as the ex- mestic changes have caused a spec-
pansion of military force, strategic trum of complex, multidimensional
weapons and hegemony, have shifted threat and challenge to Indonesia's
and become more complex. Security national security. For national devel-
issues such as terrorism, piracy, hi- opment to occur national security
jack, human and weapon smuggling, and stability has to be created, there-
and other forms of crime have in- fore this situation cannot be ignored
creased severely and have become and has to be addressed and over-
worldwide security issues. The form come.
^R
"Wrivmn
INDONESIA
Chapter Two
National and Defence Reform
National Reform premacy of law, bring an end to cor-
The noble spirit and objective to ruption, collusion and nepotism and all
reconstruct lives and to strive for a other deviations, which hinder devel-
brighter future has driven all of In- opment and damage the national in-
donesian people to carry out the Re- terest. The effort to strive for this no-
form process. The essence of national ble objective is neither simple nor easy.
reforms is to achieve a transforma- There are challenges and obstacles,
tion in all aspects of the lives of the which face Indonesia, including the eco-
people towards a better life. The nomic and monetary crisis, and vari-
transformation has a national dimen- ous conflicts which have yet to be to-
sion and is carried out in all the re- tally resolved. The desired objectives
gions of the Unitary State of the Re- have had consequences in other aspects
public of Indo- of life. The
nesia (NKRI : problems to
N e g a r a be jfaced have
Kesatuan become more
Republik Indo- complex, be-
nesia), and by cause the de-
all compo- veloping po-
nents of the litical climate,
Nation. The and together
course and with a lack of
aim of this re- political matu-
form is at one with the objective of rity has tended to bring about a mood
the August 17th, 1945 Proclamation of democratic euphoria.
of Independence, and is in harmony
with the nation's cultural and univer- The depiction of conditions above,
sal values. illustrates how the path towards a
democratic nation is still very long
The noble objective of reform can with difficult challenges along the
only be achieved through the establish- way. However, we believe that the
ment of a democratic, dean, and au- reforms that have been carried out
thoritative government. The desired now are necessary as the exact means
government is one that could manage and instrument, to lead Indonesian
a democratic life and establish the su- people to the desired civil society.
INDONESIA
Chapter Three
Strategic Context
At the strategic level, issues of Global
politics, economy, and international The end of the Cold War does not
illegal conduct have national, guarantee World security and peace.
regional, and global repercussions. Inter-ethnic and racial conflicts, ter-
These issues are also influential rorism, money laundering, human
factors in national, regional, and g smuggling and illegal drug traffick-
lobal security. In the strategic con- ing are nontraditional threats to do-
text, issues of politics, economy and mestic, regional, and global security.
security are closely connected and Meanwhile, traditional threats such
affect each other; furthermore these as weapons of mass destruction, in-
issues will al- ternational
ways have the disputes,
attention of and arm
the Interna- races are still
tional Com- latent issues.
munity as Both tradi-
they are re- tional and
lated to the nontraditional
national iriter- threats re-
ests of each main the
country. concern of
the Interna-
Indonesia, as an open country, tional Community because these
also feels the effect of global and threats to World peace could increase
regional change. Indonesia's political, and become of real concern.
economic, social, and security
condition is affected by external World security tends to be domi-
factors and does not stand on its nated by flourishing nontraditional
own. Domestic issues faced by security issues, but traditional secu-
Indonesia in the last decade are also rity issues still cannot be completely
affected by external factors, whether ignored. The complexity of global
direct or indirect; therefore the im- security increased with the effort to
portance of global and regional in- develop and maintain hegemony
terdependence should not underes- through alliance reinforcement, the
timated. advance of military capability, tech-
In South East
Asia region, bor-
der issues exist be-
tween several
countries and
there are concerns
in the South China
Sea. Indonesia also
has border prob-
lems with other countries, and shares maritime demarcation line with Sin-
borders with 10 neighboring coun- gapore in the future.
tries: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
India, the Philippines, Vietnam, • Indonesia - Malaysia Border
Papua New Guinea, Australia, Palau, Indonesia - Malaysia maritime line
and Timor Leste. have not been agreed upon in sev-
eral areas of the Malacca Straits.
