This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 US Air Force Historical Study No.56 WEATHER TRAINING IN THE AAF 1937-1945 Prepared by the USAF Historical Division, Air University 1952 SCANNED BY IS, ( svoue | wi CUASSTS. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958‘e Historics? Diviston Mr Thiversity, 1.5, Afr Foree 1952) This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 » SP9L370This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 FOREWORD This study, witten by Sgt. Raynond Walters of the Administrative History Branch (A0/AS Intelligence) and edited by the USAF Historical Division, recounts the development of weather training in the AAF from its inception, under the Signal Corps, during World War I to its status immediately following World War Ii, Although emphasis 4s placed on the five main weather courses developed for enlisted men, cadets, and officers, ‘sone attention is necessarily paid to organizational end administrative probleus of the weather service itself. ‘This monograph is one of a group which surveys the various Andividuel ‘training programs initiated by the AAP, such as aircrew training, bomb= sight maintenance training, and aircraft armament training. Like other monographs in this series, it is subject to revision and all coments, suggestions, and corrections are welcomes ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 CONTENTS INWIRMUOTION os eee eee eee eee I THE WEATHER SERVICE, 1812-1945 +. + eee ee ee eeee ‘TI TRAINING OF ENLISTED MEN... 2.22 BnListed Observers Course 4 s+ +e Oeorver Training at Weather Stations” Enlisted Forecasters Course WAC!s in Weathor Tradn: Redfosonde Operators Course and Revinscude Training TEL CADEY MEYEORCLEDY PACORMM oe ee eee ee eee eee 4m the Defense Period, 1940-191 «+ + ang Specialization in Training « Instructors «ees ese ee TV THE FREVETEOROLOGY FROMM... eee eee eee ee Rngoging Facilities and Reeratiting Students . +++ eee Curricuim « . « tee oe The Conflict over Administrative Control ss secs e ee ‘V LIQUIDATION GF METEOROLOGY AND FREMBYECROLODY FROGAMMS « « 6 ‘VI TRAINING AFTER THE EXPANSION FERIODe ee + eee eee ee Proficiency and Refresher Training +++ +++ ++ Forecasters Advanced and Refresher Course « » + Refresher Course for Observers ard Forecasters + Forecasters Proficiency Testing Program + + + + Short-range Verification Program ++ + +++ ++ Visiting Instructor Teams +++ eee sees + QEBENER BS See e sgggcgas S$ SURE OB oor s €ABS=56, Contents vr VIE This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 eSECURI FAO ATION ‘TRAINING AFTER THE EXFANSTCH PERTOD (Cont'd) 1t Experience for Forecasters . + + reining tn few Devices. and Tecknigues + = ‘Stag? Weather Officors Course +». + ‘Tropical Weather Course + Yicroneteorology Course + + Weather Recomnaissance Training « Weather Eguicment Technicians Course Rader end Weather Treining Sferice Training +++ + FLANS FOR A FEACETING WEATHER SERVICE GLOSSARY geet eee reer eres FOOTNOTES we eee ee eee eee eee reese AEPENDIX A, Woether Observers Course, 19142 ++ +--+ e eee Bs Weather Obsorvors Course, 194243 +++ +seees ©: Weother Observer in-Stotion Training Gorriculim’ + + D. Weather Forecasters Course, 194142 + esses B, Radiosonde Operators Course, Janary 1914 ++ +++ F. Aviation Meteorological Gadet Goures + + + + + G. Advanced end Refresher Course, 1944 H, Refresher Course for Forecasters + + I, Steff Weather Officers Course, June 1945 « En 02 Koathor Analysis and’ Foreenstng 9k, ‘optical Weather Course, 1945 K. Photo-Roconmisoance Filet Weather Coir TRE vee ee ee eee eee eee eee eeee § SSRBSSEBRRER " THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958T Page Declassified IAW EO12958 JNCit otas 2 eect SECURE POR MATION e coon THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ey 22 ; wmpeieent,) SSIFTED eoornreet INTLODUCEION Man is 2 creatare of the atmosphere not of the land: 1% is in the atuosphere that he lives and of tho atmosphere that he breathes. What 4s nore important here, however, is that man fights in the atmosphere— in om airplane through fickle and often treacherous air, in ships buf feted by strange seas and viclont storms, in trucks, tanks, and on foot across terrain which is molded by the flow of wind and water. ‘The observation and prediction of that flow of wind and water is the business of the weather service, more particilarly in the case of the air arm, the Amy Air Force Weather Service. So that its aircrews could perfom their flights through the changing elenents safely and efficiently, the AF instructed all of its pilots, navigators, and box~ bardiers in the elensnts of meteorology. Go that its mission could be plamed thoroughly and accurately, the «AF maintained a strategic global. weather service: from its chain of stations a constant flow of long and short range forecasts and regular observations wore relayed to all air comnands—for training flights, ferry misoions, strategic and tactical bosber missions, and serial patrols--and to the ground forces. Although there were mmerous changes in the administration of the AAP Weather Service, the underlying principles uron which the original orgomisation had beon offectod romained substantially unchanged. The aduinistrative organization, hoxever, only carried cut the mission of the service by providing and dirocting tho units which supply the essential services. The responsibility for the fulfillment of the mission, then, ultimately rested with the non who observed, analyzed, and forecast weather od ‘ re ea THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Ty BLEEDS tk eeerene ee) OTT Tee ASG, Tairodncthon une RRM 2 in the ficld, whether they were in Alabama or Italy, Teeland or Burma, ‘the men who made up the hundreds of individual weather stations. Except for @ handful of administrative officers and non-technical personnel assigned to headquartars, special naintenance, and supply sections, they wore divided into two main groups: forecasturs and observers. Zach group performed a special functions yet tho work of each was inseparably Linked with thet of the other.” Forocasters were either commissioned officers, warrant officers, or noncconmissioned officers with grades of staff sergeant or higher.” Te was their duty to analyze the weather maps and charts, propare the offi~ cial forecasts, brief flying personnel on their missions, and exercise general supervision ovar the weather observers. In addition, they me~ pared the weather data for flight plans so thst proper decisions could be nade as to aireraft clearance, and in combat zones they supplied forecasts and other pertinent moteorological data to staff weather officers—and otuer staff planners—for uso in tactical and strategic decisions. tr yer observers were enlisted nen, usually up to the grade of staff sergesnt,? hose dusies nero to nake and xucord 5 ather observations, pre= pero the naps und charts for the forecaster's analysis, and maintain weather inotrumonts. though enlisted forecasters vara on duty An nost AAP weather ststions, the majority of enlisted men were restricted to observa tloa, Sone of these, howaver, were specially trained in radiasonde or rawinconda Zor observing upper @ix conditions for which they ware given higher ratings. Although most weather officers, at least after 1943, held posts as daty forecasters, some served as chiefs of weather stations, essentially an administrative post, and some were also made moxbars of weather reconnaissance squadrons, despite the fact that few of them had aircrew training. emrennrerrnemeas meet CO IE INEE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declas: d IAW E012958 RESTREREBINGT COSTS) 41S-56, Introduction, SeGuRAY- FORM bib 3 e wad still otiea ‘s rose to be staff weather officers to advise the commanding officer of « tactical group or higher headquarters in planning opcratde oe id and ‘To train its personnel Por all of those dutiis, th: Ate predecessors (the Sigrel Corps and the weather d trectorate) conducted extensive ivcdning proyrams in the yeather stations them selves, at uD technical and flying schools, end et civilian colleges ond universities. Tke story of this training program, fron the bir Sorps' assumptaon of responsibility for weather service on 1 July 1937 to the end of World War IT on 2 Septenber 1945, is the burden of the pages which follow. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AHS-56, Chap T Chaptor T THE PRATER SERVTOR, 1ALOWI9l5 One of the AaF's principal problems in instituting adequate weather training arose fron the fact that the Arey, excopt for the World War T period, made Little progress in the field of neteorology.’ It is tras, however, thet the Army ploneered in that field during the Winsteenth Century, and between 1819 and 1870 the Medical Department had the best observational network in the country, employing some of the outstanding meteorologists of ‘the time. ‘In 1670, under an act of Congress, the Chief Signal. Officer was male responsible for conducting weather observations and he established the first national foree.sting service in the country. In 1891 the bulk of these meteorological duties were shifted to a civilian bureau under the Department of Agriculture, and for more than a quarter of a contury theres after the Army was out of touch with developments in the weather siora. World war £ pra With the outbreak of Vorld Yar T and the first extensive use of the air as a battlegound, the Signal Corps effected 2 systen of close cooperation with the U.S. voathar Burosu, which anvolved an extensive exchange cf technical informtion, fachlities, and porsomel as well 9 providing Signal Corps Resorve comsissions for a number of the bureau's best forecasters.” Unlor the direction of the Amy's Sclence and Research Department, approximately 200 inductees were assigned to ths Signal Corps between September 1917 and April 1916 and sent in small groups to Westher Eurean stations throughout the country for 8 to 10 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REST Mores aBS~56, Chap T Shout ORATION 5 weeks of practical training as weather observers, After they arrived in Frarce they were given a review course and sveciel instruction on weather problems peculiar to the fighting fronts, By the early sorirg of 1918 the Sefence and Resenrch Departuent ceme to the conclusion that not enough enlisted mer eonld he trained for weather service at the esther Bureau stations alone, Accordingly, ‘the Signal Corps established a school for weather observers at Camp Welrtimr, Texaa,? moving t late in kpril to the Texas Aerieu)tural and Mechanical College, At the Signel Corps School of Meteorology, as 16 was knom, the studert body was composed of aporoxinately 300 enlisted men betneer 71 and 31 years of age, all either college graduates or having had severe). years of training as observers for the U.S, Peather Bureau, 4 typicel student roster included more than 100 civil engineers, 75 mechanical and electrical engineers, 2 chemists, 40 observers, and 30 seience ard mathematics teachers, The course, which lasted tro ponths, consisted of 42 lectures as nel? as practice) laboratory and field exercises in the conduct and reporting of surfece and urper=air observations, Before the school was clored followize the armistice, 550 men had been trained with 8 reeciving commicsions as second Lieutenants in tho Signel Corps Reserve, (One of these eas Don Mdleal who played a leading role in weather trairing for the Air Service during the following quarter century.) While 314 of the graduates saw service overseas, the other 236 were used for observation and research work in an extensive chain of stations throughcut the United States,4 ‘In addition, during the var yeers sever leacirg universities in co- operation with the Mersachusetts Institute of Technology offercé elenentary courses An meteorology for avistors.> THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ASR . BEB er SECURE -NFORRRTHOe ‘ Interest in weather training did rot alacken, however, ~ith the return of peace: a regular course for Signal Corps enlisted mer mas established at Camp Alfred Vail, N, J, in Januery 1920, During this early period the academic vreparation of most of the erlisted students was 80 inadequate that the five-to six-month course had to be conducted on @ high-school level, After graduation, the mep mere acsigned a6 weather cbservers to the neteotological stations of the Signe. coms.® For a decade following the esteblishnert of the Ar Corns in 1996, veather observation and forecarting for all of the Army “ere performed by tho Signal Comps, Enlisted forecasters and observers were trained in # 4-1/2 month cource at Fort Monmouth, N. Jz, the successor to Cem Vail, Signal Corps officers--about two a year--were nent to Rutgers University to teke an advarced course in physics in the belief that thie would ald then in verforming their weather duties, In addition, ‘the Air Corps trained a ferof its owr erlisted mem as chservers on ‘the Job et alr bases such as Langley Field, headquarters of the 24 “esther Wing.” Following the establishnent of meteorology courses on a eraduate level, a few Signal Corps and Air Corps officers—rarely more then 10 & Yeareerere enrolled at the only tro inetitutions in the coutry giving ‘this type of vork, Massachusetts Institute of Technoloey and California Institute of Technology, But uv to 1937 roather trairine, Like the weather service itself, was a neglected child of the Urny, The Period of Expension Tn 1937, when the Mir Corps was charged with primary responsibility for meteorological activity in the Army, its weather service had 180 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION 7 enlisted men and a hendful of officers; by Sentenber 10/5, when aHs~56, Chap I World War II had erded, this mmber had grom to nearly 20,000 officers and enlisted personnel,” This rapid and prodigious gronth was effected deopite the many difficulties inherert in the relatively new field of meteorclopy, The fect that it ras so new, with some of she most. fundanertal truths yet to be discovered, obliged Amv officiels to work closely with civilien and governnert scientists in conducting their training, For training on ar advanced level they rent large nunbors of officers ard eadots to olvilien unfversities, and in the case of training for more routine rork performed by enlisted men, they sought the comsel of ouch agencies ax the Joint Meteorologtea). Committe, composed of representstives of the Teather Burean, the Amy, and Navy. Experience hed convineed Air Corns officials that so difficult wore the duties of the weather service that only e very sma? vereentace of mon entering the Army were cavable of performing them; cne estimate, mado in 1939, placed the number at 2 per cent.2° the neather service thus found it necessary to stipulate that erlisted men reemited for its work possess unusually high ability-normelty 190, as measured by ‘the ‘Army General Clasrification Test, scientific aptitute, and thorough Preparation in rhysics and mathematics on the high achool levele#! tn See * At the height of the AMP exparsion period the weather service wes obliged to lover these stardards somerhet, & reduction in the number of recraite mith high GC? scores available to the AF made it necessary curing ‘the sunmer of 1943 to accept men vith scores es low ss 100 for observer training, (lst It, Lester R, Robinson, Div. Suvervicor, TS Charnte to Capt, Norton, Hq Mes %g, 21 dug 19435 Brie, Gen, PR. ™. Herper, AC/AS ‘Training to CO Wea Tg, 1 Sept 1043 in "SHO ¢ilee.) Ar ord-r of the Tecknical, ‘Training Comand, iscued carly in 1942, made it necesrary for the schoo? authorities to graduete 85 per cent of the mer Instead of the preferred 40 to 50 per cent teking the forecasters course. Horever, these relatively: low otendards vere only a trensitory exception to the grr onal. AMF practice, RESTRICTE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ARS—56, Chap T SOttirt. ¢.norrrad selecting men to becone weather officers, the weather service regarded as essential, besides the desired qualities of leadership, preparation in mathenstics and physics on 2 college level and the potential ability to discuss end write about meteorological conditions clearly and persuasively for the information of pilots. The problens of training were mitigated somenaat by the fact that, to a good partion af the men qualified for it, work in weather was enormously fascinating—so fascinsting, indeed, that many expressed intentions of making it their Life calling, cither in the Aray or as civilians. Although @ large portion of the duties of the observer and radiosonde operator was routine in character, virtually all the work of the enlisted and officer forecaster required the exercise of intellectual powers. As consequence, although practical, on=tiesjob methods or teaching could ba used effectively in teaching observers and rawinsonde orators, in teaching forecasters it was necessary to rely hoavily upon such time= honored classroom methods a3 lectures, recitations, and textbook study to give the men the requisite background of theory. Mathenatics, physics, and other sclontific subjects had t0 be taught pretty much as they traditionally were in civilian colleges and universities. In goneral, during this period of expansion, the Sir Corps con= centrabed its attention on five major coursess (1) A course for enlisted observers, conducted at Patterson Field from 1947 to 1959, Scott SiclA from September 1959 to June 19h0, Chanute Fiold after aucust 190, and informally taught from time to tims at various of the lorger weather stations in this country and ovorseasy THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 am: RESTREHD SEGUREY INFORMATION (2) & course for enlisted forecartors, given at Patterson Field ABS 56, 9 fron Septenber 1937 to Juno 19/0, Chamte Field fron July 1940 to April 1943, the AaF Teather Tra!ning Genter st Grand Ravids, Wich, from April, to July 1943, and Chanute after July 1043, (3) & course for enlisted radiosonde oneratore, given at a Weather Bareau school. in Washington, D.C, from June 1942 until. January 19%, and ab the AAF achool in Grend Repids from May 1943 until February 1944. (4) & course in meteorology for cadets leadine to a commission, given from October 1940 to Jume 19/4 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, University of Chiearo, Celifomia Institute of Technology, University of California at Los Angeles, and from January 19/3 to Cetober 1914 at SAF technical schools at Grand Rapids ard Chanute, (5) A prenoteorclogy coarse leading to the endet meteorology course, one branch (the "B™ course) giver at 6 colleges and universities, ‘the other (the "C* course) at 16 colleges and universities betwren February 1943 and February 1944. Gontral and Training Digtion ites ‘The exigencies of ASF exparsion occasioned two notable devartures from these beste categories of reather training, and contritmted to the ‘backo over-el) problem of authority, Although most of the courses were | conducted to meet the needs of the weather service itself, bet~een 1937 and 1945 some half-dozen orgenizations acserted their right to share in its direction, Until 1941 the weather service was under the direct IRE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW E012958 RESTRICTED SECHREY [PO a? e control of the Chief of the tir Corps (although there were confusing aHS-56, Chap T 20 and treneitory exceptions in the case of the GHQ Bir Force and its successor, the Air Force Combat Command), After 76 March 19/1 enlisted ‘training mae carried on at several schools dr the Alr Corps Technical ‘raining Connand and at ove operated under the direct sunervision of ‘the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, ‘Training on ap officer and cadet level at civilion universities was also atronged by the latter,2? In March 1942 control over weather activities became more centralized ‘the Directorate of Weather was put in change of reather semvica ard the Directorate of Individual Training wonltores the training of ox"iated uch in Technic! Training Command schools, The weather directorate, honeven, el.no hed an interest in the treining propran, since 1% had made most of the arrangements for the training of officers and cadets in meteorology. This question of authority came to a head when the Proposed cadet meteorological progran precinitated an administrative conflict during the smtumn of 1942, &t thet time the ondet propram was being substantially enlarged, and a premeteorological orogram involving ‘thousands of students in an enlisted status vas being organized, There wore three parties to the disouter the Technical Training Connand end ‘tro civilian advisory committees of the Directorate of Teather, ona representing the universities giving the cadet meteorological course, ‘the other representing the colleges giving the preneteorology courses As the particular conflict was ultimately sottled in February 1943, all responsibility for the program was delegated to the Technical “raining Command, although the advice of civilian gromps was welcomed, THIS PAGE Declassi ified IAW E012958 »This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESTRICTED “SECUTY WFORMATION But the autumn of 1942 saw a further conflict, one which MIS~56, Ohap T potentially could have caused great damage to the weather program, At that time the reather service we hard cressed to find enough personel to mect the denanis of rapiély expanding AMF activities, Maj, Gen, Robert Olds, commanding gereral of the Second Air Foree, ves greatly irritated by the prospect that the resther service would ‘be unable to provide erough forecasters for many months to come to service completely tho satellite fields of hic commend, He attributed the situation in general to the failure of the reether service to do sny advance plarning, but he had another grievance ag wellt he balked et having any personnel servicing his command who rere reavonsisle to any authority other than his om, As he declared in a teleshone conversation with Brig. Ger, T, J, Hanley, Jr., Deputy Chief of Air Staffs "I'LL resent, or rather Tt11 campaign, to get direct control of the weather personel as rell as the commmicetions end everybody else that go to make a part of the Second Air Force, It cannot be under anybody else's ccmend or control"? In this spirit he arranged for enlisted observers to be trained at Fort George “right, “ache, for enlisted forecasters to be trained at Pashington State College and the University of Utah, and for commissioned officers to be trained as forecasters at the University of Utah, ‘The training at Waskingtor State College, conducted briefly in early 1942, appears to have been carried on rithout the cognizance of AAF Headquarters, although only a few men were involved,24 I the THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 hooves 26, Oba T SECURITY INFOR! case of troining at the University of Uteh and Fort George Wright, General Olds requested authorization from AAF Headquarters, although his plans were well. advarced before the wether directorate Learned of his intentions, Porsonnol beine vrocenaed at the Second Air Force replacenent pool were screaned to find enlisted mex with a high school education thet included one year of algebra ané one year of chysies and officers with two years of college training that included mathematics and physics, Five officers and 75 enlisted men were entered in a five= month forecasters course at the University of Utch starting in the middle of Septenber, and a second class, munbering £5 officers, rxs begun 4n the middle of November, The teaching ete"f ver comoned of the Teather Bureeu's chief forecaster at Salt eke Git}, a ruber of civilian Instructors from the University of Utah and Brigham Young Tniversity, ‘and five AF sergeante, rated observers, Clases lasted # hours a cay, 6 days a wock for a curriculum which inoluded ayoroxinately 275 hours on syroptic and dynanic meteorology, 450 hours on weather observation, map analysis, and forecasting, 175 houra cy mathenetice (including a review of elgebra through differential and integral celewlus), and 100 hours of physics (the equivalent of a first-year college course), Upon graduation, the officers rere assigned to eteff vositdons with bombardment groups and the enlisted mon were assigned en sesistante, No promotions were given the men for completing the course, On 10 October 194? the Second Air Force notified the regional, control officer of the 3d Neathor Region that it mas planring to establish at Fort George “right a six-neck course for enlisted observers ‘that would include teletype operations the 34 "rather Region was askedThis Page Declas: id IAW E012958 hiornitved ME PE ceOURITY INFORI e ‘to fumish for each class 15 to 20 students who, won graduation, B would be returned to the 3d Weather Region stetdone within the Second Air Force. ‘The veather region declined the request, hol4ing ‘that the reguler AMP technical. school at Charute "will vrovide sufficient ‘trained observers for our needs.*27 By late Septenber 194 the weather directorate had become thoroughly: aroused over the Second Air Force attempt to vrovide weather training and service at leact vartially indenendent of its authority, Heving convinced General Arnold of the necessity for keeving contro? of Bhe weather service in its hands, the directorete notified Second Air Force ‘that service and training furnished ty ary individuel command vould be considered “sub-standard” by AAF Headquarters and was therefore dis= approved,* Plers for further training at tho Untvorsity of Uteh and Fort George Tritght were to be droopea,!® Although this was perhaps the major instance, the vroblem of split authority still remained; control over weather activities was further . Confused ir March 1943 with the dissclution of the directorates, Field weather service became the province of the “eather Wing of the Flight Control Command, and two new headouarters offices (AC/AS Wateriel, Maintenance, and Distribution AMP] and AC/AS Operations, Conmitments, and Requirenents /60t87) were given some control ever weather overations. Weather training continued to be the official resvonsibility of the ‘* More thar a year after the conclusion of the Second Mix Porce eortie into weather training, in March 1924, the weather service gave a proficiency examination for 32 officers and enlisted men who had praduated from the University of Utah course, (Telg.,0O “ea, “We. to PCO's Ist, 24, Ath, Sth, Sth, 16th, 24th, 25th *R'3, 28 Fob, 1OLL, in Het, AAFPS, IV, Ato, 5%, e attach, 3.) Eight officers passed the examination, 74 officers and enlisted nen failed. (Extract, Capt, I, M. Server to CG AFFTTG, °% Var, 192A, in Hist, ASS, IV, dup, 534) mayo) THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ANS-56, Chap I so . “os Uy gate born staat Noctnicel Tratning Comand, with coparvision exorcised by 40/18 Training.” To mitigate the confusion that inevitably resalted, in July 1943 it was agreed that thereafter all weather training matters would be frouted through" 40/18 training.” For the most part, AMF weatier training and meteorology instruction was admirably standardized. Tith sone notable exceptions that will be indicated later, adnission te all courses wis limited to men who met @ rigid set of qualific-tions; not until he had satisfactorily passed the appropriate exanination could a man be rated as an observer or forecaster and be prom noted to the camonourate rank, The nature of the courses made it possible to use objective examinations calling for mmerical, true-or-false, or shortaphrase answers which could be scientifically weighted and graded. In the case of courses for enlisted persomel, exaninations were prepared either by the Department of Teataer at Chanute Field or by the regional control officers of the weather service using the Chanute examinations as a foundation. In the case of cadet training, too, the control of exanina~ tions was contralizedsin the hands of the University Meteorological Committee, composed of leading civilian and Amy meteorologists. Tho ramer in which the various conditions described in this chapter affected the training of personnel will be shown in detail in the pages wiskch follows THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION Chapter IZ ‘TRAINING OF ENLISTPD MEN 19-56, Chap, IT Then plans were being dram up for the establisinont of a sevarate Ady Corps weather service Inte in 19%, Col. Rush B, Lincoln, Chief of the Plans Section, OC/AC, snoke approvingly of the "local training of enlisted cbservers being conducted by the 24 “eather “ing at Landley Field and recomended that 1 be copied at other important tases, This eysten, Colonel TAncoln wrote, “wil. continue to produce good results thorever a trained meteorological officer 4s assiged to the weather station, The principsl advantages of this systen over that of centralizing ‘the observer training ir one place are ecorowy of transvortetion costs, economy of barrack space, and the reduction of Lost motion tn training nen who have no futare in meteorology." He urged that versonrel beards at the bases be instructed to select erough of "the mont inte? ltgent nen available” anong the recruits to £111 up the anproved tebles of | organization for this on-the-fob training, By adopting such a polley Colonel Lincoln believed that within one year the entire authorized enlisted personnel of an independent ard expanded neather service would be quelitied observers or better! Following the authorization of the separate Air Coros weother sorvice 4n March 1937, steps mere taken to duplenent Colonel Lincoln's sucgention, The connander of every important Air Corps base wis directed to institute Aamediately the selection of qualified enlisted mer to bring his weather THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 n RESH ATED SECURITY INFORMATION station up to the new authorized strergth, Five criteria were to aHis-56, Chap, guide the personnel boarés in their selection of ment (1) a fer as possible, men were to be chosen from antong the recruitss (2) those selected must heve an "alert, intelligent appearance"; (3) they mst be high schcol. greduates with preferab)y sone college trainings (2) they must have "a clear, legible haréwriting," ard (5) vreferahly they, should have ability as radio overatorsor clerical tyolsts, These qualities were al indleversable for forecasters, end 4t was exoected that dn tine oll observers mould qualify on forecasters, ‘Training of observers mas to be started at once~-or at least "at the earliest fate consistent with careful personnel selection=-and wes to be conducted under the dircetion of the meteorological officer or the roncomissioned officer in charge of the locel weather station, It was hoped that such training would provide a steady flow of 75 quelified observers to ‘the forecasters course at Patterson Fielé every six months,” Enlisted Observers Course ‘Training and recruitmert under this decertrelized system satieficd weather service officiels for more then two years, but during the soting of 1939 the Air Corps, in setting up training fecilitice to meet the requirements of the first of its great exparsion vrocrams, cetermined ‘that virtually all Air Corps erliste4 recruits would be sert to Seott Field, TH, During one nonth there they woulé receive trade tents end ee *. To factlitéte the administration of the weather station, the serior erlisted forecaster is ordinarily desigrated the Station Chief on non= commissioned officer in charge (MCOIC) to assist the station weather officer in his responsibilities, In this cavacity he handles the bu’k of the administrative deteil ani is resvonsible for the prevarstion of work schedules and the supervision of the record procedunes in addition to his forecasting duties, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 485-56, Chep, II ResiniGt ” SECURITY ror ATION baste military and technical training, folloming which they would Proceed to Chanute Field, IN, and Lowry Ficla, Colo,, for nore specialized technical training, 4s soor ac this lan vent into effect, Lt, Robert E, L, Eaton, post weather officer at Scott Field, pointed out dna personal Letter to Lt, R. M, Losey, chief of the Weather Section of OC/AC, the darger irherent in such a olen, Recruits would arrive at Air Corps bases already tretred in a techrical spectelty and would thus be unavatlable for assiprmert to the local. weather stotion, ‘The situation was all the worse because only 2 per cent of Air Corps recruits possessed "an educational beekeround ard temocranert suiteble for weather training. To correct this situation, Lienterent Raton proposed thet a centralized three-month school for observers be established at Scott Field, operated largely by personnel from the Scott weather station, ‘This woulé erable the weather service to pick the cresm of the recite a they were being trade-tested at Scott end would avolé the diarantion of regular necther station operation et the bases, which seened ine evitable 4f on-the-Job training were continued unter the exnersion program, In addition it would facilitate the mainterarce of starderdized observer training? ‘The suggestion ms received wamly by Lieuterant Tosey who wrote Eaton thet his plan mas "excellert, . . , mich more setiefsetory then our originally contemplated plan of tonéucting the training, as now, at ‘& number of the larger base stattons."4 When General Arnold asked the opinion of Scott Field's comerding officer as to the feasibility of ATELY THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESHRIGTED Mey Oe SECURITY INFORSETION * the proposel,” Gol. A. @. Fisher answered that he Viked the ifea, He submitted plane for a 12-week course and for monthly student increments that; /thesg? nonthly Ancrenents will be considerably reduced by elimination during this period.” rot to exceed 25 men;"it is expected," he said, To provide the instruction, he asked that the weather personrel authorized Scott be increased by sever erlisted men and one officer.’ Rie plane were promptly approved by the Chief of Air Corps with the exsention of the request for additions] personnels so searce wos neather versonnel at this time that no additicnel officers and only “several” anlisted en could be authorized, To eneble the present staff to cove with its new teaching duties, the Scott stetion was reduced from "base" classification to "post", thus miking oveileble as instructors versonvel. of the base weether station,” Under these conditions the firct clace of 7 men mét at Scott early dn Septenber 19395 additions classes, usua’ly numbering 10 mes, were started every four weeks thereafter. The acute need of the GHQ Air Force for nore treined observers led OC/AC to permit the combat arm to send five of 1ts assigned versonnel to the course each month. Such requirements as these 1ed to a gradual increase in the aise of classes at Scott, until ‘the one entering early in April 19/0 ranbered 40 nen,® Even while the observer course wes in the discussion stage, it had deen generally assumed that the school war to remain only temporarily at Beott, In the sprirg of 1940, as the donard for enlisted weather ner mounted, 4 was decide? thet 4t would be best to corcentrate al? Mr Gorps treining at one place so that training mipht be more easily standardized ard the scope ard extent of the training more readily RES oven THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Meir Oo Se CURITY INFORAT TION e developed to meet the growing needs, Authorization ves obtained for ‘the transfer of both the observer course at Scott ard tho course for 19 . forecasters being given at Patterson Field to one of the certers of Air Corps technical training--Chenute Field, Accordingly, after the graduation of the June class, the observer course was moved to Chennte, and training resunod under tho newly orgenized Department of Nesther in the folloring August.” From the summer of 19/0 to early 1944, durine the verted when ‘the AMF was undergoing its period of great exparsion, the observers course was given continuously unfer the auspices of the Reoartnent of Weather at Charute Feld, In addition, during soril, Mey, and June 19:3-= ‘hon the pace of expansion had becone nost accelerated--an Lentical course Was offered at the AFts eather Training Center at Grand Ravide, Tho files of AMF Headquerters do rcbindicate that during the exoansion period any careful study was made of the weather service's long-term requirements for observers, Such vlanning as was done was piecemeal, In late 1941, just before Pearl Harbor, the Operetiors Section of OC/AC declared thet on the basis of "a study of the needs of the "eather Schoct Servicez/* 4% appeared desirable to increase the enrollment of ‘the observers course to 600--a suggestion which was subsequently acted upon? again, to the midale of 1943 the Meathor Ming estimated that at the rate of training then being maintained, there would be a shortere of 3,375 observers by the end of 1944, To this oredietion AC/tS ‘Training eventually replied that under @ new table of orgentsetion there would actuelly bo a surplus of 6,518 otservers ty December 1044, 2 Such Anetences lead one to the conclusion that durin this crucial veriod, ob server training in general was corducted without the berefit of systematic over-all estimates of requiremerts, which were the province of AC/AS Perscnnel and AC/AS CCAR, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958Thi Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ang-56, Chap, * SECURITY | i e With or without plan, the mmber of men enrolled in the observers course rose steadily from the middle of 1940 to the midéle of 1943, During the fiscal year 1941 a total of 374 men were sreduateds the fiscal your 1942 saw 1,334 graduates; and during the fiscal year 19/3 there was a total of 4,651 graduates, An alletine high was attained during the month of June 1943, when both Charute and Grand Renids were giving the courset at this time a total of 1,763 mer were under Instraction, From then until the diseortinuance of the course in foril 19/4, enrell- ment gradually declined, Over the six-year period, 1939 to LLL, 8,514 nen’ rere graduated oa observers from ecurses in LAF technical schools.2” When the original course was established at Scott Field in 1939, the rather vague criteria which 00/&C had set un for the selection of students 4n 1997 were continued--through esrly 19402 a man hed to be a high echool graduate with courses comleted in mathenaties and vhysics, and must score 45 or botter out of a nozsible 75 on the Oils intel?ieence test’? With the overhauling of Amy classification procedures in the sumer of 1940 and the contompory movenent of the cbservers course to Chanute Field these requirenents had to be restated, Now a Goneral Classificetion Test score of 120 was required=the highest score required for any technical. school course, and equalled only by the score remired for oryntogranhy, Tn additden, a man had to have satisfactorily passed courses in chysies and trigonometry in high echool or college. mith the raofa expansion of the weather service during 1943 and a consequent critical shortage of trained observers, this requirenert ras lorered to a OCT seore of 110 and Inter 100, although no reduction vas made in educational prerecuisites,This Page Declassified |AW EO 12958 4, chaps 1 Rk aici cD a Moe, Cpe SECURITY INFOTEEATION e ‘The chenges were made vith some reluctence, for on the whole acedentc failures in the course at Chanute were proportionately ereater anong students with lonor scores.” During its existence the length of the observ. “8 course varied be- ‘tween 60 and 100 instructions] days; the tendency as time went on was to shorten it by curtailing or omitting material not strict!y comected with tho routine dutics of a weather observer--for example, neteordlogy, mathematics, and physics, Primary emvhasis was vlaced on prectical exercises in surface weather observatiors, wind-sloft soundings, maintaining and repairing weather instruments, weather recorfing, and in vlobting of data on weather maps and all types of auxiliary charts, Inasmch as it was part of the observer's duties to overate a teletype so an to be able to transmit and receive renorts fron other Stations, materia? on ‘teletype operation me included # Tmortant revisions wére mide in the course on two separate occasions. ‘The first was in the gutum of 1942 after Chanute o*ficia’.s heeane con= vinced that some adjustment should be made in the time allotted to the various subjects; no important chanze was made in the subject matter covered, however, and the oversall length of the course remained unchaneed,f The second modification was made late in January 19%3, when all "echnical Training Command schools adopted a G-hour rather than a Tshour instmuctione! dey, which meant that the course now hed to be elvan in 260 elaesroom hours rather than 420, Unlike most other courses atfected, where the time allotted all phases could be uniformly redneed by one neventh, - eee * For a full description of esch phase, see the comlete curréeulum given in Appendix A, e # — See Appendix B, ESTER " THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 a RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION certain irreducible chases of the observer course were left unchanged, AHS=56, Chap. Ed ‘watle other less invortent chases were cut drastically. Thus, after 26 January 1943, neteorclogy, for exanvle, renained at 60 bours while plotting atmospheric soundings, Asestroote charts, and vertical cross sections as rodueed from 62 hours to 3628 Tn 1943 and early 1944 the course at Chanute vas ina constant state of revision as the Department of Teather undertock to embhasize ‘the practical aspeéts of weather cbsorvotion and minimize the theoretical, During February 1943 Cant. George F, Tavlor, assistart director of ‘the department, called his instructors together to conei“er the problen, The tendency tovard excessive theory, he pointed out, was especially marked in three phases meteorology, reather instruments, and sirface cbeervations, He directed that the phase on meteorology vas hereafter to be known as "Descriptive Neteorology,” and discussions of such Scadente topics as "the polar front” and "the ges laws,” to which several days wore ther devoted, were to be eliminated, In the ohase on weather instruments, the laboratory method wes to be used throuhout, Studente were to spend alnost ell their time in the assenbly end dis~ assembly of instruments according to specially prepared laboratory pulte, Tn connection with surface observations, Captain Taylor estinsted that nen were actually taking and reporting observations only 50 ver cent of ‘the time they were at Charute, To increase this percentage, he ordered that men go out of doors to observe sky conditions for 10~to-15-ninute periods at Least once a day from the first to fourth week inclusives and there obpervation periods were to be mate even more numerous on Gaya when the woather conditions made the sky more interesting?” ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 —‘AH8-§6, Chap, TZ SECURITY INFOR3 “TION! ° ‘Three months later, in Way, a drastic revision of the Chanute curriculum itself was made in an effort to further increase the practical aspects of the course, This time, upon the sungestion of the “eather ‘Wing, meteorology was dropped entirely, on the ground that mich of it was "theory" and had "no true bearing unon the effictency. of the “eather Observer." Approximately 20 hours of the subject matter which hed been given in the phase and which ras considered “practical® and "helnful to the efficiency of the Observer™ was to be teugh* in correction with other related subjects during the rest of the course, For examle, the method of converting one s‘andard value of pressure to another standard (that 4s, changing of inches to millibars) was to be tancht in the course on surface observation where the student was faced ‘with such a problem, The dropping of tac separate phe: on Meteorolory saved about 20 hours, wath were distributed among surface observations, vlotting of charts, and upper air observations to increase the amount of me “evoted to prectical exercises,2® ‘The uso of a pedagogical device knom as a "stutent Job outline” was introduced along with this revision in order to inerease the practical. quality of the instruction, At the start of each phase the student was. provided with a loose-leaf folder containing outlines of the sublect mattor to be learned and a series of exercises to be verformed during ‘the phase, At the conclusion of each of these exercises or "Jobs," the student mas given a practical examination on it, For examle, furing ‘the course on surface observations, the student might be tolas "You ‘are taking an observation, You notice that eix-tenths of the sky isThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICT SECURITY INFORMATION * covered by stratus cloud bases at 1000 feet, movine from the southmest, AHS-56, Chap, II Tho remainder of the sky 1s cavered by cirrus clouds at 28,000 fect, @izection of notion unknown." The student would then enter one Form 9%, the cotling, sky conditions, clouds, etc., to test his ability in making entriza propcriy,2? Experience shoned that the majority of there chenges ware worth while, ‘Ath the exception of the omteston of the meteorolory nhase and tts partial prosontation in other phases, In October the Dovartnent of Teather ordered that neteorolos be reestablished as a sevsrate phase. Hon, honever, it ws to de taught by instructors who hed eraduated from the Enlisted Forecosters Course and were therefore presumed to be batter qualified in neteorology than graduates of the oheervetion ®surse,> A complaint by the “eather Wing thet Cherute graduates stil] chowed @ lack of practical experience when they went to work 4n the field led ‘the Department of Neather to make tro more importert charves in the course during the autumn of 1943, "Some fom of actuel weather station operation /ehoulg7 be made available to observer trainees,” the connanding officer of the Teather Wing wrote in October, "so that they may acquire 4 knowledge of actual working conditions in reather etations."~ Tt wes not a novel ideas the previous July the Chanute authorities had set ‘up five "model weather stations" and during the ninth end tenth weeks of the course, etudents spent half of their time in these stations performing 211 the routine duties of obcervers, The vractice hed to be abendoned after only a few weeks because it tied uv too many of the Department of Feather's limited number of instruments at a time rhen TURTE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESiniGrED AHS~56, Chap, IT 25 SECURITY INFORMATION e enrolinent was increasing rapidly,” But the need for this type of instruction, as urged by the Weather Ming, led the Chanute authorities ‘to make arrangements for instruments to be used in the stations, Late in Novenber the course mas lengthened by six instructional gays a0 that this work might be given in a special, final phese, ‘The five model stations were put into operation so thet each day the student could ‘be assigned to a different phase of wather observetton; thus, at the end of the six-day period each student would have some nractical experience dn every job an observer performs, Each station was sunervised by an instructor, sone of whom were graduates of the forecesterscource, nost of then graduates of the observers course, & number of forecaster graduates were used because it was felt that since they had the sbility to analyze maps and charts prepared by the students, they could give the student observers a clearer notion of what their future work would de like, ‘The other addition made to the course at the surgestion of bhe eather Wing wee instruction in the code and civher system by which the weather service was acciistoned to transmit data from stetion to station, ‘There had been sone discussion as to the desirability of this nove the previous spring, but several difficulties had stood in the way, For one, it was felt that all students would have to be cleared for security: reagons before they could be given such information, ond for ancbher, aiferent codes were used in different weather regions, creating a question as to which code or codes should be taught, Weather cervice and training officiels studied the problem, and a conference of eather RESTDIT EN a THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RES RIGTED a eEATINs SECURITY INFORMATION e ‘Wing officers met at Asheville, N, C, defore a nronosed solution was formleted. Finally 4t vas agreed thet 18 hoars of instruction in the code be given st Chenutesdespite the fact that Chenute officials ‘thong that the course ought to be lengthened to 36 hours, Outmoded AHS-56, Chap, 6 ciphers ard codes rere used for practice purposes, thus obvisting any necessity for security clearance of students, Goorur iminin~ at nestle dations, Enior to the est. blishvont of the Seott Field indicted Otcervere Course, ebcerver trrinine was done for the most perl ct “UF wenthor et:tions under the tutelsce of station werther offieers or < noneorrisxtore3 officer, In the cutmin of 1940, honcver,setout the tins the observerc ecurse wes coved fron Scott to Chanutcm=the inest:ticn troininy of observers by the “AF new ordered Aiscoxtined.”? ‘eur dcye efter Peevl Hertor under the pressure of oubrielt. wer, ‘the control officer of tne 4th iether Repion directed cll vexther officers under his eournd to Waccclercte" the inestetion tralnine of obscrvers "to quulify trained nen tor 1c Aher Sorvice duty in nen ctebions.M@6 re ig likely thit other rerionel control officers issve) sinilcr orders wkout the sce Sire. JA omy trte, nerrnmczents ere nefe during 1942 with the Teehnlov] Tretaine: Gor end to assien teste solilers oualified 8 at for the veuther servis tho eov]d uot Ee sceouros: ted to ele Ghemibe to tho wither regions for inectition trcininre’” The quenion of the cvisibility unt effievey of this type of troixing centinved to te debeted in wetter circles throurtout 1942. The verther Gircctorste ielt th:t ony verther styisons in the centrel United States oust to te renuired to pve tke treintney stotions on the erst oni west corste vere to concuntrrte on the provle:. ericiny trou defence.”® sore TRIS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION of the vtetions bert eouipped for treining were dn the corstel arenc, 186556, Chop. IT 27 hovever,”? und TineDy, in Septenter the Director of erther took he forz:1 ctend thet it is conirrry to the policy of this Hecdquerters to condvet inesteticn nertice Ol-erver Training. However, until uch time cent pereonnel shortsre deere: “es, it is as the urveney of the pr considered civientle to conduct u Liniled exout of inectetion tr: dninz.?? “ers nocded The in Wlity of th: Chrrule school to tredn cll the otsu ceuced the verrter director:te to eccord its wholebesried soprovel to inestrticn obrervr iweIndng pnd on 11 Decerter tt ordered the Ist, 2, ather Replons to kevin this tyre of troinint "on es. . + 2A, Ath, wd 9th 5 extensive 1 sctle om porsible without seriously disrupting shi tion 2 obvervrt ions 7+ Throwrhoub 1945 and 1944 the .cether ilo kept inctetine thet Large ouotes of reeruits ke gesimned to die stetions for treining™® end tt took a kuon Anvorest nm the edidnistrrtion of the profecn, uderte'dar to sterdordive Jt urd brevden tts seove. The chiefs of the various stctions receiviny recrufts kore teld by their rerional control officers to tevin the troiinine of thos reeraits re coon ufter thelr errivel st the ctettons Instruction wr" to te conducted so thet St would fomiliorize es «+0 possitle. emphasis wes the ven vith cll the routine duties of » weather observe to te plied on Mpr-etter? excredces in surfcee verther ob-ervrtion, wind= loft seurdin-s, nointencree ond renaix of instruc nts, the preparation of uesther forms oni reeonte, ond the plobhing of veother deta on mops ard To vecorplish this vonl, n stil) school vith © repvler instructionel cherta." stoft rnd a vet curtieulur vr3 entenlieted. & voor adjacentta efter the BES merrier THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Met ec me eee SECURITY FORIAATIO. roo. or the outiee of the veother officer wes 28 es the clotting ena reco fp else-rocn nn? crsipncd with » bleekbo-td ant 2 sct of cet side instrurente, ‘Tro enlisted mon rere to bo desigmiteé “© instructorsew the vocther observer teletyoo iter rvintencnee reprinmin es the chief Anstrucior end the yerther osaver olerk as nis rvristent or underatudy,? ‘The curriculus properes ky the seather Jnr for use et the strtien schools wes clvost identics with tivt in use ct the tise by the Department of scetier ct Coonute® This ye Geno so thet exedustes of inestetion tainin? vould te oN papers Lor ire forcersterr course ob Carmutes 4 tote of 420 hioure. of vorcrl inteustion over r porioi of 10 to 1? weeks nee evrrertes 2+ ancther step to cirndnadize the inctetion tyeining wes + tn & the lecther wing lute in 1943, The covrindin’ offieur revuested fF Hordqw riers to prepirs © st dur) qurlifiertion exatinstion for ob ervers tured upon the officiel eurrievle in use ot Cknute ond rt the stotion ecbools. ‘he tye-howr exovinstion ke Gecire? 1an)4 te objective in chereetert 160 cussticnc, 50 of Ue invelvine detection of error or sion, 20 rultiele ehaicc, 10 true ind folso, rnd 10 mareriecl problems. thot som depree or Phe reomast ces mejected by 0/0 bx dnine on tre prow of diver.tflertien dn oko.rver “x nine yee occirrble. In guelifying serther ctroren, this oifice ot AP leetqurters held that wivten sented by preetiecl @ ereices desimnes to exevin-tions exch’ Lo to sur; » Conger. the Clenvie ox Inestr+fon course for end reprotue.d in .prondix Ca Mee gy THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 sis bale SECURITY INFORMATION test proficiency in such subjects cx curfire obcervtiions, teletype 25656, Chere IT eo obzervetionz, plotting cop sinmds, plottin, wind-vloft churts, ond wlottiny stuoapicric romflars, M/S Treinin> housst it would be better if the obrerver ex:rin tions in use at Chsnute vere Pornunded to Ube regions] control officers go thet they rishb ove ther in conposing qeuninstion: for ue ob sl tions under treir control, This vos cube sequentiy dono”? Sone notion of the relctine effiesey of observer troining ct the Yechnice] schools “nd at the strtions we provides by & coup-rison of the reconts tse in the foreerstors course by mrrdu tes of the two types cf schools, In oreh 19/3 the Aeuictont Director of the Tepartnent of Senther ct Chormte reported thet the erductes of inwatrtion training bed done quite poorly in tie civence3 course. Of 55 students elimin-ted from 3 their tke Test 3 clsczes for f-dline erica, ie reported, Af bd receiv observer trainius ct r stction?® im explenction en to why this condition entated aes suvgcoled ty the Dincelor of leathert tte techntes! scncols ) the theonrtioa capecte of tas corer core thin did the otetica ext in the scheole, wach nciuecMy g ye pesduutes of the Lorrer ch predorizent2y theoretiecl Sere: ters course.” Lecpite this «ercrent preof tht technier! ect col training ura cuperior, letels teytincted crrly in 14h. the cheerver course “1 Gremute ws ec: lurpely 2 vorult of £T Hendquerters We liet thet, beezuse of tae This v: 1s of neermits becering av {1:ble to the LF cb thet relotively em31 ro! tine, virtulJy el bisie techniec] treinin should be riven on the job in 28 tnetiesl ond opercticusl unite,’ Tadtiroy THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 - RESIRICIED See OORT SECURITY INFORM TION Le teen | ine bustoumrhore, henever, cervred vewe recy on HEL oe rectine AP HevSquerturs thet it v4 ve Hien “t-tten= 29 the ott ritian reqnirenerts of ker done cite rnd forel-n rencibility dont te valeh Bt on ptome’ thir indierticn of t wea provided inc curtay cordvetes by tie iether sine one Lolreniny tote) of L488 obcervere vere 2) wr ther x dens one in 7 ecules 2 control nt et 76 che thons. In cerned, rection receiving inectetien tee ned He sere wlhede of Inecketion treining they hed in the officers evel pect AO Trsining on this crcle proved drotenuete to mct tre Amrecds on observer yerscare] ervecd by Line teonefere of nen to otter teenctes of Urey yolnt eyster for diset-rse, In the 0, 203 the occestlon of tin Invted bout Wy the surrer of 1565 the ever of 199 the wether | ine © St would ned 4,106 rom treixed ex observer renlocenuts, nud reconrersod thot thie terdnins te reeoelicked 1 Chemte.’ LP tecdveriors ceerso%d by onderdny the reect UW ishwer! of Ui ecurce et Chonste oterhin 27 Sud 1805, A mee clice of 240 enlicted nen vith : :ininus GF vcore of M0 era rhysie:tds duly ire to ke entered every tuo vecke, rm the o]4 Idee currtevdun, vith Little enerree” es to ke creles Busi ce the courre ine ‘boul to kein, Col. Don. 1. Yrtou, chief of or inirtlents nec for observers ed Hut elnee the wosther surview, clindne nea ot th diveksme spetem the WneR teoore oo revie Sth une oy rr thet 72 hours of sned to t re Gnrnvte course oid Lo be os , 2 fhuen to the studurte rtur their wtyce instruct grotto ote re ae] a if THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REdinius£D SECURITY WF CR AATION aecioment Los uecther “Action, Tho proner-L sr Sronne’ unen By 2 ~5by Chop, IT Hovguerlers, wclch potted ent thet “slthouri the tise event on ine Potion tretnice is onedilth of th. courre, « « « ib represents ¢ sore Lnvortont frecblea of the ocunce ves inccyuch co St provides for the plie-tlon of tuchninves leerned Jurins the provicus etvht vee29 me) Decrite th roccrnit ica ty the /°P en? the Treinine Commend of rowirercnts, rersomel were not enberine vecther service tr. treinine in sofvicier! cu lies to ectist) thece roouirerente. Co vitronte In L946 Le prencmve the vorloerice re -eorol vetsorlt, ra this recur oftote the n Intensnee of the rerther observers Lith 256 enlisted zen enterins ever, tu neuks, Cn this cols, 1,256 non vere cuthorscet to enter te: tops eomtne the sorted 10 Decenter 1945 to 26 Fotrury 104, wecrecr in rerMty only 252 enlivted ren bod evtord the troinin=. In orirm to menedy Univ d-rreroue Aefleieney Jn the muder of kevin soldders elicttle for teeining, 1/4. Mert Fe Gormin, OP VerUher o rvie. Lis tren officer eb Chenutc, srececded in vetting counled with - resereeninzof ‘the (OF ceere requinisrt Lemerci te 1. 4 b she personnel 1 Chrmute Piel steele, sete vor epi ~ore students excilrble, eo that be 30 June 1946 tie mucter of treinees and the veather reviee quols were ctvqureels ledeveea oF Enlisted Loree: shuns Course ihen 6 veermte jar Corps verther rerviee ves stil) in the elenning ened Uhe reroved of tea tend Gorps stere, In 1936, tre C0/.5 eovi enlisted once: mers cour ¢ fron gent Lonsouth te cose Air Gores st-tica, 3 Who vere mete Fed to Grnt. RendohThis Page Declassified |AW EO12958 RESTRICTED Wy ptnee TI 8 Z eres e mvey poccitle sitea, recor wenied thet Ftterson Ficle be chosen kcouwe dt ure fairly centrolly locrted “rd porrerved "tbe Lest rayeicel 05 2 plem, eubceguenbly evelved by CO/i0, orMed for plent eve yo thet two five-month ecurrer exch yerr, vith 25 nen in e-ch el. Abe nuzter of enlicted vorec:cters on “twice vith th Air Corrs would te dnererred to poredble."”” In cnite of the frvorohle the wine ov.reste tht the enlicted her be-Squericrsy insta: Jtely on 2 token tesis, with first forecackers course 1. cecbinved inde st-Hone, This pla ses wdority oven te ol cow es ont by ov.re ne oF the el exes vere cut into cr:otiee, clthoutl ih, fremsu 3 retuecd ecavtontlys lassified IAW EO12958this Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED “SECURITY Lr OniAHON Fe ertic. coarse wt Gh mite y+ ~ diseontined Mh e Vaen the enlivted surly in 1944, th: decision vec vse racked thet no roxe Force store elesers were Ly ke entered. 1c scrther idne druedstely sake] that theoguipmat ct Chemie te tremsfe-red to Hb eo the it richb drcin Yorec:sters at Ht- stations, ‘The pl-n ver dicararoves by observers, stele Leromies of Heer auerbors on the rraued Ml sects concenncl, tht of te vectinn otvervur ar #te only one for which cathe ajob tridvtny ts muitstle.t If the verther service mended rore fereccster trrinine, JF HoAgucctens eB6ud, the eomxce rt Chenute would ke centinm? ord cmewhd.®4 The eetier Lang of] not caprice ith sty eveh ned ab thal {lr ond the course wes ordered susen% th. produ lion of ¢ clers on MG Ceplerter 1974, The elviLien inst cuctore Ure cele .c8, und rack of tee onlicted anetrvet ore @Lop-tetet to ssrvice an the e108 iven ro trcee steps ure Ledng tren, homer, the ectker Wing ceemred Sty miyd m3 2G thet force.eter training on s Lirited ticks be cenbimved inde Cinitel; Lo provide reglicecnts , low J omaMertione te beeore Loree: ters, keost £6 Spliin + centdmovs te 3nine prose my observers Hh eveerise Ube rorsde of ctrervers, 14d Lie VerSonertere dirceted Ghenute te revue the courve on crdinely ind 78 nen) was b telam Eesis on £7 Noterber TAL, A nek clase(tetveen © to cuter every A rechs foe Incizvetion ever 9 Wereeh pericd, rack F1L ctwicets sore Fo cere on ouotie «Motted to vesther resiens in 21 rerte of the vorld, with r seu fren tio instructor ct-#F of the school, Mteelf the het Lortuntely Leon ni tieed (as ©: Loulé Ee reedet oe Sa gs ine es FED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 es RESTRICTED au-fG, Shop. IT ECURITY Ye OK e In Serwery 1SUi, ae rocky three rooths Iter, o eurvey of the “5 veother survice tes nuveeled thot, treed on the current authorized vor Teprrtront trean b ris, there ves # surplus of 340 88 enlisted forcestere."® Gn the b © of this, Col, Joys L, ico8, chief of the iertker Divisden, rrecarented thit tLe fereersters course cignte 1 te. gerin te clemoned, eli chou be ret: ined Foin ¢ Aecisden on vadtssr mcd: Lor enlieh | noweer bere. 3/35. Peeinire, horewr, hed Lownet Lis leeron from Jt. aaerience of rrevour your ced refucd Io concur, !s Col, 0. 8. 7nd polnicd out, Hh ues nou the poldey of WK demtqnerters to com time tretnier on token Lee: An ove oHturthen: teecure the discon*inusree of course herr the lees of hichty ekilled in-tavetersy “rd a deley in rex 29 che vinden! esltLisbine the course citer the + on of this Geeiisen vec ymovided the Poot Ine 7 whoa nes plone Zor tie clep dine up of the sorkd aor scein-l Jogem produced y short: v of 3:4 enlisted force.cter:, Gn uke ined: of this, Col. D. Gs d'tuc, Gelanet hecets enecesor in tte wither Divieien, nei ured thet the course be centirued ty AD corns, olthouch et411 only on ¢ token bese? Threuph ell this dcb-te the Poree'‘turs cure contdrmd uninterrmtedly + Chanute. Gn AL Tne 15 pmborineticn vas requected for -avened wether x of 1045 end on inte 1946 to trein forcesrtur courses ror tin pevsdy ewe 733 enlisied feree: tu: Lock of tnete Vere te cepleee zen pelos from bhe so thur service te ctyllinn Lit, tut cine th. closing of stutlon. cmv perexc] veuotion of FP retavitice ot oule heve pemdtred sercrticn of muy ven \Sthost welceceett, 0/32 Tanporer felt thet St ROSTRSTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REStiwuicud SECURITY [FORMATION would Me a ritter unten ble cocitden for the faz S666, Chop. IT aiter oll lance conth> of oceecticnr, ve hete to econ) fut her in eutdiate tr revdees secondingls ond order to re3ve 6 Secterker 1045, tle enlirted Lorcoxcter euots for Yeu plus 12 ronthe wea cet ot 622, crtvert dn tretnine rerkore of Cts In getter her tainee om ex the Vorunt, Gary Corre. fence: char ur errneted brdefly in the ‘ded ob crvers throurh onetheesob gpring of 1014, Ten voren, avs’ which other Anbiene, nore sont to th. Zarcerstore cles: tecinine ots Foren rt Chunvte en 27 Sor They stherled the vane cleats xed took the sere exp tiene «© cae cerconnel, whieh made Ut possitle to comeexe the werk of Yo ine sumer. Five of thr 10 woren £4168 to complete thy ecurce, 2 enied with ridue cbove the clsae cverree, mpd exone the 70 rerceps in Hel us, the Z hdchest eunkine yoren pleeed 33, 2ethy he corre] tions “ovever, bew tucen the ceore: inieh the voren hod cttrdned on the Gerer 1 Clorsifiection Vest ang the renkine they cehiewd in their cour e vork: the 1 O nith the Tout Gb peore creed cirret rrony the oren, Walle the OG vith the highest score pl-ce3 srcerd2% A any rite the results 43 not enecurecs i¢-Fhor ir orticicls to ener ‘ny autrervent eroups of nAGte. ch Ite enmcar of 204%fte tien ond fluctuation, In eonerr], trrevete Ube currlentur of Fre cnlirsd toe ercrens eounee closely revertled x officers, thet uced dn treinire cviities retcorclogy eve oo VAD ke shots Lew tp thie study, The hiph cu Uity of the work perforred by the enlicted foree:stere in yerther Ling etetdons r12 over he verld durin: » orld i, IL de epleniid teticony of the sueecer of couree rs given oY Ghicule end Grind Ropiécs hod ve. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED aas-se, compe tt SECURITY INFORMATION “ Eadicacade Operators Course and Rewinsonde Training Although the Aray Air Forces trained ¢ comparatively small nusber of enlisted men es radiosonde operators, its experience in this oom nection bas significance for at least two reasons: it denoustrated the fashion in which the AA carried on training for « now metsorologica? technical device during wirtime, and it provided an interesting com parlson of training done similtaneously in xilitery and olvilien schools. The radiosonde is an ingenious device designed to detornine the Aistribution of pressure, temperature, and huxidity at different altituies 4m the atuosphore. Evaluation of this date peraits the usteorologist to astimte the icing level, degree of turtulense, and height of cloud layers, and with mumerous soundings, to detersine upper air pressure patterns, Originated by Russian meteorologists in 1950, radiosonde ms further developed for the U.S. Nery by the U.S, Bureau of Standardas It consists of one-tube radio trenanttter which sends out a timed igual; connected with the trensaitter is an aneroid barouster and two tiny Fesistance elonents, When a radiosonde observation is to be obtained, the operator attaches the device to a large, hydrogenefilled balloon capable of rising as high as 20 miles before bursting, As the balloon and radiosonde ascend--end the air pressure correspondingly decreases at ‘* inom rate--the variations produced in the resistance elements by the changing conditions of the atmosphere aloft modify the frequency of the radio sigal, Those alterations in frequency, eaught by the observer through a receiver on the ground, are translated into specific readings of both temperature and mmmidity at various altitufes, Taking the two Yogether, and using calibration charte, the observer can produce date on the pressure of the upper air.°° RES ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958_This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESI wach He SECURITY IRFOR%: e sren the tine the AF t. nto mite Lirited vee of redfocerde in BE=56, Chop, IL gy ith the Corps to have 1938 untd] 1042, it rede rer: 2 -t Fort tonrouth, Ey the letter yenr its ure of Ite personnel tr he device hid srem to cuch on uctent thet AP werthir otfieiele ormered Mth the U.S, veether Zurcim to train officers ws enliccd crrfuctes of the oloerverc oe Tercersiurs covrcos st the turewwte rediocemie eehook Leeied the murier of rime nts Givein > ke Cherute 104 4 tor 5h to 6510 imeres. © Chenute course treh Zour ne eptheritice hid to ake sewn] regue ts £0 obtain outhorin tion gor Anere :¢ In tho instrvehione] staff, During one period, yun © oly vhen the Decor ral off we har C8 meansne? fa cond s ceetuin nunter chucks to th: Licle moncoumdsciond offers school, the of ite rrbie of inctruchorc to tulents droped +3 los ns 186.5. This nes ‘icuc, tee-ure in the letter asl of tre considered prrbieul ri; ceurse oxtve «ly olera evmrvinien of tte student: ¥,: inperctive for 105 ubideel omy te, chi Yao cuthoritics -t Ghenuby, Like those ct the Tether Lure:a school, re f.ilins to iny se “For esotien eorremters y beer se convine. tit end their ket nen it the ccur . gor ftir teed Hep voll not cet ther nute offici 31> rusuented thet theres + In Octoter 19%3 th: Ch sek cr: sles of tbe seneol's ck-ervers course vece to efter only urgschew? er Le cutsthed bo the course, students whose records, cenerc] beekpronns ,This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 aus-58, Chap, 1 2 SECURITY {FORMATION qualification for overseas duty indicated they were promising radiosonde operstor material, In acting on the request, higher headquarters prescribed a procedure that did not entirely solve the situetion, Hereafter, Central Technical Treining Command headquarters @irected, all graduates of the Chanute observers course were to be Anvestigated with a view to their potentialities as radiosonde operators, Those considered suitsble were to have « notation on ‘their AGO Form 20 that they were “recommended for Radiosonée Operetors This would guide station officers in selecting men for ‘the course after they hed served a period in the field as observers, During the sumer of 1943 the supervisor of the Chanute radio~ sonde coures leemod informally that radiosonde operators in the field were experiencing some difficulty because they aid not now hhow to repair and maintain the ground equipment, Strictly speaking, ‘this type of work was the duty of weather equipment technicians, but many officials believed that radiosonde operators ought to be capable of making repairs in an oxergoncy, During Septenber and Octobor the Ghanute supervisor attended a course in the maintenance of radicsmée ground equipment and other weather instruments ab the Signal Corps WeathereEquipnent Technicians School at Fort Monnouth, While he was anay, bis assistant subaitted a recommendation to the heads of Chanute Departnent of Weather that the radiosonde course be lengthened to regular part of the course. As things stood, the assistant supervisor pointed out, Chanute students were receiving only four woeks of actual work 10 weeks so that instruction of this nature might be made with ground equipment, while those at the Weather Bureau school wereThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTNICTED sess omne ESECURITY INFORM TIO 8 getting seven, The request for the extension ms denied, but after ‘the supervisor returned from Fort Monmouth, more work in mintenance problems ms introduced into the last four weeks of the Chanute cours, By the time the AAF got its om radiosonde course into regular operation during the midéle of 1045, the nusber of radiosonde sets which were becoming available each month had so increased that officials of the Weather Wing and AAF Headquarters concluded that the AAP teohnt~ 081 school could not train enough operators to make use of them, They decided, therefore, that the 4AF continue training operators et the Wosthor Bureau school indefinitely, The sixe of the classes at the Testher Bureau school ms increased to S6enthe maximm military capacity for the echool,!08 About this sano tine Dr. Hichael Ference of the University Meteorological Comittes paid a visit to the Weather Buresu school and Faul A, Americh, Assistant Meteorologist of the Weather Bureau, visited the Chanute school. The reports which these men submitted provide a basis for comparing the work of the Army and the Weather Bureau schools. The civilian school, Dr. Ference reported, was now offering & S-week course--524 instructions] hours, 6 hours a day, 6 days « week; the class of 36 AAF enlisted mon and § Weather Bureau exployees was divided into 2 groups, one studying during the morning, the other in the Jate afternoon, The material taught, in Dr. Ference's opinion, was divided into “sual, easily digestible unite," and ms well organized and unusually complete." Little mterial of a theo- retical-beckground asture ms presented, since it was supposed that d IAW E012958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RES HHiCTED BE, Coe eC AITY {HE GTaa TIC a ‘the interpretation of the data collected by the operator would ‘de made by the forecasters, Dr, Ference found the physical plant and equipment "excellent™ and the instruction on its care "good," ‘The proximity of the Weather Bureau's radiosonde checking division permitted the students to see exemples of field radiosonde work, and ‘the school's seven instructors all had had field experience, although not ell of then wore professionel neteorologists,109 Arnerich found tho Chanute course operating "very well,” the currtoulun, which he noted "derived fron the sane basic patter:® as ‘the Weather Bureau course, "well planned and executed,* The plent, set up in a two=story barracks, resembled a radiosonde station in the field "fairly closely." None of the instructors, he observed, hed hed any field experience, but were either former instructors at Grand Rapids or graduates of the Weather Burean schoolsas a group ‘they were “relatively inexperienced tut interested," He thought it would be @ good idea if some men with field experience were added to the instructional staff, In addition, he had severel suggestions as ‘to how the work of both the Chanute and Weather Bureau schools might ‘be Amproved, Steps should be taken, he declared, to keep the in= struction more closely attuned to sctual field practices and problems. 4s it was, Woathor Bureau operational procedure and practices were being taught at both schools, but these obviously were not elnays the Dest ones for AAF purposes, He thought 4t would be advantageous to permit a more direct method of commurication between the two schocls for the discussion of their common problens,”” ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958a RESTRICTED Be Oe cecHTY FAFORATION e ‘It was not until the middle of October 1943 that the Weather Wing undertock to discover just whet the AA's probable ultimate need for radiosonde operators would be and to make plans to moot ite A survey indicated that on 1 January 1944 the M&F would need 504 operators; the number of men already in service plus those scheduled to be greduated by that time was 437, leaving a shortage of 67, It therefore eppeared certain that considerable curtailment in the rate of training would be adviseble in the near future, AMF officials agreed that it would be well to discontinue sending men to the Weather Bureau course, but they had varying opinions as to what should be done about the Chanute course. Col, William 0, Senter, commanding officer of the Neather Wing, urged thet although there would be need for only a small number of new graduates during 1944, the course be continued indefinitely, even if on a very eaall scale, In this way a replacement pool of radiosonde operators could be created to provide for the 10 per cent of aisqualifications which normally appeared at oversees replacenent centers, > At fivet t appeared that Colonel Senterts suggestion wes to be adopted, ‘Tho AAF planned to discontinue sending nen to the Neather Bureau schocl after the tom ending & Jamary 1944, and in Decerbor 1943 A0/AS Training gave orders that a class of 10 enlisted nen should be entered at Ghanite every eight weeks throughout 1944.07 six weeks lator, however, on the basis of a now caloulation of AMF troop neods for 1944, 4 was suddenly declared that a sizable surplus of radiosonde operators existed? the mmbcr authorized for the your 1944 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 no ommp, oe ___ RESTRIGILD _ 7 SECURITY fi: FUnwi. ltl wes only 501 and as of 1 January 1944, 545 were assigned to the Heather Ting. Holding that the "deusnd for rediogonde operators had been met," 40/43 Training ordered that all training cease after the gredustion of the class of 18 Februsry 1944.44 Little more than e month lator, honever, in the belief that a shortage of qualified raliosonde operators was intinent in overseas theaters, the wing directed the regional control officer of the 2a Weather Region to establish a radiosondes course et Seott Field, There ‘was in existence at Seott a radiosonde operators pool, which contained ‘4 nuuber of men who had been instructors in the discontinued Chanute course; these, the Weather Wing directed, were to be used to give the nen course, The ROO of the 24 Weather Region was in the midst of establishing the course, as directed, when Col, Floyd B, Wood, Acting Chief of the Teather Division at AMF Hoedquartora,lecmea whet wae heporiitg fron @ perusal of the minutes of the special staff mectingsat Weather ‘Wing Headquarters. Colonel Wood promptly pointed out that under Tar Department policy it was the duty of AAF Headquarters to conduct training for overseas assignments, and that according to the figures fumished his office by the Teather Wing there was e surplus of 48 Yadiosonde operators in the domestic weather regions, If the Weather Wing needed more operators, he concluded, KAF Hoadquarters would neke arrangements for training thea; > Although the Teather Wing insisted that there was an immediate need for 54 additional rediosonde operators, and AAP Headquarters. a Mu THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICIED PON a” 6 approved @ plan for reestablishing the course at Chanute, the netter becane sidetracked when a lerger problen appeared during ‘the spring and smmor of 1944, By this time the use of the SCR658 Girection finder set was beconing so general throughout the weather service that the noed now was not for radiosonde training alone, but for radiosonde plus SCR=658 (called for short "rawinsonde") training. With this, radiosonde training was completely cancelled, So technical were sone phases of rewinsonde training, honever, 8 separate course of instruction ‘that 4t did not scom advisable to AAP Headquarters to attempt to offer all of 4t at Chanute, Rather, the program was divided into ‘three parts: a Radiogonde and Redio Directions] Findor WindsAloft Operation course to be given at Chanute, a course in SOR-658 maintenance ‘to be given at the Army Electronics Training Genter at Harvard University, and @ course in radiosonde naintensnce to be given at the Signal Corps Ground Signal Agency, Spring Lake, N. J. The first course waa to be an amplification of the old Chanute radiosonde course; the course at Harvard would use sone of the same equipment, teaching persomel, and eubject matter employed in training AAF and Signal Corps officers in radars and tho last course would be given in conjuretion with the Signal Corps, which was still charged with maintenance of all weather equipment of the Army,227 411 threo of theao courses wore difficult, the one at Harvard particularly so, For this the authorities specified as prerequisities a thorough knowledge of mathematics (including calewlus) end successful be THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —Th Page Declassified IAW EO12958 we ered SECURITY INFORMATION e completion of the school's entrance examination, They added that fe degree in electrical engineering or electronic physics was also nost desirable.’ ”® acter looking over the field, weather service 485-56, Ghap, IT 58 officials concluded that the likeliest candidates for such training would be graduates of the "C" preneteorology course,* who would have had 12 months of physice and mathematics, The Weather Wing allotted each of the continental weather regions a quota for the rawinsonde courses to be filled from the group of "C" graduates who had been sent then for in-station training ond service as weather observers, 29 ‘The Chanute course was 10 weeks in length, the Harvard course 27 weeks, ond the Spring Lake course 4, and although thoy wero cach operated independently end could be taken in any sequence, a man had to pass the course he took first before he was permitted to enter an= other. dn elimination rate of 20 per cent was expected, To make the most economicel use of the fecilities of three schools operating under such conditions, AMF Headquarters assumed supervisory responsibility for the courses and worked out a complicated schedule, for the assignnent of students, on 16 October 19hhe By tho spring of 1945 it became apparent that the need for rawinsonde operators and mechanics would continue indefinitely, and in April the War Department authorized an increase in the number of *R*=type stetions—-the type of stations which used such equipsent~fran 173 to 230. On the basis of this increase, AMF Headquarters in June estinated het there was still need for training 400 rarinsonde men,’ 4 month later * See belom, p.l0l. ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958Thi Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESieTEO SECURITY (.FGRMATION e ‘this number was raised to more than 1,200 to allow for replacements ‘that appeared Likely to develop during 1945-1946 on the basis of an "angumed separation rate of 5 por cont of personnel cach eix uonth period m2? 4H3=56, Chap. IT 9 Since the programs at the Army Electronics Training Center and ‘the Ground Signel Agency were scheduled to wind up during the summer of 1945, @ new problem appeareds where wee this treining to be accomplished? On 6 June AMF Headquarters directed that ell three courses were to be combined into a eingle "rewinsonde* course to be given et Chanute starting in the middle of July, with courae quotas filled with observers furnished by the Weather Wing, and the course “given exactly as it had been at Harvard, Spring Leke, and Chenute™s basic radio and electricity (13 wecks), SCi+658 maintenance (4 weeks), radiosonde and power unit maintenance (4 weeks), and radiosonde and radlo~directional~finder winds eloft eperstion(10 wecks).’”? These then were the three main courses given to enlisted men of ‘the weather service--observers, forecasters,end radiosonde-rawinsonde ‘training, The success of each varied, as has been noted, and a great @oal of fluctuaticnand modification in course content wan necessary ‘to adapt the training to expanding neods, Despite jurisdictional, administrative, and educational difficulties, the wide range of this ‘training can be said to have been notebily effective in providing an Andispensable service for UsS, air--and ground--forces, TRS GER Gorvices stro used the rin equipment SOR-524 at this time, and a emall mathe of omficers 2nd mlisted mon wore trained in Sts use %% Spring Leke ond Harvard.This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRISTED aH3-£6, Ohep, IIT SECURITY INFORMATION Chapter IIT CADET METEOROLOGY PROGRAM Barly in 1940 when the Gorman ary was ovorrunning western Eurcpo, ‘the air arm of the American amy had foner than 30 officers who hed received advanced training in meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology oF the Culifomta Institute of Technology. Only 4 of then were assigned to the GHQ Air Force, elthough one for each of 4ts 17 weather sections had been authorized. This shortage may be traced to certain Air Gorps traditions, anong then the beliefs thet to be eligible for meteorology training a man hed to be a pilot officer; thet 1t was decdrable, if not precisely necessary, that he have four or more years ‘of commissioned service; and that bis appliostion for such treining be reinforeed by a recommendstion from an officer who had already token a netecrological ccurss, Wost importent, however, was the practice of not assigning more than eight officers a year to such training.’ To ameliorate this shortage the GHQ Air Fores on 10 January 19/0 recommended ‘to the Chief of the Air Corps thet the anrnal quota of officer metecrologi- cel training be increased to 12, the 4 additional men to be assigned after graduation to the GHQ Air Fore Training in the Defense Period, 1940-194) Before any action was teken upon this proposal, there developed a new and larger need for officers with weather training, Late in Mey 1940 the Air Corps was msking plens to step up aircrew treining to THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 AHS~56, Chap, IIT. _ ae él OLUUI e a basis of 7,000 pilots a year, and to carry out such a progrem it was estinated that it would be neoeseary to have 26 instructors in meteorology, either commissioned or civilian,” for men who had been eliminated fron flying cadet training for ‘The files wore conbed “flying deficiency" but who had the necessary educational qualifications, ‘Twonty of these wore appointed nonflying "flying cadote" and onrolled in @ 10+1/2-eck summer echool at N.I.1'. starting early in July under the direction of Dr. Sverre Petterssen.! The training of this sual. group of nonpilot cadets set a precedent that was usod to colve ono of the problems growing out of the rapid Air Corps expansion of 1940. By the middle of the year, plans for Air Corps activities hed grom so ambitious thet the 17 weather officers authorized for the GHQ Air Force now seened a paltry few; the newly- approved progran called for 31 weather officers in the orgenizetion by April 19/2, Yet on 8 July 1940 the CHQ Air Force and other Air Corps tecticel organizations found theneelves with a total of one man, specifically assigned as meteorclogicel officer. He was stationed at GQ Air Force headquarters ot Langley Plela,? This dire situetion convinced the 0C/AC Weather Section that, desireble as it wes that weathor officers be pilots, the expansion of ‘the Air Corps made 4t imperetive thet considercble numbers of men with~ out pilot training be used as weather officers, Pointing out that there was "no appreciable reservoir of already trained weather fore- casters upon which the Army could draw," it recormended that 30 recent college graduates with training in mathematies and physics be enlistedThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED seer Gane SE orcuyieTY INFORMAHON as nonflying "flying cedete” end assigned to the regular -ronth graduate course in meteorology given at several universities starting ‘the following September. Upon completion of this ccurse these men would be coustsstoned second Mleutenants in the Air Corps Reserve "and ordered to extended active duty with tactical organizations." The proposal received the prompt approval of General Amol and was forwarded to The Adjutent General, But instead of 30 cadets, General Amola asked for 40, Thoce were to moct all the requirenonts exacted for flying cadets except that they must pass the Form 63 instead of ‘the Form 64 physical exattinetion.” While aratting a decision fron The Adjutant General, officiel of the weather service gained a keener appreciation of the magnitude of the training task they had to perform from a comprehensive survey of the eituation made svailsble on 26 July, This inélested that there were then in the United States only 377 qualified forecasters, of whom the Army had 62, comercial airlines 94, the feather Bureau 150, ‘the Navy 46, educational and other institutions 25, There was need for 280 to 285 more forecasterss 175 for the Army, 25 to 30 for the Heather Bureau, and 80 for the Navy.” When a report af this ourvey reached General arnold, he conelnded that the proposal then afoot to train 0 cadets was grossly inadequate, ‘Not satisfied," he wrote of ‘the weather service's plans; “if we have need for more then xe are ‘training, wby not make plans to cover the dlserepancies?