TOURISM IN THE WATER BODIES OF WEST BENGAL

By Debasish Batabyal1

Introduction: Water Tourism could be a new buzzword in India and West Bengal is not exception to that. Rivers tributaries large coastline and marine landscape wetlands mangroves coral ree!s la"es etc. all comprise various !orms o! water and in total the most o! the hydrological environment o! the country. India is traditionally "nown as the land o! rivers. It is a country where rivers or other water bodies are traditionally worshipped as god or goddess and particularly rivers !rom the origin to the basin are in all its !ullness and na#ve nature is !or the people. $a"es are also worshipped by di!!erent religious communities or symbolize the beauty and natural per!ection. %angroves and coral ree!s are uni&ue and attract special attention as these are the representative samples o! ecosystem and'or comprise biological and geological environment and biodiversity. Wetlands are truly diversi!ied !rom one to another and mangroves therein have other distinct !eatures and their discovery itsel! can be separately identi!ied. Islands are also o! di!!erent categories and their discovery in various parts o! the country can provide a novel experience o! another India among tourists as this country has more than ()* islands o! di!!erent size and shape. %oreover water bodies in West Bengal have always received special importance !rom every sphere o! economic activity to culture custom rituals and heritage. Tourism in India is the largest service
industry with a contribution o! +.(,- to the national .D/ and 0.10- o! the total employment in India. In (*1* total 2oreign Tourist 3rrivals 42T35 in India were ).10
1

Research 6cholar Department o! Tourism %anagement The 7niversity o! Burdwan

million and India generated about (** billion 76 dollars in (**0 and that is expected to increase to 768,1).) billion by (*10 at a 9.:- annual growth rate.;1< The ma=ority o! !oreign tourists come !rom 763 and 7>. >erala Tamil ?adu Delhi 7ttar /radesh and Ra=asthan are the top !ive states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in the same year was 1:* million. 3ndhra /radesh 7ttar /radesh Tamil ?adu and %aharashtra received the big share o! these visitors. %inistry o! Tourism is the nodal agency to !ormulate national policies and programmes !or the development and promotion o! tourism. In the process the %inistry consults and collaborates with other sta"eholders in the sector including various @entral %inistries'agencies the state governments and union territories and the representatives o! the private sector. @oncerted e!!orts are being made to promote new !orms o! tourism such as rural cruise medical and ecoAtourism. The %inistry o! Tourism also maintains the Incredible India campaign. In (*11 total 2oreign Tourist 3rrivals 42T35 in India were +.10 million and 2oreign Bxchange Barnings stood at 768 1+.+91 billion 4.lobal ran"A115 up 11.+- !rom previous year !igure o! 768 1:.19, billion 4).)0 million 2T3s in (*1*5. IndiaCs 2oreign Bxchange earnings grew by an astonishing 1:.1- 4@3.R5 during (**1A1* outApacing global average 1.1-. Dwing to steady decadeAlong growth IndiaCs share in world 2oreign exchange earnings has gone up !rom *.+:- in (**( to about 1.1(- in (*11. 3ctivities in water tourism vary !rom

religious bath and pilgrimages sightAseeing 4along the course o! rivers cannels cree"s or in la"es etc.5 bac"water tourism river cruising sea cruising staying on 2lotel 4!loating hotels 6hi"ara lunches in 6undarban or houseboats in >erala5 adventure water sports to new type o! pac"ages including EsculptureF along with 6un 6ea 6and and 6ur! !or wanderlust tourists. Water tourism needs to be planned with respect to multiple ob=ectives i. e.the concept o! water tourism should not be an isolated issue rather the need !or water transport development maintenance o! navigable waterways and the use o! potential opportunities decrease in pollution level in the sur!ace water resource increase in consciousness to use and conserve water resource among local people and tourists are "ey !actors with which the concept o! water tourism needs to be integrated. Objective :

1. To assess the tourism potentiality o! waterAbodies in West Bengal. (. To set a new 7ni&ue 6elling /roposition !or water tourism in West Bengal. ,. To !ind out the !uture direction o! water tourism in West Bengal. Met!odo"o#$:
6econdary and primary data will be collected with an emphasis on the previous one. 2ield survey will be conducted in West Bengal with an emphasis on 6undarban and ?orthABengal region. Data will be analyzed with 6/66 and 6trata so!tware o! statistics as and when necessary.

