GII THIU MT S QUAN IM V LOI T TRN TH GII

Phm Th Thy Hng1 Trn th gii, cho n nay ngi ta nghin cu v loi t (classifiers) kh cn thn, chi tit. Thc ra, i vi ngi Vit, vi ting Vit, hin nay cn tranh ci nhiu v vn l liu c loi t hay khng, nhng i vi cc hc gi Chu u th classifiers l mt khi nim r rng, mt n v ngn ng ch thc, y l n v c c ni dung v hnh thc. Dng nh cha c ai nghi ng v tnh chn thc ca n, c chng, ngi ta nghi ng v khi nim classifier languages v non-classifier languages. Nhng theo Keith Allan trong cng trnh Classifiers (1977) th ng cho rng C l tt c cc ngn ng u c loi t; .. nhng c mt s ngn ng thch hp vi tn gi ngn ng loi t (classifier languages) hn mt s ngn ng khc, chng hn nh danh t s hu ting Anh tng ng mt cch chnh xc vi cc n v t trong ting Thi m tt c mi ngi u cng nhn l loi t. Allan cho rng tt c cc ngn ng u c loi t (ch khng phi ging nh quan nim trc y cho rng ch mt s ngn ng mi c loi t), nhng mt s ngn ng loi t xut hin nhiu hn, c cc chc nng, ng ngha in hnh hn, do vy, theo ng ch c mt s ngn ng thch hp hn vi vic gi ngn ng c loi t (tr.285). Cc ngn ng loi t (classifier languages) l cc ngn ng c tp hp t dng phn loi danh t mt cch c lp. Phn ln cc ngn ng Chu u c coi l ngn ng khng c loi t (nonclassifier languages) mc d chng cng c hai h thng phn loi tng t h thng loi t, l hin tng ng php v ging nh l le (ging c), v d nh couteau (con dao), la (ging ci), v d nh table (ci bn); hay l cc biu thc o lng hoc tnh m trong ting Anh a piece of paper (mt mu giy), a cup of milk (mt cc sa), a handful of candies (mt nm ko), a pile of clothes (mt ng qun o). c im ca loi t khng ging nh phm tr ging, m chng bao trm cc phm vi ng ngha rt a dng, loi t cng khng ging nh cc n v tnh m hay cc n v o lng, m chng tn ti trong cc ng cnh khc. H thng loi t c tm thy trong cc ngn ng Chu , cc ngn ng i Dng, ngn ng c, Chu Phi, Chu M vi nhiu kiu ng ngha, ng dng v hnh thc khc nhau. 1. Quan im ca Allan: Cho du cch hiu loi t nh th no th Allan cng dng thut ng classifiers biu t mt n v t vng - ci n v m theo nh Allan th c mt nguyn tc ph bin trong tt c cc ngn ng, l: classifers (tm dch l loi t) kt hp vi t nh lng, t nh v, t ch nh... v kt hp vi danh t. V ng cng lu rng danh t khng bao gi ng gia cc yu t trn m bao gi n cng ng u hoc cui ng on. Allan a ra tiu ch xc nh loi t. Mi mt n v c xem l loi t khi chng tha mn c c hai iu kin sau: a- Chng xut hin nh cc hnh v trn cu trc b mt trong cc iu kin r rng (c th nhn thy c); b- Chng c ngha, tc l ch ra mt s c im ni tri hoc c im c gn cho thc th m danh t ch ra (hoc c th ch ra). Theo Allan th c 7 phm tr phn loi c th hin qua danh t v tng ng vi n l 7 kiu loi t trong cc ngn ng trn th gii, l: phm tr cht liu, hnh dng, tnh nht qun (consistency), kch c, v tr, s sp xp (arrangement) v cui cng l phm tr s lng. Nm phm tr u ch xut hin trong cc ngn ng loi t. Hai phm tr cui cng xut hin trong cc ngn ng nh ting Anh, ngn ng c coi l ngn ng khng c loi t. By phm tr ny an xen vo nhau, nhiu loi t c s kt hp ca hn hai phm tr, v v vy y chnh l ch cho s phn tch ngha t. Tuy nhin, mi ngn ng c mt hay mt vi kiu loi t nht nh ch khng phi l tt c. Nhng mi loi t li khng phi ch thuc vo mt phm tr, m c th thuc vo mt vi trong s 7 phm tr ny. ng cho rng loi t biu th mt s c im ca nhn thc, tri nhn nh vo phn loi. Nh chng ta thy, l do m cc ngn ng khc nhau v h hng, loi hnh hay l xa nhau v a l vn c th c cc lp