®? With 1te hand thus strengthened, the Training and Operations Division launched on a far more anbitious program, Its objective now Buomierca ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED aaseso, cmp. or SECURITY INFORMATION 6s ‘became the training of 150 cadet meteorologists during the next scadenic yoar, Every one of the five universities in the United States thon giving meteorological training was questioned by radiogran to ascertain ite mximm training capacity. It ws found that among them 150 ALr Corps students could be accomodated.” the task of reoruiting ‘this number in the short tine available promised to be mde far easier by enlisting the assistance of the placoxent bureaus and alumi associations of the five universities. Massachusetts Institute of Technology distributed deteils of the cadet plan and solicited appli- cations from between 160 and 200 universities and colleges in the eastern United States; a similar campaign ws carried on in the western United ster ‘through the joint efforts of tho Californie Institute of Technology and Capt, Ivan Farman, regional control officer of the ist Weather Region, Later the University of California at Los Angeles Joined the drive, Professors Atbelstan Spiliaus and Cardner Eacona of Now York University expressed their willingne: te do sone recruiting, and Frofestor C.-C, Rossty of the University of Chicago distributed 200 application blanks, Some newspaper publicity was obteined for the Programs An agroonent was nade with F. W. Relchelderfer, in charge of recruiting netecrologists for the Civilian Pilot Training Froeram, ‘that an effort would be made to induse some 25 to 50 of the 100 nen studying under that program to becone Air Corps Reserve officers! In hie eagerness to get the program under my with the best available students, Capt. Arthur F, Merewother, chief of the Weather Section, scrupulously exanined each of the applications received,!? ana ty early October 116 cadets wore enlisted and studying at the five unte 3s 6 eenip eps versione ncQihiCite: ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGIED Ae oe OS SEGURITY INFORM “ The courses they took wore under the direction of sone of the most distinguished living meteorologists: Dr, Sverre Fotterssen at Molto, Dre Irving Erick at C.Is2s, Drs Carl-Gustay Rossby at the U. of Chicago, Dr, Jakob Bjerimes at U.C.L.A., and Dr, Gardner Emons at w.x.u."* peapite the fact thet at the start the eourse of iastruction aiftered from one university te another, there was a basic sizilarity inammich as all were modifications of the course given at K.ID., pioneer in weteorology training in this country.” During these early days the cadets lived a life not wlike thet of their civilian fellonstudents: they did not weer uniforms nor did they participate iu drilla and parades; and they lived in quarters of their om choosing. However, the subject matter they had to master to complete ‘the course sevisfactcrily was sufficiently difficult to prevent their Lives from besoming too easy. By June 1961 the 112 men who had satin factorily completed the course were sent to selected air bases for & month of military training, after which they were commissioned second Meutenante, > In the middle of lay 191, before the elass bad been graduated, ‘the Air Corps announced that the course would be repeated: agein 160 cadets would be trained at the five universities over » nine«nonth ‘¥ The carriculus ta effect curing ISd0-AT at the U. of Chitago, which was sffering a course in metecrology for the first time that year, my ‘ve considered representative: synoptic meteorology (4 hours « week, fixet and second terms); meteorological laboratory (16 hours a week, all three terns); descriptive meteorology (4 hours a week, first term); dynamic meteorology (4 hours a week, all three teraa); physics of the high atmosphere (4 hours © week, third term); and laboratory im upper= sir observations (¢ hours a week, third term). (Ltrs, A. He Compton, Us of Chisago to C/aC, 27 Aug. 1940, and attachments, in AAG 355.04, Woteokologionl Training), In addition, during the third term, visiting lecturera offered instruction ia pressure of the very high atmosphere end physical oceanography. (Hist. AFTD U. of Chicago, 18 June 1942 to SL Deoy 1042, pe 22)e THIS PAGE Deciassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 MBs Chaps FEE SECURITY INFORMA & period beginning 1 July 1941, The Air Corps end the universities had Little difficulty recruiting this second group since the rolls were declared closed 11 days after they had been officially opened, and wien olassos started, 262 non wore under instruction,” ‘the oxtey of ‘the United States into World War II the following Decenbor created such an acute and innediate need for additional weather officers that this second class was graduated and commissioned on 15 February 1942, a month and a half ahead of schedule.’” Beginning of Hertine Training After the atteck on Pearl Harbor, AMF officiels @id not imediately attempt an estinate of how many officers would bo nocded for the prosecution of the war, but thoy assumed, naturally, thet the number was large, On 15 February 1942 there were approximately 330 trained weather officers in the weather service; to provide adequate westher information for thé 115 tactical groups which the AMF wes planning to put in the field, 1,000 officers would be required, Esch of the universities was canvassed to discover its maxinun capscity for training cadets, and on the basis of this survey, 440 started teking the course at all five universities on 16 March, wile a three of the universities which indicated they could handle two classes simltancously—N.Y.Ue, U.G.L.4., and the U, of Ghicago-manother group of 400 men started ‘training the following Septenber, Thus by October 1942 there were 840 cadets in training,1® Aubittous as these training plane seened, they were drarfed by ‘the AAF's firet complete survey of wartine weather training n In the autumn of 19/2 Brig, Gen, H, M, McClelland, Director of AAF THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 _This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 = RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION Tectmical Services, returned from Great Britain convinced that the AHS=56, Chap. number of weather officers must be increased prodigiously, On the basis of his report 4% was ostinated that by June 1643 the AAF ought to have a total of 1,350 weather officers, by September 1943 approximately 3,500, by January 1944 about 5,000, and by early 1945 a total of 10,000, General MeCleliand's next step was to confer with Dr. H, G, Houghton of M.I.T, as to how mich the universities could step up the rete of their meteorological training. After Dr. Houghton talked the eituabion over with representatives of the other institutions, was agreed that on 16 Novexber a record-breaking class of 1,750 cadets ‘be entered at the five universities,2° To augnent the training fecilities further, plans were drawn up for the training of meteorological esdets at a regular AMF technical school where the curriculum, caliber of instructional staff, end acadente standards were all to be on & per with those of the civilian universities, The newly established Weather Training Center at Grand Rapids was chosen as the location of the AAF school, Earlier the Grand Rapids area wes eleted for the establishment by the weather directorate of a “eather Service Replacement Genter" to assemble, equip, nd complete the unified training of various types of weather units destined for theaters of operstion and special projects such as ferry routes,” In the course of planning and preparation, however, the seope and objectives were markedly eltered from the original conception, and instead of providing unit weather training, it was determined that the center should provide individual training, relieving the load on the universities and AMF DESTRICTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958Th Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMAHGH e technicel schools already giving such training, This on 4 January 1943 2 class of 586 cadets entered and a second clase of 887 on 48-56, Chap, TIT or 29 March, Men connected with the Grand Hapids center considered the seteup ideal for a weather training school classrooms, laboratories, ‘barracks, and drill grourds bad ell been arranged with the exact needs of such an institution in mind, and awell-trained, experienced ‘teaching staff, composed of approximately 400 officers, enlisted men, and civilians, was assenbled, Tte combined enrollment, at one tine dn the neighborhood of 3,600,* made it the largest school devoted exclusively to weather training in American history, With the graduation of the first claos at Grand Repids in September, hovever, the in- stallation was inactivated, and the second class moved to Chanute to complete its training, & third class, numbering 467 cadets, entered Chanute on 4 October,?? Meanwhile the pace of training was maintained at the five universities, ‘Throughout the year 1943 at least one of the schools started a new cadet class every 12 weeks or more frequently, A class of approximately 1,750 cadets entered the five uiversities on 4 Jamary, enother class of 500 begon studying at three of the universities on 22 June, and a ‘third class of about 1,400 students at all five universities on 4 October.” EF * ‘This incladed the enlisted observers course, the enlisted fore= castors course, the enlisted radiosonde operators course, the cadet moteorology course, and a special oilet course for weather Anstractors, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGTED 5-55) ohare TT Ce CHIDETY INFORMATION =“ Problems of Herbime Recruitment ‘It was no easy task to find enough men to fill these large classes, for with the nation at war, men with the scientific ability and educational background necessary for meteorology training--never ‘very mumerous=-ere in increasing demand by industry and other branches of the armed services. Even meny of the qualified men entering the Army were being drew into other types of activity and so were permanently lost to the weather servics, In an effort to courteract this loss, in February 1942 a conmittee of Air Corps,university, Navy, and Weather Bureau representatives evolved plan whereby oualified civilians night ‘be enlisted in a reserve status and permitted to continue their education at civilien schools until such time as the Air Corps had facilities available to train them as meteorology cedets, In May The Adjutant Generel authorized the enlistment of college students in the Air Corps Reserve under such conditions, ‘The problem of procurement was also reduced by the easing of admission requirements, These were modified soon efter Pearl Harbor to make eligible men still in their senior year at college but over 20 years of age, Educetional prerequisities still called for courses in mathematics, including differential and integrel calculus, and in physics, including heat and thermodynamics; in addition, some training in differentiel equations and vector analysis was considered desirable, At the samo time the course was opened to army officers, provided they posseesed the necessary educational qualifications and agreed to serve 25 three years on active duty with the Air Corps after graduation,” 8This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESIRIGIED SECURITY (iF GRWATION e ‘ime went on end qualified nen beceme more difficult to find, further AES=56, Chap. ILI 69 modification of the requirenents beceme necessary, Both AMF and university officials were reluctant to reduce the anount of academic preparetion neceaserys the best way to evoid this appeared to be the raiping of tho ago limit for applicants, The upper limit for ground duty cadets had long been 26 years, and a survey showed that there a considerable body of qualified men above that age, Besides, as the weather service pointed out, a weather officer performs "duties requiring nature judgnent and enotionel stability more often associated with men" over 26, Accordingly, late in the spring of 1942 the upper age Limit wes reised to 30.76 Only a few months later 1t became necessary to reduce the eduovtional prerequisites as wells begining on 5 October 1942 two rather than three years of college were required, During bis college years the applicant still had to have specialized in sotence or engineering and have "satisfactorily completed thorough courses in mathenstice, including aifferenticl and integrel caleulua, and physies, preferebly including a study of heab and thernodynanica.® Thus reduction in the ancunt of scientific preperation requized wae onty slight.” ALthoagh the Amy nade sone efforts to find suitable cadet material within its own renks and among civiliens, as time ent on the task of procurenent fell more and more into the hands of the five universities, Shortly efter Pearl Hrbor, in order to expedite the processing of applications, the Operations Division of AdF Hesdquarters waived ite right to review them, Aviation cadet examining boards continued noninelly to watch out for the interests of the weather CTE) THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 : ul ais-56, Chap. TIE 8, =a 70 SLCUIITY tn Gisiennend e service in the selection rrocess, but actually the admission authorities of tho universities aia moot of tho work.” By the autunn of 1942, however, the universities began to find their recruitnent efforts bringing dininishing retums, and the Army's efforts to discover suitable men in its ranks were meeting only moderate success. The latter was apparently due largely to inadequate publiedty for the program within the camps: the Amy found it difficult ‘to iupress officer candidate boots with the urgency of the need and caliber of the men desired, and commending officers were slow to Andorse the applications of worthy men, Thie oituation was one of the factors which caused General 'oGlelland to propose in Cotober that ‘tho five universities form a University Meteorologicel Comittee to effect closer and more efficient coordination with the AAF in the ‘training program, Eech of the universities end the AAF appointed ‘two representatives to the committee, with Dr, Cy. Rossby of the BU, of Chieego acting as chairman of the executive subcomittes, 4n office wan set up ab the Institute of Meteorology of the U. of Ghicego with Dr, Joseph Kaplan of U.C.L,A, as chairman of the Joint Recruiting Boerd for the comittee.* & branch of the aaF Militery Porsonnel Division wes sot up in th: UNC's office to coordinate its work with the army. Under the direction of the UMC, an extensive publicity campaign was sterted in Novenber, Newspapor articles, redio programs, direct nail advertising, and other standard promotional media were used, * Subsequently Keplan was succeeded by Robert Kimbel, assistant director of adnissions at H.I.T, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESiaroTeD ‘AHS-56, Chap, III sen nm SECURITY [isFORMATION! @ Men with the necessary qualifications were invited to write “Hoather, University of Chicago" for brochures desoribing the Program and applicetion forms, Althcugh applications were still ‘being received by Amy recruiting stations and aviation cadet ex- amining beards throughout the country, the response to those particular appeals was highly gratifying: of the large nunber of applinations received, approxinately 50 per cent were fron man considered potential weather-officor material.” 11 applications, whether submitted ‘through Amy channels or directly to the U, of Chicago, were examined dy a staff of experienced college trensoript evaluators and ALF representatives at the UIC headquerters.”> This recruiting was considerably couplicated by the sudden is= suance on 5 Decenber 1942 of an executive order by the Président of ‘the United States forbidding any voluntary enlistments in the armed services effective the 15tL of that month, Tho recent lange increase dn training facilities at the universities had drawn go heavily on ‘tho backlog of oligible candidates that the Military Personnel Division feared thet It would be unsble to f411 the large clase scheduled to begin at the universities on 4 Jemuary 1943. One way to got around this situation was to ordor the immedicte termination of the inective status of enough men in thé £ir Gorps Enlisted Resorve ‘to #111 up the class; inasmuch as only tro years of college work was nom considered necessary for meteorology training, enough adequately Prepared men could be found in this way, Yet, when the Military Personrel Division requested the pormission of G-L to dssue such an order, it wes refuseds there wore erough regular applications still Khoi et THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REST hiview ‘AHS-56, Chap. IIT SECU AY Lataamineel ponding to make the order umecessary, G-l minteined, If the Military Personne) Division desired, it might canvass the men in the enlisted reserve, suggesting that they volunteor before 15 Dacexber.> ‘Thi wes the inmediate effect of the presidential order ending voluntary enlistnents, and elthough there were otber orders far longer lived which preconted problems more difficult to solve, the suddenness of this one left the AAF weather officials uncertein as to how they were Yo procure meteorology cadets in the futures Ey the end of the month ‘the AAF bad so impressed the urgency of its need upon the Secretary of War that it obtetued permission to accept 1,600 "voluntary inducteos™ for meteorology training up to 51 January 1945, Applicants were to be exaniued by eviation cadet ommining boarde, and those considered qualified were to be furnished with « letter eertifying their quali floatious, The applicant was to present this letter te his Selective Service Board when reporting for “voluntary induction" within « specified wuuber of days. After processing, the inducteos were to be sent to the AAP Basic Training Center st Boca Raton, Fla. for baoic military tre ining, pending transfer to one of the universities or to the AAF technical scbool.5% Thue, although the executive order virtually ended a1] participation of the UMC in the procurement program, it did not cease ‘to exists the new responsibilities of xonitoring the acadente program at the universities and furthering research in nsteorology were taken on. The exact mumber of meteorology cadets obteined during this period of “voluntary induction" is incertele, but i% seens probable that it was not nore than "soveral tundred."® at any rete, the mumber ms smal enough to make AAF officials anxious to tensinate "at the close of the current college seuester, term or quarter" the deferred status ofThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESTRIGTED SECURITY INFORM Air Corps Enlisted Reserve students who enlisted for meteorology ‘48-56, Chap. TIT B training and to dip into the backlog of 1,000 enlisted reserve comunicetions students to meke up the quotas, Persission was grented for the former plan, but not the latter.” By ate March the quotas for the classes to start 29 Merch and 21 Jue had been filled, and during the next few months it was determined that only applications from enlisted forecasters alvesdy in the weather service would be considereé,?> During this period of recruitment approximately 30,000 applicetions for meteorology training were screened and processed, and of these about ono third wore accepted e® Academic Supervision of the Courae Supervision of the curriculum proved to be one of the most vexing probieas of the cadet meteorology progrem. At the outset each university used the curriculum of its om graduate meteorology course in treining cade’ 3 Af modification or standardization of some point were necessary, ‘this wes eccouplished informally between the university men themselves and with &-3 and the Directorate of Weather in AAP Headquarters, A complicetion developed in July 1942 when administrative detachnents of ‘the Technical Training Command, consisting of ono officer and five enlisted men, wore established at each of the five universities, The Purpose behind this step eppears to have been to make the routine of the meteorology cadet conform nore closely to the traditional pattern of Army cadet 1ife, Uniforms, drills «nf narades, end cadet barracks * Not #1] of these, honever, were for admission directly to the cadet course, A considerable number were for admission to the two premeteorology courses leading to the cadet course. For a discussion of these premeteorology courses and recruitment done for them, see Ghap, TV. Sothern THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 _This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESstHeTeD SEE TT rei 10s Life all were superimposed upon the reguler course of study, But AHS-56, Chap, TIT % besides being responsible for these strictly military activities, ‘the detachnents were informed by the Directorate of Weather that they would "also function as administration officers /sig7 and will ro- present thie office in matters pertaining to the meteorology training wo Progren, In view of the fact that the Directorate of Weather had no inmediate control over the Technical Training Command, it would appear inevitable ‘that an order so loosely phrased as this would lesd to « jurisdictional Gispate, It did, By the middle of the following September the Director of Weather was complaining to the Director of Individuel Training thet in some cases the detechment commancere under the jurisdiction of the Technical Training Commend have hed a misconception of ‘their duties as pertains to the technical training itself and have inter d with the technical training program, In- struction at these schocls was intended to be solely the responsibility of the university providing the instruction, Th some cases military treining and administretive require= ments imposed by detechment commanders . . . have interfered seriously with the tecknicel training schedules of instruction, ‘These representations led the Director of Individual Treining to order ‘that detachnent commanders be informed ‘that their functions are purely administrative and military in nature and thet they heve no comection with the techi- cal training program outside of maintaining friendly end cordial relations with the school authorities. ,. . Any interference with the highly concentreted and highly technicel training program at these schools will be held to an absolute minimn,in the preparation and announcenent, of militery schedules. ‘This order seens to have solved the probleu for the time being, since ‘two months later the keting Director of Toather complimented the detachment connanders on their "high degree of consideration and in= dividual activity beyond the normal discharge of routine,” and he declaredThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 iLL 3» Chap, IIT hey RECA, TInt 5 MSBy Coops SE SECURITY INFORS. HOM! e that the program was producing "a fine type of officer well schooled im essential militery characteristics and requirenents,*”? ‘The jurisdictional conflict waa revived by the trenendous ox= pansion progran begun in Novenber 1942 and the concomitant establishment of the Univeraity Meteorological Gomnittes in Chicago. It wes vaguely understood that the UMC, besides conducting recruiting, was to exert sone sort of supervisory control over ths academic prograa, This situation made certein high Technical Training Command officials resentful, a civilian adviser to the Director of Heather leamed while vistting TTC headquarters in January 1943. To him, Brig. Gen. Clinton W, Howard criticized the fact that acadenic authority was exorted frou Chicago, which he felt was too far away from MC's headquarters ab Southern Pines, N, 0, Maj. Gen, Walter R. Weaver, commanding gonoral of the TC, complained of "the attitude of the Director of Weather," "the present low quality of woather forecasting in the Air Forces," "the comissioning of moteorologists,” and "any external control over any course under his conmana,*4? Like dissatisfaction suzged up elsewhere," At AMF Headquarters the Directorate of Meathor pointed out that At was charged with the establishnent of training prograns; this responsibility implied that it must inspect training facilities and check the quality of training, You under present organization the directorate eculd communicate with tho ecumanding officers at the detcohnente only through channels: the Directorate of esther to the Director of Individual reining to tho commanding generel of the TIC to the comanding gencral of the district, ‘TPC to the detachnent commander. At TEC headquarters Lt. Gol. Janes F, Thompson, Jr., the assistant G-3, was officially in charge of tes meteorology progrens but, knowing little of their background, he we / THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 fiolwwiED assess, owettr SECURE Y PFGE TION = wont slowly in miking decisions. At Chicago although the UMC ws un~ cortain of its emot status, it proceeded to act on the assumption ‘that 4 pot 4 academic control over the program and war responsible only to the weather directorat Sono of the university officials, quite axturally confused over the delegation of authority, addressed questions directly to the weather directorate, but that office declined ‘to reply on the ground thet it did nct have the authority to do #0.*#2 The situation mas finally clarified by « conference held on 5 February 1945 between ropresontatives of the woather directorate and ‘the Technical Training Commnd, The agreement which wes reached reduced. considerably the influence over the cadet meteorology program exercised ‘by the UE, and to soxe degree tho influence of the Directorate of Weathers Horoatter supervision of the program was to be carried out strictly through military chamels, All prograns and program modifications ‘wore to be approved by the Director of Individuel Training acting in ‘the name of the Comanding General, AAP. The channel to be followed wast Commanding General, AMF to commanding gereral, TTC to comanding general, district TC to commnding officers of the detachmrte, From now on the UAE ms to act in an advisory capecity only--on training programs to the commending general. of TE6, oa meteorological research and tectmique to the Directorate of Weather.** the Ue ms invited, however, to mintain a continuing study of the curricala So w at the five ‘¥—“hother Tnportant factor contributing to the dissatisfaction arose out of the problems of supcrvision and adninistration of the two pre= meteorology prograns which were getting under my about this tine. For & Giscussion of this mtter, see Chap. IV. pers. Rea std THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESthivicu SECURITY INFORMATION universities and the 4éF Weather Training Center at Grand Rapids, ‘ARS=56, Chap, III ‘Tes recommendetions would be passed on to the Directorate of Teather which, if it approved, would pass then on through military channels tor compliance.” At least one distinguished menber of the THC was none too happy about this resolution of the jurisdictional question, On 18 april 1943 De, Rossby complained to Dr, Edward Bowles, special assistant to the Secretary of War, that this 4s to my knowledge the only country in this World far or in the previous forld 4ar in which tho outstanding leaders in professional meteorology are used merely for basic training purposes at the universities while policy forming and technical. utilization of meteorology is left in the hands of people who have at the most eight months of basic course in mateorology, which certainly is not sufficient to mske a man a professional meteorologist. Dr. Rossby pointed out that the staffs of the two offices which now controlled the meteorology training programesth weather unit of 40/4S OGaR and tho weather section of AG/IS Training=-had between ‘them e maximim of four officers who could be described as professional meteorologists, Dr, Rossby wrote at length to emphasize how difficult ‘the coordination of meteorological training had been because of the reorganization of the AAP in tho spring of 1943. This had split ‘the functions performed by the Directorate of Heather among three ‘organizations the Teather Wing of the Flight Control Command, with hoadguarters at Ashoville, N.C., in change of ficld servico; the Hoather Information Service, part of the Air Staff at Tashingtony end ‘the Technical Training Conmand at Southern Pines, N.C., in charge of training. To illustrate how “inadequate” this organisation was, ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW E012958 KESTAIGTED SECUATY haree e he cited an experience of the UMC, Two weeks before, to meet AHS=56, Chap, TIT 8 *logitinate criticions™ thet had been xade of the cadé:course, the ‘UC bad requested AC/AS Training to prepare a set of charts containing observ: tional material to be used in teaching tropical meteorology. ‘Thirteen deys later he learned that nothing had been done, end it was ‘then too late to give the desired training to the present class befors graduation, + As tine went on, a measure of the antagonism betnoen the univeral ty comittee and sono of the AF authorities disappeared. Colonel Thompson ‘transferred his office fron Southern Pines to Chicego in the late spring of 19/3, permitting closer coordination between the TIC and the wio./? Feltowing the assumption of the T1G's functions by the LAF ‘Training Commend, Maj, B, L. Wiggin, formerly of the AC/AS Training office and like Colonel Thompson. a trained weather officer,was placed in charge of meteorological training matters at Fort Worth, headquarters of the Training Command, Mejor Wiggin's "understanding of the progran™ was, in Dr, Roesby's words, "of great sid to the conmi tec"! hh determining the length and content of the meteorology course, tho university officials and the AéF officers got along amicably. Most problems of this type were ironed out et frequent meetings of the UM, to which all five universities and the AMF technical school sent representatives, and between meetings, Dr. Rossby, chairman of the U0 executive subcomittoe, kept in close touch with the AAP officials!” Rength aud Content of the Course During the autumn of 1942, when the need for additional weather e officers was so acute, the Directorate of Weather concluded that the Deen ing ACOTRIC THIS PAGE DeclassiThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 AWS=56, Chap, IIT SECURITY TeFOR ON Length of the cadet course cught to be reduced from nine months to seven, The UMO in the person of Dr. Rosoby resisted "rather strongly,"48 He urged adoption of a course 33 weeks in length, divided into three tems of 11 weeks each, with a week's recess betneen termse-an idea suggested by the AAF representatives on the UNC.!? Each of the universities and the AKF technical school were invited to submit to ‘the Directorate of Weathor a course outline to fit this tine ao that instruction might beceme more nearly standardised, None of tho subaltted by the universities seened satisfactory to/directorate, ale ‘though it did approve of the one dram up by Oclozel Maleal, Director of Training at Grand Rapides” As ultimately worked out, during the 33 weeks of the meteorology course, cadets at the universities spent an averege of six hours a Gay attending clesses end four in supervised study bell throughout a six-day weck, bout two hours wore spent in leboratory and field work for eech hour of lecture, Sone Isboratory tine each weck was devoted ‘to discussion, usually anong groups at 30 to 40 students, of work currently being presented in the lectures, An examination covering sl subjects was given weekly, end fine] examinations were given in each course. Aftor the estebListnent of AF dotachnonts at tho universities, classes on militery subjects, drills, etc, were held in the period deteen the cadet's arrival at the university and the start of acadenic classes, during whatever free tine the cadets had while the meteorology course wes under way, end in sone instances during recess weeks,°! Tho routine followed at the AF technics) school was slightly differents ‘there, cadets were engaged in classroom work seven hours a dey, six days ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ROStier=v 4ii8-56, Chap. IIT abn . nine i" SECA i cid a week, ond took dn addition military end physloal training for an hour end a belf each dey and a compulsory, supervised etuay period 2-1/4 hours each day.5* ‘In the latter part of 1943 cadets were sent to Cadet Basic Training Center No, 1, BocaRaton, Fla. for a short basic military training course, permitting them to concontrete on motoorclogy once thoy had arrived at the universities,” The curriculun used at the universities was in essence @ nodificaticn of the meteorological course developed et M.I.T. over a period of 15 years,” erly in 1944, the Training Comend, following its usual practice, issued a memorandum listing the principal features of the course a5 it was given at that tine,* fhen a draft of this docunent vas sutnitted to the TAO for spproval, Dr. Horace R, Byers, acting chairman, expressed the hope that its issuance @id not mean the "freezing" of the curriculum, Stendardization had ecconplished mich good, he agreed, but since moteorology was still a young and repidly developing science, 4t was importent that the AAF xenain ever ready to modify Sts meteorology training to keep step with it.”” Mode] eather Stations and *Prectica]" Training Dr, Byers! words were a warning ageinst what night happen rather ‘than a criticism of anything that had occurred, As a matter of fact, during its entire history the cadet meteorology course was constantly deing edepted to mest the advances of the science, and particularly to respond to the requirements and exporience of the weather service in * See Appendix Fy ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW E012958 RESTRIETED aHS-56, Chop, OT, — aL olvenlia Gat e fighting the wer, Barly in 1943, at the time the UMC was making an attempt to standardize the curriculum, Col, H. H. Bassett, Acting Director of feather, gathere’ from inspection reports and reports from the field a number of criticieus of university-treined weather officers. These fell into two mein groupst lack of scientific knowledge end of ‘the qualities necessary for a technical officer. Few officers, it ‘was charged, were cepsble of analyzing and forecesting upper-air flow and other problens peculier to the tropics, or had an adequate knowledge of general problems of the weather observer. Moreover, many officers Jacked a "scientific curiosity end professional pride* as well as arive and enthusiesm"; they lacked the ability to meke a sound anelysis and forecest on the basis of all the date avetleble, without over- emphasizing sone factors at the expense of others; they lacked the ability to give their forecasts orally--to "talk" weather tos pilot so that he could understend 1ts and too many officers knew too little about the adninistrative duties of a woathor officer, copecially the proper way ‘to £411 ont weather service forms and records, aircraft clearance forms, etc, "It is desired to emphasize," Colonel Bassett concluded in formarding ‘these critictons to the UMC, "that the grest need at the present time is for a well-rounded weether officer who can run 4 weather station and turn cout a good preetical operating forecast under almost any condition." One step taken by AAF Headquarters to corcot this tion wes the Ancorporation into the cadet curriculum of @ course in weather station operation and adninistretion, &C/AS Training recommended that it be slotted 30 hours, distributed smcng the background and orgenizaticn of the weather service in the U.S, (4 hours), weather station administration TCD, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION and operation (20 hours), and duties of a weather officer (6 hours).°7 AHS~56, Chap, IIT The untversity officials conpleined that they were unable to give such a course properly becauso they did not have the necessary in= otrumentel equipment ond because their inotructicnal otaffo lackod wecther-stetion experience. In this eircunstence, Colonel ldleal suggested that At might bo better to drop tho course fron the curriculum at the universities end offer it as « postgraduate course at sone contval point Like Grend Rapids, Such a procedure, he recalled, had been contenpleted when plens wore oniginally drawn up for weather training ond replecerent conter at Grend Rapids, Lt, Col. Nicholas B. Chavasse of AF Headquarters replied that the need for officers was so great that "ne must visualize officers going directly fron training to the field"; there was not time for intermship--not even a neck. The solution, he declered, lay in the esteblishnent of model weather stations at the universities, ™ The dace of a model weethor etetion—-whore cadote might opond a certain period performing routine operetions to lem how to apply the theoreticel Imowledge they were acquiring through their course worke= had been bruited ebout in weather service circles for some mentins,*? When the suggestion wes first broscked late in 19/2, It, Gol. 7. Os Senter, Chief of the Operations Division, fromed upon it beotuse sufficient personnel end equipment were not eveileble, A standard weather station, he declared, would require 100 enlisted men end officers, besides certain teletype machines which had in Decenber 194] been declared in short supply. The use of model stations, Colonel Senter rai " THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Re srrorcd tesvsey cmap TE SECURITY LiSFORMATION = @ added, was not desirable unless the stations resembled regular weather stations in every respects? One of Colonel Senter's objections was promptly challenged by another officer within the wosther Gireotorate, Lt.Col, #, B, Neal, executive of the directorate, held that 100 enlisted men and officers were rot necessary for a satisfactory model weather stetions the weather officer instructors nomely assigned to the teaching staff of ‘the university plus one enlisted weather observer wsresufficient for a permanent detail, Actuel manning of the ststion could be performed ‘by the caets themselves, Eleboreting this plan further, Colonel Weal poizted out that the eadots might spond sone part of ch day. in the steticn throughout the length of the course, and by using aifferent shifts of students, "naps end charts could be plotted and drawn, ond kourly end synoptic cbservetions continued throughout the day." Antioineting an objection-vthe difficulties in safeguarding the weather information used in the operation of the stetion~Colonel Heal stated that security could be made the responsibility of the weather officer instructors and enlicted men, Late in Decerber 1942 the Director of Weather decided thet model stations shocld be set up at each of the universities, To scconplish this, priorities for equipnent and supplies were to be obtained by the Equipment Diviclon, Instruction in the station was to be given throughout the course, nob Just at the end; Bralning Manuel. 1-235 and MAF Regulation 105-8 wore to be used os teaching aides and Yadequate inotructiion" wes to be given in map-plotting. As fer as possible, aks nro rc ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 SREY ohne, Instructors detailed to the station were to be officers who had hed at least a month or two of experience at an AaF weather station, Fo teach the use of teletypes, tapes which had already been used for record purposes by AAF stations seven or more deys before were to ‘be run through dummy trenomitter, After the weather dizectorate Anoued a number of orders in January 1943 to put tte propren into effect,” sonething occurred which prevented then from being carried out. Possibly it wes the reorgenization of the westher service during the spring of 1943, bringing « further division of authority for weather training, which was resyonsible, At any rete, by Merch 1943 not a single model station hed been established, Once officers of AC/aS Training, which had newly becone charged with responsibility for supervision of weether training, becere acquainted with the problens of the meteorology course, they joined the fight for model stations. To win the approval of the varicus other now AMF Hoadquartore divisions they had to cover again much the sene ground and meet anew the same old objections, They assured AC/AS MAD that in a model station only one=third of the persommel of « regular wecthor station would be requized,”? and they had to wotk oub ar rengenents with the Yeether Wing and other divisions for the procurement of tho necessexy cquipnent and the maintenance of security precautions, As result of their efforts, model stations were installed et the U, of Chicago end N.Y.U. in the summer of 1943, and at the other eivilien institutions during the following autum, Originelly it was expected that radiosonde as well as standard station equipnent would be installed, vee FOO) THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 _This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 mis-56, Rho iin) . 