Source o% &'ter touri ( in Indi' i5 @oastline 4/orts G beaches and lesser "nown coastal areas5 ii5 Islands 4@ontinentalG Dceanic5 iii5 Rivers and Tributaries 4DriginH!or pilgrimages BasinH!or 6pecial interest alternatives 6ustainable tourism %iddleH!or cultural religious importance5 iv5 v5 WetlandsG $a"es Dther water sources cannels cree"s etc.

M'jor W'ter Bodie in Ben#'" Sund'rb'n

The 6undarbans is the largest single bloc" o! tidal halophytic mangrove !orest in the world.;1< The 6underbans is a 7?B6@D World Ieritage 6ite covering parts o! Bangladesh and India. TwoAthird o! the 6undarbans is in Bangladesh while rest oneAthird is in India. The 6undarbans ?ational /ar" is a ?ational /ar" Tiger Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve located in the 6undarbans delta in the Indian state o! West Bengal. 6undarbans 6outh Bast and West are three protected !orests in Bangladesh. This region is densely covered by mangrove !orests and is one o! the largest reserves !or the Bengal tiger. The history o! the area can be traced bac" to (**J,** 3D. 3 ruin o! a city built by @hand 6adagar has been !ound in the Baghmara 2orest Bloc". During the %ughal period the %ughal >ings leased the !orests o! the 6undarbans to nearby residents. %any criminals too" re!uge in the 6undarbans !rom the advancing armies o! Bmperor 3"bar. %any have been "nown to be attac"ed by Tigers ;(< %any o! the buildings which were built by them later !ell to hands o! /ortuguese pirates salt smugglers and dacoits in the 11th century. Bvidence o! the !act can be traced !rom the ruins at ?etidhopani and other places scattered all over 6undarbans.;,< The legal status o! the !orests underwent a series o! changes including the distinction o! being the !irst mangrove !orest in the world to be brought under scienti!ic management. The area was mapped !irst in /ersian by the 6urveyor .eneral as early as 11+: !ollowing soon a!ter proprietary rights were con!iscated !rom the %ughal Bmperor 3lamgir II by the British Bast India @ompany in 11)1. 3s the British had no expertise or adaptation experience in mangrove !orests. 6ystematic management o! this !orest tract started in the 10+*s a!ter the establishment o! a 2orest Department in the /rovince o! Bengal in British India. The management was entirely designed to extract whatever treasures were available but labor and lower management mostly were sta!!ed by locals;:< The !irst 2orest %anagement Division to have =urisdiction over the 6undarbans was established in 10+9. In 101) a large portion o! the mangrove !orests was declared as reserved !orests in 101)J1+ under the 2orest 3ct 10+) 43ct KIII o! 10+)5. The remaining portions o! the !orests were declared a reserve !orest the !ollowing year and the