• Indonesia - Singapore Border Unclearness of this maritime line of-
Sand mining around the area of ten causes frictions between field of-
Riau Island - an area which has a di- ficers, Indonesian fishermen and
rect border with Indonesia - has been Malaysians.
going on since the year 1970. This
activity has dug out millions of tons Similarly in Kalimantan; several
sand and caused tremendous de- border points have not been com-
struction of coastal ecosystem. De- pletely agreed by both parties. Other
struction of the ecosystem caused by problems between the two countries
sand mining has eliminated some are border crossing, illegal logging,
means of livelihood of Indonesian and smuggling. The General Border
fishermen. Committee (GBC) and Joint Indone-
sia Malaysia Boundary Committee
Sand mining also threatens the (JIMBC) are formal bilateral forums
existence of several small islands; which could solve the border prob-
such as in the case of Nipah island. lems between the two countries.
Small islands sink and represent a
great loss for Indonesia, because • Indonesia - Philippines Border
changes on coastal geographic con- One of the issues to observe is the
ditions will result in determining the fact there is yet no agreement on the
as the state ideology. However, there and convince some groups of believ-
have always been groups who tried ers that their fight is holy, so that
to change Pancasila with other ideol- they do not hesitate to use whatever
ogy. Different efforts were made by means to achieve their goal. These
these groups, through political meth- groups are known as Radical
ods or through armed struggle. These Groups; their existence disrupts
groups' efforts still continue to the public order and in turn will ob-
present day, and will likely continue struct national security.
in the future.
Social Unrests
The ambiance of democratic free- Indonesia's economic condition
dom and respect for human rights has not yet fully recovered from the
seem to give opportunities for radi- monetary and economic crisis in
cal movements to 1997 and has
i
resurface. By ma- ^ iP caused several
nipulating popu- crucial prob-
lar issues during lems. Lack of
the reform era, employment in
radical groups the midst of a
use new methods g r o w i n g
or sneak into cer- workforce In-
tain groups so donesian, labor
they appear as if issues, fluctu-
they support the ating value of
reform move- rupiah, invest-
ment. Some of the radical groups ex- ment issues, free trade issues, and
isting today are incarnation of other issues, has placed a greater bur-
groups which in the past felt left out. den on the government. Even though
These groups have a network spread- these issues started from economic
ing all over Indonesia, even abroad. issues, they could develop into po-
There is possibility that they are a litical issues. Political issues which
part of an international terrorist create worry and distrust of the gov-
network. ernment and in the future, finally
could create mass unrest which could
Besides those rooted on ideology, escalate to be a disturbance to na-
there is also radicalism in another tional stability and threaten national
form; for instance religious radical- security. The widening of economic
ism. Conflicts in Maluku and Poso gap has the potential to create social
showed the existence of such insecurity, especially if manipulated
groups. Religious faith has been ma- by certain groups who want to
nipulated deviously to influence shatter Indonesia.
sea a very important role in the life Sea security issues have the ability
of the Indonesian people and the in- to disrupt Indonesia's international
ternational community. The impor- relations.
tance of the sea is not limited to the
wealth of natural resources, but also Data shows that illegal fishing in
as a tie for the islands spread in the Indonesia's sea territory keeps on in-
Indonesian region. Therefore, sea se- creasing, with total loss if US$2 bil-
curity is vital to Indonesia. lion per year. From smuggling, Indo-
INDONESIA
1]
Chapter Four
Threat Prediction
and Strategic Defence
Interest
Threat Prediction quickly spread round the world, fol-
Indonesia's geographic situation lowing which other countries will
as an archipelago between Asia and respond according to their national
Australia and between the Pacific and interest. On the other hand, infor-
Indian Oceans makes Indonesia an mation about happenings abroad,
area of interest for countries of many especially those in large or influen-
regions. This strategic position means tial countries, or in the countries in
that political, economic, and security this region, will quickly reach all ar-
conditions at both regional and glo- eas of the country and will affect
bal levels are influential factors in national opinion.