1 Chap, TIT a . . "SECURITY INFORE t ‘but @ shortage of the former necessiteted the dropy of ‘ of the plen, Each station occupied « minimun of 1,000 square feet of space divided into three roomst a displey room, an analysis room, and en office, The security problen wes solved by having the station considered a regular installetion and operation of the Weather Wing of ‘tho Flight Comtiol Command with the officer instructors and enlisted men responsible for the safguardirg of infornation,O4 4 certain amount of Leonay wes allowed each university in asking use of its nodel station. AtN.Y.Us, for example, the station operated on three six-hour shifts each dey, with each cadet spending three six- hour days in the station and having an interval of about two weeks b ‘treen cach visit; he was excused from as many hours of clacs work an he spent in tho weather station. Each group assigned to the station wes divided into tro sections, one acting as forecasters, the other 88 observers, (Wo plotting wes done.) At the end of the shift the group as a whole participated in a discussion of the day's activities, ed by the weather officer on duty. Approximately the sexe system wos enployed at UI.T., although thore sone attention aas devoted to ‘the problens of plotting, At U.0L.4, cadets spent four days in the station, working their way through a routine that called for then to act as observers on the firet dey and forecasters on the lasts? at, ‘the AAF technical. school, the curriculum provided for 108 hours of instruction "in basic weather observer subjects and atction procedures.” AAthough tho Grond Rapids euthorities considered the model-reather-station project an impractical wey of teaching station administration and THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 procedures, they believed the instruction they geve "nore nearly satisfied the requirenent for practical training than any other method adopted." This wes possible because they hed available the equipment necessery in order to teach their enlisted observers course, equipuent which the universitics lackes,& Tt soon becane generally appreciated thet no matter how efficiently a model weether otebion wee operated not encugh tine could be spered fron a 33-wook ccurce to give a cadet adequate precticel exporience in the probllens he would face in the field, In June 1943 when the Gonand for additional weather officers begen to abate, the WUC appointed a subcommittee to impress AAF Headquarters with the desirability of adding a fourth -week term to the course, to be devoted to practical application of thr theoretical aspects of meteorology. Presunebly most of this training would be accomplished in model stations.©7 the plea wes joined im by the esther Wing and the Training Command, In urging the suthorization of four querters, the Treining Command pointed ‘out thet the aGditional period would enible the schools to teach stuéents how to use the "basin neteriale” they had Jeamed during the first three terms, and to present new reference materials as well as ‘the lotest theories ond methods net yet available to the service in ‘the field. Unfortimstely, about this tine AG/AS Training hed adopted ‘the general policy that the length of no ARF technical course was to bo extended, and 4 refused to make an exception in this instance, ”® There were subsequent appeals from this decision, One came from the commending officer of the training detachnent at U.C.This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 WEG AIS@56, Chap, IIT tt ‘ 87 SECURITY [i{PORMATION e ‘thet he had been told by regional weather officers and weather officers attending the U.C,L,4, course that en officer in charge of a weather station devoted approximately half of his time to adninistrative duties. Yet, the detachment comender continued, cadets at U,C.D,4, and 6.1.7, got only a little such treining, end ‘that during their free time~-which was "bad for their morale," But AG/AS Training renained adamant, "Deficiencies should be corrected by dnretetion training prior to shipment oversees,*°? Specislization ip Ineining A perennial problen in the administration of the course was the determinetion of how mch specialized instruction should be given, Bvor since 4t established ite metecrclogy course the U, of Chicago hed elanted its instruction to give particular emphasis to tropical neteorclogy. Dr. Rossby of the UNO nae emxious that specialization be practiced at other universities, with sone overall plarning "to balance the needs of these specialized projects ageinat ech other.*7° Apparently sone need Zor specialisation was also felt in the field, for fa mumber of tho reports gathered by the Directorate of feather late in 1042 spoke of the Lack of ability enong officers in analyzing and forecasting upper air flow and other problens peculiar to the tropics.*71 No action to extend specielized instruction was taken until the sunmer of 19/3, when the Weather Wing request AG/AS Training to srrange for a speciel course in the weather of particular regions to be given on shipboard to weather pergonnol en route to that region, &C/AS Training THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED We SSy Gee ESECURITY 700 not only made arrangements for this kind of course but, impressed with ‘the nesd for greater specialiation, directed that as mch as half of ‘the Inboratory time devoted to synoptic meteorology at the universities ‘be spent on the study of weather problems ina particular area. In attempting to carry out the order, two principel difficulties were ene countereds (1) it was necessary to have in advance sons notion as to what proportion of onch olasa was to be assigned to each area upon graduations and (2) 1t ms necessary to provide ssourity for the distri ‘ution of weather information sbout particular areas, The latter problem ‘wes reduced sonewhat by the agreement of AC/AS Intelligence thet such data might be released if not too detailed and specific.’® although no syston of predsteruining the ultimte destination of cadets ms over worked out to solve the former problem, the universities, encouraged by the Weathor Wing, tended to direct their attention to particular geographic areas during laboratory periods. ‘The trend toward specialisation ms halted abruptly as the result of a conference of weather officors at Weather Wing headquarters in Octobor 1945, Thoy mintained that the groat need of the woather service ws for nen who were “woll-grounded in basic imowledge applicable to ‘the entire world." It would be woll, they ‘thought, if the universities Aroppod entirely thoir discussions of the problems of a particular area; if a neod for more specialised training developed, it might be given to neteorology graduates in a special course conducted im the particular theater or at some specialized achool auch aa the Institute of Tropicel Meteorology in Puerto Rico.”® This decision, which was promptly passed on to the university officials, brought somo protest, Drs Rossby pointed out thet it was difficult to mie a mn a specialist in the weather RESTS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 wws-5s, om RESIICAED « SECURITY INFORMATION protilens of the entire world within 33 weeks, but he might leam a great deal about one particular aree within thet tines” Hie pro- ‘test, horever, fell on deaf ears, One other type of specialized instruction was introduced into ‘the cedet course briefly during the summer of 1943 in response to a request from the Chemical Warfare Service for approximately 125 metecrology-trained officers, Names of cadets then taking the course at M.I.T., N.X.U, U, of Ghicago, and Grand Rapids wore sorted to find holders of bechelor's and master's degrees in chemistry, Those con~ sidered best qualified were excused from the classes In theoretical meteorology so that they might attend lectures dealing with chemical warfare problens, At M.I.7., for exanple, the men substituted study of the turbulenes of the ground layer for the lectures on Longerange forecasting, end at Grand Repids lectures on turbulence and diffusion ‘and the use of chemical agents replaced ths regular course material on eingle-station anelyaie,”? Tngimuctors ‘The procureaent, training, end utilisation of instractors in the meteorology course presented othcr difficulties, some peculiar to this field of AMF training, When the training of cadets started at the five universities in 1940, the problem was practically nonexistent: teaching was done by the regular civilian instructors of the institutions; supervisory work and lectures were conducted by some of the foremost: neteorologists in the worlds and Inboratory work ond some classes wore put in the charge of promising recent groduates of the course, As theThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Reser AHS-56, Chap. IIT SEGuRAY ANTORAAHON 90 ‘training program expanded--and particularly after the size and munber of classes were grontly increased at the start of 1043--neny new in- structors had to be obtained: tho mijority of these wore civilian ‘enployees fron the Woather Burean, and others wore woather officers who had been graduated from a meteorology course. In addition, it Decame the practice to retain a few of the highest ranking students in each class to acsist, as comuissioned officers, in teaching succeeding classes, From tine to tino direct commissions in the Air Corps were granted to civilian instructors, who were then detailed to teaching duties at one of the universities, When the AAF school was established at Grand Rapids, the type and caliber of civilian and officer instructors employed were the sams as at the universities-«men who bad formerly ‘beon on the teaching staffs of M.1.T., N.¥ede, Us of Chicago, TiC slehey and 0.1.2., former Weather Bureau men, experienced weather officers, and recent graduates of the course at other schools. In every oa: Junior instructors had completed a course on the level of tha cadet course itself, while senior instructors had doa oonsiderble advanced work in neteorology."® With the few men qualified to be instructors in demand by so many different agencies, the mintenance of a satisfactory rbio bow ‘eroen instructors and students booane a real problem, The experience of BYU, ds charactoriatio in this respect. At the outset « ratio of about 1 instructor for ouch 20 students wis ecnsidered desirable, and the miversity authorities thought they wore doing well if they could mintain that in the face of the growing size of the classes,™ “Wastances are kmom whore lectures were given at W.Y.U. and Chicago to classes of over 750, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 \ RESTO LED. SECURITY INFORMATION later, however, the sitution got gradually better: 1 to 14 in July Ag8-56, Chap. IIT 9. 1948, 1 to 11 in October 1048, 1 to 6 in March 1944, and 1 to 8 in Mey 1044.77 The sano general situation obtained at the AP technical sohoo|sena ratio of 1 to 20 while the course ms conducted at Grand Raplda, of 1 to 12.1 while at Chanute late in 1943 and early 1948.78 These figures are a Little uisleading, however, for the ratio varied greatly between lecture and laboratory work: at tho University of Chicago, for omumple, a single professor, assisted by 1 or 2 assistants, might give lectures to © class of 150 or larger; in laboratory sessions, 2 or 5 instructors would teach 50 to 60 students; and field and obsor- ‘yetdon work would be carried on in groups of 6 students.’9 Officers in the field sometimes complained that the universiti wore akiming off the “erean™ of their graduating classes to auguoat their teaching staffs, Thin ms aduitted by the universities, thelr contention being tint 4 ms important that the cadets have tho benofit of instruction by the ablect young mon in the service. hoy pointed out that sone of the well-qualified young mon in the field ought to be sont back to the institutions from Lime to time to replace tho without field experience, This wes done, however, only ina féw ine stances.°° The officers detailed to the universities bad thir grievmoe aswell: although as a group they wore regarded as the “orcan" of the service, promotions for thea came mich moro slowly than they did for ‘thoi colleagues on service in the field, The UM pleaded the cause of the young instructors with the Wosther Wing, and during the latter part of 1943 promotion policy was adopted which ms generally con sidered more equitable. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AuS56 Chap TIT tenes 2 Despite the apparent mutual disconfiture on the part of field and university officers, it was still generally agred that a weather officer was a more offective instructor if he had had experience in weather-station operation in the fisld. To give regularly assigned officer instructore the opportunity to cbtain sone field expertenca, the UC in Narch 19h ‘troacked a plan whereby two "relief" officers would be allotted each university so that cach institution could always have tro of its instructors detatted to tronncath tours of duty in tho Sold.” Personel was 0 scarce ab this time, however, that the plan could not be adopted. To nect increasing complaints fron instructors that they were getting out of touch with the new dovelopnents in fisld opwration more and nore officer instructors were assigned to brief periods of tenporary duty in the field, usually during the intermission periods botmeon the terms of the course.” To help standardize the instruction and to give each institution ‘the benefit of the others! toaching techniques and research accomplishments, instructors—-civilian as well as officor—were soustimos exchanged anong the schools. It was generally agreed that this cractice proved advantageous to instructors, students, and the weather service caskes vata tie kind of cooperation and mitual respect the cadet metecrology course functioned satisfactorily for all concerned, untdl its official denise on 16 Novesber Jol. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958+ reactant 3 SECURITY [RFORAT TION FRELMTFOROLOSY EAN A study made in Novesber 1942 by Col. Don Z. Zimerman, AA Dircetor of each r, cstinated that aporoximtely 5,000 weather officers would be nocdoa by Jamvary 1944, 10,000 by carly 1045, There did not appear to be enough young zon in tho United Statcs outedde of the cervices with educatioml queliticeblons necessary for the cadet meteorolory course to mest this quota. It was undesirable thit the standards for woathcr officers be lowered, Colonel Zimerman held; therefore it would be necessary to lower the educctional proroquis.tes and lengthen the poriod of troining. Inaemuch as tho five universities alroady had their bands full teaching the cadeb program, consideration was ¢iven to the dea of engaging tho facilities of other colleges end universities to tive pronoteorclogy troining- %* Tate in Jenuexy the Wer Dopartuent slightly relexed its restriction on publicity. (Ltr., Dir, of Jee, to Hon, &. T, Treadway, 15 Mar. 193, in AAG 353, Meteorology Training #2.) THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED few Gore SECURITY INFORMATION e@ In those weya more than 80,000 applications for the "A," "B," and "0" programs wore received and screened by the UMC during tho approximately 10,000 wore ascopted, end ‘by early lhreh the procurement drive was closed.!® From this pool the winter of 1942-45, Of thes AAF made assignments to the "A," "B," and "Cc" courses during the months which followed, The caliber of the students ‘tims obtained was very highs in six typical institutions the General Classification Test soores of ‘tho "B" students averaged 152, those of the "6" students 126, and some college authorities later reported thet their preneteorological students wore “of considerably higher intelloctual level than norm] college students?” Curricula i More standardized curricula wore used for tho prenoteorology courses ‘than for the oadet courses The responsibility of drawing then up ms assigned to tho UH, with suporrision exercised by the weather directorate, bub considersble mumber of persous contributed to the actus] works Dre Walter Bartky drow up tentative outlines and visited nusbor of eastera ead midwestern "s" and "0" colleges to obtain advice; faculty nexbers of the "A" universities offered suggestions on thé basis of their ex perience; and conferences of representatives from "BY and "c* schools ‘ wore hald in Jamary and March 1945 at the U, of Chicago and MiI.te respectively, Dut the largest share of responsibility for the progren was placed in tho bands of the following special permnent subcomittes with headquarters in the TM's offices in Chicago: THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 (00-56, Ober. RESTRICTED 10» sec REY, IMrgpaeeciqn Professor W. 1, Hats Sokveze: Jey isota > ehadrnan Professor John’ I. 3. Sokolnikott, University of Tiscnsin, nathenatics Professor Williem T, Reid, Uriversity of Chicago, mathematics Professor Michael Ference, University of Chicago, physics Professor Samuel N. Dicken, University of Minnesota, geography Professor T, Morrison, Harvard University, Enrlish Mr, Bernard De Voto, history Resides drewing un the final curricula, this comttes was to perform ‘three functionst (2) make any changes in the course of study which becane necessary after the proprem got into operation} (2) prepare uniform quizzes and examinations to be given in all colleges; and (3) determine broad policies for dropping students from the course, Tt was emphasized to the college authorities, however, that the course outLines necd not be folloned slavishty.!8 ‘The progrem ultimately edopted for the "B¥ course called for 26 Weeks of study divided into tro terms, the first 15 weeks in length, the second 11 weeks, Botwoon the two terms students had a ono-wock vacation from classes, during which sone were required to take military training, Of the 26 weeks alloned for the course, only about 22 were actually do= voted to study, the balance being concuned by oxaninations, deleys, ote, Like all. AMF training in wartino, tho course was conducted on a 6-day week, an averare of 8-1/6 hours a dey being devoted to acadente work ‘and approximately 1+1/2 hours a dey to military drill and physical training, Of the 49 hours weekly devoted to academic vork, approxinately 25 per cent wae spent on lectures, 25 per cent on recitations and quizzes, 5 per cent on lsboretory work, 35 per cent on supervised study, and 10 yer cent on "free study." Bach college wes expected to give its om quizzes and ‘ereminations on each course in addition to the standerd WUC examinations, RESTS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESHRIETED tees ome rouRITY INFORMATION = Briefly, the subjects covered in the "B" course were, on a weekly basis, msthematics (three hours of lecture, four hours of recitation or quiz), mechanics and vector analysis (three hours of lecture, four hours of Jeboratory work), geography (three hours of lecture), and English (three hours of recitation) 7? Tn general, the pattern of the "6" course resenbled thet of the BK course, Becetse it was intended for high school graduates, however, rathor then men who had had year or two of college, it ren twice as Jong; the first half of the course wes pitched on a more elementary level, while the second helf was on the sene level as the "5" course, The "C* course ran 48 weeks, divided into 4 equal terms, Betnoen each term there wes an intermission of one weck; during two of these weeks students took military training, while they were grented a furlough during the third week, The munber of hours spent on academic work and nilitery training corresponded to that of the "5" program, as did the Proportion of tine allotted to lectures, recitations, exeminations, quizzes, supervised study periods, end free study periods. In this course, too, the colleges gave frequent quizzes end exeminations, while standard UMC oxaninations re given oneo « torm in each course, The subjects covered in the "C* course and the time allotted per week to each were (1) mathematics, including college algebra, trigononetry, analytic geonetry, differential and integrel caluulus, differential oguations, and advanced caloulus (three hours of lecture, three hours of recitation); (2) vector analysis and mechanics, including dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, vector algebra and vector calculus, line and surface integrals, the del operator, the diverrence theoren, andThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHLU SECURITY INFORMATION Stoke's theorem to provide a background for dynamic meteorology (thre hours of lecture, two hours of recitation); (3) physics, including 02 AHS-56, Chap. TV nechenica, heat end thernodynanies, wave notion, sound, light, magnetism, and clectricity, with emphasis on the application of the baste principles to meteorology (two hours of lecture, two hours of quiezes and discussion, ‘two hours of letoratory); (4) geography, including maps, lend forms, elenents of climate, clinatic types, land masses of the world, location and interrelationship of world patterns of relief, drainage, and Lines of communicstion (two hours of lecture, one hour of recitation); and (5) English and history, including conposition, thene writing, lectures, @isousoion, and study periods (soven hours),”° Ab the lest minute three main difficulties were encountered in getbing ‘the premetecrology progran under way by the scheduled tine=-1 February 1945 for the "C" colleges, 1 March for the "2" colleges. One was the problem of processing men entering directly from civilian life: draft boards were finding At éi£ficult to understand how "voluntary induction™ was to be accomplished and operated slowly, Qn ¢ Jenuary when 1,692 ctvilians had been accepted for the "B¥ course, only 40 had actually been inducted into the Amy, and of the 1,346 civilians accepted for the "G" course, only 215 had been inducted, The second cause for delay was the difficulty experienced by the Technical Training Connand in establishing now adninistrative detachments at 22 colleges. Many of the institutions were far reuoveé fron Army establichnente, centers of population, and even adequate transportation facilities, creating special problems for detachnent commanders and their staffs. Finally, a number of colleges ProTRIG LL, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRED SECURITY INFORMATION found that the conversicn of their dornitories into berrecks, and ‘the orgenization of teaching steffs to handle the courses, required more tine than they had anticipeted. The consequence was thet it be= 103 AES~56, Chap, IV cone necessary to move beck the starting date of the first cless in each of the courges tno wocks, As arrangements were finelly completed, 12 colleges started giving ‘the "0" course on 15 February,* while on 15 March 4 additionel institutions began giving the "0" courset and 6 colleges and universities begen giving ‘the "B* course,++ Three of there universities were engeged in two weather- ‘training progrens at once--4.Y.U, and M,I,T, giving both the "4" and "B* courses, the U, of Ghicego giving both the "4" and *O* courses.” The Conflict over Adpinistretive Control ‘The conflict over control of the "4" course ahich raged during late 1942 * sherst College, Ankerst, Mess., 242 students; Bondoin College, Bronewick, Maine, 2223 Carleton Oollege, Northfield, Minn., 2153 Denison University, Grenville, Obic, 2143 Hamilton College, Clinton, ¥.Y., 24, Haverford College, Heverfors, Pa., 2293 Kenyon College, Gambier, Onto, 253; Ponona College, Ponona, Golif,, 259; Reed College, Portland, Oreg., 258; University of Ghicago, I11.,'226; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Ve., 2225 and Vanderbilt University, hachville, Penn, 257. + State University of Jone, Jona City, 213 stucentss University of California at Berkeley, 315; University of Hinesota, Minneapolis, 2943 and Washington University, St, Louis, Mo, 262. ++ Brom University, Providence, R.J., 199 student; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge ,242; Nem York University, New York Gity, 242; University of Michigan, ann Arbor, 357; University of North Garoline, Chepel Hill, 2435 and University of vdsconsin, Madison, 333. itr D THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REST WICTED sess, mee SECURITY INFORMATION m and oarly 1043+ was closely paralloled in the caso of tho "B" and "o" courses, If anything, the struggle was more complicated in the case of the prensteorology courses, for it involved not only the Die roctorate of Weathor, the Technical Training Commend, and tho UZ, but & subcommittee of tho UM? as a fourth party, The subcomittes, of which the most active mesber was Dr. W. L. Bart of the U. of Minnesota, came ‘to believe that the problems of teaching on en undergraduate lovol wore not sufficiently understood by the university mon of the U0, of whom Drs Rossby ws the most outspoken. Drs Rossby had entertained doubte 5 to the soundness of the "0" project from the outset, and his misgivings continued after the premetecrology courses got under my, “Thoro is « roal danger," he wrote Dr, Edward Bowles, special assistant to the Secre= ‘tary of War, in April 1948, “that these /Premsteorology/ programs, be~ cause of the ebsonce of strong meteorological leadership, my become « football for the benefit of she colleges rather than for the benefit of ‘tho Teather Service." the attitade of cone of the "p" and "o" men ws woll oxprossod by Dr. Carl B. Allendoerfer of Haverford College, serving as a consultant to the AAP, when he wrote: The Band G schools want to work with the Aray, but resent being made appendages of the University of Chicagos The problems of the C schools are not understood by the University mea, and ‘they can not oporate effectively under gush suporvistons +» + Ho ono bas boon willing to look aftor details and mie decisions ex= cort Drs Herta Because he has soon his duty ap} done ib, hie position has been mde untenable by Dr. Rossby," # Boe above, pps 9eld, # Drs Hart resigned as chairman of the subcomittes in February 1945. ne THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958°This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ~RESTRICTLD SECURITY INFORMATION The eritical attitude which sone of the highest ranking TTC officials tock tonard the meteorology progrens applied perticulerly to the "B* AHS-56, Ghap, IV 205 and "O* courses, Brig. Gen. Clinton 7, Howard of the T10 told Dr, Allene doerfer thet ho was orposed (1) to heving any "bunanitice™ in the curriculum; (2) to heving the responsible acadenie authority in Ghicago, s0 far away from TIO hesdquarters; and (3) to training so many weather officers, The objections of Generel. Veever, coemanding general of the TO, were even more exesping! he disliked, anong other things, the "erent Length of the "B" and "O¥ courses, the large number of men to be trained, and any external. control being exeretsed over any course under his comend."# Tho conflict was settled at a conference of officials of the westher @ivectorate end the TC early in Februesy through the dovelopaont of @ formula applying to all. the neteorology prograna, Hereafter in training matters tho JHC was to ect only in an advisory capacity to the comanding general of the Technical Training Goamand, Rev control of the *B* and "OM programs was to be vested in the vonnanding general of the TIC acting through the chain of commend? eomanding jonerel of the dotrict TT's to the comanding officers of the training detachments et the colteges.”? thus the adninistration of the "3" and "O* courses beceme alnost, if not entirely, a militery function, Outside the cleseroon students were completely under militery control; during classes instruction wes twovided and discipline neintained by ofvilian inotructors, Periodically tho studonte wore subjected to examinations prepared by the WG and by * Bee also above, pps 11+ cdromotanevs. a for « similar resobinn in slightly different THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHED AES-56, bape IV 208 SECURITY INFORHAHON jhe local teaching staff. Cases of academic faflure and of chesting on examinations wore reported by the school officials to the detachnext commanders, and in practically all instances such casos wore disposed of as recomended by the school authorities. Indecd, the lack of any serious incidents of friction between the academic and the military suggests that cooperation was close and relations friendly, The same can be said of the relations betwen acsdemic and military authorities on higher echelons. Periodic inspections of all detackments for military and academic purposes were mde by high-ranking officers of the TIC, and at the request of the TIC, representatives of the UM occasionally visited the colleges. But the UM possessed an oven better means of monitoring the work done by the colleges: it could compare the scores mde on its standard exininations by students at the various institutions. Some of the problens which threatened to becom large and trouble Sone when the program was being set up never materials One of these was the modification of the curriculum, Tho original courses of study appear to have been developed so thoughtfully and the degree of latitude allowed the colleges in using then ws so great that no changes became Ammdiately necessary, Furthermore, the life of the pronsteorology pro= grams ms so short thst long before its graduates could be tested by actual operational experience the "B" and "C™* programs belonged to the limbo of forgotten AAP experiments. . Another problem which had threatened to become sorious but never actually did was the retention of competent instructors. At the tim the premoteorology programs wore set up, it ms not difficult to find capeble THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED sess hos Cr OUIRITY INEORAEATION _ e instructors: the droft was making serious inroads into the student ‘bodies of the colleges and universities, leaving their foculties with ‘Light teaching schedules, But it secned likely that some of the ine structors, too, might be caught in the manpower dragnet, In virtually all the few instances where it was necessery, the UMC and the collece concerned succeeded in saving imperiled instructors, but again the preneteorology program war concluded before the problem becene very sorious,?6 REST verey THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SUAITY Liv uawiaTlOW Chapter V LIQUIDATION OF THE MUTBOROLOGY AND FREMBIEOROLCGY PROGRMS During tho spring of 1943 AAP meteorology training maintained a fairly oven kool. There ozisted, it ws gencrelly supposed, a very real need for large numbers of additions) westher officers in stations and tactical organizations throughout the world, but the recrultment: campaign for approximately 10,000 men qualificd for training as weather officers had met signal success, and no more applications were accepted after early March. Approximately 2,750 cadets were pursuing the "A" meteorology course at 5 universities and the AAP school at Grand Rapids; approximately 1,600 students vere toking the "BS" premeteorology course at 6 colleges and universitiess epproxiuately 3,500 students were on= rolled in the "0 notootology course at 16 eclleges.” ‘hen, suddenly, in early May the entire picture changed: at AAF Headquarters OCER issued a revision of Nanning Toble 1-628 which called for the removal of the weather officer from the table of organization of practically all tactical squadrons. In addition, considerable re= duction in the nuuber of weather officers assigned to stations, sections, and squadron headquarters was called for. It was ostinated that by the ond of 1943 approximately 800 fever woathor officers would be needed than iad proviously boon supposed.” Indeed, reports eubooquentiy receded from tho ficld Indleated that even with this reduction, the mumber of weather offieors authorized was well over twice as many as were actually requires.” 108 . RES CTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 kbicred SECURITY INFORMATION The Grastic change in the vecther officer picture caught the AuS-56, Ohap. V training cuthorities unavures, and they spent some tine coneidering mocne by waich it might be corrected. At the mooting of tho UN at Pasedena ecrly in Juno 1943, the types of training to which surplus "BY end "O" students might be diverted was discussed at length, but no definite Cootsions wore reached. At that tine large numbers of recruits earmarked for "0" training were accumlating at base training centers, and as there ceened Little Likelihood that these men woud ever be needed as wouti.er officers, in June AC/AS Training ordered thut they be sereoned, and those vith suitable qualifications bo ontered in tho Leny Specialised Training Progran.” Despite this nove, 6/88 Training still clung to tho belief that the "exigencies of war" night within a yoar or two produce a situation where conchderable numbers of addi— ‘tional weathor officers would be necded, It won ASIP officials over to the idea that, if that occurred, a preneteorology course which would prepare men for the cadet meteorology course might be set up under tho ppocisliced training progran, hs it turned out, however, requirencnts for additional officers did not develop, end tho ASIP vas never called upon to give a prenetecrology course.° During the months of July, August, and September 1943 the increasing conviction thet the surplus of wenther officers vas no figment of on 02a plannerts imagination led AAF training officials to take nore positive steps toward the curtailment of the meteorology progroms. In July AC/Ai ‘Troining directed that no new classes vere to be entered in either the "BY or "C" course, although the classes then undergoing instruction wére She Re THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RES niuTe AHS-56, Chap. 7 = SECURITY INFORMATION ‘to continue through yredustion as scheduled, Once those el:sses had finished, the facilities of the colleges and universities were to bo nado ovatlable to tho ASIP-if it desired then.” Whethor there were ‘to be any additional "A" classes after the graduation of the one then 4n session remained undecided for some time. On 10 September Dr. Rossby, who was now eeting es special consultant to the Office of the Secretary of Wer, proposed to tho Chief of Air Staff that the "A" course be cone ‘timed throughout the winter of 1943-1944. Graduates not needed for auty as weather officers could be assigned to navigation, flight controls pilot, ond communications training, since it ws generally agre:d that ‘a knovledge of meteorology was a desirable background for these types of officers, ‘the Chicf of Air Staff was inclined to approve of the suggestion, ‘bat 40/28 Training protested that it would produce a surplus of 2,350 weather officers—unidce when the mnpover situation wis so eritionl.” AA solution to this problem was found vbich Incorporated one feature of Dr. Rossby's suggestion: spproximately 200 men who had graduated from the MAM course on 6 Soptenbor kere asclgnod to navigator training.” But "Al" training was not to continue indefinitely. On 17 Septenber ¥aj. Gon. Bornoy H. Giles, Chief of Air Staff, approved OC&Rts recommendation ‘that the class of 1,700 "A" etudents entering tho universities on 4} Osteber 1943 be the last. ” Mis meant, of course, that all of the Hot students then in school-and perhaps many of the "BM students as well—coulé not enter tho "A course, that chould be done with them once they hed completed the course thoy wore now taking? Tho epirit 4m vhich the training officisls approached that protien was voll illustrated h THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 oe oThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTAIUTE AHE-56 Chap. ui SECURITY INFORMATION by a remark Colonel Chavasse nade at a UMS conference in late July: ‘tho AAP, ho asserted, "hed promised these boys a comission... ‘hare was a possibility thot not all of them would bo weather officers however, it was up to tho Amy Air Forces to seo that the promise of a comission to these boys was kept 4f it wes physleully possible to do n 50." ‘Toasmich as the "5" classes would graduate before the "C" classes—— one "S" class was scheduled to graduate on 18 September end another on 27 Moveuber-atho disposition of "B" stulents became the first concern of A0/AS Training. This office directed the Technical Training Gormand to conduct a survey of the "BY students to ses how many desired and were physically qualified for appointment as pilot, boubardier, or navigator (aircrew) cadots or as con-unications cadets, ‘Training in commmicetions, it added, would ultinetcly lead to work in the fest wurgetning field of radar, and graduation from the "3" course would constitute the educational qualifications for cadet appointment in any category.” ay early august a complete survey by tho 24 District TIC showed that 10 per cent of its "B" students wore willing te veluntesr and vere physically qualified for some form of cauet training other then meteorology. Although it wes handicapped in its attempt to formate plans by the refusel of AC/AS Persomel to estimate future training requireuonts for westher officers, AO/AS Training notified ‘the treining command on 21 dugust that oll "5" students graduating on 18 Septenber who desired and were qualified for cadet aircrew ‘training would be given it, vbile all the others would be entered in the cidet meteorology course. ft the insistence of General Giles and Sri cd THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATIO Dr. Rossby, it held to this policy in spite of a survey completed by ‘AHS-56, Chap. V ne OER in the middle of September which revealed the existence of e very Lange surplus of weather officers.” This left the problem of disposing of "2" students in the 27 Novenber 1943 class and "0" students in the 12 Februcry, 11 March, and 26 Mey 1944 classes still unsolved. Although "A" meteorology training was now, of course, cut of the question for these men, the possibility of appointing then cafets in aircrew and commmicctions still remained for those who possessed the physics] qualifications, In eddition, a survey revealed other types of tr. ining that would not lead to a commission: courses under the ASIP and verious types of LAF enlisted technical training, including eircraft maintenance, radio, ermanent, and veatner observation. Weather service officers were anxious that men for whom places could not be found as aviation exdets would take the weather observers course, Graduates of the premotecrology course were men of vmasually high intelligences thoy had indlested their interest in noteorology as a profession by their voluntary enlistuent for the progran; and their training in the course gave them the type of back= ground considered desirable for mea in the weather field. Appreciative of the feet tnat the pool or prenetecralogy students was one of the finest in the army, and that the AMF oved certain obligations to tho mon who had boon recruited for it, AAF Headquarters determined thet the assignm ent of the men to other activities be accomplished oa an dndividuel basis with as mich attention paid to the desires of euch man as possible, Accordingly, in late Septenber it directed the Training Comand "immediately" to dispetch a "Neteorclogical Soresning Board!" to the preneteorology colleges to ccreon thoir students for other ALON SCTE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 , _ RESTRICHED ns USECURTY INFORMATION ‘types of training. ' Because time wos considered of the essence, the boerd of officers selected for this duty by the Training Command was divided into two groups,each group to spend several days at approximately 10 detechments. When the board arrived at a detachment, the entire premeteorology class was convened and addressed by one of the board members, who explained in genere]l terms the ressons for the liquidation of the meteorology progrum, stressed the desire of the AAF to deal fairly sth the min, an doserbed the eqportaties nov open to then, As the AHS-56, Chop. greater number vere not expected to be physically qualified for aircrew ‘twelning, he gave special emphasis to the possibilities of communications cadet and weather-observer training es well as ASIP, armment, eirplane meintenanoe, radio operator ond mechanic, end administrative clerk ‘twaining, Following the mocting, oach student vas interviewed individually by one or more of the board meubers, in the course of which tao opportunities open vere discussed as they applied to the man's individuel case. The student then fiTed in and signed a form indicating his first, second, und third choices. Interviewers made notes on the student's soademic achievenont, militery bearing, personality, and qualifications for officer candidacy, uhich were kept in an interview folder patterned rouhly after that ued ct the Sante Ana Cxdot Cleesification Center. Turing the screening, vhich vas completed by carly October, 6,119 men vore tnterviewoas” After the interviewing board had finished its tour, tuo neubérs tock the data it had collected to WH headamrters dn Ghieugo. There a tentetive assignnent wes made for vach student on the basis of his Freferonee, the rating of the screening board, his educstional back- ground before entering the Amy, his rocord in the premeteorology RES Tet THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Res “Si le SEDURITY INFORHCHON cource, and other records on file at UMC headquarters, So concerned AHS-56, Choo. V vas AAP Headgucrters thet tho Gisposttion of the students be made intelligently and fairly thet it insisted thet the recomentations dram up at Cateago bo forvandod to 4 for fine) doctsion. Tnasmich os the gocond and Leet class of "5 otudente was due to graduate on 27 Novenber 1943, while the first oless of "0" students ws not scheduled to graduate until 12 February 1944, the training officiels for the time being concentrctod their attention on the former. Of the 609 "B" graduates, nore than ono half—352-—wore processed as commnica- bons cadets and assigned to classes starting in November and Decenber, ” large mmbers were assigned to westher-cbserver training, and a cone sidoruble mumber-—in sono instances ogalnst thelr vishos—vere assignod to the Aray Speoialined Truining Progran./® By the tine it