1

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danh t tng t nhau l bi cc cng ng c nhng cch phn loi, tri nhn hin thc khch quan theo nhng cch tng t nhau. ng cng gii thch v sao khng c loi t ch mu sc, l do mu sc c s nh hng su sc ca chu k ngy m ca nh sng. Th nht l mu sc thay i vi nh sng xung quanh, v trong bng ti n tr thnh cm lng v thm ch l khng xc nh c, c th phn loi c bng mu sc th ch c th xc nh c trong na ngy ( l s xc nh khng y ). Th hai, ch tng hnh ch quan tm n hnh dng, khng quan tm n mu sc. V vy, c th ni rng mu sc khng c nh hng n cc phm tr phn loi ca loi t. Allan chia cc ngn ng ra thnh 4 nhm da trn s phn chia cc kiu loi t : a- Cc ngn ng c loi t s (numeral classifier languages): Loi t s l loi t bt buc phi xut hin trong hu ht cu trc danh t c s lng. Kiu ny c th hin in hnh trong ting Thi, ting Vit, ting Min in b- Cc ngn ng c loi t tng hp (concordial classifier languages): tc l kiu ph t gn vo danh t th hin ngha phn loi ca loi t, ph t y thng l tin t. Thuc kiu ny l mt s ngn ng Chu phi (ting Bantu v Semi-Bantu) v cc ngn ng Australia. c- Cc ngn ng c loi t v ng (predicate classifier languages): tc l loi t kt hp vi ng t ch s vn ng, v tr trong cu. Thuc kiu ny c cc ngn ng nh: Navajo v cc ngn ng Athapaskand- Cc ngn ng c loi t ni v (intra-locative classifier languages): y l kiu loi t (bt buc) kt hp vi danh t trong cc cu trc din t v tr. Kiu loi t ny c mt ch trong 3 ngn ng: ting Toba, ting Nam M v Eskimo. Allan cho rng c 3 cch xc nh loi t c ngha hay khng, tc l loi t c biu th c im ca thc th c lnh hi hay l c gn cho n m danh t do danh t ch ra. + Cch th nht l s dng trc gic (intuition) ca ngi bn ng. + Cch th hai l dng trc gic ca quan st vin nc ngoi v cu to ca cc lp danh t do loi t biu th. + Cch th ba gii thiu t mi v vt mi cho mt s ngi bn ng xem xem h dng loi t g vi chng. V ng khng nh phn ln loi t u c ngha (tr.290). Theo ng, mt bng chng thuyt phc nht v ngha ca loi t l cch m ngi bn ng phn loi mt vt th mi, mt t mi bng mt loi t no . Tc l khi ngi ta gn cho mt danh t mi mt loi t no , l ngi ta phi da vo c im ng ngha (ni hm) m danh t biu th, chnh l ngha ca loi t. Trong trng hp n gin nht, mt danh t c phn loi nh vo mt s c im vn c ca chnh i tng s ch. Nhng c im ny c c l do s t do hay gii hn v mt vn ho ca t nc s dng ngn ng . Chng hn nh trong ting Kiriwina th ph n c xp cng nhm vi ng vt, tc l dng chung loi t vi ng vt, trong khi n ng dng mt loi t khc, loi t dng cho con ngi. Hay trong ting Drybal th theo truyn thuyt hu ht cc loi chim l do ph n u thai, nn chng c dng chung loi t vi ph n, nhng cng c mt s loi chim li c dng chung loi t vi n ng. C mt s quan im cho rng loi t khng c ngha, th Allan khng nh: nu loi t khng c ngha, th vic s dng cc loi t khc nhau vi cng mt danh t s khng c nh hng g v ng ngha c, nhng thc t l c, trong vn cnh thng thng cng nh trong cc cch s dng ngn t khc cc loi t khc nhau c dng vi cng mt danh t u nhm tp trung vo cc c im khc nhau ca i tng s ch. Theo nh ti liu m ng c c v sau khi kim tra mt cch cn thn ng kt lun: loi t trong cc ngn ng Chu Phi nhiu ngha hn loi t cc ngn ng phng ng hoc ting ca ngi Anh-ing. Loi t trong cc ngn ng ny c nhiu s chng cho v ng ngha, c bit l gia cc lp t ch vt. 2. Quan im ca Aikhenvald: Theo ng, hu ht cc ngn ng u c mt s cc phng tin ng php phn loi danh t. Thut ng loi t (classifiers) c ng dng trong cng trnh ca mnh nh mt ci dn nhn (umbrella) cho phm vi m rng ca cc phng php phn loi danh t. Cc kiu loi t khc nhau c th c phn bit bi cc tnh trng (status) ng php, mc ca s ng

