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Lesson 3
Mud Systems

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PETE 320

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Mud Systems
Read: MI Chapters 3, & 5 Multimedia Program 3 & 4

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Mud systems
Diagnostic tests Water based muds Oil based muds Additives Mud handling system

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
API recommended mud tests were devised to help the mud engineer determine whether the drilling fluid is performing its functions properly.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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Diagnostic tests
Mud Balance Density of mud

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Marsh Funnel

Consistency of mud

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
Rotational Viscometer
Measures Rheological properties of mud Rheology is the study of the flow characteristics of a drilling fluid and how these characteristics affect movement of the fluids From this info the circulating system can be designed or evaluated regarding how it will accomplish certain desired objectives.
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rotational Viscometer
Dimensions of bob and rotor are chosen so that the dial reading at 300 rpm is equal to the apparent Newtonian viscosity in cp.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rotational Viscometer
Bingham plastic fluids
PV, cp - measure of internal resistance to fluid flow resulting from the interactions of solids in the drilling fluid YP, lbf/100 sq. ft. - measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to initial flow. Gel, lbf/100 sq. ft. - measure of electrical attractive forces within the drilling fluid under static conditions
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rotational Viscometer
Power law
K is a measure of the thickness of the fluid n is a measure of the deviation from Newtonian fluid behavior.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
pH Determination

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
API Filter press measure filtration rate and filter cake thickness

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
HTHP filter press measure filtration rate and filter cake thickness at higher differential pressures and temperatures
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
Chemical Analysis - Test for:
OH-, Cl-, Ca++

Alkalinity - Pf, Pm, Mm, Mf

Designed to establish the concentration of hydroxyl, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions in the aqueous phase of the mud.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
Chloride Concentration - is salt present Water Hardness Sand Content - Effectiveness of solids control equipment

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Diagnostic tests
Mud Retort - volume fraction of oil, water, and solids in mud Cation Exchange Capacity of Clays volume fraction of low gravity solids

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Pilot Tests
Use samples of 350 ml of mud. 350 ml is called one barrel equivalent
1.0lbm 454 g 1bbl 1gal 1g 1bbl lbm 42 gal 3785 mL 350 mL

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Pilot Tests
Vt = V1 + V2 + + Vn Vi = mi/ ri r = (m1 + m2 + + mn) (V1 + V2 + + Vn)

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Water based muds

Water is the basic component Clays are added for viscosity
Yield of clay is defined as the number of bbls of mud that can be produced using 1 ton of clay if the mud has an apparent viscosity of 15 cp at 600 rpm.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Water based muds

Wyoming bentonite is the most common used in fresh water muds and is considered high yield clay - mostly sodium montmorilloonite.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Water based muds

Attapulgite is used as salt water gel

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Water based muds

Barium sulfate - barite is most common solid added to muds to increase density. Hematite (iron ore) is sometimes used also

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Inhibitive water based muds

A mud in which the ability of active clays to hydrate has been reduced greatly. Used to prevent drilled clays from disintegrating into very small particle and entering the mud. Used to stabilize high clay content formations
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Inhibitive water based muds

Calcium treated muds Lignosulfonate treated muds High salinity muds

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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Oil based muds

Continuous phase is composed No. 2 diesel. Emulsifiers are added to prevent water droplets to coalesce and settling out of the mud Water droplets are used to build viscosity and for filtrate control, as is asphalt, polymers, etc
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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Mud Selection Criteria

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Additives

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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Mud handling system

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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