IR has become one of the most delicate and complex problem of modern industrial society.

IR is impossible w/o cooperation of labours and harmonious relationship. It is to maintain good and cordial relations between employees and employers. It comprises of two terms: INDUSTRY & RELATIONS.

Industry refers to any productive activity in which an individual/ group is engaged. Relation means a relationship that exists within a industry between the employer and his workmen. IR is the relationship between the employees and the management which stem directly or indirectly from unionemployer relationship.

BY DALE YODER: A relationship between management and employees or among employees and their organistions, that characterise and growth of employment. BY R.A. LESTER : It involves attempts to have workable solutions between conflicting objectives and values, between incentives and economic security ,between discipline and industrial democracy, between authority and freedom, & between bargaining and co-orperation.

EMPLOYEES

COURTS AND TRIBUNALS

EMPLOYERS

IR
TRADE UNIONS GOVERNMENT EMPLOYERS ASSOCIATION

An employer can be defined from different perspective as: A person or business that pays a wage or fixed payment to other persons in exchange for the services of such person. A person who directly engages a worker/employee in employment. Any person who employees whether directly or through another person or agency, one or more employees in any scheduled employment in respective of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed. They possess certain rights such as to hire or fire an employee. Management can also affect workers interests by execercising their right to relocate, close or merge the factory or to introduce technological changes.

Employee is a person who is hired by another person or business for a wage or fixed payment in exchange for personal services and who doesnt provide services as part of an independent business. An employee is an individual employed by an employer. A person who works for a public or private employer and receiver remuneration in wages or salary by his employer while working on a commission basis, piece-rates or time rate. Employee, as per Employee State Insurance Act 1948, is any person employed for wages in or in connection with work of a factory or establishment to which the act applies. Workers seek to improve the terms and conditions of their employment, they exchange views with management and voice their greiviances. They also want to share decision making powers of management. Workers generally unite to form unions against the management and get support from this unions.

The central and the state government influences and regulates industrial relations through laws, rules, agreements, awards of court. It also includes third parties and labour and tribunal courts.

An employers association is an association of employers. It is an organization of owners of business or manufacturing enterprises employing personnel or of their agents for the purpose of concerted action(as per negotiation). The role and the position of an employers organisation differs from country to country, dependent on the economic condition of the country. Working group of employers in the same industry on points of interests of all member companies. Tasks like trade union, negotiation, sharing information and advice, and approaching other companies are examples of subject such an organization discusses.

A trade union is a union whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests. The principal purpose of a union are to negotiate wages and working condition terms, regulate relations between workers and employer, take collective action to enforce terms of collective bargaining, raise new demands on behalf of its members and help settle their grievances. A trade union maybe: A company union that represents interests of only one company and may not have any connection with other unions.

A court is a tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. A tribunal in the general sense is any person or institution with the authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes. A tribunal is not necessarily a court in this strict sense because it gives a final decision. It was held that all tribunals are not courts though all courts are tribunals.

The industrial relations can be viewed from the various angles which may range from the economy and social, political to legal, psychological and managerial. Psychological approach to IR : The psychologists are of the view that the problem of industrial relations are deeply rooted in the perception and attitude of local participants.

The industry is the social world in miniature and the work shop in the realty a community made up of various individuals and groups with differing personalities, educational background, family breeding , emotions, likes and dislikes and a host of other personal factors, such as attitude and behaviour. The difference in individual attitudes and behaviour creates problems and conflicts and competitions among the members of the individual society. Since ages, the problems of industrial relations have been looked upon as a one basically concerned with wages, emotions, conditions and labour welfare. But in fact sociological approach of the problem are more important than others .

Human relations approach to IR : Among all the management , perhaps one of the most delicate and tricky ones considered with human relation management. There handling is radically different from that of physical, material and financial reasons because there are perceptions, attitude, personality etc . This characteristics make them complex individuals and when they interact with others , either individually or in groups, their complexity further multiplies. So, when such resources are not properly managed, the problems of industrial relations surface which can be only manage by deciphering and managing the dynamic of human behaviour both at individual and group level