php ho, iu kin s dng, ng ngha, cc kiu ngun gc, phng thc t c (mode of acquisition), v cc xu hng mt i. ng phn chia loi t thnh cc kiu: (1) Loi t danh t: y l nhng loi t ch c th c dng phn loi danh t (2) C mt s ngn ng c cc hnh v c bit ch xut hin bn cnh s t hoc t nh lng. Chng c th phn loi s ch ca danh t qua thut ng ng vt tnh, hnh dng, v cc c im vn c khc. y l loi t s. (3) Loi t ng t xut hin vi ng t, nhng chng phn loi danh t, ci m rt in hnh trong chc nng S (ch ng ni ng) hoc O (b ng trc tip) thng qua thut ng hnh dng, chc, v tnh ng vt bt ng vt. (4) C mt s n v xut hin v tr nh v, c gi l loi t nh v. (5) Loi t kt hp vi t ch nh v mo t gi l loi t ch nh. 3. Quan im ca Karen L.Adams: Theo Adams loi t c tm thy trong 3 nhnh ca h ngn ng Nam : Mn-Khmer, Nicobarese, v Aslian. Cc nhnh ny c nhng n v c coi l loi t (classifiers), nhng n v ny thay i da vo s t trong ng on, lm tin t hay trung t phn loi, vic s dng c php ca loi t trong ng khng c s t trong ting Vit v s phn bit ng ngha khng c tm thy u khc trong cc ngn ng trong khu vc. trong bi vit ng miu t cc nguyn tc ng ngha ca mt s ngn ng Nam lin quan n s phn loi, bao gm: nhng cch thay i ca cc vt c th c tnh m; ngun gc ca cc hnh v loi t; v da vo m cc lp c m rng. Theo ng, cc ngn ng Nam c h thng phn loi rt a dng. Trong cc ngn ng ny c mt danh sch loi t v ng sau n l danh sch danh t hoc l vt th c tnh m bi loi t. Mi mt danh t c xut hin vi ch mt loi t, v vy, i vi bt c danh t no c cng s ch vi n, loi t u s dng vi kh nng tin on. ng a ra cc phng din m loi t trong cc ngn ng Nam ngm biu th: sinh vt, v sinh vt (hnh trn, di v rn, di v mng hoc mm, phng v cc phm vi m rng khc nh l hoa qu, rau, ht) 4. Quan im ca Greenberg: Greenberg l ngi u tin nghin cu v loi t. ng vit v loi t s v s t c tnh cht danh t (1972). Mc du bi bo ny khng gi mt cch cng khai bt c phng php phn loi danh t no, nhng hin tng phn loi thay i c cp bn cnh loi t s (v d loi t quan h trong cc ngn ng i Dng v loi t ng t); ng cng gi v mi tng quan gia s tn ti ca loi t s trong mt ngn ng v cc phm tr ng php khc nh s th hin bt buc ca s t. Greenberg trong bi vit ca mnh (1972) khng nh rng s khc nhau ch yu gia loi t v lng t (n v o lng) l cng xut hin trong cng mt v tr c php nhng loi t khng cho bit thm bt c thng tin no hoc khng c ngha no khc ngoi ngha n v trong ng c cha s t. V vy ng khng nh rng loi t s l nhng n v tha ra khi dch sang cc ngn ng khng c loi t nh ting Anh. 5. Quan im Ia.Plam: Khi nghin cu v loi t trong cc ngn ng n lp ng nam Plam c nhn xt rng: hon ton c th l khng c mt cch nh gi hin tng loi t chung cho tt c cc ngn ng n lp, c trng chc nng ng php ca cc loi t cc ngn ng khc nhau c th bin i tu thuc vo s hn ch hay kh nng m tng h thng ngn ng cho php. Do vy, vic a ra mt nhn xt chung cho c im loi t trong tt c cc ngn ng l mt iu rt kh, cn phi c s nghin cu ring r i vi tng ngn ng, do vy khng th kt lun rng loi t trong mt ngn ng no l h m c th c kt lun chung cho loi t trong tt c cc ngn ng. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi thy mt iu rng, mi ngn ng u c nhng c im ring v c tnh ca loi t song vn c nhng ci chung nht nh. Sau khi phn tch loi t trong cc ngn ng n lp ng nam , ng i n kt lun: trong