assessing Indonesia's position in the
region and the world. In the era of This is also the case with security
globalization which is the 21st cen- issues; threats from outside and in-
tury, the progress side the country
of regional and are inevitably
global strategies linked and
are even more in- should not be
fluential on the regarded in iso-
nation, due to the lation. Distinc-
acceptance of tion can only be
universal values made in the
such as free context of the
trade, democrati- form and or-
zation, human rights, and environ- ganization of threat; while distinction
ment. based on the source of threat is very
difficult to determine. Proceeding
The existence of large countries' from this fact, defence effort does not
interest in the region promotes only refer to traditional security
strong mutual relations between issues - that is to say the possibility
domestic and foreign affairs. Infor- of invasion and aggression from
mation on internal occurrences can a n o t h e r c o u n t r y - but also to
Based on threat
prediction and In-
donesia's national
interest, the future strategic interest the political dynamic which may pro-
of defence covers permanent strate- duce a threat.
gic interest, urgent strategic interest,
and international cooperation in the In carrying out permanent de-
field of defence. fence interest, Indonesians will al-
ways maintain a love for peace, in-
Permanent Strategic Interest dependence and sovereignty. The use
Permanent strategic interest of of defence force for war is a last re-
defence is the administration of sort after diplomatic efforts fail. In
defence to guard and protect the resolving every conflict and dispute,
country's sovereignty and the Indonesians will always first put for-
unity of Indonesia and the coun- ward the use of peaceful means.
try's honor from every threat, Along with this principle, Indonesians
from outside as well from inside are against any form of colonialism
the country. and intervention in other nation's
sovereignty. Therefore, Indonesia
Even though the threat prediction chooses an active defensive in its de-
shows little possibility of outside fences.
physical threat directed at sover-
eignty, as a country which is inde- To guarantee permanent interest,
pendent, has sovereignty and dignity, defence administration is done with
it is a duty and strategic interest to integrated system; involving all peo-
be prepared to defend the country ple and resources, and national
without regard for the argument as means and infrastructure in unity of
to whether or not a concrete threat defence. Involvement of all people in
exists. Furthermore, development of defence is the right and responsibil-
defence forces will take longer than ity of all citizens as instructed by
J
The 1945 Constitution, and reflects bance which threaten national stabil-
the dignity and responsibility of a ity, particularly in several areas of
nation which believes in its own ca- Indonesia. These concrete threats and
pability. As a result, Indonesia's de- disturbances are in the form of
fence is based on principles of democ- nontraditional threats and a number
racy, respect for human rights, pub- of actual issues which emerge within
lic welfare, environment, national the country.
and international law, and the prin-
ciple of peacefully living side by side \j Urgent strategic interests of Indo-
with other countries. nesia's defence covers:
• Fighting and overcoming the
Urgent Strategic Interest international terrorist threat at home
Urgent strategic interest of de- and abroad by working together with
fence is basically inseparable from other world forces.
the permanent strategic interest of • Overcome the threats and dis-
INDONESIA
Chapter Five
Srategic Policies for National
Defence Implementation
Strategic Concept prepared to counter a threat in the
The struggle of the Indonesian peo- form of military power. It is the duty
ple has succeeded in freeing the In- of the TNI to carry Military Opera-
donesian people from colonization, tions (MO) and Military Operations
founding the Unitary State of the Re- Other Than War (MOOTW). MO is a
public of Indonesia (NKRI), free and military operation in countering mili-
sovereign, with territory from Sabang tary power of an opposing country,
to Merauke. The freedom and sover- either in the form of invasion, aggres-
eignty which is very precious and in- sion and infiltration. MOOTW is a
valuable is the inheritance of the na- military operation being carried out,
tion. It is the honor and the self-re- not in the framework of war against
spect of the Indonesian people. All another country, but in such areas
components of the Indonesian peo- as counter insurgency, in combating
ple are obliged to guard and protect international crime, aid to the civil
their freedom and sovereignty for na- community, humanitarian and peace
tional development. tasks.