!orest which was so !ar administered by the civil administration district was placed under the control o! the 2orest Department. 3 2orest Division which is the basic !orest management and administration unit was created in 1019 with the head&uarter in >hulna Bangladesh. The !irst management plan was written !or the period 109,J90.;)<;+< In 1911 it was described as a tract o! waste country which had never been surveyed nor had the census been extended to it. It then stretched !or about 1+) miles 4(++ "m5 !rom the mouth o! the Iugli to the mouth o! the %eghna river and was bordered inland by the three settled districts o! the (: /arganas >hulna and Ba"ergan=. The total area 4including water5 was estimated at + )(+ s&uare miles 41+ 9*( "m(5. It was a waterAlogged =ungle in which tigers and other wild beasts abounded. 3ttempts at reclamation had not been very success!ul. The 6undarbans was everywhere intersected by river channels and cree"s some o! which a!!orded water communication throughout the Bengal region both !or steamers and !or native boats. The 6undarban !orest lies in the vast delta on the Bay o! Bengal !ormed by the super con!luence o! the /adma Brahmaputra and %eghna rivers across southern Bangladesh. The seasonally !looded 6undarbans !reshwater swamp !orests lie inland !rom the mangrove !orests on the coastal !ringe. The !orest covers 1* *** "m(. o! which about + *** are in Bangladesh.;1< It became inscribed as a 7?B6@D world heritage site in 1991. The 6undarbans is estimated to be about : 11* "mL o! which about 1 1** "mL is occupied by waterbodies in the !orms o! river canals and cree"s o! width varying !rom a !ew meters to several "ilometers. The 6undarbans is intersected by a complex networ" o! tidal waterways mud!lats and small islands o! saltAtolerant mangrove !orests. The interconnected networ" o! waterways ma"es almost every corner o! the !orest accessible by boat. The area is "nown !or the eponymous Royal Bengal Tiger 4Panthera tigris tigris5 as well as numerous !auna including species o! birds spotted deer crocodiles and sna"es. The !ertile soils o! the delta have been sub=ect to intensive human use !or centuries and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture with !ew enclaves o! !orest remaining. The remaining !orests ta"en together with the 6undarbans mangroves are important habitat

!or the endangered tiger. 3dditionally the 6undarbans serves a crucial !unction as a protective barrier !or the millions o! inhabitants in and around >hulna and %ongla against the !loods that result !rom the cyclones. The 6undarbans has also been enlisted among the !inalists in the ?ew1Wonders o! ?ature. F"or' 'nd F'un' o% Sund'rb'n: 3 total (:) genera and ,,: plant species were recorded by David /rain in 19*,.;1:< While most o! the mangroves in other parts o! the world are characterized by members o! the Rhizophoraceae 3vicenneaceae or $aganculariaceae the mangroves o! Bangladesh are dominated by the 6terculiaceae and Buphorbiaceae.;)< Dominant !lora includesM The 6undarbans !lora is characterized by the abundance o! sundari 4 Heritiera fomes5 gewa 4Excoecaria agallocha5 goran 4Ceriops decandra5 and "eora 4Sonneratia apetala5 all o! which occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree o! the !orest is the sundari 4Heritiera littoralis5 !rom which the name o! the !orest had probably been derived. It yields a hard wood used !or building houses and ma"ing boats !urniture and other things. ?ew !orest accretions is o!ten conspicuously dominated by "eora 4Sonneratia apetala5 and tidal !orests. It is an indicator species !or newly accreted mudban"s and is an important species !or wildli!e especially spotted deer 4 Axis axis5. There is abundance o! dhundul or passur 4Xylocarpus granatum5 and "an"ra 4Bruguiera gymnorrhiza5 though distribution is discontinuous. 3mong palms Poresia coaractata and Myriostachya wightiana and among grasses spear grass 4 mperata cylindrica5 "hagra 4Phragmites !ar!a5 and golpata 4"ypa fruticans5 are well distributed. The varieties o! the !orests that exist in 6underbans include mangrove scrub littoral !orest saltwater mixed !orest brac"ish water mixed !orest and swamp !orest. Besides the !orest there are extensive areas o! brac"ish water and !reshwater marshes intertidal mud!lats sand!lats sand dunes with typical dune vegetation open grassland on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety o! terrestrial shrubs and trees. 6ince /rainFs report there have been considerable changes in the status o! various mangrove species and taxonomic revision o! the manAgrove !lora. ;1)< Iowever very little exploration o! the botanical nature o! the 6undarbans has been made to "eep up with these changes. +

