b.chemical carcinogens ( e.g. chromium, cobalt , tar, soot, asphalt, nitrogenmustard, certain plastics, aniline dyes, hydrocarbons in cigarettes smoke, air pollutants from industry, crude paraffin oil, nickel, asbestos, arsenicals)c.physical stressors ( e.g. excessive exposure to sunlight or radiation, chronicirritation )d.hormonal factors ( e.g. imbalance of endogenous or exogenous hormones, such asestrogen or diethylstilbestrol)e.genetic factors ( e.g. abnormal chromosomes patterns, such as in Burkitt’slymphoma, chronic myelogenous or acute leukemia and skin cancers; familial predisposition, such as in breast, endometrial, colorectal, stomach, lung, colon,and kidney cancers)f.dietary factors (e.g. fats, alcohol, salt-cured or smoked meats, foods containingnitrates and nitrites, and a high caloric dietary intake)
•
Pathophysiology of Malignant Process
o
Cancer is a disease process that:Begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of the cellular DNA.The abnormal cell forms a clone and begins to proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment surrounding the cell.The cell acquires invasive characteristics, and changes occur in surrounding tissues.The cell infiltrates these tissues and gain access to lymph and blood vessels, which carrythe cell to other areas of the body.
Metastasis
(cancer spread to other parts of the body).
Proliferative Patterns
o
Neoplasm (new cell growth) has several proliferative patterns:a.
Benign
(i.e. usually harmless, does not infiltrate other tissues) and
malignant
(i.e.always harmful; may spread or metastasize to tissues far from the original site)cells display different characteristic of cellular growth; the degree of differentiation (i.e. anaplasia) determines the potential for malignancy.
Leave a Comment