25th November 2007

Continous Beams And One Way Slabs

CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS

The ACI Code gives approximate formulas for finding shear and bending moments in
continuous beams and one way slabs. A summary list of these formulas follows. They are
equally applicable to USCS and SI units. Refer to the ACI Code for specific applications
of these formulas.

For Positive Moment

End spans

If discontinues end is unrestrained wl 2 n / 11

If discontinues end is integral with the support wl 2 n / 14

Interior spans wl 2 n / 16

For Negative Moment

Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

Two spans wl 2 n / 9

More spans wl 2 n / 10

Negative moment at other faces of interior supports wl 2 n / 11

Negative moment at face of all supports for slabs with spans not exceeding 10ft (3m) and
(b) beams and girders where the ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness
exceeds 8 at each end of the span wl 2 n / 12

Negative moment at interior faces of exterior supports, for members built integrally with
their supports

Where the support is a spandrel beam or grider wl 2 n / 24

Where the support is a column wl 2 n / 16

Shear Forces

Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15 wl n / 2

Shear at all other supports wl n / 2

End Reactions

Reactions to a supporting beam, column, or wall are obtained as the sum of shear forces
acting on both sides of the support.

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25th November 2007

Reinforcing Steel
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications cover renforcing
steel. The most important proper- ties of reinforcing steel are

1. Modulus of elasticity E s , lb/in 2 (MPa)

2. Tensile strength, lb/in 2 (MPa)

3. Yield point stress f y , lb/in 2 (MPa)

4. Steel grade designation (yield strength)

5. Size or diameter of the bar or wire

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25th November 2007

Tensile Strength Of Concrete

The tensile strength of concrete is used in combined-stress design. In normal-weight,
normal-density concrete the tensile strength can be found from
___
f r = 7.5Ö f ’ c lb / in 2 in USCS units
___
f r = 0.7Ö f ’ c MPa in SI units

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25th November 2007

Modulus Of Elasticity Of Concrete

The modulus of elasticity of concrete E c adopted in modified form by the ACI Code is
given by
___
E c = 33 w 1.5 c Ö f ’ c lb/in 2 in USCS units
___
= 0.043 w 1.5 c Ö f ’ c MPa in SI units

With normal-weight, normal-density concrete these two relations can be simplified to

___
E c = 57,000 Ö f ’ c lb/in 2 in USCS units
___
= 4700 Ö f ’ c MPa in SI units

where E c = modulus of elasticity of concrete, lb/in 2 (MPa); and f ’ c = specified 28-day

compressive strength of concrete, lb/in 2 ( MPa).

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25th November 2007

Job Mix Concrete Volume

A trial batch of concrete can be tested to determine how much concrete is to be delivered
by the job mix. To determine the volume obtained for the job, add the absolute volume V
a of the four components—cements, gravel, sand, and water.

Find the V a for each component from

V a = W L / ( SG ) W u

where V a = absolute volume, ft 3 (m 3 )

W L = weight of material, lb (kg)

S G = specific gravity of the material

W u = density of water at atmospheric conditions (62.4 lb/ft 3 1000 kg /m 3 )

Then, job yield equals the sum of V a for cement, gravel, sand, and water.

Water/ Cemetitous Materials Ratio

The water / cementitious (w/c) ratio is used in both tensile and compressive strength
analyses of Portland concrete cement. This ratio is found from
w / c = w m/ w c

where w m = weight of mixing water in batch, lb (kg); and w c = weight of cementitious

materials in batch, lb (kg).

The ACI Code lists the typical relationship between the w/c ratio by weight and the
compressive strength of concrete. Ratios for non-air-entrained concrete vary between
0.41 for a 28-day compressive strength of 6000 lb/in 2 (41 MPa) and 0.82 for 2000 lb/in 2
(14 MPa). Air-entrained concrete w/c ratios vary from 0.40 to 0.74 for 5000 lb/in 2 (34
MPa) and 2000 lb/in 2 (14 MPa) compressive strength, respectively. Be certain to refer to
the ACI Code for the appropriate w/c value when preparing designs or concrete analyses.

Further, the ACI Code also lists maximum w/c ratios when strength data are not
available. Absolute w/c ratios by weight vary from 0.67 to 0.38 for non-air-entrained
concrete and from 0.54 to 0.35 for air-entrained concrete. These values are for a specified
28-day compressive strength f ’ c in lb/in 2 or MPa, of 2500 lb/in 2 (17 MPa) to 5000 lb/in 2
(34 MPa). Again, refer to the ACI Code before making any design or construction
decisions.

Maximum w/c ratios for a variety of construction conditions are also listed in the ACI
Code. Construction conditions include concrete protected from exposure to freezing and
thawing; concrete intended to be watertight; and concrete exposed to deicing salts,
brackish water, seawater, etc