Di!!erences in vegetation have been explained in terms o! !reshwater and low salinity in!luences in the ?ortheast and variations in drainage and siltation. The 6undarbans has been classi!ied as a moist tropical !orest demonstrating a whole mosaic o! seres comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach !orests. Iistorically vegetation types have been recognized in broad correlation with varying degrees o! water salinity !reshwater !lushing and physiography. The 6undarbans provides a uni&ue ecosystem and a rich wildli!e habitat. 3ccording to the (*11 tiger census the 6undarbans have about (1* tigers. 3lthough previous rough estimates had suggested much higher !igures close to ,** the (*11 census provided the !irst ever scienti!ic estimate o! tigers !rom the area ;19<;(*< Tiger attac"s are !re&uent in the 6undarbans. Between 1** and ()* people are "illed per year. There is much more wildli!e here than =ust the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger 4Panthera tigris tigris5. %ost importantly mangroves are a transition !rom the marine to !reshwater and terrestrial systems and provide critical habitat !or numerous species o! small !ish crabs shrimps and other crustaceans that adapt to !eed and shelter and reproduce among the tangled mass o! roots "nown as pneumatophores which grow upward !rom the anaerobic mud to get the supply o! oxygen. 2ishing @ats %aca&ues wild boars @ommon .rey %ongooses 2oxes Nungle @ats 2lying 2oxes /angolins and spotted deer are also !ound in abundance in the 6undarbans. W'ter Bodie in We t Ben#'" )Ot!er t!'n Sund'rb'n*:

Ter'i re#ion
The EETeraiFF 4Omoist landO5 is a belt o! marshy grasslands savannas and !orests at the base o! the Iimalaya range stretching southwards to about ,0 "m. 3bove the Terai belt lies the Bhabhar a !orested belt o! roc" gravel and soil eroded !rom the Iimalayas. The Terai zone is composed o! alternate layers o! clay and sand with a high water table that creates many springs and wetlands. The Terai zone is inundated yearly by the monsoonA swollen rivers o! the Iimalaya. The #erai$%uar sa&anna and grasslands is an ecoregion that stretches across the middle o! the Terai belt. The TeraiADuar savanna and wetlands

are a mosaic o! tall grasslands savannas and evergreen and deciduous !orests. The Terai and Dooars region politically constitute the plains o! Dar=eeling District whole o! Nalpaiguri District and upper region o! @ooch Behar District in West Bengal. The slope o! the land is gentle !rom north to south. The general height o! the land is 0* to 1** m. The entire region is made up o! sand gravel and pebbles laid down by the Iimalayan rivers li"e the Teesta Torsa Raida" Naldha"a 6an"osh and several other small rivulets. The Teesta has divided the area into two partsA the western part is "nown as the Terai whereas the eastern part is "nown as the Dooars or Duars. The Dooars region can be !urther subdivided into the 6iliguri or Western Dooars the middle or Nalpaiguri Dooars and the eastern or 3lipur Dooars.

Nort! Ben#'" +"'in

?orth Bengal plain start !rom the south o! Terai region and continues up to the le!t ban" o! the .anges. The southern parts o! the district Nalpaiguri ?orth Dina=pur baring some extreme northern regions 6outh Dina=pur %alda and southern part o! @ooch Behar districts constitute this geographical region. The narrow land mass in the ?orth Dina=pur district is "nown as %ahananda @orridor. This corridor runs north to south =oining %alda with the plains o! Nalpaiguri and @ooch Behar. The entire part o! ?orth and 6outh Dina=pur is silt laden plain. %ahananda River divides the district o! %alda into two parts. The eastern part consists o! undulating plains and some tilas and is made up o! old alluvium and is a part o! the .anges delta. It is also "nown as Barind or Barendrabhumi. In contrast to the eastern part the western part is made up o! new alluvium and in this part River >alindi =oins the %ahananda River. The part o! %alda lying to the north o! river >alindi is "nown as tal. This is a lowland and covered with swamps and beels 4small water bodies5. Whereas the area south o! the >alindi is a very !ertile land and is "nown as diara. The plain in the south o! Nalpaiguri and @ooch Behar district is also made o! new alluvium deposited by numerous rivers li"e the Teesta Torsa Raida" Naldha"a 6an"osh Balason /unarbhaba 3trai and several other small rivulets.