became necessary to determine the final disposition of the "oY students, AAP Headquarters had grow less concerned about the Mguidation of the ueteorolouy program, and turned it over to the Training Comand to handle on its om. In most cases the Treining Comund eesigned the stadent to his first choles, except in the ease of en who had elected ASIP training, vbich late in March was no longer accepting preneteorology graduates. The Gisposition mado of the 606 graduates of the 12 Merch class may be considered charceteristic: airerew cadet, 266; communications cadet, 2273 weather observer (EM), 75; aircraft mechanic (EM), 203 edreritt amorer (Bi), 103 and redto operatorenechonte (M1), 8.7 Tho last "O" elves, graduating 28 May 1944, presented problems slightly difforont fron those of proceding classes, Late in Hereh quotss for aircrew and communications eedet try ining had becone co completely filed that no more "6" mon could be ecccpted for them. Boro THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 8-56, Onaps V heer siotcu SECURITY [MFORMATION e ‘Tho Training Comcand, therefore, requested permission to send the "oO" greduates to basic training centers and there assign then to flexible gunnery or some form of technical training.” Amxious to mike tue maximum possitle use of its oxellent meteorology material, AAF Headquarters refused permission and ordered the Training Goumand to conduct 2 new survey, following the same procedure that hod beon followed the preceding axtum, This time the traveling board of officers wes to point out to ‘the students tvo new types of treining in the electronics field for which premeteorology graduates wore believed to possess excellent qualifications. One was a 25-weck course in reder, for which @ Imoviledge of tho bcie principles of electricity, olectronics, and redio ws necessery as a prerequisite; the other was a course in direction-finding evaluation which would lead to service with the Army Airways Communications Service. There was still a strong demand for weather observers by the Woathor Wing, so AAP Hocdquartecs urged that tho attractions of on-the-job ‘tweining in this specialty at domestic stations be brought again to the attention of the students.” Fran 25 to 22 April Incluotve a bosrd of officers viaited the colleges still giving "0" treining end followed the seme gonoral intorviowing practices they had six months earlier. As a result of this screening, the following disposition wes made of 753 graduates of the 28 My class: special radar training (EM), 332; oarthenjob weather observer training (2M), 216; direction-finding evaluator course (BM), 177; and conbat crew assignments (2), a.” This account of the Liquidation of the meteorology programs has made the task seen far simpler then it actually was. During the your in whieh training was gradually being curtailed, the AT found itself RESTRIOS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ‘ RESTRIGHED meses er SECURITY INFORRIATION faced with a difficult morale problem, one which affected the general 6 public, tho meteorology students, the instructors, and the administrators of tho institutions giving the courses. During late 1942 and early 1943, vaen the UNG wis condueting its extensive recruitnont compeiga, the general public wes informed throwh ‘the pross,over the redio, and fron the lecture platform that a large and oritical ned for weather officers existed. But by Septenber 1943 neve of the Liguidation of tho program so agiteted students at N.I.U., and the menbers of the civilian public with whon they cuxe into contact, ‘that the public relations office, Headquarters New York Civilian Schools Aven, felt it imperative that sone official ex:lanation of the drastic change of policy be released through tho press. Tho hovdqurters of ‘the Training Conmand told the New York public relatiousoffice to announce "that the assignments were boing changed due to the acute need for cortain other oxtogorice of specialists.” within the next fev days public discussion of tho curtailment reached such proportions that representatives of the Office of the Chief of Staff and the War Departnont Bureau of Public Relations celled upon AC/AS Training for adéitional clorificction, The explanation tho Wor Departuent isoued carly in October omitted the sonevhat disingenuous explanation the ‘reining Conmend had given but gave no clue as to the real factors behind the change. Instead, it stressed the excellent educational background the men had been given ani the variety and atiractiveness cof the opportunities now open to then. The morele problem emong students end instructors existed at "BY colleges which had classes graduating 27 November and at all "Cc"This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AHS-56, Chap. ¥ ny . SECURITY INFORMATION colleges. ‘Tho runcr that the future of the meteorclogy progran had grown dark began to swecp across the campuses of those colleges early in Septonber—-in mony cases spread by students who hed learned from friends enrolled in the 18 Septenber class et "8" colleges that they were boing encouraged to consider talking atrorew training instead of entering the "A" course, In on ofvort to clarify the situstion, mony of the dotachnent officors wrote or telegraphed higher military authority or the Un®. ‘The answer they vere al given was that all *B¥ and "0" classes would continue through to thelr scheduled completion, This vas all that AAF training officials vere certain of at the monent, but it was not the type of response to put the minds of jittery young men at ease. Hard on the heels of the rumor cane the first vieit of the Keteorologiecl Screening Board. Through lectures ond interviews the ‘board officers were eble to reise the morale of most of the men. Sone students, however, inguired whether, if they were accepted as aircrew cadets, they night not imediately drop out of the premetearclogy course and start on the long cadet course of stady. ‘The bourd nenbors had to explain that a policy hed been osteblished sone months earlier for- bidding any premetecrology student from dropping out of the course to begin cadet treining on the grounds that it was necessary thet the weather service "meintain a highly treined suall nucleus of pilot officers." they confesced in a report to becdquarters thet they “—¥Good discussions of the morale problem es it affected typical enoterclogy detaciments are given in the following: Histories, AFI Ber Bb dene 03 Uy Ss Fobe 190%} S03 U, of Herth Caredinn, 46 Fone to 1 Oct, 19435 PID Ucohington U,, St Louis, 7 July to 31 Docs 19433 AFID Kenyon College, 7 Dec. 1942 to 31 Dec. 1943; APID State U. of Iowa, 1 Sept. 1943 to 25 Mer. 1944; APID Denison U., 7 Dec. 1942 to 31 Decs 1943. It 4s principally upon these that this account of the mordle In protien is besed. RESTRIGT=D THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Res thitneD SECURITY INFGRarGe found 1t very difficult to give the young men « logical explanation for this ruling under the changed circumstances. The efforts of the screening bourd officers and the re-lization AHS-56, Chap. V thet all menbers of the 18 September "B" class received assignments to their Liking reestsblished the morale of most of the students left in the colleges. Scme, hovever, never recovered from their disappoint- mont, declering thet they had nothing to look forwerd to now thet their only gosl—-adulssion to the % a weather officer--was gone, Some felt that the course they were studying course and ultimate commissioning as hed now become pointless, end a few deliberately tried to be eliminated. The majority of the detachments reportedeeand the results of the uniform UM examinations beer them out--that the aversge standard of work dropped sharply, nover to recover completely agsin. The fo:ling of some of the students was well illustrated by two sentences written on the black~ Doerd of a classroom at Denison University. One wes: “Days thab will Live in Infeny-7 Decenber 19/1 and 25 Septenber 1943 ZFisit of the sereoning board to Denison/"; the other we: “Remember th:-t you are still non-com materiel? ‘The Screening board reported encountering some non with uifortunate attitudes vatle conducting their interviews, on who "hed no desire to fight," mon who "felt they were an intellectual elite who should bo withheld fron canbat to be valucble after the war," men vho felt "thet they should be given only treihing leading directly to © comission," and sone vho "thoughtof the wer as a golden opportunity to got 2 free education.t”” Tho BP and the UNO took atzemuous dope to conbst such fecling. Mony detachnent comenders held frequent meetings to appeal to their nen Kes inv THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 hLo wiGteD SECURITY INFORMATICH as coldiers, patriotic citizens, ond intelligent young men who should AHS=56, Chap. V ng be eager to make the most of the unusuel educetionel end military opportunities offered then. Dr. Eldon Re Johnson of the U0 conducted @ voluminous correspondence with college and university officials, ‘throwing ee mich Light ae he could on a still confused situation. A conference of militery and school officiels vas held st Chicago late 4n Novasber 1943 under the auspices of the UMC te discuss morale problems and exchenge notion es to ways in which they might be solved, The AAF and UG, for example, diccouraged academfe authorities at some schools who wore tending to neke uodificetions 1m the course, to give it a more general culturcl tone now that it was clear that the course would not necessirily lead to service in the weather field. The offorts of AAP officials to treat all students feirly mde the Liquidation of the meteorology and premsteorclogy prograns a clow process the lest "3" class graduated on 27 Noveubor 19/3, tho last "ol elros on 23 May 19444 Although Lt bad boon expected that the "A" classes graduating in June 1944 would be the last on the cadet level, an unexpected development prevented this fron being the cuse. A number of men who had ‘been eliminated fron the cours? under what thoy protested ae unusual edreunstances prossed for another chance to complete the treining. To gront then this opportunity, the AIP started a specie] class, numbering 32 mon, at Chanute Meld in February 1944. With the graduation of tats group on 18 Hovechsr 1944, tho cadet prosram finally cono to an end.” Tho "A" matecrology course, as given at the five universities and ‘the AAF technical school, received general comsndation from civilian neteorologists and officers of the AIF Weather Service. Ono objective THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTWIEY Misi Gree) SECURITY IBFORMATION ” ‘test of the quality of ite instruction in the highly important field of forecasting was provided in the spring of 19444 It was the practice of tho weather service periodically to give all its forecasters in the continentel United States a uniforn shortercnge forecast-verification test.” Th Febrary 1944 AO/AS Training, at the request of tho OCER Weather Division, directed the "A" schools to give ell their students and Anstructors the sime examination currently boing given weather service forecasters.” ‘The test was given at the six schools between early April and early June 1944, with exch participant being called upon to submit at least three forccusts a weeks Each forecast had five elements: pressure, temperature, ceiling height, visibility, and six-hourly precipitation. The validity of the excmination wos somewhat restricted by the fact that some of the schools=-notably N.Y.U. and M.I.Ts=did not hsve an adequate supply of forms to test all of their persounel. Although three of the schools made a better showing than did the averege field station, probably the most striking result of the experiment was ‘that the school whose stuasats and instructors did best was the AAF school at Chanate,™ Tn addition, the cadet metecrology course given at Grand Rapids is worthy of particuler mention, The samo curriculum was used as in the five civilian universities uiving the course, end a strong faculty of officers sad clviliens, all of them university- trained in meteorology, was employed. In recognition of the quality of ‘the training, the Amerioun Council on Zducetion recommended that students vho were graduated from the Grand Rapids course be given the sume amount of acadenie credit tovards postwar study as was given those completing Soe Below, Ppe 136-37. RESTRiGE H+ ~ THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESTRICTED SECURITY {FORMATION e the course at the five civilien universities, Incidentally, according AHS=56, Chap. V to Colonel Meleal, this wes the grestest amount of acadeuic credit recomended by tho American Council on Education for any course given in a U.S, Amn sohools” In conclusion, the cadet meteorology program proved that « group of eboveraverage students could successfully complete difficult technical courses at high specd if properly screened and trained. A distinguished fuerican educator wao sought to appreiee tho program after its completion, delineated four importsnt respects in which college metecrologicel train Ang differed from nost militery-sponsored programs. First, students were carefully selected on the basis of volunteer application rather ‘than by arbitrary assiganent, and recruitment rested heavily on civilian coabultants, particularly college end university representatives. Second, ‘the curriculum vas gemuinely integrated by means of osreful planning and contdmuous coordination of instructional materiel by faculty comittess at cach college or university concerned, Third, administretion vas unique in thet the academle part of the progran was left exclusively to experienced ecadento persomel. ‘he University Meteorclogics1 Comittes, representing the five civilian institutions offering advanced weather officer training and the Army's own school at Chanute Field, advised on sll meteorological and preneteorological training and ceclt directly with the academic director end instructions] staff at each college or uaiversity.” Fourth, WTt is also indicated, however, that the Aruy throughout had final euthority and responsibility for the program. The military alono céuld determine assignment, transfer, or recleseification of mon, termination of programs, granting of furloughs, aud all other militury questions, some of which had strong bearing on the success of the educational program Bven in these mtters, however, the Army Air Forces willingly weighed sugzestions from the UMC so long us such suggestions related to the educa- eo ‘tional repercussions of military decisions as indic-ted particularly in ‘the estsblishnent of appropriate tines for academic furlough periods. RES ED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AH~56, Chap. V RESTRI to aTINY a2 SECURITY PSORMATION e Gofinite provision was made for moxiaum interchange of ideas and suggestions as the program progressed by moans of national and regional conferences, which included ceademic directors and military detachment commanders, and also by means of seademic visits which strengtiened mutusl understanding between the directing camitiee and the participating agencies.” PISTR: eh THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGI EY os SECURITY WEORMAIICi Ohapter VE TRAINING APTER THE EXPANSION PERIOD By the latter half of 1943 the AAF had built up the world-wide weather organization it belioved necessary to prosecute « successful wr aguinst the Aris, and the muxber of gradustos of weather courses from ‘then on=-thet is from Decouber 1943 to the ond of the war-wme only 6,876." Sone of theas men were trained to provide replacements for the attrition thet characterizes even such « non-barardous assignment as weather service in wrtine, Soxe of them were graduates of long~ established courses operated prinarily on « "tokex" besis so that the eurriculum, equipment, and experienced instructor persomel might be readily evailable.df new requirements for treiming should appear during the wer or after. But the bulk of the training mes distinctly new ia character, With the emphasis no longer on numbers, mon whose training had suffered from the consequences of haste would be given adéitione] ‘training to bring them up to the desired standards, As the wer progressed, mem who bad boon serving im one type of weathcr assignment or in one region of the world wore reassigned to another type of essignent or other regions. This latter tendency wis especially marked after the air wer ageinst Germany ws well under control, and plans were made for the wholesale shifting of persormel from the European theater to the Pucifio, In addition, necd appeared for training in the use of tactics and devices ‘Which were developed widle the mr wis being mgsde An account of these “now"trends forms the substance of this chapters WG Titi THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGTED CURITY INFORMATION Airorew Neather Gourse 128 ABS-56, Chap. VE $ “As the Liguidation of the meteorology course neared completion du ‘the autumn of 1944, the AMF pos ssed such a large surplus of weather officers that there seemed to be no excuse for training more, even on ‘a token basis, But ebcut this time the AAF adopted the policy of ‘training ite rated pilots--of whom it also bad 2 considerable surpluse= 4m auch technical speciaiites as aircraft mintemnce, armaxent, photograe phy, and commmications. Two motiv had prompted this steps it would keep & token course on the officer level dn existence, ready for any exigonoy, and 1t would fit im with longerange plans for the postwar air force, when all rated pilots would be expected to possess at least one technical specialty. In October 1944 AG/AS Treiming proposed that this policy be extended to weathers As soon as the last cadet meteorology class graduated from Chanute in ovenber, en “Airorew Feather Course” was to de started, using the sane curriculum, instructors, end facilities; 2 ‘the student body, however, wus to be composed of rated pilots. The Weather Division of OC&R heartily seconded the suggestion since tt ws desirable tint as many weather officers serving in the postwar air force possible be rated pilots, But there would be ax imodicte advantage to the course as well: an extensive wather reconmissance program wae * doing developed, and graduates of this course could be assigned to F Boe below, pp. S7- CESTRICTEN THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESIRICIED je omepe ESECURITY INFORMATION xs 8 units of that type. ABS! AAP Headquarters thereupon ordered the inauguration of such « course to start at Chanute ix November 1944 end to last 35 wocks, Places in the class of 25 were to be allotted by AAT Headquarters fram applicants in the continental air forces, To be eligible, an applicant had to be & commissioned aircrew meuber below field grade, and have @ B.S. or higher degree with @ mjor in mathemtios or physios—-« reversion to ‘the very high standards of the presexpension period. A notable exception to the letter requirenent was mde for graduates of the "B" and "C prensteorology courses who could be aduitsted without any additional academic qualifiontions 1f they held a comission as pilot, bombardier, or uavigator.* It proved difficult, however, to find applicants with such quelificabions, and asa result, at the last minute the start of the first class bad to be postponed to 19 February 1965, by which tine ‘the full quota had been filled. The curriculum and teaching mothods ‘snployed throughout the rest of the war were substantially unchanged from the old cadet course, with the exception of some rearrangenent i ‘the tine achedule to permit a closer coordination between the lectures and laboratory work.® Frotlolenoy and Refresher Praining Now that AAP training and weather officials no Longer ware concerned primarily with the mumbers of men trained, they could give sone attention ‘to the improvement of the quality of AAT weather observation and fore= castings Ta the rush to fill quotas, some men had been graduated from REST THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIC: AHS~66, Chap. VI 426 SECURITY INFORMATION ‘TTC school courses who could scarcely be said to mot the desired standerds of proflotency of the weather service, anda series of “out~ law" courses bad boon conducted by the Second Air Foroe,” the quali~ fioution of whose graduates renained to be determined. Woreover, as the duration of the mir lengthened froa months into years, nom began to grow stele tn their jobs and lose touch with the latest developments in the meteorological fields One method adopted to ‘uoy the morale of those who Ind been serving in remte stations over seas was & rotation plan designed to bring men back to the United States for reassiganmt after tro years and replace them with men who had held administrative or tenching positions in the United states. Both the returnces and the replacements needed training that would reacquaint ‘then with skills they bad once learned but which had grom rusty fron Aisuse, or tint would familiarize them with conditions they would encounter tn their new assiganent, To moet these neods for proficiency and refresher training, the AAP conducted five important programs bebwon tho middle of 1948 and the ‘end of the wr, only ono which was a "course" in the forma] sense of the word--an “Advanced and Refresher Course” for officers and enlisted fore= casters returned from overseas, conducted at Chamite Field starting in Way 1944. Brevity and improvisation characterised the refresher cours for observers and forecasters which the Weathor Wing conducted at ite redistribution center at Seymour Johnson Field from May to Septexber 1945 for persomel just back from the HO and MEO who were scheduled for * See ebove, pps 11-13, ROSt fe THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICI LU i555, om SECURITY INFORMATION er Assignuont in the Uaited States. 4 program for tosting the proficiency of personnel irregularly tra‘ned by the Second Air Force and the TIC ‘was conducted by the TTC in conjusction with the Weather Wing at Chambe Field during the early spring of 1944, and about tho same tine the Weather Wing conducted @ comparable program among all its personnel ‘throughout the United States, Although the first of toese projects ms Sonetines referred to as a “course,” actuslly both were testing rather ‘than teaching programs, More instructional in nature were two programs ‘which the Woather Wing and the various regioual control officers sponsored, also during the spring of 1944: one to give enlisted fore= casters in donestic stutions opportunity to lear more about meteorological conditions through actual flight experienc: and another which brought visiting teams of civilian instructors to weather stations overseas 3s rel as fn the interior to lecture on forceasting problems. Forecasters advanced and refresher course at Chanute, By the middle of 1945 AAF weather forecasters had been in combat theaters as long an 18 months with mo prospect im sight of the tine wham their services could ‘be spared. Waturelly, since most of then were performing routine duties day after day in isolated spots, their morale was beginzing to suffers ‘Even worse, they were unacquainted with the remarkable advances that the activities of wr were bringing to the science of mteorolosys When Col. Ws 0. Sentor became commnding officer of the Weather Wing, be amnounced that be would 1ike to see some Kind of "specialized refresher" training conducted in the United States to correct this situation.® Tt was Dr, Rossby of the University of Chicago who took the first step to convert Colonel Senter's wish into reality, In Deconber 1948 RESTRIC THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED SECURITY HRFURAAHON yy Chap. VE he submitted to the AAF the prospectus of a courge in “Advanced Meteo~ ology" to be conducted at his institution as soon as the "A" course ad ended there, and he proposed that the AAF send sone of ite experienced 7 Forecasters to the course, The suggestion was uct very warmly received by AAP Headquarti ‘the Weathor Division regerded the proposed curriculum as “oxcollent™ for = second-year graduate course in meteorolozy, but far “evo acndenie for the purposes of tho Woathar Sorvioe in mrbine.”” Moreover, AG/AS Training had adopted the general policy that wherever possible "refresher" treining ms to be conducted at the AMP's om, schools.” Dr. Rossby's proposal, however, did spar AMF officials to take steps of their om for ouch ® course, arly in March 1944 representatives of ‘the Wonther Wing and of AAP Headquarters hold series of conferences which produced @ plan for @ "refresher and advanced” course to be con- @nobed at Obanute Field, They extinated that the weather eorvice bad #% least 300 officers and enlisted mm who could profit from such instruction, The officers were "topegrade" talent who might ultimtely be expected to receive such responsible assigunmats as regional contro} officers, technical inspectors, and staff weather officers; the enlisted forecasters wore of comparable caliber.!0 After the usual delays, an "Advanced and Refresher Course! me started at Chanute on 1 May 1944 with a clase of 32 officers and ene sted men im avtendance, later inoreased to 40.'> Quotas for officers and men were allotted to all overseas weather regions, which were assured iw RCSTRICTE / " THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHED ase, omes et SECURITY I ‘that the personnel they sext would be returned to them upon completion le ue u of the course, In corteim instances quotas were also grented continental United stat weather regions for officers who had been serving ix an adninistrative capacity for a long period and were delieved to need refresher training before being sent overseas for forecasting duty!” ‘At the outset the course lasted nine wocks” tut once the course got into operation, it ms found nec sary to modify the curriculum constantly in order to meet the varying backgrounds and interests of ‘the students who attended. Topics within the various subjects were ro- arranged for more effective presentation, and a great deal of experi= nentation was carried on to find the most effective method of conducting examinations, It was found that most of the students had bad considerable ‘to practice recomsissance flights, Moreover, it appeared desirable that & great deal of mteriel ougirt to be added to the curriculums, covering such new topics as the forecasting of true altitude for high-level bom bardneut, the forecasting of ballistic winds, densities and temperature for artillory warfare, and the detailed ap; lication of meteorology to chenical warfare, After veral months of experimentation, the Chanute authorities recosmended that the length of the course be increased to 11 weeks to incorporate this new material, and to omit the weather recomaiseance flights.’ ‘When the Weather Wing heard of the proposal late in Decenber 1944 1 entered « protest on the grounds that 11 wecks was too long « perial ‘FYor ew detalled presentation of the ourriculua, see Appendix G, Boiriuie F THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 kiommeTeu ws-so, cmp. vt SECURITY INFOS STS 380 for personnel to be amy from their duties end that the Lengthening of ‘the course would necessitate fener classes a year with fower officers and men benefiting from the training. AAF Headquarters, however, bad already approved the lengchened course, effective 27 Novenber 1944, #0 ‘the Weather Wing protested in vain, The course coutined on this basis to the ond of the wr. Ite career ws not placid, however, for a considerable amount of critician mas constantly being leveled against it by the students, During the first ole: ‘the Weather Wing asked a mumber of officers who had returned fran overseas to attend the course to offer comnts, Few wore enthusiastic, Of those reporting, all agreed that ib ms beneficial to men who, because of aduinistrative acsigunents, bad not dons actual forecasting for sone tize. Ono suggested that men back from the tropics would find the course jeful, because At would refresh their Imowledge of conditions in the temperate zones. These two coments, however, were ims definite minority, A more fundamental criticien ws that the course was pitched on too low a level. The students complained that they had come in order to learn of the new advances mde in neteorology while ‘they were overseas. Insteed, descriptions cf these advances were tucked inconspicucusly in the middle of extended discussions of meteorological ‘theory that bad been carried over from the old cadet course, ‘The over- seas returnees were likewise critical of the instructors—veterans of ‘the old "A" course--beceuse they Jacked field experience and in neny case wore of "poor calibre."?® the curriculum itself was criticized Peres ts THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTHICTLU Ui d tant “rail ast AH5~56, Chap. VI covering too many highly specialised topics for woich the fore~ caster would find no incedinte use in bis work in the field, Sone of ‘the studenta—pertioularly those who did not make high gredes on the exarinationsecomplained that too mich tine ws being devoted to the weekly tests to peruit then to get « “comprehensive view" of the subjects ‘The school authorities, however, comtered with the obarge thet may students who had beon detailed to the school were not particularly interested in the course, but hed obtained the assiguuext merely to 1s return to the United States for several months, These points of discaticfaction became the topios of conference on wecther training held et Chanute Field in June 1645, The recomendations of the conference, which were ocnourred in by AAF Headquarters, were as follows: (1) officers with overseas experience would be used as Anstructors as far as possible, but assignmenta would be mde only ‘through the norm operation of the rotation system, with Chanute authorities having the right to determine which max were acceptable as Anstructors; (2) instead of describing the course as one for "key personnel" of the weather service, and AAP hereafter would state more modestly that 1t ms for "promising forecasters"; (3) ao change ws to be made in the length or essential content of the course; (4) emminations ‘would continue to be used until “competent and interostea® students could be provideds and (5) the namo of the course was to be changed to ‘the "Advanced Course" so thet there would be xo confusion with « refresher course which the weather service bad recently begun to give Pg at tts nedeploynent center, Goldsboro, W. .)” Thus the “Advanced THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AIB56, Chap VE 2 Phe Oy Pend Course" continued without important change until the surrender of sepen removed the need for ite The last class graduated on 19 October I9h5. Refresher courses for observers and forecasters. As early as February 1o4y the 25th Weather Region's master weather station at Lynbrook, Ne Yes was giving rafresher training to forecssters to prepare them for duties within the Zona of Interior. Generally, thie was informal on-the-job training, ‘but when the influx of retumess bacane greater, it was nade more formal. Barly in the winter of 194) the 2d and 34 Yeather Squadrons were also con~ ducting refresher training, as was the 25th Teather Squadron at litchel Field from November 1944 to April 1945. Indeed, the latter served as a direct predecessor to the refresher course given ab Seymour Johnson Field, Nelo, et the end of the Europoan war. At that time some 1,200 mon were to be retarned to man the greatly understaffed domestic weather stations. Of these, many could not meet the proficiency standards of the weather service, but had been allowed in the emergency to serve at stations in the ETO and M03 thus with a nucleus of insiructérs from the th “eather Squadron course, refresher training was begun at Seymour Johnson Field, where the Weather Wing operated @ redeployment and training unit. ‘Pwo such courses were conducted, one for observers and one for forecasters. The observers course, which began on 21 Nay 195, included dn its l0eday session courses in map plotting (28 hours), auxiliary charts (2h hours), surface observations (12 hours), teletype procedure (ynoure), and upper air data (I; hours). If 2 student failed to achieve ‘the desired standards in the allotted time, be was required to continue ‘with the course until he could meet then. As it turned out, the varying ‘vackgrounds of the students made this necessary in a good many cases THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESHtttrct auger ABS=56, Chaps Zo uu ty an 183, For emuple, only talt of the first class wis able to complete the work in the lo-~day period. On the other hand, im some subsequent classes ‘there were students capable of completing the course in five days or Jess, For adninistrative purposes, the school authorities found it advieable to make use of the “phase system," wborety the course ms Givided into a mmber of parts or “phases,” ao that a man might move to ‘the noxt phase as soon as be was able to master the mterial in the Pirat one.20 To speed up the reassignnext of persommel even further, begining, in August @ screening test was given to returnees as son aa they arrived at Seymour Johnson, Thus mon who net ‘the standards of proficiency for observers could proceed to their new stations without taking the re= fresher course et all. The refresher course for forecasters, enlisted and comissioned, got under way on 28 lay, It bad two basic purposees (1) to rescquaint with donestic weather conditions men who bad been dealing with woathor patterns outeide the United States or who Ind recently had autios other ‘than forecasting; and (2) to acquaint all retumees with forecasting ‘techniques and procedures that ind been developed since they went oror= seas. For 15 days students devoted their momings to lectures and @iscussions,” their afternoons to laboratory work such as wap analysis and forecasting. Inter, because of the shortage of classroom space and of instructor personnel, the length of the course ms reduced to 10 days, end although no changes wore made in the material covered, one= Appendix Hy itr THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 “pestntored wsss, Onape SECURITY USORMATIN 1s E third le: 2 ‘timo was devoted to each of the topic: Tnportant parts of both obsorvers And forecasters courses wors con= ducted in the school woatbor station, which ms operated exctly like a Glass B weather stations Obsorvers learned teletype procedure and practiced a5 wold, observation, the eleuents of instrument repair end mintenanc ‘the other fundamentals of domestic station operstion. Forecaster students practiced forecasting, aided by the cureert synoptic mps, hourly sequences, and radiosonde observations prepared in the station.”> The school authorities oncountered two persistent adninistrative problems: shortage of classroom facilities and shortage of instructors. Both of these were produced by the repidly mounting muzbera of returnees who poured into the school: at the end of May there were 19 stadenta, ‘a month later 58, and by early Septerber 75. In addition, even greater numbers were given the screening exminstion, end upon the baste of their success with 4 wore assigned directly to stations, The school authorities solved the problon of space shortage to @ slight extent by additional construction of olassroams, toa greater extent by the use of the screening ozaminetions The opening of the school ms delayed some weeks until men with teaching experience in domestic regional control officer schools could be rounded up to fom an instructional staff, Ultimately an officer and 2 enlisted men wore found for this assiganont, and to man the school's weathor station, 10 graduates of the refresher program were pressed into services” Horocastors proficiency testing progran st Ghanutes Late in 1948 ‘the Second Air Force requested the Weather Wing and AAF Headquarters to “emmine and instruct soue 62 officers and men who had graduated fronthis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 KESTRIGHED sscte, mp. SECURITY INFORMATION ue © eae sosocnstors course it Ind contoted in te astuna of 1942 and which had boon hold to be "eub-standard."* If these mon passed, they night ‘be rated as forecastors and be permitted to continue in or be given s forecaster assigaont in the weather services The Weather Wing seconded ‘the Aden,’ suggesting that an “abbreviated refresher course” be os~ ‘tablished for the purpose at Chanute, and the Chanute authorities complied by setting up a twomwoek “Weather Proficiency Course." Before ths “course” actually got started, tho Menther Wing broadened= and even confused--ite purposes regioml control officers wore invited to sond to this "short laboratory course" enlisted won whom they con sidered to possess the necessary qualifications for a forecaster bub ‘who lacked such a rating, ant rated forecasters who tad been trained at AAP technical schools but did not seem “adsquate™ in the performance of their dati wore also to be sent. If the latter passed the “qualification course and examination," they would continue as rated forecasters; if they aid nob, thoy would be disqualified and reassigned.’? ‘Thus offlogrs and men who had already had formal training in fore- casting were dispatched to Chanute under the impression that they were going to take a refresher course. Baing given little advanced notica, ‘they took none of their old lecture actos with thom; upon their arrival, ‘they wore furnished with some textbooks, bat the program offered no lectures and little time for review. Indeed, the “course” was merely & series of exintions--in weather station operation and weather ‘¥See above, Bp. I=13, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW E012958 RESTRICT wss.ce, op. SECURITY [hrutilA rian 186 observer training (2 hours), synoptic meteorology (5 hours), climtology (@ hours), dynamic neteorology for comiesioned perscano) (2 houre), and surfece and auxiliary charts and forecasting (62 hours). ” ‘Tke mortality rate of the “course” was hight 17 officers passed ‘and 61 failed; 17 enlisted mon pasned and 87 feiled.”© thore were, quite naturally, complaints from mon whe kad cone to Chanute under the impression ‘that ‘the program was a courso rather then a sori of exminaticons. But, as a precautionary measure, the Weather Wing bad assigned two recent Chanute graduates to onch of the classes to take the examizations and report on then; they deolared that the “course mt fairly designed for ‘the purposes intended, . . . The program is accomplishing the purpotes for which it mas insugurated and a high degree of training is required to achieve © good standing." Thoy observed, howovor, that the tests wore too difficult for mon who bad beon away from active forecasting as long five years unless they had bad more preparation tian the progren atiowa.”? Weathor Wing's "ShorteRange Verification Program." About the sane tine the Weather Wing undertock to test and improve the proficiency of observers and forecasters serving in the continental United States, This seemed especially desirable because, as Yaj. George F. Taylor, Director of ‘the Dopertaont of Weather st Chanute pointed cut, iis school and the one at Grand Rapids tad graduated a omsidorable number of mon who Ind nob made passing grades in all subjects of the chservers and forecastdrs cours 6 This had been nocessery because of a TIC directive, imposed ebout two years earlier, requiring that 85 per cont of each olaas be RESO THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED ECURITY Itai utc IM? “ graduated. Up to that tine an average of about 50 per cent had been 48-56, Chap. VI graduated 50 Between April and June 1944 an extensive program of testing the prow ficiency of observers and forecasters was conducted, In the case of forecasters, oach man ms called upon to submit at least thres forecasts 4 weok, each forecast consisting of five elements: pressure, temperature, 2 the tabulated coiling hoight, visibility, and six-nourly precipitetion, results fron the various regions were sent to al] tho regional control officers so that they might seo how their personnel compared with those in the combry as a whole. The findings led at least one regional control officer to inaugurate a new progran of “supplementary and renediel treining* for his observers. The 24th Regional Control Officer dispatched to each of bis stations a course cutline end a study guide with torts, biblicgra~ phic: administrative responsibility for the program was placed upon the station and training films available upon request. Within each station, weather officer or moncomissioned officer in carge.” ‘The Weathor Wing did not allow the matter of forecaster proficiency to rest. Early in 1946 it prepared a course outline of its om and die» tributed it to all regicual control officers under its jurisdiction, ‘These outlines, it suggest wore to be used "as circumstances permit™ to correct auy deficiencies or noeds for refresher training which appeared ‘throughout the rest of the wr. > Visiting instructors tesms. Another nedium which the Weathor Wing used to improve tho proficiency of forecasters in regions under its direct control ms the sending of teans of instructors on a tour of RESTRICT ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED ans-so, cmp. SECURITY INFORMATION 180 stations to give lectures on approved techniques, In the case of regions overseas, over which the wing provided technical supervision, it facilitated the Gispateh of teams and offered advice. The Ciret suggestion for the adoption of this as a regular practice appears to have come from Lt, Gols fs Se Moorman of tho 2ist Woathor Squadron in June 1943, Vickor 8. Oliver of the University of Chicago had just completed a series of lectures on single-station forecasting before members of this squadron, at the conclusion of which he ind remarked on the lack of Inowledge of sone of the basic principles of analysis and forecasting shom by the forecasters, particularly enlisted forecasters, during his classes. “I believe! Colonel Moormn reported later, "that teckmioal inspectors for exch rogion should travel fram Dave to base conducting classes in forccasting and related subjocta.”** Although St expressed vordial agroenent with the proposal, the Weathor ‘Wing was content to rely on inestation training for more than a yoar.”