cc kt hp danh t vi s t tt c cc ngn ng n lp lm bc l ra hai kh nng t chc c php trong cc t hp t m s vt: theo cch gin tip (qua trung gian) v trc tip (khng qua trung gian). phng thc gin tip, chnh t hp s t vi danh t hoc l i hi, hoc l cho php c mt yu t gin tip no lm trung gian, nhm thc hin mt chc nng c php, c bit l lin kt ng php gia s t v danh t, ci chc nng m ng gi l chc nng c php gin tip. Trong phng thc khng gin tip t chc c php t hp t m s vt, s t kt hp c vi danh t m khng c yu t trung gian no, v hn th na, trong trng hp ny, vic c mt yu t trung gian nh th ni chung l khng th c. Trong tt c cc ngn ng, loi kt hp c xp vo kiu t hp nh vy l hai nm, hai cu, hai qu Plam cn m rng s nghin cu ca mnh i vi cc t hp ng danh hoc ng tnh, trc cc ng t hoc tnh t, c chc nng lm mt nh ng c lp, ng trc c mt mnh ph, mt mnh lin kt vi loi t nh cc h t ch quan h. v tr ny, cc loi t khng phi l mt yu t cu to t v khng cng vi v t i sau n to thnh mt n v t vng, m li thc hin chc nng danh t ho khi n to nn mt cm t c tnh cht danh t (tc l cm t c danh t gi vai tr ca mt t chnh), cng nh mt danh t bt k no khc vo v tr ny. 6. Quan im ca Haas: Haas cho rng hu ht tt c cc ngn ng Chu u s dng loi t, nhng chng khng s dng loi t cng mt mc nh nhau. B cng phn bit cc ngn ng c loi t v cc ngn ng khng c loi t trong khu vc Chu . Trong cc ngn ng Chu , c 2 cu trc loi t c mt trong hu ht cc ngn ng c loi t. Theo b, cc ngn ng pha ty bc ca ng Nam bao gm cc ngn ng chnh nh ting Thi, Min in, ting Vit, ting Trung Quc u s dng loi t mt cch rng ri. Loi t c mt trong cc ngn ng ny c cc cu trc tng i n nh ch tr nhng thay i nh do nhng cch s dng c bit. cc ngn ng pha Nam v pha ng ng Nam cng s dng loi t nhng t hn. Ting Campuchia v Malayxia, Innxia u c loi t. Trong bi vit ca mnh b phn loi 3 kiu loi t: Loi th nht l cc hnh v phn loi danh t thnh mt loi gm c mt s gii hn cc phm tr, i khi c hnh dng ring bit nhng thng l v on v vic s dng chng l bt buc. Loi th 2 bao gm cc danh t c nhc li nh chnh cc loi t ca chng. Loi th 3 gm cc danh t ch s lng, thi gian, khong cch, trong mt s danh t ch thi gian hoc khong cch c th c mt trong cc cu trc khng c danh t b sung, trong khi cc danh t khc nh danh t ch s lng, c th c mt trong cu trc vi bt k mt danh t no c th c o. Cc t o lng nh th (such measure words) c th c mt trong tt c cc ngn ng ng Nam . Theo b th ti bt c ch no c mt loi t th cc t o lng cng s c mt theo m hnh tng t nhng khng ngc li. Cc ngn ng ng Nam v min nam Trung Quc chia lm 2 nhm ngn ng ln c xc nh bi cu trc cc cm danh t c cha loi t. Hai nhm khc nhau v tr ca danh t trung tm trong cm. Nhm s dng m hnh s t- loi t - danh t (bao gm ting Trung v ting Vit v ting Innxia, Chm ) l nhm c s phn b a l rng nht. Nhm th hai c m hnh danh t - s t - loi t (gm ting Thi v ting Min in). 7. Quan im ca Robert B. Jones: Trong bi vit Cc cu trc cha loi t trong cc ngn ng ng Nam khi nghin cu v loi t ting Trung nhn xt rng: ting Trung thi k u l rt him c loi t, nhng chng vn c s dng t thi Chu (vi nghn nm trc cng nguyn). T thi k u cho n nay loi t ting Trung vn c s dng theo 2 cu trc p i cho nhau, cu trc s t- loi t - danh t v cu trc danh t - s t- loi t, mc d loi th 2 ph bin hn trong thi gian u, v ngy nay th loi t 1 ph bin hn. Cng trong giai on u kt hp danh t - s t v kt hp s t danh t (khng c loi t) rt ph bin. Tt c nhng iu gi ra mt rng vic s dng loi t trong ting Trung khng t nhin m c. V s ging nhau v m hnh ca loi t trong ng danh t gia ting Vit v ting Trung c th l kt qu nh hng ca ting Trung vo giai on mun hn. ng cng tin hnh phn loi cu trc c cha loi t (bao gm c i t ch nh (TC) thnh cc kiu loi cu trc khc nhau). C 5 kiu cu trc nh: Loi IA: TC + s t + loi t + danh t

