Antropologie van die Zagrosberge in die tekste van Gula Bau Mara

In die geskrifte van die Sumeriese profetes Mara vind ons heelwat verwysings na beskawings oos van Sumer & Akkad, soos bv Elam (Haltamti) met die stede Shushan en Anshan, Parhashu, Meluhha (Melloch) en die fabelagtige Siyamu in die verre ooste.

Die Koninkryk Elam was direk oos van Sumer gele. Verder oos op die Iranse plato was Parhashu. Die Indusrivier Beskawing is Meluhha (Melloch) genoem. Oor die feitelikheid van Siyamu bestaan daar twyfel. Dan het Mara ook die Guti en die Lullubi as volke noord van Elam en Parhashu onderskei. n Derde groep, die Kassiete, het eers later op die toneel verskyn n die tyd van Mara wat in die 3de millennium VC geskryf het.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_people The Guti appear in Old Babylonian copies of inscriptions ascribed to Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab as among the nations providing his empire tribute. These inscriptions locate them between Subartu in the north, and Marhashe and Elam in the south. They were a prominent nomadic tribe who lived in the Zagros mountains in the time of the Akkadian Empire. Sargon the Great also mentions them among his subject lands, listing them between Lullubi, Armanu and Akkad to the north, and Nikku and Der to the south.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullubi The Lullubi or Lulubi were a group of tribes during the 3rd millennium BC, from a region known as Lulubum, now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern Iran. Frayne (1990) identified their city Lulubuna or Luluban with the modern Kurdish town, Halabja. The early Sumerian legend "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird", set in the reign of Enmerkar of Uruk, alludes to the "mountains of Lulubi" as being where the character of Lugalbanda encounters the gigantic Anzud bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar's army en route to siege Aratta.

Mara het egter ook verskeie verwysings gemaak na klaarblyklik nomadiese inwoners van die onherbergsame dele van die Zagros bergreeks:

Die Sindelikhede van Mara Magtig! Het Eufraat opgedroog of het Tigris leeggeloop dat julle jul agterstewe met sand skoonmaak soos die westerse [nomade?] of met gras soos die oosterse hooglandbewoners? Voorwaar sal jul n pomp aanwend om rivierwater na jul kleinhuisies op te voer waar jul dit sal was, waarna di vuil water in die grond moet ingaan. Jy sal dit waaragtig nie in die rivier terugpomp nie. In haar Bestiarum onder Damlil skryf Mara: Kyk na die Damlil en word wys. Sy hou haar stil en op haar plek. Sy maak geen rumoer nie en sy veroorsaak geen stoornis nie. Laat jou tuin n plek van rus en vrede wees. Moenie in dronkenskap en toorn stoei en raas soos die mense van die Zagrosberge nie, di wat hul skaamte skaars bedek. Moenie soos hul wildekatwyfie vroue in die nnag rumoer en gil wanneer die bier die dier in hul uithaal nie. Wees beskaaf. Luister na my woorde. Observe Damlil and learn. She keepeth to herself, causing no disturbance nor vexation. Let thy garden be a place of peace and quiet. Stumble not in drunkenness like the wild people of the Zagros Mountains, those who barely cover their nakedness. Do not shout and quarrel like they do, when the beer brings out the wild cat in their soul. Comport thyself gracefully. Heed mine instruction. En in haar Gids tot Pelgrimstogte in die Zagrosberge skryf Mara: Ye must be accompanied by an armed escort for the inhabitants of the Zagros are uncouth; verily are they not civilized like the people of Sumer and Agade.

In 2012 het daar opwindende nuwe inligting aan die lig gekom wat moontlik op die volk dui waaarna Mara verwys. Skakels en uittreksels volg. Let Wel: Alle moontlikhede moet in ag geneem word in die lig van wat aan ons bekend is oor die volke van die Midde-Ooste en omstreke in die 3de en 2de millennium VC. Onderstaande skakels word gevolg deur n kort bespreking.

New Ancient Language Discovered http://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-ancient-language-discovered.html Archaeologists have discovered evidence for a previously unknown ancient language buried in the ruins of a 2800 year old Middle Eastern palace. The discovery is important because it may help reveal the ethnic and cultural origins of some of historys first barbarians mountain tribes which had, in previous millennia, preyed on the worlds first great civilizations, the cultures of early Mesopotamia in what is now Iraq. Evidence of the long-lost language - probably spoken by a hitherto unknown people from the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. . . . Typical names, born by the women the evidence for the lost language include Ushimanay, Alagahnia, Irsakinna and Bisoonoomay.

The new research, published in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, reports that all the common languages of the Assyrian Empire as well as others spoken at the time such as Egyptian, Elamite, Urartian and West Semitic have been ruled out. . . . the names could be Shubrian a language which until now was believed never to have been written down. Tantalisingly, one Assyrian king, Esarhaddon, refers to an as-yet unidentified language, Mekhranian, which he links to the Zagros. If correct, this suggests that Iran was home to previously unknown languages, said Dr MacGinnis. The immediate impression is that the names on this tablet were those of women who belonged to an isolated community. It may be, however, that there were others whom we still have to find out about.