> Barly in July 1944, howover, i% dispatched seven teans on a tour of the let, 24, 34, 4th, 254, 24th, and 26th regions. The typien] team consisted of an Yoninent™ civilian meteorologist, one weather officer who was a specialist in briefing practice and procedure, and one or more “highly qualified" woathor officers who kad bad oxperionce as instructors Those teams paid threesday visite to the key woather stations or to other places “where groups could be conveniently asseubled™ for seminars on subjects of vital interest. In the following autumn teams wore sent ‘to the 6th, Sth, 16th, end 22 regions, Because part of the 9th Weathor Region lay in tropical ereas, officers from that region farilier with RES rect) THis PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 pesiitreD assqoc, cmap. 56 SECURITY INFUIMAIION ‘tropical weather conditions were sont on a tour of stations concerned with those problens,56 Flight exporionce for forecaster: bound in hin weather station, worked under considerable handicap in ‘Tho typical forecaster, earths nob being able to observe woather conditions at first hand. The chances were thet he bad never had the opportunity to step inside « plane while in school, or 4f he had, it wis a flecting experience at best. If he only could board @ plane once ina while and @ conditions from the vantage point of the shy, he could perform Ma task of forecasting with more ssurance end could discuss hia forecasts more persuasively with Pilots. This wes the theory which lay behind a program backed by the Woathor Wing during early 1944 for giving flight experience to forecasters Which organizetion in the woather service deserves credit for being the first to do something of thie sort ia not clears The regional control officer of the 7th Weather Region declared that his organization put into effect ® program to give its forecasters flight experience in 1042.57 16 is clear, however, that in Juno 1945 the 6th region notified the Weather Wing that it was inaugurating such a programy while in the following November the Westorn Technical Training Commend tovk a similar atep.58 By February 1944 the Heather Wing had decided to throw ite full Support behind the idea, At that time it induced AAF Headquarters to Airect the Training Command to provide an opportunity for all its fores casters, excopt those sorving as instructors at technical schools, to gain flight experionce.°? 1% prepared and sent out to each weather region copies of @ program designed (1) to familiarize forecasters with the ReaD THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 REST RIGTLD wes, om. SECURITY I:FORRETOM uo problens of the pilot and navigator; (2) to familiarize forecasters with ‘the terrain of the ares whose weather they rogularly forecasts and (5) ‘to enable forecasters to verify their om prodictiont. Flights wore to ‘ve made during poor as well as good weather, and before taking the air, ‘the forecaster ms to prepare a written report forecasting conditions 24 hours in advances Hs was to propare » weather cross-section, draw ‘tho course on aeronautical charts, sake recomendsticns as to the flight altitude, and forecast the winds, During the flight be wa to sketch the ‘actual weather eonatttone/te encountered.*° Seven months later the 6th and 22d Weathor Regions reported that Mall" their forecasters were making flights regularly, and the sth, 25d, and 24th Woathor Regions reported that substantial numbers were particle pating in the program, The frequency with which the forecasters took the flights varied frox once a month to once every three months.“ ‘Training in New Devices and Techniques While fighting World War II, the AA developed a number of new instruments and tockaiques useful to weather forecasting, os wll ass number of new methods for applying those in use for some time, To train Ate persomel to utilize these new devices and teckniques, the AAP conducted eight importart courses between the middle of 1048 and Ved Deys (2) A course for staff weather officers=-men who advised commanding officers of a tactical group or higher headquarters on weather problems=— was conducted at the AAF Schoo] of Applied Tactics at Orlando, Fla. fron ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICT sss-ss, compet SECURITY INFORMATI, = Septenber 1945 to September 1045. (2) A course in tropical meteorology was conducted to acqusint AAP wosther officers with a field about which not a great deal was know ‘vmbil relatively recontlys Noed for this training increased as the aerial war was stopped up in the Pacific. At first AAF training in this field was conducted by the University of Obicagots Institute of Tropical Motoorology at tho University of Puorto Rico fran October 1943 to November 1044, Later, frox April 1945 to after VeJ Day, the AAF conducted its own school at Howard Field, Canal Zones (8) A new course in micronoteorology prompted by the realisstion ‘that wenther conditions were closely counected with the effective use of various types of chemicals in warfare, was conducted in conjunction with the Navy at Dugmey Proving Ground, Utah between Sopteber 1944 and ‘the end of the wary (4) A woath.r reconnaissance course at Chenute Field in Yebruary 1945, which was supplomonted by @ ouall amount of training accomplished through shortelived courses operated by the weather squadrons themselves. (8) A woather-equipmont=techniclans course, established at the Sigoal Corps' Toms River Signal Laboratory, N. J. early in 1945, for ‘the training of officers and enlisted men in the installation and minor maintenance of new types of weathor eguiznont. (6) “Rawinsonde™ operations and maintenance was given at Harvard University, the Ground Signal Agency of the Signal Corps at Spring Lake, Ne d,, and Chanute Fiela from Octcber 1944 to the sumer of 1945, In duly 1945 a single course combining the material offered in the three e courses was started at Chanute. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRITED sso55, mp7 SECURITY INFORMATION ua (1) A varloty of courses starting in the sumer of 1944 and given at such places as tho Royal Canadian Air Force school, Clinton, Ontes ‘the AAP radar achool, Boos Raton, Flas; tho Signal Corpa' Ground Signal Agency, Spring Lake, W. J.s Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technologys and Chanute Field, trained officers and enlisted mon in ‘the operation and xinor mintenanes of electronic and radar equipment other than rawinsonde. (8) A Sferics operation and mintenance course at Scott Field ‘trom October 1944 to train enlisted mon in these new devi Balisted nen whose duty was simply to operate tho sets were trainod by the Signal Corps ine Sforics operation course given at the Batontom Signal Inboratory, Spring lake, N, J., from October 1944 to May 1046. Staff wosthor officers courses During the first year of World War II the Amy began the practice of assigning weather officers to positions on the staff of commanding generals of tactical groups and higher head» quarters before the departure of tho coubat units for overseas thoaters. Recogaizing, however, that woathor ms a factor in tactics, and that to de a good staff officer a forecaster required a solid foundation in ‘tactics! probleas, AC/AS Personnel rocomonded that tho tables of organization of conbat unite be revised so that prospective staff weather officers would be eligible to attend the courses for “all key persomel™ conducted at the AAF School of Applied Tactics (AFSAT), The commandant of AFSAT Liked the idea, but proposed that staff officers be given not ‘the general course in coubet aviation tactics, but a course designed oxpressly for staff woathor officers.” Although these recomendations were first mde in Deconber 1942, RESTRi: THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified |AW EO 12958 RESERIG? SECURITY INE AHS-88, Chap, VI us and roitorated several times daring the months following, it ms ct until July 1045 thet AAP Headquarters ordered the activation of such 4 course, ‘The first class ws started at Orlando the next month in a courae only tro wocks long, of which but mino days wore devoted to school work.’® Te Sas inevitable that @ course which started from soratch and whose inatructors and aduinistrators had bad no provious experience giving ‘training of this type ahould experience sone groning pains at the outset. Students complained that the tine allotted ma too brief to cover the subject mtter adequately, and there wore oritioisns that too mich of the course wis devoted to the theoretical aspects of administration, not enough to the practical duties of the staff weather officers Ib ms charged, furthermore, thet too gr at « period elapsed between the time 2 "leszon" ws learned in the thoator of operations and the tins it ms inserted into tho curse, Moxy important roports on conbat experience never even reached the school because other AAF organizations wore uawre that the school desired them, Sono of these criticiaus were offsst by a reorganization of the souree effective Juno 1945 which doubled its length.” Although much of the instruction was still carried on through the medium of lectures, notable “practical" features wore introduced. The persomel and facilities of ‘the 26th Woathor Region, which happened to be located at the school, were pressed into service to demonstrate the operations end equipment of a ¥ For GTS OF Gis GOTH work, see Appontix Ty AEOTRICTS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHED assess, cmp YE SECURITY INFORMATION e regional control office, a weather central, anda weather equipment aren. se Wormily each student ms roquired to prepare five briefings, Anoluding commnd, plaming, and operational typos. These he would present before his fellow studonts, who assumed the roles of mxbers of fa plansing staff or of a group of aircrows about to engage in an operas tional sir mission. Approximbely 12 hours were devoted to « special “start Weather Officers problem," in which students were called upon ‘to propare all the plans necessary for the organization, logistics, and ‘operation of a regione The remrimble facilities available at Oriande permitted the students as rart of the course, to abtend e tactical air force demoastration, where offensive tactical sir force operations, aire to-ground commnications, and air-to-ground lisison could be observed. under conditions simulating the real thing. Especially pertinent were ‘the demonstrations of the effect upoa tactical operations of weather conditions, including the hindering of boubing operations by & low eloud deck, the delay of parachute operations by gusty winds, and the delay of all types of operations by sudden showerss Bosides tho ususl curriculum diffioultios, the most troublesome problem was thet of personel, Ideally, it was felt, instructors assigned to the course should be thoroughly versed in the latest metecrologice2 developments; they should have Ind considerable foreign service as wathor officers and they should possess all the attributes necessary for a good teachers Such xen wore difficult to find, but the school authori= ‘ties believed that nost of their instructors met the specifications. ‘The student personnel problem was not solved so easily. At theThis Page Declas: d IAW E012958 “RESTRICTED assace, ompe vt SECURITY INFORMATION Ms outact, the size of the classes was ebout 12 students, but as tive ent on it was found more economical to admit as muy as 40, These quotas wore filled by the AAF Weathor Wing, usually from recent graduates of ‘the "A" meteorology course who were of company grades In June 1044 authorities at the school recomended that stufents be screened nore carefully before being admitted to the course, In additio to meteoro- logical training and the ability and capscity to learn readily, the ability to speak well, and the possession of a thorough knowledge of ‘baste weathor station procedure, © mowledge of Army policies end proced= ures and certain intangible "potentialities to be in a key position" wore urged a5 factors to be considered. Though such oriteris my have guided the Weather Wing in making its selections thereafter, no form screening process was adopted, This problem was largely vitiated however, whon, during the spring. of 1045 aftor the European war was over and the emphasis swung to paitwar requirements, the size of the ola 5 was reduced to 16 officers, and senior AAP officers were adnitted with the expectation that they would assume staff and comand positions in the postwar air force.’ Tropical woather omrse. When the war broke out, not a great doal was known about tropical meteorology, particularly about the behavior of the tropical front and upper-air circulation in the lower latitude: Nevertheless, for the first year and a quarter of the war AAF officials id not £001 this lack of knowledge acutely onough to do anything about its In February 1942, for emmple, AAF representatives attended a conference in Wasi:ington with Wether Bureau and Navy men to discuss RSThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Resinivicd este, compet SECURIFY INFORMAHON us the question, but no positive steps were takong Iator in tho eutum of ‘that yoar representatives of the universities which were giving meteor ology training discussed the subject at e conforence in Hew York. Following the session, Professor Athelstan Spilbaus of N.Y.U, and Dre G, Rossby of the U. of Chicago submitted a recommentation to the armed sorvices that an institute of tropical meteorology be organized to conduct specialized rescarch and give advanced training in the un explored fiold, The general attitude in Washington to this proposal | was that it would be better to mit until the wir was over before undor~ taking euch a long-term program.t6 By early 1045, however, the difficulties of operating the weather ervice in the South Pacific had become abundantly clear. In March Cols Hs He Bassett, Director of Weather adnittod in a letter to Dre Rossby that’ "fow woather officers have beon found who are able to utilize available data in analyzing and forecasting the upper air flow," and that ‘there was a “lack of understanding of the problem of forecasting in ‘tropical regions! A month later Brig. Gen, R. W. Harper told Dr. Rossby that members of the weather service agresd that tropical problems were “diffioult® and that present AAF training ms not adequate to fit officers for service in the tropies, He suggested tht the UNO investigate the possi~ bility of setting up an institute of tropical noteorology.*2 With this encouregenent, the U. of Chicago Department of Meteorology established an Institute of Tropical Meteorology and mde arrangenontea with the University of Puerto Rico to house on the campus at San Juans “THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTHETED ams-se, ome. vt SECURITY INFORMATION “ preparations for a tropioe) weather covrse for AAP personnel proceeded through the opring and sumer of 1943, tampered considerably by the fact that so mony comands and organizations iad to be conmited, aimys through channels, Dr. Clarence 5. Pelnor of the Hew Zealand Neathor Servico, engaged by the Us of Chicago to direct the institute, found the officers of the headquarters Antilles Depertnert and the 9th Heathor Squadron at first willing to cooperate with him “just out of ‘heir good nature." But ao musbers of instructors und administrators pogan desconding upon thom, they began to insiot that the newooners present sono sort of credentials and statenent of authority. Supplies wero slow in arriving and Paluer began to suspect thet hie first shipment of equipment was stelomted ona wharf in New orieans.!? ‘tho confusion was compounded when the Technica? Training Command, informed by AA Headquarters that it was to be responsible for seeing tet the fivet class entered on 12 Soptestor,°° aispatched a board of officers fran Ghanute Field to survey the facilities available at ‘the U. of Pusrto, Ricos They reported that the college was “not ready" to offer the course and would not be until 1 Woverber at the eeriioste the only facilitios available, they asserted, wore one teletype machine, six or seven vacant classroms, anda staff of five civilians end one officer, and the coumnding genoral of the Antilles Dopartuont bed old then thet the messing, housing, and trensportation situation in San Juan was “extremely oritical." If it ware essontial that the course be conducted in the tropics, the board recommended thet it be located RESTTCTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAWEO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHD jesse, ome SECURITY INFORMATION vi ‘at Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico} if it wore not, the iden} loostion would be the AF technicel school ab Chanute. Inckily Lt. Col, Willian W, Jonos, chief of the Weather Hesearch Bureau, was already in Puorto Rico as a reprosentative of AAF Headquarters, and he was ablo to bring some order out of the ohtor. Colonel Jones conferred with Maj. Gen, Conger Pratt, comander of the Antilles Department, and members of his staff, explaining the urgency of the project, They declared tat sons of their subordinates in tho lower echelons had not understood the real purpose and nature cf ‘the schools complete cooperation ws now to be givens Ultimtely General Pratt agreed to assume adninise trative responsibility for housing, messing, and transporting students fat the school.®* From the acting regional control officer of the 9th Westhor Region, Colonel Jones obtained a pronise for the personnel necessary to min the weather station thet would be established at the schools Tt -weo Colonel Jonest considered opinion that the school was adoquately staffed and would have adequate facilities to begin its first class at the desigasted tine, although he adnitted that Fuerto Rico ms quite congested and the school ws likely to experience difficulty in obteining certein weather datas Colonel Jones bad a talk with the Training Command board of officers which bad subuitted the unfavorable report and found that none of them were weather officers and all of ‘then appeared confused as to "tke purport scope, and objectives of the school." Discussions about weather with Army officers stationed in the area. incroaced Colone) Jones" conviction of the absolute necessity for ‘the establichnent of the courses During a conference with Lt. Gens oo RESHACH THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ue Goorge He Brett, comander of the Caribbean Defense Commend, he bad Learned thet tho location of the intertropical weather front was such ‘that under certain conditions an slert enemy could mke it very difficult ‘to defend the Panaua Cana from tho western approaches. "It follows," Colonel Jones concluded, in his report to Washington “that a knowledge of tropical weather and conpetent forecasting is /aic/ absolutely essential for that region,"> Tharks to the insistence of AAP Headquarters that the school begin operations without delay, o well as to the work Colonel Jones rendered in cutting through acninistrative red tape, the first class started about 1 October, only abaut threo weeks late. Forty-nine second leue tmants, recent graduates of the "A" course at the J. of Chicago and W,Y.Ue, made up the student bodys Students nore “adequately, perhaps ‘even lumricusly, housed and fed" at the Hotel Nomandy, a resort hotel four miles aoutbeast of the university, and transportation between the school ard the hotel was taken care of by bus. Those details, like the edninistration of the detachnent, wore under the direction of an officer of the Antillos Department, True to its promise, the 9th Weather Region assisted in establishing a Class B weather station at the university. The course at the Institute of Tropical Meteorology ran eight wedkae Lectures occupied two hours daily, Monday through Saturday, and these were suprlenented by four hours of laboratory work daily, Monday through Fridays On Saturday one hour was devoted to en emmination covering ‘the work of tho week, followed by enother hour devoted to making local. forecests, Field trips to the interior of the island were conducted THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 Keornigrey sss-se, ome. vt SECURITY INFORMATION uso during weekends.” The AF continued to send students to the Institute of Tropical Meteorology during the next 11 months, some of them officers of the Wavy and civilian employees of the Weather Buresus AAF quotas varied between 40 and 50 nen per class, and wore usually filled by tho Weather Wing, Air Transport Command, and theater comanders with personnel destined for service in areas where tropical weather conditions wore & probien.56 As the Anstitute proceeded with its work, it ws discovered that sone of the AAF officers assigned to operate its weather station by ‘the 9th Weather Region wore actually better acquainted with tropical weather conditions than a muber of the civilians who had beoa hired to ‘each in the classrocus and laboratory. At the suggestion of Dr. Horace Re Byers of the U. of Chicago, civilian and military personel wore exchanged between instructional and research assiganents whenever it seemed advantageous. > Soon after the course started, Dr. Palner proposed that a phase be added which would give the students sono actunl experience in the observation of tropical weather from an airplanes Only in such a mmer, ho minteaned, could a weather officer cone to appreciate tho problems of the pilot, as well as to see what cloud and weather formtions lock like from the air, Such experience was oepcoially valuable in the tropics ‘because in thet part of the world "it is almost impossible , . . to obtain any oonsictent view of the weather distribution by amlysis of e ‘¥ Fors detailed Het of ths syllabus, soe Appendix Jy he oNItT THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICT atd-se, chee ESECURITY INFORMATION 1 surface land reports. Orogrephical effects are extrenely marked; cbsorvations from mountainous islands like Puorto Rico are often posi~ ‘tively misleading if an attempt is made to apply the analytical results of the surrounding oceanic areas.” This suggestion ws accorded general approval by commend upon comand as it progrossed upward, through chamels to AAP Headquarters. When it reached the AC/AS Training in February 1964, he agreed that the ides had marit, but as 1t was expected ‘that no more AAP students would be sent to the inetitute, he declared At mo too late to do anything. > This decision to discontinue uso by the AAP of the institute's facili- ties bad been reeched upon the basis of a report mae by Mije Re Ae Bourke and Cepts C. A. Gagliaréi, Tho two officers pointed out thet although the institute ms a civilion enterprise, “housing, messing, local transportation, wather service and commnication facilities are now provided by the Army s+ 4 ¢ All of the facilities needed for the conduct of such training are more conveniently available at any one of ‘the wold ostablished AAP installations in tropical regions." They pro= posed that the AAP ostablich its ow tropical weather school at one of ‘Atta om air bases, and ongage two or throo civilian instructors to supplement a teaching staff of threo or four weather officers, At an AAF base the cour: could offer what the institute bad never been able to provide-wflights through tropical weather to supplement laboratory exercises and lectures. The authors of the report added that while they ‘thought it "advantageous" that the course be conducted in the tropics, thie ws nob "necessary." On the basis of this report, AMF Headguerters e Gireoted that no more of its officers be sent to the institute te succeed 26 WsThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED sas-ss, ome SECURITY INFCRMAHGH ae e ‘thote who graduated on § Novenber 10445 cho training detachnent there mus to be inactivated. In the 15 months since the start of the Institute it had been attended by 171 weather officers. Discontinuing the use of the Institute of Tropical Meteorology in no wise signified Unt the AAP did not oosider training in tropt.oal netocrolocy highly desirable, Lt. Gen, uiliard F, Bermon commander of the AAP in the Pacific Oceen Ar 8, told AAF Hondquarters that weather officers shipped to this eres should in all oases where practicable be graduates of a schoo) in tropical usteorclogy The practical application as well ag the theoretical mewledge gained at tho Institute cf Tropical Meteorology bas been af dnestimble voluo in this region. « . « Vaximm benafit is dorived from training in a lowation where studenta actually watch the day to day changes in tropical phenomens .°0 Dr. Byers, returning froma tour of weathor stations in Contral and South America, reported to the commanding officer of the Weather Wing in Deconber that “there is still nocd for training additional officera in ‘tropical meteorology in order to insure uniformity of approach to the forecasting problea, and in order to encourage additional studios of "62 prewing up plans for ‘the acceleration of the aerial war against Japan, Brig, Gon, Petrick forecasting problens in the various regia W, Minborlake, acting Chie? of Air Staff, in January 1945 directed that steps be taken to improve weather forsoasting in the Feoific so that At would compare favorably with thet omducted in the Buropean Theater of Operations. & survey conducted in Decenbor 1944 indicated that there were requiromonts for 209 additional officers with tropical weathor ‘training for assignments outside the continsntal United Steton.”” The problem now was to decide whore the AAF should locate its oma ROSTRICTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED AUS-56, Chap. VI SECURITY INT ORI ATOR ‘tropical weath'r school, late in 1944 e group of four officers who bad 188 beon closely identified with wonthor training was dispatehed to survey military installations in the Fansme Canal Zone. They paid particular attention to Albrook Field and Howard Field and recomended tint the latter atte be sotostea.”> After Howard was chosen, establishnent: of the school there proved to be as difficult to accomplish in thie case as it lad beon im that of the Institute of Tropical Meteorology. Upon orders from AAF Headquarters, the Training Commnd activated the 3640th AAP Base Unit (Tropical Weather School) at Chanute Field on 16 Pebruary 1945 and alerted it to move to Howard Field on 1 larch.®* at the last moxent, however, it mas lourned thet a now policy of the tar Department General Staff forbade the sending of personnel charged to ‘the Zone of Interior on extended foreign duty. Thorefore, the 5540th AAFBU was disbanded, and a complicated division of administrative powers and responsibilities between various Army authorities worked out. Under 9 War Deyartment letter, the communding gencral of the Caribbean Defense Gormand ya asked to activate an AAP tropical weather unit with an instructions] end adainistrative staff of 70 charged to his manpower allotment, Porsonnel, however, was to be furnished by the Eastern Technical Training Command, and the unit, ",ssigned" to the Training Command, was in turn "reassigned" it to the Eastern Technical Training Cormané for “technical supervision and operation," For aduinistrative and disciplinary purposes, the unit ws to be under the control of the Caribbean Defense Commnd (through Howard Field), Direct commmicstion THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED assese, compe vt SECURITY INFORMAHGH ™ dobween the BITO end the unit was authorized. © These administrative difficulties wore straightened out in tine for the tropical weather unit to start its first class, 50 officers on temporary duty from the Weather Wing, on 9 April 1945.6 although ‘the eight-week course covered virtually the saze material which bad been taught at the Institute of Tropical Meteorology, tho arrangement of material and tho allotmont of time differed in many reapects." The cow se continued without interruption through the emmer of 1945, Indeed, ‘the expected increase of activities in the Pacific led to the formiation of plans for an increase in the size of classes to 100 officers, but this development was precluded by the surrender of Japan and the inactivation of tha school on 6 October.67 In retrospect, AAP officials ani civilian instructors concluded ‘that the location of the school outside of the Zone of Intorior bad been unfortunate from both aduinistrative and pedagogical points of views Sone of the problems which grew out of the division of administrative functions have already been described, but thore were muy others which wre nover satisfactorily solved, as the EITC complained to the Training Command in midesummer 1945. These included the proper procedure for Processing pronctions of the dchool's officer personnel, for amending ‘the unit's exact mnning table, for submission of the unit's history, end for the supply of a mltilith, two airoraft, and other equiment.’ Furthermore, although the AAF bad gone to considerable pains to locate ‘the school in an area whore tropical weather conditions would obtain, ‘Yor a Wetafied outline of the syliabus and comparison with that of ‘tho Institute of Tropical Meteorology, soe Appendix Ja Reoudifed ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICT ass-ss, ome. vt SECURITY INFORMATION 86 thds goal was not achieved at Homrd Field, Near Howard the atmosphere wis too mich affeoted by South american continental and local mountainous conditions to give the students a fair notion of the conditions typical of overseas tropical areas, (If longerange four-ongine planes tad been available, however, this shortcoming might have been overcome.) One Horard instructor suggested that a better location for the school would have boon tho vicinity of Mani, Florida. Mami we the site of an important weather inforution collection center, and school located there would bnve heen independent of any regional control officer. Moreover Ht would not have boon subject to the divided and confusing adxinistrative control that ws necessary anywhore outside the Jone of Interior,°® Micronsteorology courses One of the services, the woather service had agreed to provide the service and ground forces,as Dr Rocaby pointed out in the middie of 1943, ms tho supply to thonter camanders of staf? wonthor officers acquainted with the interrelation of weather conditions and chemical warfare.’° Wot for full year, however, ms any action ‘akon by AAP Headquarters to initiate such a service. In June 1944 Brig. Gon. Mervin By Gross of the O0&R Requirements Division declared ‘thot up to that time the AMP's attitude toward chemical warfare tad been “entirely defensive" and tint in preparation for increased activity in ‘the Pacific, it might be advisable to establish a "retaliatory" course similar to that given at tho Navy Chemical Warfare School, Dugway Proring Ground, Utah.” Tn tho noed for a site where the “cohavicr of various chemical agents and the seans for their projection or release my be observed by studonts in field exercises," AC/AS Training Whornitrr - THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTIIETED as-se, ap. ot SECURITY INFORMATION 156 esme to the conclusion that Dugmy was the best place for AAF purposes. Accordingly, it mde arrangenonts with the Navy and the Aray's Chemical Warfare Service (to which Dugmy was assigned) for tho AAP to stare ‘the facilities of the Nevy Chemical Warfare School.’# ‘The retaliatory chemical mrfare course got under my late in the sumer of 1944 with 12 student officers fron the coatinental United States 4n attendance, The donoatic regions, however, denied thet their men needed this type of trainings theater commanders and commnders of ‘tactical air forces on the obhor hand believed that it would be usoful for their persomel. Sherefore, subsequent classes, begun in October and Decenber 1944 ani in February 1945, were filled as far as possible dy quotas allotted to overse commanders. To emphasize that the cour: was intended for men of staff caliber, AAF Headquarters assorted thit "eield grade officers were preferred” as students.” The course, four wooks in longth, consisted of lectures and field work insluding practical dononstrotions of tho use of chemical agents by the grouad and air forees.”* In the spring of 1945 the AAP decided to move the course from Dugway to some other installation, Capt. Boyd E. Quaite, AAF director of training at Dugmy, recomonded that a site=-like Albrook Field, Canal Zone=-be selected which possessed three features: (1) extensive ‘vogatative cover, including grass, low shrubs, or forests (2) large ‘ounteinous and walley areas; and (5) constal area. Noar Albrook ms Ben Jo: Island, @ Chemical Warfare Service proving ground, where field tests wore regularly conducted under varying terrain, jungle, and ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED MB-se, Gepe ve SECURITY INFORMATION ist e vegetation conditions.”® Captain Queite's suggestion was brushed aside by AAF Headquarters on the ground that the future status of San Jose ‘sland was too shrouded in uncertainty to make any plans involving its use. Instead, the AMF chose Buckley Field, Colo. as the new site, The desired: features wore not all present at Buckley, but inasmuch as the AAF was concontrating a1] ite chemical warfare training there, it wa ected “adoquate™ for the present.” With the transfer, which ms consummtod in time to bogin a class at tho new location in the middle of July, the title and length of the course ms changed, Officially the naue became the “Applied Wicre= meteorology Course," which was considered nore exact than the previous appellation, and on the recoameniztion of Captain Quaite, the length was reduced to three wooks because i Ind tended to drag when four weeks wore allotted to it.’? ‘The course continued in this status until, in Soptombor with tho changed military situation, steps were taken to Aiscontinue st.7° Weather reconmaissance training, One of the most important techniques of weather cbsermation developed during World Wor II ws the use of reconnsissance planos over enony territory. As far as the AAP waz con- cerned, this method was developed rolatively late in the war and me Used most effectively against Japan, The importance with which this activity came to be regarded was woll {llustrated in the course of & monerandum which Adn, Ernest J, King submitted to Gen. George C. Marshall in March 1985: Tho report of the Commuder, Fifth Flest, after the rocont operations by the fast carrier task forces against Tokyo and other olties of e ‘the island of Honshu, crams attention to the adverse weather en- countered and stresses the lack of infornation on weather conditions cothivite THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED ams-ss, oto. SECURITY INFORMATION “e in ‘the Honshu ares with tho resultant inability to make reasonably, acourate Predictions concerning this area, An analysis of the operations of tho 20th Air Force also reveals a lack of weather information to be expected over targets on tho island of Honshus Admiral King recommended additional weather reconnaissance units "to provide continuous reports as practicable fron the area around Japan for several days before and during Pacific Fleet operations against Honshu targets”? Although tho AAP activated its first reconmissanse squcdron for testing purposes in August 1982," the iret aquadron for operational purposes,consisting of nine planes, mas not set up until the spring of 1944, By Soptenber of thst your six squadrons were in operation and a soventh in training, of walch three were activated in the theaters of operution fron whatever personzel and equipment were available to the theater comander.®) As plans wore projected for organizing two additional recomaisssnce units and for necting expected atbrition during : 1945, AA Headquarters cano to roalize thet this haphazard mmer of acti« vation and training would Inve to be abandoned. Several possibilities wore considered, One was to use the “Aircrew Weather Course™* for pilots and other rated aircrew nexbors at Chanute as a source for tais reconnaissance personnel, but/ms rejected because the course ren nine non Jn~too Loag to meet the pressing need for reconnaissance units. ‘Thoroupon, tbe Weather Division of OAR proposed that the Training Command establish new course which would train westher officers im ‘the techniques of reconnaissance operations, upon the complotion of which they might be given the rating of Airoraft Observer (Weather Reconnaissance) © ‘This suggestion, too, was sidetracked when early in 1945 the AAPThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 . RESTRICTED asso, cmp. zt SECURITY INFO bogan the activation of several very=long-renge recenmisssnee squadrons IMATION 189 to provide both photographic and weather recannaicsances On 26 January MF Headquarters directed the Treining Command to start a new 1Sweek course at Chanute which would acquaint rated pilots already trained in Photo-reccnnaissance with the "fundamentals of meteorology” so that ‘they might asoune assignnonts for "acourate cbsermtion, interpretation, and reparting of weather phoncmena fran the air."®? An officer wes @ispatohed to select 40 pilots for this training fram tho February graduating class of & course in photo-recommicsance at Will Rogere Field, Tho criteria employed in the selection were the pilot's desire for the training and his educetional backgroud as it related to notecrology.# Most of the courses* were taught through the lecture method, ale though "Surface Woathor Charts and “orecasting™ ms given to sell groups 4m laboratory fashion, The school authorities faced « constant problem in determining the rate at which natorial should be presented, for the educational background of the students varied far more greetly than ‘those talding the average weather course, Very few of the studonte for emample, had had any college training, and none hed mjored in mathozaticn or physicos To mike up for these doficionsies, an eighteweek review course in "noteorologica] mathematics” was establiched. > The groatect difficulty, honever, lay in providing one very important fonture of the course--practico in anking in-flight observations. The B-17 plane they procured for this purpose wes late in arriving, and whon ‘¥ For an outline of the curriculum, see Appendix Ke RESTRICTLO THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICT: susse, mp. vg SECURITY INFORMATION se it finally came, it lacked an important valve. As a unkeshift, a CoAT plano, which ms ill-suited to observational and instructional purposes, had to bo used. Bven then, thore was constant friction between the operating crew of the plane and the instructional staff of the school as to what sort of flight program should ve followed. The ultimte arrival of the B-17 did not alleviate to any great oxtont these difficule tion. In May 1946 it ms estimated tint 2,400 officers would have to be ‘trained during the year to meet tho requirements of the rapidly expanding reccunaissence programe’? A wide variety of personnel was therefore pressed into service, and the Chanute course had to be modified to fit ‘the peculiar and vericgated needs of these students. In June and July ‘two large classes composed almost entirely of navigators were entered, for whom the problem of instruction was considerably smaller: the curriculum previously used in training pilots was employed with only minor changes, During the sane period two classes in a new "subecourse® wore offered for nonerated weather officers. By onitting subjects with which those men were familiar through previous weather training it 88 ‘Was possible to limit this subscourse to five weeke."? acter a tour of weather reconnaissance tases et Grenier Field (ll. H.), Gender (Newfoundland), Tngens (Azores), and Wetton (England) during the summer of 1945, representatives of the Chamute school reported the course good enough ‘to prepare a student to “adapt himself" to any of the various specialized nethods whtch we observed in the fie14,""" Partly because of the lack of facilities available at Chanute and RESTRIGTER THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ee ai ; HIS-56, Chap. VI COUT IN Ui! 3s) portly, as an oxporimont, a sml1 anount of on-tho~job roconnaissance ‘raining was conducted by the 55a Reconnaissance Squadron (Long-Range Weather) based at Grenier Field, Two classes comprising 19 rated-pilot ‘weather officers wore held sterting in April and July respectively. ‘The course lasted soven weeks, the first two being spent at Grenier Field, the last five in flying missions in South america and over the Worth Atlantic. During the first two weeks lectures wore presented dealing with the theory behind weather reconnaissance, problex sessions were held, and practice was gaincd in Morse code, During the moxt five weeks, besides the flights, students spent part of their time in the ‘base weather station drawing cross-sections and plotting weather reports as they were transmitted froma plane. On the flights each student was accompanied by = qualified weather observer who acted as his instructor and assistant, Inctruction in weather theory and navigation, as well, practice in Morse code ms continued during the field period. Students asked to submit reports on the course were exthusiastic about its “very complete," “well planned," "characterized by practical training," “one of the most instructive courses I ever took," were some of the caments. The suggestion was made, however, that the course might have been onaier to comprehend if all the procedures were standardized “because almost every operation bas a choice of at least two procedures"; but this ms a comentary on the embryonic condition of weatiber reconnalae sence rether than on the course itself, The 53d Reconuaissence Squedron authorities took considerable pride in the course although, as they pointed out, the work ws not the primry function of their organisation and it interfered with the performance of their regular duties, They Tees, AtOTMOTED ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICT ATS~56, Chap. VE SECURITY INFORMATION 168 urged that if more extensive use of this Kind of training wore ado 4m the future, thore ought not to be more than 10 students in a class and no more than one class ought to be assigned in an organization at one time 6? Weattor oquipnont tocmicion oourees During the first two years of war new typos of woathor station oquipmont were made available in large quantities to the AAP Weather Sorvico by the Signal Corps, tho agency which stil] retained responsibility for its development and procurenent. To train AAP personel in the installation and minor naintesance of this equipment, early in 1945 a school ws ostablishod ab the Sigua Corps? Toms River Sigm) Laboratory, Seagirt, Ne Je This, St was expected, would be only a tomporary expedient; ultinatoly the factlitios would be moved to forma part of the weather training center which the AAP was setting up at Gromi pide, But, the AAF changed ite mind and decided to allow the school to remin at Soagiry, where developments in the equipment field were occurring mpidly and constantly." During the spring and sumer of 1945 the regicnal control officers 4m the United States were granted quotas so that their rersomel night attend the course, Officers and enlisted nen were trained seperately, the average officer class mmbering about 12, the averngo onlistea class about 404 In both casos the course lasted eight wooks, and there was Little difference in the curriculum usod.”” uring the sumer the pmotics ms adopted of solecting the listed students from among the graduates of the observer course at Ghanutema change mde because the mea being sent were not always of the “highest caliber." It wae RESTRICT THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED wee Ses Cope Wie SECURITY INFORMESTIC? considered desirable, though not imperative thet a mux be an observer, 1s to mke a good equipnent techaician, but it ws believed highly important that he possess a radio and mechantoal background and have made good grades in high sohool or college soience.