In entering the 21st century, Indo- The present strategic context indi-
nesia's defence has three main pil- cates that the likelihood of aggression
lars which are: the use of defence or invasion by another state is a small
force; international cooperation in
the field of defence; and development
of defence force. Therefore, the main
guidance to keep defence at a strate-
gic level is in the form of the three
main pillars above, i.e. defence force's
application policy; the international
cooperation policy in defence field;
the policy on the development de-
fence force.
in MOOTW
i
m
LOW
INTENSITY
CONFLICT
o
PEACE CIVIL ORDER
THREAT ESCALATION
INSECURED CRITICAL
Overcome Traditional Security Threats threat against the sovereignty and the
One of the main objectives of De- unity of the region, the Indonesian
fence is to defend Indonesia from a defence policy still refers to the prin-
traditional security threat, i.e. a ciple that Indonesian are people who
threat in the from another country's love peace, but they love freedom
military power that endangers the even more.
freedom, sovereignty, unity of the
NKRI region. Although the military Indonesia, will always try to settle
invasion and aggression of Indone- each type of dispute with other coun-
sia is unlikely, it is essential that In- try through peaceful settlement, and
donesia's defence system are kept in as far as possible avoid the use of
place and at good readiness levels. military power. War, as a form of case
This is meant to ensure the existence settlement, will surely create victims
of defence force capable of maintain- and suffering for the Indonesian peo-
ing the sovereignty and the intact- ple. As peace loving people, Indone-
ness of the the Republic of Indonesia sian prioritizes preventive action by
and its territory. In encountering a optimizing diplomatic effort through
Australia
Australia is a neighboring
country bordering with Indonesia,
outside the South East Asia region.
Defence cooperation between In-
donesia and Australia is long
standing; however it has had ups
and downs as the result of the up-
and-down relations between the
unique and requires specific han- two countries. Defence coopera-
dling. The human and material tion between the two countries
traffic from Oekusi through Indo- was at its lowest point in 1999 in
nesian territory needs to be regu- connection with the position of
lated in such a way that it poses Australia in settling the Timor
little or no security threat. Rela- Leste case.
I.
t Defending The Country Entering the 21st Century 67
United Kingdom of defence development cannot be
Defence cooperation with the separated. The two policies are part
United Kingdom is long established. of the same unit of policy within the
In the past the cooperation greatly strategic policy context of Defence.
involved a number of purchases of Therefore defence force development
primary equipment for TNI. Cur- must be planned and executed from
rently and in the years to come, de- the earliest stage and be focused, in-
fence cooperation will be based on tegrated, and continuous in one
strategic discussions on the defence policy that is in line with the policy
sector through information exchange of using the defence force.
and comparative study.
Study of the strategic context
Other (EU) European Union Countries reveals several real and potential
The cooperation relation in the threats to the state, and defence
defence field between Indonesia and force development is of key im-
member countries of EU Europe in- portance. The need is urgent
cludes education and purchase of when the present state of person-
military equipment by Indonesia. nel and equipment is considered.
Currently Indonesia is studying vari- Both quality and quantity have
ous possibilities to improve the de- deficiencies, whereas the task de-
fence field with several member mand for the future is getting
countries of Uni Europe. heavier and more complex. The
same applies to other defence
Russia components, i.e. Reserve and Sup-
Up to now there has not been a porting Components, in which the
concrete relationship in the defence preparation and management are
field, and no formal below expecta-
military links. Exist- tions.
ing cooperation is
limited to the pro- The policy formu-
curement of several lation of the defence
types of arms. It is force development is
hoped that coopera- carried out, by con-
tion will continue to sidering geographi-
improve and firmer cal situation, demog-
links develop. raphy, sources of
natural and man-made wealth, and
Development of Defence social condition including the state's
Forces finance capability. Then, other main
The strategic policy of using the consideration in the policy formula-
defence force and the strategic policy tion of the defence force develop-
cilities, the vacuum will take an esti- nel and professionalism in order to
mated one to two years to fill. Not to shrink the TOP/DSSPP gap.
mention if it is confronted with the • The buildup and maintenance
ratio of the personnel separation, and of educational, health facilities and
the high rate of material decrepitude. other supporting means.
