!"#$#%& !

("&)*)+,#
lndlcutes un uctlon thut huens slmultuneously wlth the uctlon ln the muln cluuse.
l suw 'uck whlle he wus urklng ln front of hls house.
l suw 'uck (whlle) +("-)%. ln front of hls house.
lndlcutes un uctlon thut huens just before the uctlon ln the muln cluuse.
After j when he entered the room, he cuught us sleelng.
/%&#")%. the room, he cuught us sleelng.
01&#2
1he subject of the urtlclle cluuse und the muln cluuse cunnot be dlerent.
After j when he entered the room, everybody stood u.
Clves lnformutlon ubout "tlme, reuson und results".
01&#2
Purtlclle cluuse doesn't lndlcute u seclfc tense, lnsteud, we should look ut the muln cluuse
to understund lt.
Lrlvlng on the hlghwuy, one 34$& 5# cureful.(resent)
Lrlvlng on the hlghwuy, he 6(7 un uccldent. (ust)
Lrlvlng on the hlghwuy, you 8),, $## u blg slgn. (future)
9)3#
:+#%)%. the door, she suw me. (when she oened the door ...)
01&#2
lnsteud of uslng the verb ulone, we cun ulso use the reosltlons "on und uon" ln the sume
wuy.
Cn j uon 1+#%)%. the door, she suw me.
;#($1% < ;#$4,&
participle clauses
1
=(>)%. lots of work to do, 1om dldn't wunt to come wlth us. (becuuse he hud lots of work to
do...
?#)%. rure, dlumonds ure very reclous. (becuuse dlumonds ure rure...)
01&#2 ln negutlve form, we use "not" ln the beglnnlng.
01& 8(%&)%. to tell the truth, the young boy mude u un excuse.
!($& !("&)*)+,#
Contrury to oulur mlsuse, u ust urtlclle doesn't huve u ust meunlng, but lnsteud, lt hus
u slmllur usuge to resent urtlclle but ln usslve form.
1he llttle glrl wus tuken to the neurest hosltul ufter she wus uttucked by u dog.
@&&(*-#7 5A u dog, the llttle glrl wus tuken to the neurest hosltul.
1he museum, whlch wus bullt ln , needs renovutlon.
?4),& ln , the museum needs renovutlon.
1he new nlght club, whlch ls locuted on the beuch slde, uttructs the uttentlon of ull uges.
B1*(&#7 on the beuch slde, the new nlght club uttructs the uttentlon of ull uges.
!#"C#*& !("&)*)+,#
lndlcutes un uctlon thut huens long before the uctlon ln the muln cluuse.
After he hud sent ten yeurs ln ltuly, he could seuk ltullun fuently.
=(>)%. $+#%& ten yeurs ln ltuly, he could seuk ltullun fuently.
8ecuuse 1om hud uttended thls course before, he knew whut to exect.
=(>)%. (&&#%7#7 thls course before, 1om knew whut to exect.
01&#2 to get usslve form ln erfect urtlclle, we udd "been" ufter "huvlng".
8ecuuse he hud been fred, he dldn't uttend the meetlng.
=(>)%. 5##% D"#7, he dldn't uttend the meetlng.
8ecuuse he hudn't been lnvlted to the weddlng, he dldn't come.
01& 6(>)%. 5##% )%>)&#7 to the weddlng, he dldn't come.
participle clauses
2
Participle clauses
!"# %&'() & *+,-..-., /012 ')+ 3+4 5-') &. +.6-., /012 ')+ 0-,)' '1 2&7+ & 8+.'+.(+9
Knowing you don't like seafood
I'd have no hesitation recommending her for the
job.
Angered by his hurtful remarks
I can't really give you an opinion.
Working all hours of the day and night
I've cooked some chicken too.

Having seen her work
singing loudly.
Seeing you haven't got much time she slammed down the phone.
She was sitting on a stool
we'd better go through the figures straight away.
Not having read the book myself
he rarely has time for parties or that kind of thing.
They were walking down the street
he looked into her eyes and said, 'I love you.'
Picking up his briefcase and coat
smoking a cigarette.
Taking her in his strong arms
he left the room.
participle clauses
3
!:# ;15 0+50-'+ ')+ 8+.'+.(+8 -. 8-2<3+ =.,3-8) !- + 5-')1>' <&0?(-<3+ (3&>8+8# 8'&0?., 5-') ')+
51068 *+315 81 ')&' ')+ 2+&.-., -8 ')+ 8&2+9
l've cooked some chlcken because...
Pe plcked up hls brlefcase and coaL...
1hey were walklng down Lhe sLreeL...
l haven'L read Lhe book myself...
Pe works all hours of day and nlghL...
She was slmng on a sLool and...
Pe Look her ln hls sLrong arms...
She was angered by hls huruul remarks...
l see you haven'L goL much ume...