> Although certain regional control officers requested that they be Allowed to wend their observers to the school, no change in the method of selection was mde until February 1044, ebout the tine the observers course at Chamte wa discontinued, At that tine, the domestic regional control officers were invited to nonduate their "best enlisted aon" for the courses the Weather Wing, whish allotted the olass quotas, specified that candidates be quilified observers, have at least two years of college training with a scientific slant, preferably bare some familiarity with eleotronios, and possess good character, peraci= ality, and appearanoes In addition, since it was expected thet all graduates would be assigned overseas, candidat bad to be qualified for that service.” The demmnd for additional enlisted teolnielans did not abate with ‘the end of the war, and the school was removed to the Signal Corpst pormmnont installation at Fort oanouth, with the prospect that the course would continue indefinitely om the same soale.°6 Radar and weather training, Weather observation and forecasting, ike so many other fields of militery activity, were drastically ‘affected by the increasiag use of radar during the latter stages of the war. Ia the sumer of 1044 the first supply of SOR-584, SCR~717B, and ANAMEQA15 sets, radar equipment useful to detect storms and to obtain other westier data, becane available to the “eather services Ib KEStCt ~~” “THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTEY . gss-ss, omp vr SECURITY INFULaE I0" 1 estinsted that there would be an innediate need for 400 enlisted men familiar with the operation and minor maintenance of such devices. In Guly the Weather Wing directed each rogicaal control officer in the continental United States to make available for such training & prow portionate munber of Its dbservers who were graduates of the “C™ prea neteorclogy course. These nen wore sent to the ROAF school at Clinton, Onte for training on tho SCR-584 sete’ After completing this cours about 24 men—who wore destined for service with a woathor recomaissance squadron which would use the AN/APQ~13 and SCR-71%B--were sent on to the AAF!a own radar school at Boca Raton, witoro a course in those two devices vas regularly given?” For weather officers, three courses were offorod. Thirty-two officers who wore to supervise the installation and maintenance of the SOR-684 sot wore sont for triining to Spring Lake in the sumer of 1944. Starting the following autum, officers requiring this kind of training wore sent to a fourenonth "Presfadar Course" conducted by the Army Electronics Training Center at Harvard University. Tho average class, winboring about 10 officors, was filled through quotas granted to the continental regional control officers. Upon completing this course, the students normally proceeded to three-uonth course in “Airborne and Ground Radar," covering tho SCR-7L7B and AN/AFQ-13 sota, ab WIT. OF an average class of 10 mon, 8 were normally assigned to the installation and maintenance of ground equipmont, and 2 to airborme equipuent, This ratio was changed, however, whonovor the quantity of equipment of each ‘type used by tho AAF mde it advisable .*? e —TROLIGAF EFIETEN we, tie Canacians descrioed this school as a radio-locator : clcoL. REST THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED iATION ws SCCURITY ars-se, ope SUGURITY [Niu e Yet anothar set of curses grow out of discoveries about the mture of radar which had been unde during operations in the Southwest Pacifics These showed that certain weather conditions produce a phenommon know as "guided propagation" which seriously affect radar reception; if tess weather conditions could be anticipated, the degree of propagation could be forecast. In October 1944 e "Radar Coverage Ferecaster Course” was established for officers who wore intorested in-receiving en assignaon as a staff officer ona research projects The first four weoks, intented to cover the theoretical aspects of the subject, were given at Chanitor physical background, theory of radar propagation, qualitetive forecasting of radar oquipmont, basic principles of mdar equipmont, and techaiqu in forecast verification. Yo increase the practical qualities of tho traixing, upon completing the work at Chanute, studeuts procooded to tho AAF Taobics] Center and School of Applied Tactics at Orlando for an additional 10-day partods Here they beard lectures on tactical employment of ground radar, aircorne radar, radar countermeasures, and forecasting procedures for low level soundings. The more practical aspects of radar propagation forecasting were ‘tromted in lectures and laboratory periods, and an opportunity ms provided to practice forecasting radar coverage using data from current soundings over land and water and to make low-level soundings with two @ifferont types of ground equipment and with the airborne psychrometer Mn515, Tt was inovitable from the pionooring mture of the radar coverage e forecaster course that the ourrioulum should be in a constant state of RESTRIC: Es THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED sass, omp. ox SECURITY INFORMATION 158 flux, and thet the instructors somsbines should find themselves Imowing Little more about the subject than the students, Zfforts were mde to Amprove this situation by having key instractor porsomel attend the portodic conferences oa wave propagation sponsored by the National Defense Research Council. ‘he school authorities believed that their teaching might bave beon more effective 1f more rigorous standards bad been applied to the selection of studoats. Recont graduates of tho "AY meteorology corse who had volunteered for the training wore eligible, bub because of the importance of mthemtics and physics in radar work, it ws specified that candidates mst have ranked in the top 10 per cont of their class in dymmic meteorology. Tho roquirenont that they be voluntesrs was adopted bocause it was desirable tint graduates be enthusiastic about the subject so that they might "sell" tho new and untried technique in the ficld, Unfortunately, as it burned out, many officers detailed to the course had not actually volunt ed, end of those who had, few knew what the course covered, being under tho isapproheasion that it dealt with radar rethor than weather ,!00 Sferics training, The last devices useful for weather obsormation ‘to be introduced during tho war mis the Static Direction Pinder, kom for short as Sferic. Developed by the Signal Corpa and the AUF at Red Bank, N. Js, Bermda, and Gainesville, Fla., the sferic employed a radar-like dtrectiaal antonna (two mbually: perpendicular receiving oops) and a eathode-ray tubo, Tho revolving antenna sought out the static signals which accompany certain typos of storms and relayed them to the woathermn as straight-line flashes on the face of the cathodes ray tubo, The angle at which tho flashos appeared indicated the direction which the storm was taking, A network of stations simltenoously taking . 2 ESRIGER - THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 sss-se, ome. vt SECURITY INFORMATION er obeormations of tho sane flashes could leesto their saurce and the position of a storm within a 2,000-nile radius ,/°? In August 1944 the Weather Wing obtained fraa the Sigua] Corps pronise of 24 sferica sots--enough to operate 6 notworks--for operational purposes by the following April, and it requested AAF Hendquarters to initiate training for 48 enlisted mon to operate and maintain thon,10? Headquarters responded by setting up at Soctt Ficlé--long-tine hone of AAF radio end electronics training--a 12-wsk course in Sferios mintance and oporation starbing on 16 Octobers For admiesion a mn bad to be an observer with sone capacity for electrical works Basically the course was one in radio mechanios, dealing with the ‘theory and elenonts of electricity, alterusting and direct curront, vacuum tubes, radio, radio cirouits, tranenitters, aud receivers; shop practice and maintenance on all parts of the radio set SORS99—trens= nitters, receivers, poner supplies, power units (engine-driven); and radio operating procedures and operating signals. Additional classes, each composed of 12 students, were bogun in Noveuber and Decenbor 1944 and Jamary and February 1945, till the 49 required enlisted nen had boon trained 10% To nest the need for enlisted men whose duties would be nerely the operation of aforios networks, the Signal Corps on 16 October 1944 began three-week course in aferics operation for AAP enlisted men at Eatontown Signal Iaboratories, Spring Lake, Thore wore approximtely 30 uen in each of these classes, the course composed of one week of form lectures ond two wooks of practice performed under actual operating conditions, The lecture period covered general theory and iit ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958Thi Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTLU 425-60, cmp. t= SECURITY ir GikwiTi0% 168 construction of sferics equipment, its uses and alignuent, and mdio procedures During the practice period, attention was devoted to the roading of asimiths, plotting and encoding of fixes, and encoding and decoding of exchanged messages. The school authorities believed that nore time should be devoted to the course, but conceded the fact that since a bigh quality of student ws provided them, they were able to tum out good operators nonetheless. The course was ended after the graduation of @ class which Ind ontered on 28 April 1945,'°* RES inter THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED as SECURITY INFORMATION Chapter Vit PLANS FOR A POAGHTIM WEATIER SERVICE By the ond of World War II the AM? had built up an effictentiy operating, worlaide weather service of nearly 20,000 officers and men, ‘virtually 411 of whom bad received sone of the training described in ‘the foregoing pages. According to official records, 18,515 enlisted aon and 5,924 officers kad boon graduated frou the regularly conducted chook courses between the middle of 1959 and V-J Day, The manner In which the wexther rice conducted ite mission during ‘the war years offers clear evidence as to the quality of this training, ‘Te de signifioant thet whoa AAF officials began during the spring and sumer of 1945 to consider whet training ought to be conducted in the penostine weather service, although they planned to incorgorate into ‘the curricula muy of the techniques and devices which had been developed during the war, they contemplated no fundanentel changes in the training structares 411 planning for peacetine training hinged, of course, on ‘the question as to what the role of the weather service in the postwar Aray was to bes Each of these questions ws shrouded in the thickest ‘kiad of obscurity, which went thet any plans which might be mde for porte ‘var wether training would have to be highly speculative. As plans wore drawn and redram, & number of assumptions were accepted as prem wbly larger than they had been in 1987, Another ms that whether the JAF, One ms that the peacetime arued services would be consider= ‘the Navy, or sone other unit of the Aruy were given primary responsibility e for uilitary weather servios, the AAP would ooutimue to be one of the Principal users of it. Noreover, if the AMF wers to cantiane to have prime ALS there “THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED ose, capes SECURITY ANFORYEHOH vn xy rosponsibility for weather service, or if it were to have responsibility only for servicing its om operations, most of its work would be performed by rated pilot-offieers who wore also trained forecasters, assisted ty a corps of highly qualified onlisted forecesturs and obsorvers. As this situation applica to training, it appeared likely that the newly oreatod ASP Weather Service, now a comand operating on a world-wide basis, would mie an atienpt to take the initintive in determining woathor training policies et tho expense of tho training division of AMF Headquarters, Tho material which bed been offered in the mmorous highly specialized courses which caxe inte existence since tho middle of 193 would have to be ine corporated inte relatively fow standar@ courses which would be given rogularly at pomanont AAP installations or at ouch institutions as civilian universities. The sudden surrendor of Japan in Aupuet brought the AAP plamers to ‘the realization that thoy could no longer toy with possibilities; the post= war erm was already upon thom. The impact of demobilization on tho woathor service can be readily socn by corparing the 16,000 porsonuel available on YH Day with the 17,600 on aI Day, tho 8,656 on 81 Dooonber 1946, and ‘the 4,196 on 50 duno 1946, In tay 1965, and throughout the rest of the your, the SAF Wenther Service, wich bad become the operating and dissemi- meting agency of 12 weather inforration throughout the Army, was committed toe plan of presorving the world network of veteorological facilities in ‘the support of ocoupsbional troops and oxtensive ATO routes, To nect this requirorent weather corvice planners visualized their porsomnel noode for ‘the Interin ir Force as 11,689 military percomnol, nore then tice the nunbor available a% tho crd of 1866, This eritical shortage was to be net RESHUCTES THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED asso, comp. at SECURITY INFORM HON an ty various weans: (1) to bave the werthor service declared «career service so that officers ould be avcigned to it permnontly; (2) te secure a proportionsie slare of the AUS officers being given Regular Amy comnissions; (5) to attenpt to regain sore of the weatherstrained officers who had bec diverted to other comands in 1945-46; (4) to rocall meteorology specialists to active duty assignments; and (5) to reinetitute a vigorous wathor training programs Although sore yorsomel was secured through the first four means outlined hero, the majority of then, the weathor service realized, would have to cone through th training procrom, In view of vhis the AAF ordered five of its wer courses” continned without interruption in order to fecllitaty the rebuilloing of the docinated weather servicer” (1) imtictoa obcorvors Course was reinstituted ab Chamte Ficld on 23 August 1945, without mich ehange from its wartine status. With tho Cotablisimont of the Army's tworycar scrvico plan, a complete turnover of obsorvor personnel every year or so vas oxecoted to constitute a hoavy dorand on this basic woathor course and indoed tho first fow classes were composed alnoct outirely of draftees who Ind just completed tusic training, Soon after initiating postwar operations the course oxperionced great Gifficulty in sccuring student persornel in sufficient munbers to moot ‘the established quote for enlisted observors, Tho first few classes, which wore ontered overy two weeks, ranged fro about 125 to 253 students, whereas ‘The ccecription of Ths courses to follow are tased for tho most part on plans adopted by VJ Day, and no attempt is mdo to recount all of thoir subsoqvont modi RESTRICTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICIED aise, ap. 11 SECURITY INFORM TION ae 462 ms the desired figure. tho resson for this was quickly diagnosed as ‘the relatively high acaderie requirenents, a review of witch subsequently revealed tht tho JAF tamual 8540-1 entabLished only “dostrable minimum qualifications with a GOT score of 100 and a weatnor aptitude teat ceore of 90,° Consequentiy, carly in February 1046 the Training Conmond was informed th it could uso as absolute minimum qua Hifications for entry into the observers course 0 COP score of 90 and a weather aptitude test score of 05, This, hovover, ms to te only an energency expedient, and ‘the next two classes wre to be carefully chooked to ascertain if the nen were qualified for the course, which ws to retein high stenerds. (2) Mulisted Forscasters Course wis to be given at Chants, also with little change fron ite wartino ctatus, Early in Dooenber the Traizing Divieion of tho AAP informed the Tr. ining Gomand that requires monts lad been established for the taining of 791 forecasters,” but on Iw Jamary tho weather servico suddenly requested that the woather fore= castors class scheduled to begin on 4 February be canceled.” the reason riven wis the critical need for woathor observers when the majority of roonlistronts up to that tire had beon weather forecasters. The diversion of woathor cbeorvers witing training ab Ctarute would be of more value to tho weather service it was belived, even though the forecasters wore also nsoded. The class of Forecasters ma therefore suspended by the Troining Command on 1 January, only to be reinstituted on 18 February for 20 students.” The weathor service reguusted tict the student persomol for this class bo selected from experienced enlisted rorsomel in tho Sorvice rather than nowly onlisted porsenaol, This would be an inducement for reonlistment in the weather servicer to Imow thet training leading RESTRICTS THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGTED wees, Cope MEE SECURITY INFURWiAHON ** ‘to higher job classifications was being unde available. Exporicnce kad shom thet weathor obscrvers with field experience wore more comizant of tho problors and requirononts of the westher service, and mde better weather forecasters, And it was undesireble that enlisted persomel in the field should see newly trained personne] placed directly into advanced ‘training solely bocause of their physical availability. (8) Rawinsonde Operators Course for enlisted non we to be given ab Canute. On 8 Doocxbor 1946 the training roquirenents for this specialty wore aot at 161, all men to be qualified weather observers and to have dexoustrated an aptitude for electronics training. Tho students reasived for this courses woll as the cource beloweewore of low caliber and many of the instructors had to be subsequently discharged as well before ‘the course achieved sone stability early in 1046, (4) Rawinsonde Tochaicisns.Course for oulisted men ws also to be civen at Chanute for man who had graduated fron a basic course in electronics. Although reinstitution ws suddenly postponed indefinitely after being nu scheduled to start on 16 duly 195,71 the course did got under way on 1s February 1946, but with tho same general difficulties experienced in tho Fanineonde Operators Course!” (5) Teather Officors Course was to be given at Chanute using the curriculum developed during tho var for the cadet neteorology course, the airerew wather coarse, and some of the naterial from the micro~ noteorolory and staf? weather officer courses. The length of the eourse was to be 89 wecks (the first class started on 22 October 1945) and the eligibility requirenonts of officers up to and including the renk of major THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIC. 9 Ai3-60, Ota I SECURITY INFORMATION am were: graducte of U.S, Hilitary Acadeny, Regular amy officers, officers recomended for and desirous of e courdssion in the Regular amy who were graduates of on "B" or "6" promoteorolocy course, or who Ind completed ab Jeast three years of college work with major study in mothenatics, including integral culeulus, or physics, including at least one full college year of physic. Ti ms anticipated that the graduates of this course would be assipned to the AIF weather Service. The AaF dostred that the standard of training dn this course be comparable to, if nob better ‘than, the meteorological instruction conducted at civilian universities, To accomplish this it ws necossary to amplify and expand the course curriculum and procure highly quilified meteorology inctwuctors. The AAP Girected the Tmining Gomnd to prepare a proposed course outline on a. level with the universities', determine the required standards for civilian instructors, and prepare job desoriptions for the civilian instructors. As could be expected there ms great diffiolty in getting either instructors or students with the desired qualifications, especially on the dasis of a volunteer system, On 6 Novenber 1945 the wither scrvice ind submitted an ostirated officer requirerent of 1,203 as of 1 July 1946, Tt was assured by the Wlitary Personnel Division that ev.ry effort would ‘de nade to £111 weather officer training classes with volunteers who met quali fications as cotablished in ALF Letter 50-76. burveys wers conducted by the AAF comands to determine those officers qualified and intorested in netoorology training and the net result was that 19 officers entered ‘raining ot Chanute Field. The total amber of volunteers then in training THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 hwo 85-56, Olmpe VII GF ITTY (HP Cig hAON 15 ut x was 41, Various sources of porsonael wore canvassed and considered, recruitment even approached a wartime basic, and moh of the old advertising was used, but 01] proved inadoguate On 9 Septenber 1946 the weather sorvico submitted a staf? study to ‘the AAF that outlined tho requirements for trained weathor officers, what ‘the service had doze to meet these requirements, the Jack of euccces experienced, and the recomendations for improving tho weather officer training progran.® The weather service did not concur in lowering the eligibility requirencuts for woother officer training as 4t would not be consistent with the general AAP policy to produce and miotain high educations] standards in its officers (meteorology training ws considered to be on professional or graduate levol by the universities), The staf seudy concluded that there existed within the AAF an insufficient nuiber of officers qualified for and desiring weather officer training to nect ‘he nocds of the weston service.” yon Af quotes for the weather oftioor classes were filled in the Suture the training outuet would not mect authorized strongth until Novenbor 1948, The instructor staff ab chanste Field lacked the experience and professional conpetence necessary to maintain weather officer training st a graduate and professional level. Therefore, He mas recomended thet thore be a return to « subsidised cadet noveorolory Progran similar to that conducted during the war, using college and Air TOPO gradustos thorouchly scho.led in physics and mthemties as studontes The bulk of weather officer training should be transferred to the oivilian universities, it wis thought, ware highly competent instructors were available and noteorolocy training vas ccndueted at a graduate level. 3 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 +KEorited wee, oar mE SEEURITY [iPM IOE we snall, continuous wather training program should be retained in the AAP, however, preferably in the Air Institute of Technology, to serve as @ standard for comparison and for training research porsonnol in moteorolosys After tho ostabliskzont of the ebove five covrses was authorised, the omission of one of the wartime coursesm=the staff weather officers courses was protested by the authorities in charge of it. The course had just attained its peak of efficioncy, Col. L. A. ialker, staff woath-r officer of the AAP Tactical Conter pointed out, and might now be considered a "General Staff Course for the AAF Tiesthor Service." If it were discontinued, ib would take a long time to reestablish it to its present standards, He Fointed out that other comparable AAP schools~-for inspectors, commmications officers, and senior staff officers~wore to be operated regularly at the ‘tactical center, and Golouel Valker held that tho schosl's location and facilities were better suited for a veather officers course than those at Chanute, ‘The wea her service and AMP Hoadquerters rofused these sugcostions oa the ground thet for economy's cake weather training .ughb to be concen- trated @t one school. Since the acute shortage of forecaster personnel in the Zone of Intorior mde it inadvisable te esnduct more then one weather course for officers at prescut, the important features of the ‘tactical center covrso--and perhaps cone of its instructors--could be used dn the weatler officers course at Chanute .? Finally, in addition to those basic courses outlined above, in February 1946 the AAP announced thet a committee had been established to make recomendations oa an ANF "Post-Graduate Civilian Haueation Program," Tho weather service recommended that e quote of 40 officers be allocated [OT rae belie tet THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 REST cD erect He ORMATION vss, operat SECURITY INF IRAE: wn © co tho service for tits Kind of traininge-S to bo solectod yearly to enrol jn ono or more of the executive and administrative branches, 50 to be enrolled yearly in tho professional fields, and 5 offioors to be onrolied in the ressarch fiela to abtain advanced post-graduate educations Ae~ cordingly for the autum of 1046 a total of 2 officers taroaghout the eatver service tad applicd for graduate training in ncteorolegy.? qronty of these officers were solocted by the Air Kateriel Gonrand to enter traiming, and even had beon selected for this training and had ‘entured the spring semstur 1946, The woathor service strongly urged 411 officers expecting to wake the wosthor service a carvor to tale advantage of the program to obtain an advanood decree im motoorology=-ané in so doing help mintain the ir Vevthor Service in tho execution of its :tobal mission, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 SIS56 RESTeHED SECURITY I e@ oLcsonay APIS: Jeny Sir Force ‘esther Service BAR TS dary ir Yoree Veather Train’ny Center hesietant Obief of Mr Staff, Fersonnel Assistant Chief of Mr Ctaff, ivetning Chief of kir Stott Teyuty Chief of ir Statt Birectornte of lar--erent Control Directorate of Vi] itary kK qnirenents Mrectovste of Fersomel Dirootornte of Tectntenl Services Valitery Terceenel Division BMrectorate of Individual Training Air Yoree School of Applied Tactics je Tore Trainin: Detackment rectorate of Veather tany Specielirea Training Provan Aa eather Service Gelifornia Institzte of Technology Chief Signal Officer Central. Tecknicel Tretnirg Conrend Tostern Tectn'eet Trafning Command Cerere} Clasoiftestion Tect (trey) Cerere] Headquarters Air Poree Institute of Technolesy ‘aintincnee, & Distritutien Crriee of the Chief of Ar Corps Ceroticns, Comltnents, & Requirerents Roar Royal. Canadian bir Foroe Roo Lesieral Contra? Ceficer sft Seorctary of “er The Trade ing Commend TTC Tecknicol Training Cormand T.C.E ake Universtiy of Colsfernia ab Ton inyeles, ws Tniveratty Votecrolovicol Cermitiec enthes Region vertern Techntorl Training Comand e ae ALS THIS PAGE Decla:Tl Page Declassified IAW EO12958 meorete G6 REST TH) eeniearer ty awd UUATEL dha oe eus aac Introduction 1. Victory of the AAP Heather Service, T, 1-7 (herefrafier cited es Tist. 25'S). Pe TaOs COS-27, Pre 15, O64 3. Tid, pre 15, We 4. Ioid., pe Ue ° v9 Heo iv feo ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958e SECURITY INFORM 071 reras rior T 1. Erie & “Aen, More Ts cn of Veteorclovicn] Institybtons in um (1921), United Stores," Vonthiy w Es Calvert, Mike “eather Burson 2 ext, LEY (1927), 121-22, Tyke cLigation Corp, Goeiny 1690," “onthis: ‘eather Lewin, 7. Interviow with Col, Don Te"eal, 2 Tove 1K £. exo Cor O/10 rom Gols Ky Py VincoIn, Gain, Thine dee. Rees Dive Tro. 1936, de Mine 27S, TT, . 30. C2 to Ghict, Trotning Sees, 15 “ey 1936, In m Us Fon. JOL33 C2 (Cleanattootion Div.) to LE; June 16/3, in 6/33 Teaiving files, 1, Fist. WS, 1, 96 ef, 13, Feensertpiton of teler! one eenverssidon JI tetucen Trige Gene Te Jo ley, Ba/iS ard age Cone > i778, WW, top. 56. Us Tees, P00 24 7B to CC, Rtebrord, Se thereto, in Mat. AVS, TY, 5 2h Tey W9LRs Leb and 2 me 320 Rew ce peyy AROSE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 ‘200, ‘Div. tren Ate de MA Sine} Gowns “checl of“ ctvoroloryy™ sae oe. 5. e 6 Doig, SEF C927), be Tall, Metecrolosice? Gorse Giw-n in tie Signal Sere Soheed chert (Is, 03 2d 43, 6 Tove 1942, Im the aThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 hesrkiviw : SECURITY IkFOR MATT @ a5. B90 3a i to OF 20 AB, 15 Cot. 107%, in Mists ANS, TW, cirps 495 RGO Ist UR, ret. on 2d AP Forecasters School, Jo den. 105, in Fist. "3, IV, Arps 523 lot ind. (ept., 19 Jon. 19/5), 260 34 VR te CO Sea. Migs, "30 Cen. 1025, in USO files. AFS=56, Voter, Chars T ae2 és 34 ded. (Ltrs, (00 24M to Dir, of ‘rnther, 22 Sept. 10/2), OG 28 WP $0 100 347K, 10 Cob. 197, in Tist, AMS, TY, Acpe 486 We The Cole Is Le Tundell, Stine 200 3a 'H to 03 2a AF, 15 Got. 1942, in Tste 2 TT, arp. 426 Ie. RR, SIFSY to L7RET, 26 Sent. 19/25 ANPTIAD to TCU, 2 Cobe IRs AURA to WATT, § Cet. 1042, in 1% 353.99, Tre ting Veteoroleeys trenseription of telepher’ couvcrsrtion telveen Trig. Gen. Te Je Fantey, Seay DO/AS ond Vaje Sen. Robert Chis, 0 28 AF, 6 low. 1OL2y tn Piet. ARIS, TY, Arps be 19. Gare Rossty to Tivard Fowles, 18 Tey 19/3, in mine, WS nbz. ,3-6 Fane 10/3, in TROT Cec. 20. Tatly Diory, Teoh. Tretning Dive ATAOT, 2 Joly 19’3. BCOPNIUTERL! THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW E012958 sonst RestricreD e SECURITY INFORRATION rorns Chapter II Le Yemo for G/AC fron Gol. 2. D. Lincoln, € Dec. 1036, in Bist. AAFUS, TH, app. 16. 2, Cire. Ltr, 37-2, Tt. Gol. 4 C. Jr Gorps eetivities in T.S., 16 widsor, Tree. (0/36 to GOts aT ov. 1937, In Fists AUS, IT, Apps 250 3. Los, Tb. Fa De Le Baten to Ite R. Me Lovey, 12 “ay 1938, in Tste act, TI, Arps £06 de Lore, Josey to Eeton, 18 vay 1999, in Fist. AVS, IL, arp. Ale 5. Ltrs, Val. Cove S18, TE, dep. 42. TH, Arnold to CO Scott Fld., 26 Nay 1039, in Fist. 6. Ist ind. (Arnold te CO Scott Fd.), Gol. As G. Picker to C/s6, 5 Tune 1939, in Hist. AAWIS, TL, app. £26 7. 24 ind. (Arnold to CO Scott Fld.), Lt. Col. I. C. Eater to GO Scott Fla., 21 Sime 1939, in Mist. WS, TI, acy. Ae €. Ast ind. (Lir., 05 GRDAF to 0/NO, 1 Tov, 1699), -riye Sen. 5. Yount, to C3 ORMP, 21 Tov. 10395 2d ind., 0, “Te Runge}, OS/1'QAF to O/XG, 4 Dec. 1099, in Fist. AAT'S, Il, fippe /45 Monthly apts. of Stat. O'ntrol; Mist. ATS, I, 66-67. 9. Tere, Ths Gol, Rs E. Teofle, AG0 to CO Scott Fld., 1 Apr. 100, in tat, AN?'S, IL, Sop. 275 Fist. AM7'8, I, TA72 10. FR, Cyne. Soe. to Troining Seo.) 15 Tors IAI, in ANG 353-0—3A) Gakder Tretnings RR, 0/80 to C/15, 22 Tors 19415 Itr., C370 to CO AGTS, Ghanmte, 71 Dee. 191, roth in ANY 353.6C, Troining General. V1. Ltr. GO "ea, “ge to COAF thra AG/AS Per. -rnel, 15 June 19/3, in, IG/#B Testning Files; Wtr., DO Vea. ig. te OAR GOAS, Trening), Dk Joly 19.3, In AAS 3535, Trotinings 12, Vonthly Apts. of Stet. Centrol. WB. Wot. N73, T, Oh A. AMF Rog. SCa1?, 16 Jan. 1973. e@ 12This Page Declassified IAW E012958 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATICN Server, Seo. TS Chanute to CGAMF, A0/2S Tre ining, Sen. R. i. Ferrer, AGJAS Treiwinz to CO “en. ‘ite, in io/AS Trotning fies. iF5-56, Votes, Chep. IT e 15, Ltra., Cart. T 9 Aug. 10435 Er 1 Sent. 1973, bo! 1G. Virte Charute Tield, 1 fon, 19/3 to 7 July 19/3, pe 168. 17. Ties, Capt. G. F. Taylor to Col. Den Velea), 27 Web. 19/34 1A, Lr., Tt, 1, BR. Robincon to Dir. of Training, 4S Chanute Fld., 11 Toy 1073, vith incl. 1g. Mist, Chanute Weld, 1 Ten. 19/3 to 7 July 16/3, I, 173The 20. Ibid, # Suly 16/3 to 31 Deo. 19/3, Ty 287 2h. Ute. CO Mee. Me. to COA, 2 Cob. 1943. 22. Ficbs Gharute Field, 1 Tar. 19/3 to 7 Twly 19/3, Ty 176; @ July 1943 to 3 Dec. 1/3, I, 227 . Hist, Chanute Field, £ July 19/3 to 31 Tec. 19/3, 1, 267668. Pl. Thlds, 2f8—°93 Urs, CO ea, Tig. to OMAP, 2 Coty 16/3 vith inds.s ltrs., 0G Chanute to OGFIC, 1¢ Sept. (with ings.) end 20 Cot. 10/35 nexos for Dir, of Tratnint, Ckenute from Col. J. F. Thomson, Srey Dir. Dept. of ens, Chanvte, 25 «rd 26 Cot. 19/3 25. Webs AAPWS, I, 72. 26. Yeno for oll verther officers in 4th "XK fro Taj. U. OG, Senter, 260 Ath V2, 11 Dee. 19/1, in Rist. AATIS, TY, ann. 212. 27. Wet. NS, TET, 208n. 28. Telg., Sixrercan to 100!s Ist, 2d, 3d, Ath i's, 30 duly 10/7, in Tist. 28703, TY, app. 222. Tednts., 20C VeClelan Fld. to Dir. of eather, 32 July 19425 ROO Ath *R to Dix. of “erther, 30 July 10/2, both in Hist, ALS, Tv, Appts. 223, 72h. 30. Ist ind. (ltr., ROO 2d UR to Dir. of ‘‘cothr, 22 Sect. 15/2), Col. D, 2. Zivrerman to ACO 2d WR, 25 Sept. 16/2, in Niet. AL"IS, TY, dype 2256 BL. Tedg., Dassett to 26C%s Ist, 2d, 3a, Ath, Sth "ts, 11 Dec. Lolz, in Met, MAPS, TY, Apps 226, 32. CO Mon. “We. to OSAT, 1S Tone 16/25 CO Yen. 1913, in “SEQ files. ig. to Shar, 15 Some e 33+ TCs 00-25-27, pe The THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958A°S-56, Totes, Oh be a7. 38 39. 40. Ale This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ncoiwbl cD 1» pe feb ey SECURITY (FORMATION It. Col. J. Ds ‘ckerran to Capt. ©. T. Tayler, Chenvts Verte re 18/2, ty 30/28 Tre ining, PHeS~ Sth ind, (GO "cos “zs to ALHA, Mote" 1073) £77, COs 4s Training, nedes Gth 4n,, Srige Gene 2. "I, Torrer to 1B dap. 1h, Toth In MO/AT Treining Files Ler, of “erther, 17 “zs to 20/ 0 Hens Igey Ttr., Car Jor to Tt. Cole 7, B. Ackerman, 8 Mar. 143— Ltr., ickersan to eylor, 17 Ter. 1913+ Interviow vith Col. Don Vot'eal, 3 Apre 10/5« Tige one Ure to OTA, 4 Apr, 10", in VEYA Bless CO Yee. Wigs to ROIs Sn ceitinentod U.S.) 13 Jume 1o/4, with indts. frem seven NG's, dtd. 16, 20, 22 dome 11, tp NSH) flless Urata. rarer, “Iratntng of Cesies as Veotter Co-cevers," Cires, Fuly 1945, in YS50 fies. REQ, AO/AS COAR, Vea. Div. to AC/AS—2, 1 Joly 19/55 U2, "Cod. G. 3. ord to AO/AS-1, Maly 145, dn AMMO? Ptles. Torsone] Dives 3 41, Fersonnel Dive, 27 Go). D. Ys Yates to 30/28-3, Training Div., 2 ange 1045; Lut inde Gates to %0/\S-3), C3MAF to Chief, LAS, '25 Ang. 1945, in AAG? files. WR, 10/433, Yeas Service Lialsen O'fies to 16/2543, ‘reining, 6 Sorte 9/5. Lin., Chiel I'S to OOATO, 5 suze 1046s Ipterview with Col, Den tele], 2 tpre 15. «Lincoln, Gnief Tans Secey IT, Arp. 16 oro for 0/26 Lre~. Cole it ce Dives 8 Lec. 1936, in Mists AA Ltrs, TA to O/1, 26 dan. 1937; meno Lor C/8C fron. CSig0, & Febs 19975 Got.’R. 2, Lincoln, "E-olinivary plan for Trengter of “eteorologice! Servieo to the Aly Gorps," nade, in iste SANS, TL, Apps. 1620. Yeno for Chicf, Fercorrel Div, (C/RC froz cl. My C, VeChord, Chier, HO Dive, 5 Spt. 1937, in Riche A573, TL, Arges 306 Ltrs, Col. Ds Cimeterd, toting CSIg0 to TA, 9 June 1997; Tere, C/AC to OD, “right Td., 24 Tey 1997, both in Mist. AMS, Tl, Apise Bl, 335 fnruad Apt. G/aG, FY 1OK0, in 4S 319.85 Interview with Gole Don Vetrad, © Ayre ILS. neormtrre THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 Reoiiticd SECURITY INFCRMATIC3 e Sle Mh be AMFIS, T, 62, 71a723 Ist ina. (Ite., CG CECAP to O/N0, 9 Lay 19/0), C/:0 to 07 GrCAP, 13 ay 1OZ0s Itr., It. Col. 2. Frailie, 180 49 CO Futlorson Was, 11 Jyr. 19/9, both in Hist. AW'S, TI, Appts 45, 273 interview with Col, Don TeYeal, F pre 19456 JES-56, Fotes, Choy 185 52. Gormnt 2 ( £27 ), Teoining Sno. to Orns, Sees, 16 ov. 19/1, in ANG 353,9-3A, Glider Tro‘nings 53. BER, ATECT to ATG thru! ATOIS and LEIP, 27 July 10/7. She Utne, Teite Come Be Ve 2973, in A0/A5 Training files. or to GAT, 22 Cet. 55. WR, Col. DB. S. "etael to A/A8 dro’ning, "eas Dire, Lo/3s Teninty: Ciles. A Jame 19khy in £6. Interview with Col. Dox I'eleal, © apre 1045. 57. List of gradustes of Frtiersen snd Chouto Fide. in ltrs, Cant. Le Ge Seeliczon, ‘est. Trec. TO Dive, O/KC to COTM, 27 Aux. 1941, in 219 353.04, olovice? “raining; Ventily apis. of Stat. Controle BA, Frees Releare, % Apes 1206 56. eno, nace, “rotping of “enther foreensters at Obemute Fela," £27 july 1202,'4 10/28 Tesininy flees €0, lot ind. (Ltr. Vay 1910, in 2, © Vey 1940), C/20 to OG CHCAN, 13 IG GECAF to 0/2 o +. WS, TI, Gl. Intervt with Gol. Don Metal, 2 Tove 1/6 2. HOVE IR, vero Mel, 15 July 19/7, in A/!S Terintng Piles. 6. Soe Ne 59 aheves GL. XR, Dols B, Mresctt, Dir. of ‘rather to AcGT, nd, izee var. qed, in JaS Peainine Lilese Ge Ry Gols Me Te Toscott to APE, Vor. or DeceL%7 10/2, tn N/1S Gratning files. 6, Ltrs, SAT to OF UPAR foversios, 13 Feb, V3, In 4G 3530, Tratnings G1, OH-TN-5024, (20 “rx. 43) Fo, Lth IF te O" nO Pere IZ. 62, lar. Sriv, Gon. 8. Ue “ergec, AC/AS Tratniny to CFG, 16 Tece 19/3) in LO/1S Tecintny PEess 69. 24 ands (SAI to OF U3AR, 13 Feb. 19/3) {7, Verrce to CO "ene Yeas 13 Serb. 1923, in 46/43 Trein'rg files. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 se86, F RESTRICT. 17S-56, Totes, Chon. IZ SECURITY INFORMATION 166 e 7. MA. Col. De Ss “etzel to A0/A3 Trvining, “leas Ex, S/T to CO's all overcors wins, 3 Febe Wty tw 26, 26 Jon. 19145 ‘Training. Te Anvued Byte of G/AC (1928), pe Bho . Phot. Ghanate Pica, 1 Jan. 1973 to 7 duly 1973, pe ¥ TB. Told, 7 Dec. 19/1 to 1 Jam, 1673) Te Ade Whe Tod. 1 Jan. 1943 to 7 daly 192, pps 1éO-S1. 15. bide Wb. Ext. Lies, OO770 (Sings. Div.) to (277, 26 June 192, in A0/AS ‘Training files. 71. Fist. Charute Field, 7 Doc. 10:1 to 1 Jon. 19/2, p. 4233 Vonthly Rpts. of Stat, Conixols intorricw with Col. Den Vebeal, 2 Tove Whhe The FOC Ath R meno Bel, 15 My 10/2, files. To. Tee f 0-2-7, pps 70. £0, BER, Copt. Cebeze to Lt, Gol. W: levorbh, 29 Voy 10/3, in 332 files. Ele 005 Ouray oR, Corte Loree to Vaje Tumpheey, 2 Fane 19/35 a2, Ti Beh to 80 fon. tee (2Y/, 2 ore 1973, an files. £2, 302, O. De Hy to m3 flee. Wize (2)_7 with 5 arronded cor ents, 1 vay 19/35 FR, Gebote to Tisworth, 727 ay 193, toth in WIE files "Be S434, 293 bo Trees, J Tune 19/3; Ib. Cols C. Bs Cossrove, Taming Gees, .C/13 Foceo ned to GO, Vee. lige, 21 tune 19/35 as ze to MO/i8 Tonining, 5 Cob. 1043, with Ist ina, Lrig. Gene Rs We Marper to OO “ea, “ze, 16 Dee. 1/2 "Ee ey Bets to Aly 23 Cob. 19/33 TF, Senter, GOVer. “ee te Jig 7 Bee. 672, ald ve "929 eides. e124), 6/85 Traine ix, wos. te. OC, Senter to ORUIT (AC/AS Srotning), 26 indy 19/4 in USHQ files. it, Chanute Tield, 1 Sext. 16/7 to 31 Cob. 2" h » Cole 8. Coulter, Caict, Individ. Tr: rel, VELL Tovsernel Dave, 25 Cote 19745 in ield, 1 Sort. 187A to 21 Cob. 10/4, T, 19d Div. to 6/18 Ferson= OT Pidce; Hist. Chanute 2 RR, Col. FB. ool, (6/35 COR tha, Div. to \C/AS Tratuirg, Individs Textndy Dive, 23 Teb. 1975, in AUOT Piles. : RESTHYGt THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 W'Se56, “otne, Chap. TE RESTRICTS aer 7 Vetoes Gee SECURITY INFORMATION . mi Services Seess ing Divs 72S. 10/5, in ATGT Piles. Gol. 4. Se soa chief Teoh. 19/38 Teatnisy te W713 CO"R “en. Div. $0. YR, Gol. D. Vay’ 19/5, in Joins to S/S Tesining, Individ. Tretntns Dive, 9 ACT files. 1. Ltrs, GOAN Nor, th, to CPT, 21 dune 19455 1 Ay “leas Servico Hialgon C2tiee ASG te A0/28 tentwine, 13) 6 WSO to Tratracy, 12 Tudy 1945), Div. to Cfice of Frowwen “onttoting, 31 Joly 16/5. 3. 3, Tentaing, 6 3 We « Vontronery to 30/35 Tevzornel, 13 Apr. 1875 telgey 3, 15 fips 19/7, in 0/38 Training £2 95. 4s Server te CO 'on. Vz., 26 "ny 10/13 Itr., Server to T4/38 Trai hang, Us vane 16/7, in L6/ the Piles. 96. Fararhrased fron, "Timmter ovec the Torth Atinntic," Jorbme, Tov. 19ldy pe ITs ‘en. to Col. D. 2, Zinrernan, veal, Chnoute Cort. of Fealning files. oF. 19/9, in 0/8 Erith, TAI? to OOF, 23 Serbs 19/2, dn AG/AS Hy Ohwisse fron Carb. Be Te files. "i-gin, 20 Cob. 1942, 100. Teno for record by It. F. P. Rocano*t, 29 Jan. 19,3, in AG/AS Traine ang files. 101, Ltrs, Col, D Tenining £4]ese al to Gol. D. 2. Zirnernmn, ? Vor, 16/2, in 10/8 102. Fists UAT Tectwing Genter, Cred tapiss, 1 dan. 19/2 to 15 Cobe 19/3, T, 251-52. 103. Hist. Chumbte Pield, € July 1643 to 31 Poe. 10/3, T, P8495 es, WR, Tr ang file; Narper to ATH, 28 July 16/3, in A6/A8 tratne ‘cts Chanute Meld, 6 July 19/3 to 31 Dre. 19/3, I, 298-990 106, Ttr., Gapb. I. te Servor on CRAT, PL Cob, 1/3, with 3d ind.) CGPS, to 64 Chanute Fld.) 20 Mov. 19/35 ltr., Lt. C. P. Jones to Sade LIJs 5 Cob. 19/3, in A0/AS ore ing PileseThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTCO S56, “oles, Corp. IT 1 Th SECURITY INFORMATION Litres Ths G. Ps Jores to Dit, of Trsininz, Chacule Tld., 20 Cot. 19435 Vist, Okerute Tield, 8 Tuly 103 to 31 Pec. 19/3, T, 3000302. on 18 WS, Vero for record ty nj. Bs Le Wicgin, UA Tuy 16/33 lte,, Tt. Cole Gx Bs Coe-reve to GC "en, sey Li ue 1043, toth in Yr filec. CS, Ltrs, 1. broree to Cands dossby, 15 Sept. 1072, tn 9/40 Tea thing, filed. ne. ttre, Pe erich to Shict, Tea. Tur, 3 Sent. 19/3, in A0/85 Teatntng (1008. Di. Ltr, Col. W's Cy Senter to 20/48 “rcinivg, 16 Cote 16/3, tn “6/58. Por integ Mes. Ttrs., “rine Cen. 3. Teo. 19/2, in MAS rd “3 Cot. 19/3 ard & 13. 4, Chtek /'5 Cr 1Gfls Sentniv= cales. ‘ea. Divs to *0/iS Teotnins, 20 Jane 19/4 im Vk. 34 ind. (Ite., Gort. Lei. Server to OS07TG, 6 Jan, ML), Unig. Cems Ry Ws Farrer to CW, 5 wh. IZ, in /NS Training filce; Hist. Granvte Meld, 1 Tan. 1A to 29 17, T, 17% 115. Mood to CO Vee. yey 29 are TOM, tn EO Cosy 196. Jct tnd. (Gente Fon. Ure te OF4 to 2a M00, ni, WT, O'R Tea. DI de), Cole Ns Se Store, Vers Comire 322 Wee Ihe nT J. Ten. Re We Yorger to A287 (Dir. of Teint tHles. ), 29 Awe WO. 28 inde (Farver to CTiST), GRAF to OO ea. "yy 5 3. FS1q0 te 7283, 16 Fert. 19/7; Marre to 21D, 30 CED files. 1.1025 Lth ind., 1, ed in DL. God. J. 11, Teddel3, Ie, to 20/28 em Piles; CHAT to CWA, 6 Sune 1975, in ing, 4 er. 19/5, in? én files. 