Thus, defence force development is
not aimed at adding new force, but The direction of the Reserve and
rather at rectifying deficiencies. If Supporting Components develop-
there is a new addition, it is only in ment will be focused on the national
certain sectors that have very high development planning mechanism in
urgency, as a result of threat devel- accordance with the function of each
opment and urgent strategic need. government institution and the
state's finance capability. The exist-
Being faced with a limited budget ing Reserve Component is in the form
as well as the estimate that a foreign of an embryo of land element, the
invasion is relatively small, defence objective of the future development
force development is not prioritized will be extended and it will cover el-
to counter external threats. It is fo- ements of the sea and air.
cused on the requirements brought
about by internal and inter-state Defence Force Development and Ar-
crime. As a result of lack of resources rangement
it is considered that TNI has the ca- Development and arrangement of
pability only to carry out tasks to Defence force is directed to gain ef-
counter very urgent threats. The fectiveness and flexibility for TNI as
TNI's minimum force development the Defence Main Component. The
needed include: development and deployment is car-
• Perfection of the system, espe- ried out in accordance with the basic
cially in the software field, to carry characteristic of each element in im-
out a transformation in accordance plementing its role and duty, either
with TNI's reformation commitment combat or non-combat duty. Defence
and ability to meet challenges and force development and deployment
threats. are organized according to the real-
• Maintaining primary equipment ity of the challenge and threat en-
of the main arms system (alutsista) countered, based on the state's geo-
of the TNI in order to improve serv- politics and geostrategy, and after
iceability, sustaining or adding to considering national supporting
service life span. efforts.
• The replacement of the alutsista
and other equipment, that has dete- Main Component
riorated and is useless. The defence main component
• The development and person- force development and deployment,
r *'-
the TNI, is directed to respond to of providing accurate intelligence
the need to fill the gap by information to support the defence
prioritizing the quality organiza- performance task of the state. The
tion, i.e. professional capability; and organization of the intelligence or-
the quantity organization in stages. ganization is an urgent task, con-
The need to build capable soldiers sidering the quick transformation
is an urgent need so that the TNI of the strategic context and the
truly functions as the a professional rapidly increasing need for infor-
tool. Efforts to fill the quantity gap mation. This reorganization covers
will be carried out in stages and the organization, structure, per-
continued to meet the need in ac- sonnel, software and means and in-
cordance with the TOP/DSPP, both frastructure, as well as the budget
in personnel and material. Capabil- requirement.
ity development is focused on four
In the structure of
intelligence, the de-
fence intelligence or-
ganization is directed
to the re-arrange-
ment of the strategic
intelligence organiza-
tion and the intelli-
gence elements. The
arrangement is car-
ried out so that it can
accommodate each
applicable change
capabilities of the TNI that are con- without disrupting the overall work-
nected. Intelligence capability, ing system. In the future, the defence
combat capability to defend the intelligence organization will be pre-
country, the capability to carry out pared to support efforts to defend the
the MOOTW as well as supporting state against actual and urgent
capability. threats in accordance with the esti-
mation.
• Intelligence Capability Improve-
ment In the personnel field, the aim is
Improvement of defence intel- to improve the quality of the intelli-
ligence capability is carried out gence personnel including the mas-
through the reorganization of the tery of knowledge and technology,
intelligence organization so that it and raise the quantity to the required
will be more effective and capable level. In the software area, it requires
» Capability im-
provement to prevent and vital objects, and various other
protect, to obstruct and de- forms of threats. To support
stroy each threat. the capability above, the im-
» Capability improvement provement of the force is fo-
against a strategic sea and air cused on the equipment such
attack and being enable to as high-speed patrol boats and
overcome external threats. means of detection, either on
* Capability improvement land, at sea or in the air and
against a strategic land attack. will be carried out in stages.