R'r! re#ion

Rarh is the region that intervenes between the Ka==abhumi and the .anges Delta. /arts o! the districts %urshidabad Birbhum Ban"ura Bardhaman and %edinipur constitute this region. The region is about )* to 1** m above the sea level. This region is believed to be created !rom the soil !rom the Deccan plateau. The area is !ormed by the silt brought by the tributaries o! Bhagirathi %ayura"shi River 3=ay River Damodar and Rupnarayan River which !low over the western plateau region made up o! laterite soil ma"e the soil o! the area red in colour. The land slope is !rom west to the southAeast and !ormation o! natural levees along the river ban"s is a common phenomenon.

,o' t'" +"'in

3 small coastal region is on the extreme south o! the state. 3 part o! the district o! /urba %edinipur along the Bay o! Bengal constitutes the coastal plain. This emergent coastal plain is made up o! sand and mud deposited by rivers and by wind. /arallel to the coast are colonies o! sand dunes and marshy areas. The Digha dune lies nearest to the Bay o! Bengal while the >anthi dune is the !arthest !rom it. In some areas dunes occur at a distance o! 1)J1+ "m !rom the coast and are 11J1( m high. For('tion o% Uni-ue Se""in# .ro+o ition: 3 1991 study has revealed that the Bangladeshi part o! the 6undarbans supports diverse biological resources including at least 1)* species o! commercially important !ishes (1* species o! birds :( species o! mammals ,) reptiles and 0 amphibian species. This represents a signi!icant proportion o! the species present in Bangladesh 4i.e. about ,*- o! the reptiles ,1- the birds and ,:- o! the mammals5 and includes a large number o! species which are now extinct elsewhere in the country. ;(1< Two amphibians 1: reptiles () aves and !ive mammals are presently endangered. ;((< The 6undarbans is an important wintering area !or migrant water birds;(,< and is an area suitable !or watching and studying avi!auna. The management o! wildli!e is presently restricted to !irstly the protection o! !auna !rom poaching and secondly designation o! some areas as wildli!e sanctuaries where no extraction o! !orest produce is allowed and where the wildli!e !ace !ew disturbances.

3lthough the !auna o! Bangladesh have diminished in recent times and the 6undarbans has not been spared !rom this decline the mangrove !orest retains several good wildli!e habitats and their associated !auna. D! these the tiger and dolphin are target species !or planning wildli!e management and tourism development. There are high pro!ile and vulnerable mammals living in two contrasting environments and their statuses and management are strong indicators o! the general condition and management o! wildli!e. 6ome o! the species are protected by legislation notably by the Bangladesh Wildli!e 4/reservation5 Drder 191, 4/.D. (, o! 191,5.

/'riou %or( o% &'ter touri ( '"re'd$ %ound in Indi' &!ic! 're needed to be %ocu ed0

2orms D! Water Tourism In West Bengal

PRiver %e tiv'" And %'ir .anga Darshan 6undarban 2estival PRiver ,rui in# 'nd culture and Iistory @ruising .anga watching Bthnic edi!ices.
1*

W'ter +ort $i"e ra!ting canoeing >aya"ing scuba riding diving

W'ter 'dventure 'nd Wi"d water touri ( e.g. mangrove

B'c1&'ter ob ervin# in '-u'cu"ture etc0 "i%e &'ter

crui in# in%"uence d'i"$ in

2 o% "i%e3

e.g. Adventure

co' t'" special tourism rural

visiting 're' 'nd4 or river b' in !orming

!orests wetlands interest coral types5 largest world5 in

4 di!!erent types5 alternative tourism islands 4di!!erent research group. delta the 4 may be the

Si#!t eein# !or snor"eling i.e. hovercra!t hydro!oil etc. in and

ree!s tourism or important to

Ieritage River

PMe"' .anga 6agar %ela /atharchupri

e.g.