!@# A0B &.6 50-'+ 8+.'+.(+8 5-') <&0?(-<3+ (3&>8+8 ')&' )&C+ ')+ 8&2+ 2+&.-.,8 &8 ')+ /13D
315-.,E
l looked sLralghL aL her and sald, 'lrankly my dear, l don'L glve a damn.'
l dldn'L wanL a row so l apologlzed lmmedlaLely.
l've never meL her so l can'L Lell you whaL she's llke.
l've worked here for Len years, so l can Lell you lL's a Lerrlble place Lo work.
1hey were sLandlng by Lhe slde of Lhe swlmmlng pool and Lhey were Lhrowlng waLer aL each
oLher.
l'm noL Lhe sorL of person who en[oys large gaLherlngs so l decllned Lhe lnvlLauon Lo Lhe parLy.
l meeL all nauonallues ln my dally work so l know qulLe a few words of oLher languages.
l've seen hls reporL so l can glve you an ldea of Lhe slLuauon Lhere.
l've never been Lo Sydney so l can hardly recommend a hoLel Lhere.
participle clauses
4
Answers
!"#$%&'(
knowlng you don'L llke seafood, l've cooked some chlcken Loo.
Angered by hls huruul remarks, she slammed down Lhe phone.
Worklng all hours of Lhe day and nlghL, he rarely has ume for parues or LhaL klnd of Lhlng.
Pavlng seen her work, l'd have no heslLauon recommendlng her for Lhe [ob.
Seelng you haven'L goL much ume, we'd beuer go Lhrough Lhe gures sLralghL away.
She was slmng on a sLool, smoklng a clgareue.
noL havlng read Lhe book myself, l can'L really glve you an oplnlon.
1hey were walklng down Lhe sLreeL, slnglng loudly.
lcklng up hls brlefcase and coaL, he le Lhe room.
1aklng her ln hls sLrong arms, he looked lnLo her eyes and sald, 'l love you.'

l've cooked some chlcken because.99! #$%& '%( )%$*+ ,-#. /.01%%)2
Pe plcked up hls brlefcase and coaL999&$) ,.3 +4. 5%%62
1hey were walklng down Lhe sLreeL9990$) +4.' &.5. /-$7-$7 ,%(),'2
l haven'L read Lhe book myself.99/% ! 80$*+ 5.0,,' 7-9. '%( 0$ %:-$-%$2
Pe works all hours of day and nlghL.99/% 4. 505.,' 40/ ;6. 1%5 :05;./ %5 +40+ /%5+ %1 +4-$72
She was slmng on a sLool and999/4. &0/ /6%#-$7 0 8-705.<.2
Pe Look her ln hls sLrong arms999,%%#.) -$+% 4.5 .'./ 0$) /0-)= *! ,%9. '%(*2
She was angered by hls huruul remarks999/% /4. /,066.) )%&$ +4. :4%$.2
l see you haven'L goL much ume999/% &.*) >.<.5 7% +45%(74 +4. ?7(5./ /+50-74+ 0&0'2
participle clauses
5
!@# A0B &.6 50-'+ 8+.'+.(+8 5-') <&0?(-<3+ (3&>8+8 ')&' )&C+ ')+ 8&2+ 2+&.-.,8 &8 ')+ /13D
315-.,E
l looked sLralghL aL her and sald, 'lrankly my dear, l don'L glve a damn.'
@%%#-$7 /+50-74+ 0+ 4.5 4. /0-)= *A50$#,' 6' ).05= ! )%$*+ 7-9. 0 )06$2*
l dldn'L wanL a row so l apologlzed lmmedlaLely.
B%+ &0$;$7 0 5%&= ! 0:%,%7-C.) -66.)-0+.,'2
l've never meL her so l can'L Lell you whaL she's llke.
B%+ 409-$7 6.+ 4.5= ! 80$*+ +.,, '%( &40+ /4.*/ ,-#.2
l've worked here for Len years, so l can Lell you lL's a Lerrlble place Lo work.
D09-$7 &%5#.) 4.5. 1%5 +.$ '.05/= ! 80$ +.,, '%( -+*/ 0 +.55->,. :,08. +% &%5#2
1hey were sLandlng by Lhe slde of Lhe swlmmlng pool and Lhey were Lhrowlng waLer aL each
oLher.
E4.' &.5. /+0$)-$7 >' +4. /-). %1 +4. /&-66-$7 :%%, +45%&-$7 &0+.5 0+ .084 %+4.52
l'm noL Lhe sorL of person who en[oys large gaLherlngs so l decllned Lhe lnvlLauon Lo Lhe parLy.
B%+ >.-$7 +4. /%5+ %1 :.5/%$ &4% .$F%'/ ,057. 70+4.5-$7/= ! ).8,-$.) +4. -$9-+0;%$ +% +4. :05G
+'2
l meeL all nauonallues ln my dally work so l know qulLe a few words of oLher languages.