* Capability improvement of The implementation is regu-
regional defence to counter lated according to the stipula-
continuing resistance. tion of national and interna-
tional law as well as interna-
• Capability Improvement to Carry tional customs.
out the MOOTW » The capability to counter ter-
r
rorist threat, either domestic or and to overcome the impact
international in nature. To sup- that has been created.
port this requirement, the ca- » The capability to carry out
pability of the existing anti ter- tasks of world peace at the re-
rorist units will be improved, gional and the international
both personnel and their level.
equipment. » The capability to carry out
The capability to prevent and other tasks in the framework of
overcome threats from armed the MOOTW.
separatists in order to ensure
the integrity of the Republic of • Support Capability Improvement
Indonesia Support capability improve-
The capability to overcome ment is directed to maintain the
brutal and anarchic actions, continuity of defence capability,
due to riots or unrest; and to either in a peaceful situation or in
F
Supporting Component pendence of the Indonesian
The Supporting Component com- people. To achieve independ-
prises the national resources that can ence in the equipment field for
be utilized to improve the force and defence, the Department of De-
capability of the Main Component fence plays a part in boosting
and Reserves Component. Supporting the growth of the domestic de-
Component preparation is intended fence industry. This is done at
to ensure the readiness of the na- the earliest opportunity and in
tional supporting force, for defence. coordination with regional gov-
ernment and in accordance
The Supporting Component is pre- with available financial sup-
pared by the government through: port.
« The national development in
the human resources field is di- Technology and Defence Industry
rected to develop and maintain The cooperation of the Depart-
the awareness of all citizens of ment of Defence and the TNI with
their rights and obligations in other institutions is an important
defending the state as man- part of the Defence Strategic Policy.
dated by the 1945 Constitu- In accordance with The Act No. 3 of
tion. This is achieved through 2002, cooperation is carried out in
the education of the citizen- the framework of the technological
ship, military basic training education and defence industry that
that must be carried out are needed by the TNI and other de-
through educational institu- fence components. This cooperation
tions of the government or pri- has a strategic value as it can propel
vate agency, service as volun- the speed towards the national inde-
tary or conscript TNI soldiers, pendence in the defence technology,
and service in the profession. including providing space for other
« The national development in sectors to be involved in the imple-
the natural resources manage- mentation of defence.
ment area is carried out as a
basis for the development of Through cooperation, the Depart-
environmental and continuous ment of Defence and the TNI will try
insight. Besides being focused to participate in propelling national
on the welfare and security, it industry development in order to be
is also for ensuring the conti- able to produce its main products and
nuity and preservation of the to develop a capability to produce
living environment. equipment required for defence.
* The national development in
the man-made resources field One of the forms of cooperation
is directed to build the inde- that is carried out is to synergize stra-
^INDONESIA
•da
Chapter Six
Budget Support
Current Defence Budget the country's economy has not yet
Support fully recovered. Nominally there is
Orientation of national develop- an increase, but due to deprecia-
ment still focuses on the economy. tion of the rupiah, especially
Meanwhile, development in the against the US dollar, and the high
field of defence receives less atten- inflation rate, the real value of the
tion as indicated by the small de- defence budget decreases, which
fence budget. This situation was in limits the scope for the develop-
effect since previous administra- ment of defence capability.
tion will now.
Defence allocations show that
So far, decision of the amount of Routine Budget (Salary, Goods ex-
defence budget is mainly based on the penditures, Maintenance expendi-
capability of state finances and the tures, and Business travel) is larger
priority of development. If carefully than the Development Budget (Sys-
examined, at present defence has a tem Development, Personnel Devel-
heavy load and responsibility, espe- opment, Facilities Development, and
cially with the increase in the poten- Material Development). This data
tial threat based on geographic fac- depicts that defence budget is used
tors, national jurisdiction area, more to fund routine activities
progress of strategic context, and rather than to fund the advancement
standard needs of defence capability. of the defence force and capability.
The low development budget makes
For the last ten years, Indonesia's it difficult to arrange a comprehen-
defence budget has averaged less sive program designed to improve
than 1% of GDP. By comparison, the the professional ability of the TNI in
defence budgets in other countries, an integrated manner.
especially in the South East Asian re-
gion, are more than 1% of their re- Taking budgetary limitations
spective GDP. Several countries even into account, budget priority will be
allocate 3% to 5% of their GDP for directed to finance development
defence. programs in order to reach 'A mini-
mum essential force'. This minimum
The limitations on Indonesia's force is prepared to meet urgent
defence budget are still felt because tasks.
I
Development 1.756,76 1.945,31 2.520,85 2.880,11 2.275,76
budget
Tabel of comparison of Defence Budget against the GDP and the State Budget in 1999 - 2002 budget year.