Archaeologists discover lost language

May 10, 2012; University of Cambridge www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120510124007.htm

Although historians already know that the Zagros Mountains were in a region invaded and annexed by the Assyrians, it remains, to date, the one area under Assyrian occupation for which no known language exists. That makes it tempting to link the text on the tablet to the same region. An Assyrian King, Esarhaddon, even referred to an unidentified language, Mekhranian, which supposedly hailed from the Zagros, but in practice the area was probably a patchwork of chiefdoms and more than one dialect may have been in use. "If correct this suggests that Iran was home to previously unknown languages," MacGinnis said. "The immediate impression is that the names on this tablet were those of women who belonged to an isolated community. It may be, however, that there were others whom we still have to find out about."

Ancient language discovered on clay tablets found amid ruins of 2800 year old Middle Eastern palace David Keys
www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/ancient-language-discovered-on-clay-tablets-found-amid-ruins-of-2800-year-oldmiddle-eastern-palace-7728894.html

Typical names, borne by the women the evidence for the lost language include Ushimanay, Alagahnia, Irsakinna and Bisoonoomay. Now archaeologists and linguistics experts are set to analyse the mystery names in even greater details to try to discover whether the letter-order or letter frequency shows any similarities to previously attested ancient tongues to which this mystery language could be related. The 45 women are thought to come from somewhere in the central or northern Zagros Mountains because that is the only area in which the Assyrians were militarily active at the relevant time where the ancient languages are still largely unknown.

Ander Moontlikhede Onder die nasies wat in die oudste Egiptiese en Sumeriese records verskyn, is die Khatti/Katti en die urri (Horiete). Beide volke het wyd verspreid vanaf Kanaan tot die hedendaagse westelike Iran gewoon. Dis seker moontlik dat lede van di groepe hulle in die Zagros gevestig het.

http://classics.unc.edu/courses/clar241/AnatEBpics.html Fig. 2. Mother Breastfeeding a Child, bronze figurine, found in Early Bronze Age cemetery in Horoztepe, near Tokat in Central Anatolia, c. 24002200 BC, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.

http://www.ancient.eu.com/hatti/ The Hatti were an aboriginal people in central Anatolia who spoke a language called Hattic and did not seem to have a written language of their own, Hattic art flourished around 2200 BCE and, by 2000 BCE, their civilization was at its height. In the mid-eighteenth century BCE, the region was again invaded, this time by the Hittites, Over the next century the lands of the Hatti were systematically conquered by the Hittites and the people assimilated into the culture of their conquerors. In 1650 BCE the Hittites, under their warrior-king Hattusili, defeated the last of the Hatti resistance and rose to complete dominance of the area. The Hatti region of Anatolia, however, was still known as the 'Land of the Hatti' until 630 BCE, such references found in the writings of both the Egyptians and the Assyrians. The artistic renderings of the time depict the common people with markedly different facial features than those of their leaders, clearly demonstrating the Hittite lords and their Hattic vassals.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians The Hittites (also Hethites) and children of Heth are a people or peoples mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. They are listed in Book of Genesis as second of the twelve Canaanite nations, descended from one Heth ( T in the consonant-only Hebrew script). Under the names -( BNY-T "children of Heth") or ( TY "native of Heth") they are mentioned several times as living in or near Canaan since the time of Abraham (estimated to be between 2000 BC and 1500 BC)

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GENESIS 27:46 Rebekka het vir Isak ges: Ek is nou siek en sat van hierdie Hetitiese vrouens van Esau. As Jakob ook met Hetitiese meisies trou, met meisies soos hulle uit hierdie land, kan ek net sowel sterf. Genesis 27:46 And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these which are of the daughters of the land, what good shall my life do me?

SLOTSOM
Ushimanay, Alagahnia, Irsakinna en Bisoonoomay die name sluit alle tale van die Assiriese Ryk uit sowel as Egipties, Elamities, Wes-Semities en Urarties volgens die bovermelde artikel in Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Dit beteken dat die taal van die urri (Horiete) beslis ook uitgesluit word aangesien dit die direkte voorganger van Urarties was. Wat die ander taal, Khatti betref: Fewer than 400 Hatti words are known: Soysa l (2004:271) lists ungefhr 300 hattische Wrter [about 300 Hatti words]. Only about half of them ha ve securely identified meanings volgens Arnaud Fournet. Khatti, of die taal van die Hetitiese vrouens waarna Rebekka verwys het, kan dus nie uitgesluit word nie. Tans kan ons net spekuleer en hoop dat die ontdekking en ontsyfering van verdere kleitablette eindelik die antwoord sal oplewer.

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BRONNE
Fournet, Arnaud. A Survey of the Hatti Language from an Indo-European Perspective.
http://diachronica.pagesperso-orange.fr/TMCJ_vol_3.2_Fournet_Hatti.pdf http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2012/05/unknown-language-discovered-in-tablet.html http://thedailyjournalist.com/the-historian/archaeologists-discover-lost-language-more-than-2-500-years-old/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians www.nirupars.com/galerie/nirupars/teheran/iranisches_nationalmuseum/iranisches_nationalmuseum_19.php www.panoramio.com/user/793141/tags/Muzeum www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=86288538

Pelgrimstogte in die Zagros Gebergte: Die Sumeriese vs die Elamitiese weergawe

www.scribd.com/doc/204030500/Pelgrimstogte-in-Die-Zagros-Gebergte-Die-Sumeriese-vs-die-Elamitiese-weergawe

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