H..;$7 0,, $0;%$0,-;./ -$ 6' )0-,' &%5#= ! #$%& I(-+. 0 1.& &%5)/ %1 %+4.5 ,0$7(07./2
l've seen hls reporL so l can glve you an ldea of Lhe slLuauon Lhere.
D09-$7 /..$ 4-/ 5.:%5+= ! 80$ 7-9. '%( 0$ -).0 %1 +4. /-+(0;%$ +4.5.2
l've never been Lo Sydney so l can hardly recommend a hoLel Lhere.
B%+ 409-$7 >..$ +% J')$.'= ! 80$ 405),' 5.8%66.$) 0 4%+., +4.5.2
participle clauses
6
E(+FD,, #G#"*)$#
1ony needed money. __________________(blow) hls lust thousund dollurs ut the ruces the
nlght before, he wus comletely broke. 1here wus only one thlng for lt - crlme.
________(know) thut u lurge house not fur from hls wus emty, he
__________________(declded) to try und breuk ln the followlng evenlng.
_________________(leuve) hls house just ufter durk, he_______________(muke) hls wuy to
the street where the emty house stood. _____________(urrlve) outslde the house just be
fore mldnlght,he _____________(declde) to wult und check the owners
__________________(not j return). ______________(retend) to muke u cull on hls moblle
hone, he ___________________(uce) u und down, _________________(wutch) the hou
se curefully.
vhen he wus qulte sure nobody wus ut home, he_____________(look) curefully uround to
muke sure no one wus wutchlng, und got reudy to go ln.
____________(know) there wus u hlgh wull uround the house, he______________(brlng) u
long roe wlth u slke on the end. ________________(throw) the roe over the wull,
he____________(cllmb) u und ______________(dro) lnto the gurden.
_______________(lck) hlmself u qulckly, he _______________(cree) ucross the durk
luwn to the front of the house. ____________ (stund) ln front of the entrunce, he qulckly lo
cuted the burglur ulurm fxed hlgh on the wull neur the door. ___________________(once j
work) for u securlty comuny, he _________________(know) exuctly how these ulurms
worked. ________________(tuke) u screwdrlver from hls bug, he ______________(shln) u
the wull und exertly dlsubled the ulurm.
Lellghted thut everythlng wus golng to lun, he ____________(grln), _____________(tuke)
out u gluss cutter und curefully ____________(muke) u hole ln u neurby wlndow.
__________(reuch) through curefully, he found the wlndow cutch,____________(unfusten)
lt und _______________ (ush) oen the wlndow, _______________(thlnk) how eusy lt ull
wus.
Awure thut uny llght ln the house mlght uttruct unwelcome uttentlon, he curefully
_________(druw) the curtulns before ________(swltch) on hls torch. A nolse to the left of
the room mude hlm jum. _____________(swlng) round, he ____________(see) u womun ln
u long whlte dress_________(slt) ln un urmchulr ____________(hold) u drlnk. ________(sml
le) ut 1ony, she _____________(rulse) her gluss und _________(suy), 'Ah 1ony, we
_________________(wult) for you.'
participle clauses
7
Answers
1ony needed money. Euvlng blown hls lust thousund dollurs ut the ruces the nlght before, he
wus comletely broke. 1here wus only one thlng for lt - crlme. lnowlng thut u lurge house
not fur from hls wus emty whlle the owners were on hollduy he declded to try und breuk ln
the followlng evenlng.
Leuvlng hls house just ufter durk, he mude hls wuy to the street where the emty house
stood. Arrlvlng outslde the house just before mldnlght, he declded to wult und check the
owners hudn't returned. Pretendlng to muke u cull on hls moblle hone, he uced u und
down, wutchlng the house curefully.
vhen he wus qulte sure nobody wus ut home, he looked curefully uround to muke sure no
one wus wutchlng, und got reudy to go ln. lnowlng there wus u hlgh wull uround the house,
he hud brought u long roe wlth u slke on the end. 1hrowlng the roe over the wull, he
cllmbed u und droed lnto the gurden.
Plcklng hlmself u qulckly, he cret ucross the durk luwn to the front of the house. Stundlng
ln front of the entrunce, he qulckly locuted the burglur ulurm fxed hlgh on the wull neur the
door. 1uklng u screwdrlver from hls bug, he shlnned u the wull und exertly dlsubled the
ulurm.
Lellghted thut everythlng wus golng to lun, he grlnned, took out u gluss cutter und cureful
ly mude u hole ln u neurby wlndow. Reuchlng through curefully, he found the wlndow cutch,
unfustened lt und ushed oen the wlndow, thlnklng how eusy lt ull wus.
Awure thut uny llght ln the house mlght uttruct unwelcome uttentlon, he curefully drew the
curtulns before swltchlng on hls torch. A nolse to the left of the room mude hlm jum. Swln
glng round, he suw u womun ln u long whlte dress slttlng ln un urmchulr holdlng u drlnk. Sml
llng ut 1ony, she rulsed her gluss und suld, 'Ah 1ony, we've been wultlng for you.'
participle clauses
8