%ela 4including religious dip5 in Ra=asthan etc. ,onc"u ion: Water tourism can be a new mar"eting niche !or tour operators already o!!ering tour pac"ages !or various product segments. 2or the government 56no&7Ben#'" B$ W'ter to 56no& Ben#'"8 &'ter8 campaign will certainly help building images as India is traditionally "nown as a cultural destination and want to move towards sustainable' alternative'eco Atourism practices. Besides real community perception can be promoted whereas a massive water source development and conservation program can be launched. In India a large part o! the navigable waterways is still untapped. ?avigable Waterways can be best utilized and commercialized through in!rastructure development and mar"eting o! waterways with the help o! tourism. Killage tourism water tourism ecotourism can be introduced along with and added !eature i. e. either marine environment or river area or bac"water area. In .oa >erala West Bengal 3ndamanG ?icobar Islands 3ssam and other states or 7nion Territories special interest tourism can be promoted with respective water !eatures available. >eeping in view the increasing need !or road transport and resulted problems the use o! water transport !or tra!!ic"ing o! goods and passengers can not be overloo"ed in near !uture.

11

 While planning and promoting water tourism the concept o! %a=or River @onnectivity /rogram Water Transport ReAengineering program and above all in!rastructure development program !or navigable waterways'coast line should be ta"en into account. 3 high power steering group already in !orm to loo"Aover the possibility o! cruise tourism in India be given the extended responsibility o! !inding out the !easibility o! the water tourism and its promotion as a whole. This high power steering group should wor" in close liaison with Inland Waterways 3uthority o! India 4IW3I5 %inistry o! Tourism respective 6tate .overnments or 7nion Territories and private sector sta"eholders. Di!!erent schemes !or developing water transport under Inland Waterways 3uthority o! India 4IW3I5 e.g. ?ational Kessel Building 6cheme @entrally 6ponsored 6cheme etc. and %inistry o! Tourism 4e. g. grants loans etc. at selected destinations !or purchasing vessels !or tourism etc.5 should be extended to water tourism development in the country. %oreover an ample opportunity !or reconstructing water in!rastructure with the help o! national and international agencies which is to be !ully exploited. ?ational $a"e @onservation /lan 4?$@/5 under Athe 1*th ) year plan should also be ta"en and the number or la"es should be extended !or conservation. 3 new assessment o! national waterways the possibility o! new water ways and their commercial potentialities possible sustainable issues "eeping in view the geological and environmental !eatures should be the prime !actors o! water tourism development in our country.

1(

 Water tourism campaign should be promoted on line o! the existing campaign o! the Buddhist tourism as a part o! the Incredible India campaign. The campaign would comprise a target o! Q>?DW I?DI3 BR W3TBRS to Q>?DW I?DI3F6 W3TBRS so as to revamp the ultimate image o! the country as well as the water resources as a whole. Tour operators in the country should sell di!!erent types o! water tourism pac"ages as optional tours !irst and then as a !ull pac"ages. 3dventure tour operators or newly introduced alternative tour operators or'and special interest tour operators in particular should promote and o!!er water tourism pac"ages !or domestic and inbound tourists in the country. Railway can sell R3I$A 63I$ pac"ages in which di!!erent cruise services or steamer'launch services and'or water tourism pac"ages can be o!!ered. 3 special body !or planning maintaining and development o! vulnerable water bodies be set up by the %inistry o! Tourism in close liaison with the %inistry o! Bnvironment and 2orest or they should wor" together. $i"e many a pro=ects water tourism and its re&uired in!rastructure development should not be limited to the .overnmentFs aids and supports rather suitable private sector participation is important. 3 coordinating agency as stated earlier should loo" over the possibilities o! the participation by the state owned or !oreign direct investment. %oreover the government has to be responsible !or the structural development and would search !or potentialities while the implementation program o! the tourism pro=ects as such should be underta"en by the private sectors and thereby to ta"e the opportunity o! the