Loi IB: s t + loi t + danh t + TC Loi IIA: danh t + s t + loi t Loi IIB: danh t + s t + loi t + TC Loi IIC: danh t + TC + s t + loi t Cu trc loi t + i t ch nh + tnh t: c phn thnh 3 loi: Loi I Aa: TC + s t + loi t + tnh t + danh t Loi I Ab: TC + s t + loi t + danh t + tnh t Loi I Ba: s t + loi t + danh t + tnh t + TC Trn y l chng ti gii thiu qua quan im ca mt vi hc gi nghin cu v loi t m chng ti cho l in hnh trong vic nghin cu loi t trn th gii v trong khu vc. Cho n nay, loi t l vn thu ht c rt ng o cc nh ngn ng hc nghin cu. S lng cng trnh nghin cu v loi t trn th gii qu ln, kh c th thng k c. Mt s nh ngn ng hc tin rt xa khi nghin cu v loi t, l lp c bn phn b ca cc ngn ng c loi t trn th gii. iu cho thy rng loi t l mt n v ngn ng tn ti hin nhin trong rt nhiu ngn ng (nu khng mun ni l hu ht cc ngn ng trn th gii ni theo quan nim rng). Vic nghin cu loi t trn th gii hin nay khng cn l vn mang tnh khi u, do vy, khng cn vic bn lun n l n v thc hay h na, m cc cng trnh nghin cu trn th gii hin nay ch yu tp trung vo cc phm tr ng php, ng ngha m loi t biu th. Tin xa hn na c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v cc biu hin vn ha dn tc thng qua nghin cu loi t, so snh loi t trong cc ngn ng vi nhau, phn loi cc ngn ng trn th gii thnh cc loi hnh ngn ng da vo v tr loi t trong danh ngnhm gp phn vo vic nghin cu l lun ngn ng trn th gii. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Adams Karen L, A comparison of numeral classification of human in Mon-Khmer, Mon-Khmer studies 21/1992. 2. Adams, Karen L., and Nancy Faires Conklin, Toward a theory of natural classification, PCLS 9:110, 1973. 3. Allan K. Classifiers, Language, 53, No.2, 285-311. 1977. 4. Allan K. Nouns and coutabilitiy, Language, 56, No.3, 541-557. 1980. 5. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Classifiers, Oxford university press, 2000. 6. Carpenter, K. (1991). Later rather than sooner: extralinguistic categories in the acquisition of Thai classifiers. Journal of Child language. 18, 93-113. 7. David Gil. Numeral classifiers. LINGUIST List 5.466. 1994. 8. Downing, Pamela, Japanese Numeral classifiers: A semantic, Syntaxtic and Functional Profile. PD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1984. 9. Cliff Goddard, The Languages of East and Southeast Asia - An Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005. 10. Emeneau, Studies in Vietnamese Grammar, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1951. 11. Greenberg, Numeral classifiers andsubstantival number, Problems in the Genesis of a Linguistic Type, Working Papers on Language Universals, No. 9, 1972. 12. Gunter Sent. Systems of Nominal Classification. Cambridge University Press. 2000. 13. Hoa, Nguyen Dinh, Classifiers in Vietnamese, Word. No 13/1957, tr.124-152 14. Hao, Cao Xuan, The Count/Mass Distinction in Vietnamese and the Concept of classifier, Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kummu-nikationsforschung 41.1. Berlin 1988, tr.38-47 (xem bn ting Vit ng li trong cao Xun ho 1989, c b sung v chnh l). 