m ep pMathematics me

Enhancement Programme

Demonstration Project

Pupil Text 1 6

Principal Author : Ted Graham

MEP is principally funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation together with support from Esso, The Post Office and British Steel. All enquiries regarding this text and the Demonstration Project should be addressed to Mathematics Enhancement Programme CIMT, Faculty of Education University of Plymouth Douglas Avenue Exmouth EX8 2AT
Tel: Fax: 01395 255521 01395 255422

CIMT, University of Plymouth

First printing Second printing Third printing Fourth printing Fifth printing Sixth printing

August 1996 August 1997 August 1998 August 2002 August 2003 November 2004

Design by Clinton Banbury Tel: 01277 630421

Contents
Unit 1 Indices 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Unit 2 Formulae 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Unit 3 Using Formulae Construct and Use Simple Formulae Revision of Negative Numbers Substitution into Formulae More Complex Formulae Changing the Subject Further Change of Subject Expansion of Brackets Factorisation Algebraic Manipulation Algebraic Fractions 24 26 30 32 36 39 42 45 48 50 52 Multiplication and Division Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots Index Notation Factors Prime Factors Further Index Notation Standard Form Calculations with Standard Form 1 3 5 9 11 13 15 19

Angle Geometry 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Measuring Angles Line and Rotational Symmetry Angle Geometry Angles with Parallel and Intersecting Lines Angle Symmetry in Polygons Symmetry Properties of 3D Shapes Compass Bearings Angles and Circles 1 Angles and Circles 2 Circles and Tangents 56 61 66 73 80 84 88 96 102 110

Unit 4

Trigonometry 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Squares and Triangles Pythagoras' Theorem Further Work with Pythagoras' Theorem Sine, Cosine and Tangent Finding Lengths in Right Angled Triangles Finding Angles in Right Angled Triangles Mixed Problems with Trigonometry Sine and Cosine Rules Angles Larger than 90 116 118 122 126 129 135 138 142 149

Unit 5

Probability 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Probabilities Simple Probability Outcome of Two Events Finding Probabilities Using Relative Frequency Determining Probabilities Probability of Two Events Use of Tree Diagrams Multiplication for Independent Events Mutually Exclusive Events Tree Diagrams and Conditional Probability Using Venn Diagrams to Find Probabilities 159 161 164 168 171 176 182 189 195 201 207

Unit 6

Number System 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Decimals Multiplying and Dividing with Decimals Fractions and Decimals Long Multiplication and Division Estimating Answers Using Brackets and Memory On a Calculator Upper and Lower Bounds Number System Surds 213 218 221 226 228 231 237 241 246 251

Answers