1,

entrepreneurship and business development. Indian @ruise $ine is on the way to !lourish and this new option o! integrating and developing waterways in India should be achieved in an integrated manner. 3ccording to the 7nion %inister o! Tourism 3mbi"a 6oniH Qby introducing this product 4 @ruise Tourism 5 we want to achieve the target o! six la"h cruise tourists by the end o! (*1*.This is an ambitious target but we see a huge potential in the countryFs long coast line.S I! this policy is extended to other water bodies certainly the country will be bene!ited. 3bove all participation o! the local authorities and people in collaboration with the 6tate' ?ational or'and even International Drganizations has to be ensured. 3ppropriate local government or local authority should be given the responsibility to assess the potentialities o! the water bodies situated within their =urisdiction. These authorities should also maintain the &uality and attractions scienti!ically by halting'reducing the abuse unscienti!ic inter!erence. Bib"io#r'+!$: India (**0 /ublished by the %inistry o! In!ormation and Broadcasting. Bxpress Travel and Tourism Kol.:: ?o. ) /ublished by Indian Bxpress %umbai Tourism /olicy (**(AAA%inistry o! Tourism G @ulture Bnvironment /olicy (**0 47nder the 1*th ) year /lan and 11th ) Rear /lan5H .ovt. o! India
3shworth .. and .oodall B. 419915 Mar!eting #ourism Places Routledge $ondon. Bagri 6.@. 4(**,5 '#rends in #ourism Promotion (Emerging ssues)* Iimalayan Bco Tourism 6ociety 4 6ri ?agar .arhwal5 and Bishen 6ingh %ahendra /al 6ingh 4 (,A3 @onnaught /lace Dehradun5.

pollution and

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BTrenholdt N.D. 4(***5M Revised research design on the pro=ectM 5M Destination construction and development J Representations networ"s and strategies. /aper. Ros"ilde 7niversity BTrenholdt N.D 2ram"e W. ?ilsson /.U. 419995M Destination construction and development J Representations networ"s and strategies. /aper.. Ros"ilde 7niversity Butler R.W. 4190*5 EThe @oncept o! the tourist area cycle o! evolutionM Implementations !or management o! resourcesF+ Canadian ,eographer+Kol.(: p.)A1( @hettri ?. 6harma B. Deb D.@. 6undriyal R.@. - mpacts of .irewood Extraction on #ree Structure+ /egeneration and 0oody Biomass Producti&ity in a #re!!ing Corridor of the Si!!im Himalaya1+ -%ountain Research and DevelopmentF Kol.(( %ay (**( pp. 1)*A1)0. Rahman 6.3. 4(**+5 Bditor in @hie! Q#he Beautiful ndia$ Si!!im* Re!erence /ress ?ew Delhi. >arma >.>. 4(**15 QManaging #ourist %estination2 %e&elopment+ Planning+ Mar!eting+ Policies* >anish"a /ublishers Distributors ?ew Delhi. $eiper ?. 4(***5M 3re Destinations EThe Ieart o! TourismFV The advantages o! an 3lternative Description. @urrent Issues in Tourism Kol., ?o.: %ill R.@. G %orrison 3.%. 4199(5M The Tourism 6ystem. Bnglewood @li!!s %urphy /. 4190)5M Tourism. 3 @ommunity 3pproach. ?ew Ror"

6utheesna Babu. 6 6iti"antha %ishra Bivra= Bhusan /arida 4 (**05 Q Tourism Development Revisited M @oncepts Issues and /aradigms S edited 6age /ublications I6B?M 910A01A10(9A191A,.
6warbroo"e N. 4(**15M Drganisation o! tourism at the destination. InM Wahab 6. G @ooper @.M Tourism in the 3ge o! .lobalisation. $ondon 1)9A10( 6warbroo"e N. G Iorner 6. 419995M @onsumer Behavior in Tourism. Dx!ord

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1+