15. Haas M.R, The use of numeral classifiers in Thai, Language, Vol18. No 1/1942. 16. Hudius, H., and Kolver, U. (1983). Syntax and semantics of numaralin Thai. Studies and language. 7(2), 165-214. 17. Francis Bond, Classifiers in Japanese-to-English machine translation, International Conference on computeational linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996, Page 125-130

18. Jone, R.B (1970). Classifier constructions in Southeast Asia. Jounal of American Oriental Studies. 90, 1-12. 19. Lehman, F.K. Outline of a Formal Syntax of Numerical Expressions, with Especial Reference to the Phenomenon of Numeral Classifiers. LTBA 13:1. 1990 20. Pornsiri Singhapreecha, Thai classifiers and the Structure of Complex Thai Nominals. (internet) 21. Kasumi Yamamoto. The Acquisition of Japanese Numeral Classifiers. Publisher: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH . 2005. 22. Thompson L.C, A Vietnamese grammar, Seattle, University of washington Press 1965. 23. Tsou Benjamin K., The structure nominal classifier systems. Austroasiatic studies. Part Indonesia. Honolulu. 1976. 24. Schiller, Eric, The Syntax of Numeral Classifier Constructions, SEALS III, 1993. 25. Schiller, Eric, Parts of Speech in Southeast Asian Languages: An Autolexical View, In Pan-Asiatic Linguistics II, Chulalongkorn University (1992) 26. Sujaritlak Wajaranat. Classifiers in Mal (Thin). MKS VIII. 1980. 27. Saul, Janice E, Classifiers in Nung, Lingua : international review of general linguistics, (1964): 27890. SUMMARY

Introduce some kind of perspective about classifiers in the world

Pham Thi Thuy Hong University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU Hanoi A classifier, in linguistics, is a word or morpheme used in some languages to classify the referent of a countable noun according to its meaning. In languages that have classifiers, they are often used when the noun is being counted or specified (i.e., when it appears with a numeral or a demonstrative). Classifiers are used in English rarely (for instance, a piece of paper, a cup of milk, a handful of candies but it is not typical). Usually, it is not used in English (for instance "people" is a countable noun, and to say "three people" no extra word needs to be added). But classifiers are common in many East Asian languages and many languages in the world (where the equivalent of "three people" is often "three classifier people). So far, classifier is a matter researched by a large number of linguistics. It is hard to count how many articles, books etc writing about classifiers, it is huge number. Some linguists have advanced in researching classifiers. This kind of works helped to map the distribution of classifier languages around the world. Such researches no longer start at the present. Many researchers have been working on culture through researching classifiers. The study of classifiers is important when studying languages. Thus, we would like to present the views of some scholars developing the study of classifiers in linguistics worldwide as well as in the region.