12, Thetored poron, “avincerde Opsnter ed "cebmie'en ir ining," 17 Tey 1/5, in “S70 Files. WI. COUP 40 OF to OOFTG, ne 6 Sune 2075, Im om hese Ace; 2d And, 70 Cherate Fla. RESTRICT? THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 356 RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION rOTES Caepter IY Qe Mote Ips The Pe Thre Gots G. . ursell, G3/9"7 to 0/'S, 16 dere 19/0, in “tobe awe, TE, cep. She 770 Venthir to “en. Mokel, 31 "5j 1040. he Utne, Corte ‘orerntter, Chict, "ea. Serv. to Tr. Sverre Fetterscen, 10 Wy 18706 B. OWR, FO Tecther to Sens Fiovel, © Huly 1/0, in Mist. Wi7S, TT, Sere 556 6. Dua. Te Lie, Soles 0/29 to 15, 16 July 1040, in 1° 353.94, Veteorcletloal, renin. EB, YR, VOC to G/A0, BL Maly 1QO, In Bist. LATS, TI, Aree 57 24, ¥ Oto O/fG, 32 ‘nly 1940), Te G, Bftos7, vee. 9/50 O Dive, 13 Ing. ILC, an Mab. 27'S, IE, Arps 57~ Qe Sermemt 2 te Ontety 10. Telisey tenol to Feesidewts of eTeTey UaYeTey 2: TGeLedeg $0 dts JOD, ip AN 353.04, Vehsorolosler] ‘rateires 2, 2. BActcl7, M0 to Meenas Teese rol Renerve, ge ILC, Sn sane fee 1., U, of Chicagos Ay wh 3 (RR, 350 to G/M, 31 Tuy 19/0), 3. os s DAR, 30 doy. 1610, an Tab tre 585 tre, Je 3 Shei ke Tent. o° Thystes, UeSeLade to Sipbe 2 Srenen, 120 ob"R, 13 Sept. 19/0, In Mick. AL" S, T, fn. ote, Oniet Wa. Mot, ME, T, 2. Vouthly pt, of Stu. Control. iy Ty SDE onthiy fy be of Stes. Controls ass, U6 223 27 Vay LPTs Ventedy Brbe of Strt. Controls g wendy 15 Dee, IOUT, in 9 252.9, Tr ining in Neteorolosy. , * e IS. Trogress Byte, W'S, 15 Cot. 10/7, tw Tst. SYTIS, TY, Arps 17, pe Tbe mre Ee - ALS Hite) _ THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIC cd AHS=56, Votes, Crap. eee my ay 190 fs tees ote Ge OUnTY INFORMATION e Ww. Pot De ta Of fnine flee Te post, irosure= nom DMetriet, 2 vin Tine, Gols 1, 5, Sntth, RIP to HN LYeGMAivd, 40S to LLIT, 3 ATETS Peon Gol. Dy Ze i> ” merale 2. 0, Orand oplis, 1 Zane 1673 to 1S Cobe 102, Ly Wade Mists Oharmte Fectd, fouls 10/2 to 27 Pee. 19/3, 1, P5Meby intone viev “ith Col. Ds atic, © Spee 19/5. 2. p rotivitice of the 12, 2 Fan. 1043, 4 Bol, W.", Pomatt, Dire of eas to jo lte., tz. en. Le Ss & ‘th to O94 Agorciers Fre ning /25 lire, oviz. Sens Le er} 20733 Ferse-ze}, 1 tune 19/3, Jn twhatt erattrent, 19/34 2 trrvin of suke are 18/2, In rd Sinton Sevdres, on Yeleorotoy teeresbin= ond Fer= intion S-det Sides, Voteoro ogy: ay 10/9 Lire, T. Pardon, Ci gore}, to O/'S, Lars, M4 te Corrs 4 25. 6, 2 Coes IL2 he OME, TL tyr. 29/2; FR, Te Va Pay APOE to Sel, PUP, 3 in ‘wiebion Cadet SHec, Veteorolergy} reno Vor Fel fren JEI2, Am VG 2193, Codatas renehlet, Haviation Grdets for Riv op Cron fonts, USLIBZ" 29 Tare 1/2. 27. Earehlnt, vi-t'en Sedete for Air om Croand Goeus, C15," 29 Juno to ATIF, 22 Cob. 197 19/9; 74, 7. RO. ‘zs. to various vgities, Fmeaseb. 1¢/2, in ivistion Sedet ieteibive Lien, 19426 29. Vor Service Crporbunitins for Go oz ond Univecaity Strients, ruby 7 en Mucetion, 3 Tore 10/7, pe To on the Voteorclegy Teeininy Fro by Re. PE lds 6,0, oseby, Freling rrt. on TS, 2, Jon, 1973, in \O/AS Training Piles. as of 47 Dre. IDK2y fF uahivibies of the RR, Gol. T. 3, vetze], WAP to TUF, § Dees 10125 #R, LEMP to 2, in VG 353, Vetacrolories? Tratntnge AESTKICL, bow. we ee - “ . THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICI wo i. 13-56, Votes, Chap. TIT arr sy PReTin® 9: orese Goese EY SECURITY INFORMATICI 0 Lor TA fro tric. Gens Me M4 ite, 16/3 Onl, 31 Decs J672, dn Aviston Odet Piles, Ground Duty Trteorology; TAS to 90's all. service conts., 12 Feb. 19/3, with inclts. rary Dis Class. See, £50, %6 Feb. 334 Ltr, host, Dir, of ven, to Co! 19/3, 4m AVt 353, Veteoro" ony sBe Be Viney "SS to C2's ell sowvtee cords. gpd Ma, 152, Disteiet of vache, 23 Jam. 19/3, in AXG 353, "eteoreloxy PR, Til. Feceonnel Divs to R/S," V1, J, Pov. 1973,’ in 125 353, Feteorology Training 23; Ite. Tt. Gol. 7. €, Gillomaters, ‘cst. Dir. "sa. to L. We Jones, Registrar, G.1.T., 23 Feb. 1973, in LG 353, Veteorolozy Fralning 13+ 35. RR, Dir. of ‘ca, to ATAIT, 2 Var. 19/3, in MAY 353, Meteorology 43 ltrs, TAG to all service comds., 20 arr. 10/3, in dvia= ion Crdet Pes, Veteorolery Tratninss ltr. f, Froourenont 7 seb Olfes), 29 Apes 10/3, in Whe 353, Votepreleay 36. Ttr., Grict, Frocurezent Tr. to OMeal, cited vboves 37. Ter., Col 36/2, inf 2, Birzerman, Dir. of “er. to Dr. M Re Byersy 9 June ton Cadet (Ground Duty sasentosereive files, i9/2. 38. Tere, TT to CWIG, 17 Sept, IOL2, in WG 353,93, Training Veteordlogs 39. BER, Th. Gol. tT. De Ackerran, Actg. Dir. of “ea. to TIO tara ANID, 27 ov. 19/7, In G/48 Training Plies. 400 ey of trin to “q. T9C by Dr. GC, P, Mendoerfer, 20-24 Jan. 19/3, in 30/83 Tratntny files. T, Pascett, Dir. of “eas to ARID, 1 Feb, 10/3, in AAG 3538, Training; reno for Tt. Gol. Gillommtere end Yi. Cols Ghavasse fron < VB, Allendosrfer, 16 Teb. 16/3, In 30/85 Training files. 424 Vero Sor the Dir. of Nea. from Lt. Col. ZR. Gillenvaters, 17 Febs 19/3, in AG/AS T-aining files. 43. ltr., Col, B. Hy Bassett to CONIC, 26 Feb. 10/3, in AC/AS Trotwing files. Jhe Ites, Grnits Rossby to Ur. B. Fowles, 18 gr. 10/3, in min, of UD mtg. in CAlif., 395 une 16/3, An W/AS Training tiles. 75. Viv. of T'S mtg. in Calif., 346 Jure 19/3, In A0/25 Tralning files. ASe Mins of TG mtg. in Cambridce, Nass., 6-8 Dec. 16/3, in 20/48 Training files, ATs Geel Rosstz , Frelin. pbs on acbivities of the Ui, 24 Jane 19/3, in 20/33 Training Piless RESiRictoo “~~ THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 a Krotiiuihd S256, Votes, Crap. IIT SECURITY INFORIW. TION e 48. Vero tor [77 trom raining files. 192. =. Re Gillenveters, 27 Cot. 1947) in 49/28 19s Sends Rossy’, FreLin. rpte on activities of AS Tratniry files; inte view vith Col. D. > UC, 2, Jan, 1073, in 10/ ol, € apr. 1925. 50. Yono or Exec. fren It. Gol. 11. He Chavasse, 2 Feb. 16/3, in AC/AS Training files. 51. Fistories, AID MelsTs, wtive to 31 Gee. 1942; U. of Chicegoy 1s Fane 16/2 to 31 Deo. 19/7; We¥.U,, 12 Jan, 1643 to 7 July 1/3 and & Tuly 19/3 to 20 dune 16/4; CLw2e, 3 July 19/3 to 31 Deo. 19/35 0.0. & July 19/3 to 91 Teo. 19/3, 52. Interview with Col. D. MeTral, & Apr. 19/5. 53. Daily Dinny, AS/AS Trotnin: Tech. Training Dive, PL July 19436 Sh. Ltw., Dre M. Re Dyers, dctgs Chnirann UC to COTRC, 19 Jan. loys, in 16/88 Tratniny files. 55. Ihid. 56. Vero for UC fron Col. fies. Bscsett, 22 Jeb. 19/2, in 10/18 Training 51, ltrs, Trig. Men. Re Byrter to C2170, 31 Ter. 16/3, in A0/AS Traine ing files. BE, Ltrs, Col. 0. Metra, Dix. of Yrotning AMSTS, Arand Renids to Lt. Cole i. Ghayosse, ‘Srainint Div., Directo rte of "eee, 5 tare 1943, in A0/AS ‘Sreining files; tr., Ghovasre to Moleal, 13 Vere 10/3. 59. Ltrs, Tt. Gols . Ae Fetorson to CUP (Dir. of Mea), 3 Dec. 10% reno for Ghiot, Trelniny Div. fror. It. Col. 2, be Ackerman, Exes. Dir., 24 Dec. 16/2, in 10/18 Training files. 60. Vero tor Dir. of “ea. from It, Gol. . 0. Sen er, 10 Dec. 19/2, in AG /MS Troining files. 6. fren It. Cole". F. “eal, 39 Dec. 39/2, in 62, ero for Chief, "raining Div. from It. Gols Jo Bs delprnan, 2 Dooe 19/2 “wd eubsenvent correspondence, dan. 19/3, tu 40/AS Trainin files. 63. KR, Wins Gone he Ve Parver to AC/AS 7D, 5 ey 19/3, in 56/A8 Tra'ning filese Gh. Tins, CO ens "Ig. to AOC Jot and 24°Mts, (oly 1013775 mine, WC mit. at Obtest0, 27-29 July 1973, ie L0/13 Trainins Filess Hshiwwteu ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED J8-56, Yotes, Chap. TIT crue ; 193 Yr Totes Gere SECURITY nv kit, ie! UG rte, st Gartrtdre, Vasse, 6-8 Pee. 19/35 tm files. 6. Interview with Col. D. Vet's], 8 ere 1945. 67. Vins. WO mtg. in orf. 346 Tune 13, in AC/AS Training files. 62. Ltrs, COTO to CUAAP (AG/AS raining), 32 dug. 19/33 Aet dnd., Crig. Gen. &, Y, Perper te CWIRG, 6 Cob. 1013; ltr., Col, i. C. Senter to Cau, "7 Sept. 19/3, all in 10/13 Training tiles. ee, 00 ATID UTA to ORG, 13 Oobs 18/35 trey Brige Fnever to 00 "eas je) 23 Tov. 1673, toth an AG/AS Traine 1. Ite., Cant. Rossby to Dre Pe Bor “gy Uf Apr. 19/3, in nine UC mige In Galif., 366 June 1/3, in AC/! fra‘ ning files. ‘Te Ven tor WC from Gol. Te Me Toc: “bby Acts. Dire of "cae, 22 Fob. 1943, 4n AO/h8 Tretniny files. BR, Cole ss Ue brook, Jee, Dep, A5/AS Intel, to AC/ES Tratrinz, 2 Tuly 20/3; dirs, Brig. Gon. Re Ul, Farrer to 00 ea. “ge, 20 July 1913, in A¢/38 Sraining files. TB. Ltrs, Trig. Con. 2. Ue Farrer to OFS, 13 Cet, 193, tn A0/A5 Traine Anz Piles; Daily Diery, 10/38 Tretning, Tech. Training Dive, 13 Cote 19/3. We Vine 0 mtg. at dshevie, “s Coy 6-8 Cot. 19/3, in A0/AS Training files. 75. Patly Disry, 20/A8 Training, Tech. Training Div., 12 duly 19/3; min, UG mtg. at Calea-a, 27629 July 19/3, In 16/18 Tratming files. I. Interview with Trof. Gardner Frions, T.Y.Uey Li Seb, 19//, In Piste JSTD HLU., 1 Jon. to 7 July 19/3, Arps 10, prs 453 Mist, A*ID U. of Ghiovro, 18 Tune to 31 Vecs 19/2y The P22Bo Mict. AX Ya¥.Us, 1 Jame to 7 duly 143, pe 95 & Tedy 10/3 to 20 June 19//y cps 21-22. 7B. Mets AVTTS, Grand Sepids, 1 Jon, to 15 Cet. 19/3, I, 2655 Miste Chanute Field, $ July to 91 Tec. 1943, 1, 2616 23 + Wick. AMID N, of Chicago, 16 ume to 31 Dee. 19/2, p. L3+ 3 Ifin, WS mtg. in GeTit,, 395 Tune 1043, in 10/38 Ten'ning Liles. 21. Wing US mtg. dy Combridne, Vece., Ef Dec. 16/3, In 46/28 Training Piles; ict. ANID U.C.L.2,, 6 July to 31 Dec. 2043, ps 526 RESTRICL.D THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 338-56, Totes, Chap. RESTRIGH=D ve + 19/3, attached to Etre, Gant igf/is Yenining files. nin 76 nf Tgtortes, 20D TaGatatay € duly. to 31 Deos 19/24. pe Gly ND O-TaPey 10 31 Des 1/3, pe A53 , Grand -iocids, 1 Jon. to 15 Cot 3913, Zy Aes Chamute S01a, 3 Hy to 31 bec. IEV3, Ty CAE NG, Crm darite, 21 Yor. to 3b Pew. 192, pe U2s Fistori sy 1° O19, De ABs L71D ,1.7., @ duly to 31 Dec. RESTRILY ct THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 REstitorcu mee SECURITY INEORI. TON e “ICTES 3, YS, fol. D, ery to ATID thea “OTS, 7 Vows. 10/2, An 19/38 eskniny PLl< 2 ton. Te Me MeSded and, SLT, 3 Vows 19425 Tad. P. Re GMemntors, 7S Cote 19/7, tn A/S . of Gilionnters! tein, 26 Cote 19425 reno Cor [W Lec craters, 27 Cots JO/23 Ril, Gols “Se Vebsel, FF Yo 5 Tov. 10/2, alt in 10/18 Fen ning Piece be files. be Gol. Ee S. Notzol to “ECT, 1 “ov. 10/2, In 10/95 Training Liles 5, Arepsean Connetl on Tavestion, “Jar Service Cr~ortunities Lor Octlese and Trivorslty Stedents, 23 Tove 16425 pe Pe Te tapcuncerent: of Speeln) Amyasrorsored Veteorolozy Tretning Frocras,nedy R, Col. Ds Ze Gisrerzon to LIT thry ATVTS, 2 Tov. 19425 RA, Cole Fanversan to AP, 10 “ov. 19,2, tm 16/48 Treining files. 9 Gest, Roorby, Treling «on cobivities of UC, 24 Jan, 1943, tn 1/38 Tenintey filese 10, Ry Col, Ztmerran to f SPER, 27 Tove 19025 ¥: 2 Lt. Cole Me Me ining tess M6 Tove 10/25 UR, Cale R. Ue Yanyer to Davison to 1.03, 2 Dece 19425 7, 12 Dec. 10/2, al} im AC/aS TL, RR, Col. Frecabt to AIT, 31 Dee. 19¥ , tm 'C/AS Training files. 12. Cue Rossty, Treline wpb. on cobivities of TS, 2h Jans 1425 AR, Col, vesrett to ATE, 31 Dec. 1942, tot in W9/A8 Training files. FLO Seon TCP, 25 Yow. 10/2, in tv, Ordet Br. Adm. files, ewe for 10/6, M=L fron Gol. 7. Te Devison, 17 Deo. 10/2; rin. of ntge of sclence rercccentatives from the "3" colloves at International Touse, 8-19 Doc, 16/25 C.w9. Rosehy, Frelin. rp. on netivities of WC, 2% Jon. 19/3, In 19/33 Training Mess Tid to 23's all service condsey ae 18/3, “28 tvo inclts. 195 rm hota: ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958i RESTRICTED . * ceECURITY INFORMATION 186 1 THLe Fercourel Divs to 20/18, Sa], £ Web. 16/3, in 525 353, Vetecr= Rretpirg 26 16. Ites., Rs J. Gintus, Grrolton Tublie dohcols, Noes bo VCP, 11 tere 1973, In AX} 353, Veteorolery Training dks Cale, Frocurirent Trey 2/3 “779 to Ton. Txet CMe, 2 Spee 19/3, An MAS 353, Neteor= J. Vorply, dre, to 0% Lot Dieiniet 190, 22 Tar. 19/3, in 1 files 2. Dr. Ee Ps Crowe, “eco on Trenoteoro} dm. 19/3, i2 Vite SOD U. of Toth Copolina, 36 Feb. to 1 Cote 1913, Arp. 135 C4. Rosedy, Prelim, ryt. on setivitics of TO, 2 Tan. 10/3, in AG/33 Trainite files. ry Confercnee rb Chicago, £-9 19. De. B.D. Trome, “otes +14, 26 chted oboves 20, Fisteries, ATID Acherst Cotleve, 15 Feb. 1943 to 26 Feb. D4, PDe So103 Fomona Colle ze, Feb. 19/3 to Feb. 1hhy pps 25-27e DL. Freneteorology flow chart, 11 or. 10/35 renthiy rpte. of Stat. Control. Be Urs, Guede Roceby to Dre les, 12 Arr. 19/2, in min. of CO nts. dn GeM£., 2-6 Came 123, in LO/S Training files. 23. Vero fer Its Cols T. 2. Cilerntere od Tt, Col. Ts 2. Chavesse from Dr. 0. B. Werdoerfer, 16 “eb. 19/3, in MO/AS Trate irs Files. 254 Yeno for Dir. of er. frou Lt. Ool. Gillemeters, 17 Teb. 19433 ltr., Gol. Prarett, Tetg. Dir. of Ven. to OTC, 26 Feb. 103, in WO/IS Fraining Stltce 26, 2.1, Tirbell, Trovress rpt, on moteorclerien] trein’ng prorary 17 Dece 39/2; nero fer Gillenaters ond Ghavesce fron Mendoerfer, 16 Fob. 16/3, In “0/48 Tee'ning fii. R OTe THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 —This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 1856 Ristiicrep e SECURITY INFORMATION Chayter V ‘onthly Upb. of Stat. Control. to MO/AS COR, 7 Acre 1943), Be Gernovt 8 (VR, Tete Sens Be Ye Tor ey 16/3, An AAG 353C, Trairings Gol. 8. Be Tose to AG/ko Tratninc, 7 VR, The Col. Te Te tumed?, Chict, s couirerente Br. to Col. Te He Passott, U, Sopt. 10/3, an At3 353.02, Tratnirs Frow-rse fe Vin. of 19 mtge in Go!f.y 9 Tune 16/3, dn LC/AS Tweining Piless 5. Lars, Brig. Gen. Mercer to C3°GC, 10 Fane 19/3, an 0/85 Tratning Plies; Dally Diary TEC, 17 done le/3. be Tadly Diary, [6/29 Teetning, Tech. Training Dive, 6 duty 143. Te Thi, & Fuly 19/3; Htr., 16/18 Seatw'ny to Joint Gon. fer Olearence of ToneJelerr] Tduestienal Institutions, 10 fuly 19/3; ltrs, Satefy Prosurenent Sr, i0/18 08D to OOS, Al July 16/9, im LG 3536 2. Moro tor Maj. Cen. B. Ms Giles from Gos Rossby, 10 Sept. 19/3, in AMY 353, Vetcorolery Training 16; Dey Diary, A0/AC Tretning, Teob. Fre tning Dive, 20 Sept. 136 9. Tetly Bory, W/SS Creintng, Tech. ‘iraining Dive, WA ord 20 Sert. 19233 Dasly Diery, ATC, 25 Cote 143. 30, Yemo for Cen. Giles fron Frige Gens A, Graig, 17 Sept. 19434 1. Min. of UO mtg. tn lenge, 27-29 July 19/3, im A0/iS training £186 1B. Ltrs, 36/28 Trat ning to COMIC, Ly oly 19/3, in AMG 353, Leteorclosy Bectringe 13. Dolly Diarics, 30/88 Treinirg, Tock. Trofping Dive, 3, 18, ord 21 Auge 1923, 16 Sept. 19433 RR, Lt. Col. 1. L, Mandel) to Col, E, Il. Basrett, LU, Sept. 19/3, in 249 353,016, retires U. Datly Dinry, A780, 21 Sent. 19436 15. Rpbs of Prevetecrolory Servening Rorxd to CHIC, 14 Cet. 19/3, an LG/48 Tresring files. 16. Telg., Yount, OTRO to OGA'F, 78 Cot. 10/3, in 10/25 Training files Dally’ Direy, BEC, 23 Cob. 1913. e 197 OTT THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ‘JIS-56, Totes, Cheps V RESTRICTED 16 Me Betess Sere SECURITY INFORMATION e 7. Dally Dirxy, VPS, 1) ond 1 Tov. 193. 18, Mist, ASTD State 1 of Tora, 1 Sept. 1923 to 26 "ar. 14, pe Ale 19. Tally Dieries, AMPS, 13 Mer. 1/4, 19 nnd 25 Feb. IWLh. 20. Telgs, Yount to CMP, SL Har. ILL, in \G/iS ‘training tiles. DL. Ltrs, Veg. Gen. 8, OSAP, 31 tor, 19/ Treining files. 22. Toln., Pokel, FILO to COUP, 5 Vey JOY, in 20/48 reining Pilea. ‘a Porter to COTPC, 21 Ur, 19/5 telg., Yount to 3 telg., tnold to CHE, 1 Arr. 1911, ip 20/25 23. DaSly Dicry, WHC, If Soot. 10/3. Phe TEL, AO/ES Tratnine: to AC/tS Fersonrel, % Cots 1073, in LUG 353, Veteorolegy Treining [65 Polly Diory, 40/28 Teatning, Teoh. Tre! ning Dive, 21 Sept. 1043. 25. Ath tnd. (ltr, Cart. 6. Coil, CO TD U. of Med. to OO Detroit Civile dan Schools Aron, AL “ar. 19/3), Brig. Cen. Ks Ne Forper to OFC, 5 Yay 143, in AG/AS Termine TilAs. 2%, Bist. TD Pentsan T,, 7 Dec. 16/3 to 31 Dec. 1973, ps Bho 27. Rpts of Freneteorol ogy Sereentn:; Bowrd to OVC, Uv Cot. 1°73, in JCMS Troining Piless 28. Win, of 1S ntg. at Cembrféne, Va84, 6-8 Dros 1043, in 20/8 Sreine ing fies. 29, Interview vith Col. D. Voleel, © Apr. 1945; Mot. Obamute Mela, 1 Sept. to 31 Get. 19/7, I, 126s 30. RR, Col. TM, Kassett to AG/:5 Training, Tech. Training Dive, 9 zed, lvAs lir., rig. Gen. Re W. Harper to OMIRC, 22 Seb. 1944, in A OACT files. he ASFEN “oo. Divs Torecest Tre, YcriMcabion cec., Mesults of Student Fortioip tion in the Sort ame Veriflestion Frecrem," 1 Auge 1d, in AMMO? flee, 32. Interview with Col. D, otral, 2 Move 1hbe 33. Elgon 1. Joknsen, “eeeors fro I'tlitary pensores Cotle-e Tratning," Journal of Vicher Téucetion, XVI (1945), 113-20,This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 19.56 RESTRIETED . e SECURITY INFORMATION “orus Ctapter VI 1. Cofiee of txt. Control, “story of Techrdeal Training (So-2-102), IB Feb. 1946, UR, Gol, 7. Colter, Chief of Individ. Traksing Div., to AC/AS GOR oo. Div. ond iG/iS Fereowe, VAL, Fersc:nel Dive, 13 Cote Ig, in VEAOT files. 3s WR, Cole Te My Pesvett to AC/AS Trotntng, 16 Cote 1M4,in 3 ACT files. 4y CMF to Wits Ist, 28, 34, wd {th APs, IG Comd., and 816, 25 Cob. ISL, ; Col. 1 Os ityem, PA/3S Tretmtng to IOC, 25 Cob. 1944, in APiOh pate. + Ttst. Chenwte FielA, 1 Jans to 28 Feb. 1045, pe 3495 Kare to Apr. OLS, pe 315. 6. Vin, of 13 alg, in Galif., 346 dune 16/3, in LOT files. 7. Ltrs, Tad. We Ms Starbuck, CO let Tech. Teoining Detack., U. of Orteazo to CGOTIC, 13 Nee. 1943, tn VST files. BBR, Col. HM, Desrett to A/AS Tratrivg, Teoh. Training Dive, 2 Jon, 197, in JRC files. Ming of (70 mtg. et “robirgton, Dis, 29 Febs I/, in ATACT files. 10. Ltrs, Gol. “assett to Gb er. A Yer. 19/4y Ast inde, Col. Ue Se Sto"é to $445, 16 ter. VL, in CT files. D. XR, Col. BI, Verdgorary, Chief, Individ, ‘reining Div. to AC/AS Fersonnel, "43, Fereo-ne] Div, 70’Apr. 181, in ACAGT files. DD. BR, Col. D. 1245, in 0 Ts Fetes to AC/AS Fersonnel, 141, Fersornel Dive, 29 Mare oT filee. 13, Brig. fen, He E. OM'edI1, TS Chermte Ficls to OSEINC, 13 Gots 1944, in SEQ files; syTiatus tor ‘eether Forecasters Refresher md Ad vensed Course, Chrrute Fid., 6 Tov. 1le/Z, in AUACT files, U. Spee. Slate titgs., Yea. Yge Fos, 27 Dec. 104! ord 9 Jon. 145, in “SFO files. e ~~ Woee oe ihoinnerT. ~ THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW E012958 RESTRICTED mi > oy 1 \ SECURITY INFORMATIC: e 15. Yeo on derrecter Course ab Okorule by 2j. Fe OtUnsony Stas Veas creicer, Sth "ea. Savy Leduerdla Fla., 7 Tuly 10/45 24 inde, Vo}s Je A, Darhart to 20 &th UR, 29 Joly 19/45 ret. of conference on 13 Sopt. IL, atierted by vag. ‘I. Fe Canron (6th UA), al. Os Be Fold (17th 2), Vad. Be Ts Poley (15th vit), Taj. Re Be Girerdo (Lith WB), Vass Ts Je Cole (12th 1), Cort. We 6. “orowist (11th 2), Gopk. Ee Re Biter (iq. ‘Tene Wye), in USO fee, IES-56, 200 26. Interview vith “ef. As Ke Swanson, 00/8503, TroSnine and Jervices Brey 5 Yov. 19/5; RR, G. S, Bord, Obiet, 19/28 Eroiring, Techs ~nd Jervices Div. to ‘0/15 COR ton. Divs, 9 fpr. 1945, In AMOT Piless Gel. Te. Dnddol, Ire to TINT (AG/:8 COR), 1O’apr. 1845, In YSH) eles. 27. BR Cole Gs S. Derd to A/S COR “ons Dive, 5 chance 18455 SR Cole J. "1, Brose, Tee, AC/AS OF'R “ea. Div. to (0/38 Peoining, 13 Ture 19/3, in ‘NOT’ g1Ies. 28. Interview vith | IS. Vins of Spree StePf Mtge, “eas Uys Pye, 10 Joly 1945, in: Seo. Piles. Suorson, 6 Tove 195+ Fist, 20. Mate 66th L7H Ceymcur Totnson Fd. 1 apes to 39 Sune 195, ree 3, Sabo Al. TMg., 1 Tol to 2 Cert. 19/5, pe 7 22, Tula. 23. Dede, poe 2-3. Phe Deids, pe 35 1 tyre to 20 June 195, pe Be 25. 03.94 “EB to GO ven, Wey 70 Tees 1062s et Ind., CO CA, 26 Jon, 10K, dn EN Pies Wot. Crarute Fd. 30 Ayre 18%, Ty Ib 2A, Te Te hy eB fo ase Mhee, Tame I/hy in "ST £53055 Cole Aue CGS teeining), L igre 1/7, in ACT Fess ‘he Ce Semier to 27. Lbs. Ta Tern ond M, Tandlow, Rpts Por CO Yon. "74 on Spee. Trefick= wy Vonthee Forceasting Gevtse, G18 Var. 3°/) (21 var. 1944), ip n eMen. PE, GO ony Me bo OF PAT, TS Aree 10/5 HI, TG to OMG, 29 are Ils in 73 8 Bide GOA. Mr. Le OF 20-1, TE pee 19%L; FPS, Te Ma Gey 03 If we. 16//; Lis. Daten ord Ys Te Toventhal, Prt. tor on 3 Ghervt> Frofleteney Comse, 1° Aur. 18/4, In "IE Less Dy de Cay Tote Se or eyo 2 RohThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ,_ RESIRIGHD SECURITY: INFORE 72791 Tete Ren, Tq. Vere Vgey © Toh. ISA, aca Torcesst Ins, Vorttiortinn foes, Mesvlts of Student the Short ate Teri Mextlon Fro-rer "1 ivy. 194d, BP, $50 Ath TE to OO Veo. Tee IT fur, IO, in 13D Les. 2B. GONEn. Tye to ACs Ist, 2a, 24, Ath, E41, Sth, Cth, 16th, 2d, 22d, 2th, apd 75th “Tits, 5 Teh. dors, tr ToS Pres. Ihe Se Moerman to G0 Ten. “rey IS Tone 1°13, 40 ‘PQ files, 35. det ind. {reconan t to 90 1/3, In V3") Pes. 2 GO en. re to OC Plat "ers Soe, 10 Suge Dh. Vin, of Se. Siete Megs, Ge ord 20 tert. 2917, in SA rict, See FL to OC Very Meng IN Tomy IOV, Bee 0 Soy ng Sth “Ry IEC JERS, 10 mm 7013, Gor. W's Se Stene to OVAP (GPS Fevintna), 2 Fee 194, dn 57 CF Ios. Aa Me Varrer to 0 “oa. ge, AQ, OC ras Vre to C's Sth, 7th, Wt, Utb, 28, 23d, ard Mth "ts, Feb, IM, in SEQ Sinn, Al, RIO Sth R to 06 1,30 Sept. 19445 200 9th “M to GO wens Neo Rte OC Veae ey 20 Tork, TO'Zs WOO BBA Mine, 22 Sorte IO/L; 70 Bidh "2 te G0 “one "a, 2 Cote 2 5 Mews WN DS “whys ee Te Nak, 2 Apes 10/35 26th OC Celrdo, Msn Gem ce VEE, # a2 tone IE, ty OT Pes. 22. Foubody, Cond tony ie Cy Sonrsey AB. My S900 Veo. O. Semrces eoretewin of Starr Treedes3, dr "3" feo. Tele Sees Sin Foree “nebierd Jontare Vege, “ene ite Tees DU re to 82." (6/38 Hee (s, «Say 2 done 1% 45, in eanve cay £0 S418 Fargenrely het 210% WIR, Cady Oy 8, Lord to 0/3 CR “es Dive, 8 Tune 4 bin, "20 Fone 1/55 Mok, StaPe ‘eae C. Goursa 2 BOIL 4, 5. Melt to “B/S CYR tes Dive, a1 tune 1945, im v Gth inde, Deore Ws RR, ay Cole Ra LAs UF to ROR, RESinilitn ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 RESTRICTC: SICURITY INFiiiiAiita! 7 Gel, MeO enter from Cand, Horstyyy 10 202, Moos, Chop, YT 1043, dy A#ROT Poryor to Or. Gia. Ko-chy, 2 opr. 19/2, tn ATO rls. Se Gy Be Folrer to Gente Rozsty, 10 “us. 16/3, tn VTOT Ties. £0. trig. Ton. Srrver to WG, 10 ie, 16/3, in BL. Selsey Yount to OUST, 29 Avg. TED, dn * Tene Maeper frer Lis Oo Tormey 4 Sethe 19035 He cvwls, 21 Sept, 19/3, in 53. emo vor Trever Gres Tones. She oro Tex USTAO dren Gun. Rosshy, 1? Tow. 15/3, in LUG? PHles. 55e 1AK, “rolé to O77, AL Cot, 18/35 Ttr., Col. Fe Fs srcold, dre, Dor. Cendr., Seas ew $0 WAP, IO Guy Qev7, tn oT £tIs, Fe Ty Re Tyere to O74 ISU) in ot 57 fron G. Ts Falner, 27 Cob. 26/3, “ith five 5. y UL Veve 1944; Ast ind., Gol. Le 0. Ryan to Cone fer 1/7, in VST titer, Gols 7. Es “ood to W/3S Tretnteg, 23 Pees IV), An LCT files. Store (for tan cn) to MUR, 25 “ore 62, in LOT Pcs Wy ja W787 files. Byers to Oe ' Yone tor 921 Uo, 197.55 WA, Col. files. Cen. Fi Taterdste, 12 Jane 8 ints, "23 Bee. 1k, in POT $3. Teno ¢ Y GSTND from Tt, Gol, 1s Cy Pugh, Vej. GP Saylor, Vag. Re Got. 8. Sy Ferd to /'S CO°R “ons Dive, AL Tob. 1645, in LET e G5. Erte Vlas eT) 9 ord OF Vara 20 oe TOLER F Toad to Cis" Fonegera), “il, Fe ered ACT Den. ROTC OD THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958RB. he 83. This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 sncaem RESTRICTED mee 2S SECURITY INFORRIATIC! A to G/23 (O'R Yon, Dive, 26 Apr. 1645, Im VOT Piles. 703 1g. 1815 with tndtos "to SO/\Gel, IL Sept. 39/5, 3n *~ R, Gol, bt. Libers' 02, on files, filess nips Dive, 13 Jerbe Intonviow with 1915. Rossby to It. Cole We G, Senter, 12 uy 10/3, in WOT files. Exiq. Cea. “a Te Cross to (0/38 Pontnirz, 6 deme 19/4, in A4OT Piles, Col. Re Ms Vento ney to V/'S CR ea, Dive, 1 July 1925 (Ghee. “aetor Coovice), 4 ctwly Wihy 2a ind, Col. Ten. Dir. of U1. "reining ‘57 to GRAF, 5 Jug. IMA, in Av OP Piles, Tbe Cole Fs is GiMematers to GFF (AG/AS CON), 20 Cob. 19443 ct ind., Gol. ©, Tissett to 30 "ens "ges 4 Tove IAL; UR, Cole Prawebt be W/28 Tensorrel, ‘Hl. Freconmel Dive, 4 “ove 1S/z, dn OT files. CRAMP to OTRO, 19 Ime 1045, in A*UCT fies, Cart. B.D, Cuaite te CRAP, 29 ‘ay 19/55 Canite to COAT, 13 June 1945, in APNOT Piles. to COLIC, 19 June 1945 £7/), CGAL to CIR, 16 my of files. 38 ind. ( 3945, In Sualte to SME, 29 Tey M/S, in N'AGT files. Linison Ccfice to 4 ty AO/AS-3, ere Sc /iS—3 Trainines 6 Sept. 19756 Yoro for O/S from Ploct hdr. T. Te Kingy 16 tare 1/5, cory in AFAGT files. O'R, 12 Sopt. IO/Z, in ATACT files. a Dasanth to iO/tS Trotnirg 16 Vows 10l25 i, Bassett to \G/38 O'R, 4 Tec. 19/45 AR, It, Gols Tocete, 10/18 00.2 Nequire~ rents Div. to AG/AS Teatping, 9 Rec. 1/Z; UR, Gol. Re Re Valkery Chief, Tait "xetnin: to AO/*3 (O°R Requirements Div., 3 Jan. 1945, all tn VCP fer. Gol. S, F. Cnittin, 25/18 COR Requirevents Div. tr L6/t3 ving, 16 Jan. 19/55 2A? to OFTRC, 26 Jan. 1945, tn SMT filose cre opne MINETEO THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW E012958 RESTRICTED ores Game VT SECURITY INFOR e Bh. WR, Gols Fe T. Rove to 46/88 Fecscnnel, 19/5; OF'AP to OF 38 AF, 2 Feb. 1°/5, in + AWSaf WATION a « Fersonnel Dive 1 Febs OP files. £5. Fisk, Chanute Field, Tae. to Spr. 19/5, 1, 319, 32L. 26. Thi, pp. 321-23. 87. BR, Cole I. 0. Foterson, MO/AS COCR to 16/48 Pevsornel, 23 May 1945, in AMAOT files. 28, “ist, Chanute Meld, July to int. 19/5, I, 16% TT, 73. £9. Tt. R. 7, Porberg, Chanute Vert. of ¥ Sq8.5 23 Tuy 10/5, tn HOT fiIes. 2 lipbs on visit to “ioae Reus 90. Tbe Fe J. Uherler, Apt. on Rens tratning to FOO Ath Wit, 13. Tune 19455 Tt. 8. G, Yon Slyte, Rot. on wea. ron. traininz for CO 4th "Ry 1 June 19L53 “aj. C. E. Newton, Ug. 524 on. Sq., Grenier Field to 00 3118 fen, Yg., Buckley Field, 27 July 1945, in "#107 Piles. ole assett to GSiq0, 24 far. 19/2, in V3" files. 92. ny AG/AS Ferconrel. to GO "leas Was, 14 July 19/3, im 93. Brig, Con, Tarper to 00 ea. Uy, 26 July 1023; Ist ind., Col. Ms Duty, 247 Ladson Officer S088, Tadley “each to GO ea. Jug. igv3, in 519 files. Sey 3 %, 2d and, (Herter to CO "ea 19/3, in SHO f4lese +), Col. Senter to NGO 3d WR, 30 Cots 95. 00 "ens Nge to ACOs all doncctic regiors, 29 Feb. 19L, in ‘iSHO Piles. 96. Tata on “cotber Tquipment Vechnicien Training, 17 July 19/53 00 Sige Corrs Enzr. Inbs. to GO vea. Mize, 7 Sent. 19/5, in SHO files. 97. Gols le 0. donter to continental GOs, 7 Indy 19445 Col. Basactt to OGAAF, 26 duly 1644, in VSNQ files. £8, Tero for Gol. *:, Duffy from Maj. J. Cy Fleteher, 6 Avg. 1944, in WSEQ files. 59. Interview with Col. D. lcVeal, 2 Tov. 14s interview with Vag. Re 100. Intervicw with Col. Ds tecal, 2 Nove 1044; interview with Fale Re G. “ood, 4 ay 10455 Mick. Chimute Field, 1. Jr. to 28 Feb. 1015, TH, ADCCHO5s Wiet. Soc. K™MAG, Mistory OF Vestier Dranch.® RESTRIGHE THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 . eornnereo _ 25-56 Tones ere Err INFORMATION = 101. Faced on Tire, 17 Tees 1945, Pe 75+ 102. Gol. J, K, Arnold to ORAM USNQ files. 203. Cart. F. TOU), 34 tds, Col. Twadlell to X00 Sth IM, nade, in" Dorotme, TAL, Ferxenrel Div. to 20 Veds ge, 1A Cote files. W+ 90 Sie Coupe Cromnd Signal Ayener, te GO ons eos BL Vor. 194k3 Ist ind., 00 "es 0 RCO 2th TR, 16 Dees 3d 34 Andy Col. Reatoll’te "00 Sent, ye pre 19/8) att Se THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 (ao/sS OUR Vea. Div.), 16 Aug. 1A, inThis Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ws. ¢ 8 oo r eceupr eUiNh yorss Chapter VIL 1, Cffiee of Stat. Control, "story of Technical Training, (St-2-102), 15 “eb. 1046. TR, MOAT to CO Chanute Fld., 13 Cot. 19/5. 3. Wisk. Ohamte Field, Sept. to Cot., 1945, I, 160 A. Tid, 195. 5. Mists Aix “enther Service, VIL, 270°; Vist. Cranzte Mola, Tov. to Dee. 1045, I, 934 : 6. “ono for DC fro OF, 12 Feb. 1976. 7. Diary of AAT Training Divs, 3 Dee. 1915. £. RR, Von. Service Lisison Greice to AG/:S-3 Veninieg, 18 Jans 1946. 4 Corrant 2 (s00 ne €), 25/15-3 Trainint to Vea. Service Liaison 6: tice, Fh dans 1945; #4, “ns Gervice Linison cles to AO/IS3 Trainings Un Feb. 1976. 10, Hiet. Ohosute Meld, Jon. to “ore, 1946, 7, U2. UL, THY, OTR to CO Chnrute Flas, 12 uly 1045. 32. Seo ns 10 above. 1B. AES Tees 50676, 30 Tov. 175. U,. Ltr, CIA to COM, IO Feb. 1946, ArreT2. 15. Ltrs, Obie 415 to 60 Gontanentad Vea. Wee, 22 Mor. 19h63 neno for MIS frou Alr “ea, Cfftcer, 19 Fuly 19465 reno for Col. Me 3. Stene from Mr oa, Creer, 16 furs 10L65 oovent 2 (reno for Air Von. Cificer frem CS/N1S, 7 Cob, 1946), Bir oa. C7Picer to Trnining Div. AC/AS-3, 8 Cob. 1946 (aratt). 16. Ltr., Thief X'S to COAL, 9 Sept. 19/6, 27. Gornent 2 (nero for &: Mea. C&fice to Trot “one Chicor fro: CS/AllS, 7 Cob. 1046), Air 1g Div. AO/35-3, 6 Oot, 1946 (Graft). e 26 EESTRICTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 478-56, Votes, Chap. VIL Hany te £6 rn 27 MPOR i e 28. Gol. I. A. Welter to Chief A°3, 7 cepts 195, with Ind'o., 7 Sent. 1/5, in WS Firs; COUP to OFT, UL Sept, 10l5, in ATCT Piles. 19, Ltr., hier 218 to CO 7th Yea. Gp, 1, Aug. 10/66 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 —his Page Declassificd JAW. E012958 REStICOTED ECURITY INFORMATION AES-56, e Appendix & | ‘WEATIER OBSERVERS COURSE, 194142 Hours I Meteorology ‘A course in clenentery neteorology covering e study of properties of the atmosphere, voethar elements and their interreletion, atmospheric circulation, ‘end climate... seeeeeteoes seeerseeeseeees 60 II Surface Observations ‘Practical exorcises in teking surface weathor observations... TIT Upper Air Observations Practicel exercises in making plot talloon ob- servetions of wind direction and wind specd at various levels... TW Plotting Map Signals Prectdcel exercises in decoding weetter reports and entering data on base weather maps... V Plotting Windtloft Charts Practical exercises in decoding wind-cloft reports and preperirg windwaloft charts...csseeceeeeeee 15 VE Plotting Atmospheric Soundings Practice] exercises in decoding, checking, and plotting atmospheric radioscnde reports on adiabatic end Rossby chartsesssseseeeeesaee 45 VET Plotting Isentropic Charts Practical exercises in plotting basic date for deentropic charts and dresdng the isentropic pressure Scldeesveeee atest aeveres 105 VIII Plotting Atmoopheric Vertical Cross-Sections Preoticul exercices in plotting basic dete for atmospheric cross-sections end drawing potential, texpersture isotherms... IX Weather Instruments Laboratory exercices in the care and repeir of yeather instruments... X — Weathor Forms Prectieal exercises in the preparetion of all woather forms... 2 we AESSTED THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 s-06 RESTRICTS ! \ Tew werent SECURITY INFORMA Ot e@ Appendix & (Cont'd) k fours XI Teletype Porforators Practical exercises in the preparation of teletype perforated tape and the transmission of it over Local circultsssecsrerereecseereresserersereesererens 2205, XII Teletype Procedure ‘A coursa designed to qualify the student in Qesignals and all phases of toletype proceduressess+. 2245 ‘TOTAL HOURS 420 rth THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958Th Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ses RESHHStEU SECURITY INFORMATICA e Appendix B WEATHER OBSSRVIRS COURSE, 1942—43 Bours I Heteorolosy ‘A course in elancntary meteorology covering a study of properties of the atmosphere, weather elenents and their interrelation, atmospheric cdrouletion, and climate...... TI Surface Obsorvations end Weathor Forms Practical exercises in the eonduet of surface weather observations and the recording of same on prescribed weather forms. TIT Upper Alr Observations Praotiosl exercises in the eonduct of pilot ‘balloon observations and the reduction of upper air wind direction and vind epozd values at various levels... 66 IV Plotting Surface Synoptic Maps and Snow Charts Practical exercises in decoding weathor reports, entering the data on base weather maps end snow charts, end the drawing of snow chartseeceeeeeeseseee 8h V ‘Plotting Wind-loft Charts Practical exercises in da, wind-aloft reports and preparing windealoft charts.-..sssessseee 12 VI Plotting Atmospheric Soundings, Isentropto Charts and Vertical Gross Sactions Practical exercises in the decoding of radio- sonde reports, plotting adiabatic charts, Rossby charts, isentropic charts, and vertical cross sections snvecenteceesecerseses 36 VII Weather Instruments Leboratory exercises in tho study of the operating principle, care and minor maintenance of weather instruments. sseveees She VIII ‘Teletype Procedure Practical exercises in the composition of teletype messazes and the propsr transmission Procedure involVedsessseececsseesree 210 heStiicrma THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958Tl Page Declassified IAW EO12958 159-56 RESTRIGi cH ; SECURITY INFORMATICS a Appendix B (Cont'd) i fours IX Teletype Operation Practical exercises in the operation of teletype perforators and printers, es required in the handling of meteorological messages at field weather staticns..sssssesessseseere 33 au acre THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Beare KESTKIGrED ans SECURITY \NFORMAT You e Appendix © onl SUGGESTED CURRICULUM FOR IN-STATION TRAINING FOR AF WEATHER OBSERVERS® Approxe Textbooks Hours I Blensntary Meteorology — A course in elementary meteorology cover- Weather Elenants by ing & study of properties of the atmos- ‘Flair oF Introduction pore, weathor elements and their inter- to Meteoro! relation, atmospheric circulation, end ‘Fotterssen 60 olimte.. TI Surface Observations and Weather Forms Practical exercises in the conduct of TM 1-256 and 1945 surface weather obcorvaticns and the Suppes AMF Regs recording of sane on prescribed weather 10573 W.B. Ciroular forms. x cy TIL Upper Air Observations Practical exercises in the conduct of TW 1-235 pilot balloon observations end the * deduction of upper wind direction and wind speed values at various levels, 36 IV Plotting Surface Synoptic Maps and Suow Carts Practical exercises in decoding and ‘TM 1-255 and 1948 encoding weather reports, entering the Supp.s W.B. Cireuler data on bese weather mps and snow ‘Hez Weather Code (tux charts, and the drawing of snow charts. merical System), 1 dune 1942 80 v Plotting Wind-Aloft Charte Practical exereises in decoding and TM 1-255 and 1945 ‘snooding wind-eloft reports and pro- Suppes W.Be Ciroular paring wind-eloft charts. " @ VE “Plotting Atuospherio Soundings, Isentropic Charts, and Vertical Cross-Sections Practical exercises in the decoding and ©» TM 1-255 and 1945 ‘encoding of radiosonde reports, plotting Supp.s W.B. Clroular adiabatic obarts, Rossby charts, isca- ¥ ‘tropic obarts, and vertical cross-sections 36 VIE Weather Cryotogrephy Practical exercises in the use of wether Practical Weather codes and ciphers, Gphers; Weather Code (tum Sorical systen), 1 auas 1942 6 * AAP 7.0. 00-25-27 e ae unehieTto THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED MESSE Ate ¢ “SECORTY INFORMATIC? a . Approx. Bhi Weatner tastrmonte Textbooks Hours Iaboratory exeroises in the study of = — TI 1-288 of ‘the operating principle, care, and minor mafaterance of weather instrumenta, IK Teletype Procedure Practical exercises in the composition TM 2255 89 of teletype messages end the proper ‘transmission procedure involved. X Teletype Operation Practical exercises inthe operation TM 1-256 of teletype perforators and pringers as required in the bendling of mste~ orological messages at field weather stations. . 33 TOTAL SOURS ang THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958RESTRICTED SECURITY INFORMATION ‘WEATHER FORRCASTERS COURSE, 194142 AE5~56 e Appendix D Approx. Hours I, Feteorology ‘A course in the physical properties and processes of the atmosphere including a study of radiation, pressure and temperature distribution, clroulation, the origin and developnent of atmospheric waves, atnospheric stability, and eir mss end frontel enalysié. This course is designed to prepare the student for his work in weather forecasting and is arranged to follow tke progress in the laboratory work in that subject as closely as possibles uo TI. Air Bhss Analysis A study of the atmospheric processes as they nodify air masses, the relative conservation of air mss properties, Iaboratory exercises in the identification of air meses and the applicution of such analysis to the study of synoptic weather oharte and forecacting. 122 TIL, Atuoapheric Vertical Cross-Seotions A study of the analysis of vertical cross-sections and their use in the study of synoptic weather charts and forecasting, 94 IV. Tsentropic Analysis ‘A study of the analysis of daily isontropic charts and their use in conection with the study of synoptic weather cherte and forscastings 9 Ys Upper Atmosphere Weather Zaps ‘A study of tho pressure and tonperature distribution ak several levels above the earth's surface as associated with surface synoptic weather charts and the proparation of forecasts, 86 Vi. Surface Woath_r Ips and Forocasbing Ieboratory exercises in the analysis of surface weathor mps and the preparation of woathor forecast: 340 YIT. Dynamic Meteorologicel Laboratory Iaboratory exercises in the employment of principles developed in the lecture covrse in meteorologys 34 ‘TORAL HOURS 910 e ale RESHie roa THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958This Page Declas: d IAW EO12958 ps-96 RESTRICIED © Arvenais 5 SECURITY INFORMATIC™: RADIOSONDE OPERATORS COURSE, JANUARY 1944 Te TEXT REFERENCES 1) de Ps Fries and Sons, Baltimore, Wa., Raysondo." 2) Uiveular'P, “instructions for Woduleted Audte Frequeney Raddosonde Observations,” Sd ed. (1941), reprinted by U.S. Dept. of Commerce, eather Bureau, March 1946, 3) U.Ss Depts of Commerce, Weather Bureau, "1945 Eadioscnde Code," 1 February 1965. 4) ALFITG, Guide Zor Radiosonde Operators. 5) AAPITC, Yaintenance Guide for the Raéiosonde Ground Sete instructions for Priez II, OUTLINE oF INSTRUCTION 2) Introduction a4 Indoctrination lecture, explaining regulations, formations, class discipline, safety rules, grading and domorit oysters b, Issue of supplies. 2) Rediosonde Observation Procedure @. Hriluation of the recorder record, be Construction of carves on Adiabatic Chart. os Determination of fixed level end isentropic date. 4, Selection of levels to be inoluded in coded mozsage. 8) Field Operation Procedure &. Preparation of equipment for the observations Releasing the radiosonde transmitter asserbly. S4 Operation of radfosonde ground set during observations a, Bvaluation of received data and preparation of coded message. 4) Radiosonde Gode fe. First transmission and eleconts contained theroing >, Second transisission and elements contained therein. 5) Theory, Operation, and lbintenanoe of Bouipmout as Radiosonds transuitter. b. Padiosonde ground act, cy '—l85 hydrogen generator a. FELTS powor unit, TIT, DAILY CUERICULUM (@ROURS FSR DAY) Ist days 8, Hvalnation of pressure, temporature, and huridity of the recorder record. by Deseriztion of code structure, symbols, acd elements, ©» Elootrieal action of component parts of MIml41-A and ML-141-D,This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED 85056, top. 2 SECURITY [tO ER @ 222. paray ounrrcutm: (conta.) 2a days fe Recorder record evalnation. ‘be Bncoding first transmission, cy Emmination of M-lél ty students. 36 days » Recorder record ovaluation. ‘be Bnooding second transmission. ©» Discussion of meteorological section of MnJtl. ath days By Recorder record evaluations by Uoons of encoding supplementary datas cy locating defects in Wn191, Sth day: e_ Recorder recon evalustions by Reference frequency drift corrections ©. opniring defects in MI-141, 6th days as Reference frequency drift correction. by Code and Mn141 exasination, Teh days 2» Refereace frequency shift corrections be Reference frequency correction for shift and drift in conbivetion, ce Encoding missing datas a. Visual inspection and performance test procedures eth day: 4» Reference frequency shift or drift corrections ‘by Recorder record evaluations os Encoding doubtful data. a, Visual inspection and performance test procedure. Sth days &. Conversion (of temgerature frequencies) aud plotting the adiabatic diagras, Dd, Encoding corrective data. » Storing ead conditioning of méiosondes. oth days . Conversion and plotting. bs Galoulation of mean virtual temperatures. cs Perninvtion of flight reportings 4. Preparation of mdiocondes for releases 216 iaattittoo THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 se, Apps 8 hkotktorey ao © SEGURITY bye unten e DAILY CURRICULUM (contd.) ‘Lith days Se Pressure~height computation. je Code review, c. Basewline checks 12th day: ‘&. Pressure-height computation, bd, Fixed-level pressure computation. os Bzanination oa code and radiosonde preparation, care, and minor repair. 28th day: &. Fixed-level pressure computation, by Isentropic surface data computation °. jection of levels for transmission. d, Bese=line check and preparation of radiosonde for release, ‘Mth aay: ‘a. Tsentropic data computation, by Adiabatic chart computation, ce Methods of release and method of making tenperature-pressure correction on Minl41-By sth day Adiabatic chart conputetion, + Computing the vertical temperature gradient factor. cy Terms, units, and syubols used in electricity, eth dey: a. Wind-shoar factor computation. be Isentropic dnobar data computations 0. Discussion of inductance, cepacitance, reactance, impedance, ith dey: ‘Isentropie tacbar data computation. Electron tube discussion, eth ay: a. Entry of monthly sumary date, ‘by Exainations sth days 2. Flight #1: computation of « complete radiosonde observation, Da Discussion of components of radiosonde ground set, 20th days Same as 19th days by Discussion of National 110 radiosonde cireuit, 2st days ‘Branination, e ‘by Discussion of frequency meter oircult, aur SOQ tRIGTEL: o THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958°aE Se A RESTHtw tev SEGURITY Jrcuiceta DATLY CUARICULUI (conta) SES-56, App. E qt. 224 days a. Flight $21 computation of radiosonde observation. be Discussion of recorder and recorder amplifier, 234 days ‘a, Flight $5: computation of radiosonde observations by Troublesshooting in the radiosonde ground sete 26th days ae Sane as 25d day plus examination, 26th days & Field problem of taking a radiosonds observation, This includes hydrogen gas gonoretion, taxing a pilot balloon observation, end proparation of the radiosonde for reloase, releasing the radiosonde balloon ani escenbly, evaluating the collected data, and encoding the teletype nostages. 26th day: through 20th day: &. Seno as 26th day. Soth daye a. Disassoxbly and reassembly of ground set. Bist day through 35th days a. Sano as 25th doy, Seth days 4 ‘Trouble-shooting procedure on all components of gromd sot. Servicing and operation of FiWTS power unit and Mn166 hyérogen generator. radiosonde be 31th day through 47¢h cays fe Seno as 25th day, 48th days a, Final instructions and gradustion, 218This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 5-56 RESTRICTED Appendix F SECURITY IiFORMATIOS AVIATION METEOROLOGICAL CADET COURSE I Surface Weather Charts and Forecasting Iaboratory exercises in the decoding and plotting of surface syaoptic weather charts and their eonplete physical, Kinemtic, and dyna analysis, their coordinate interpretation with air mse tualysis and various auxiliary charta and diagrans, and the preparation of daily weather forecasts, The analysis of selected syaoptic weather situations from the various thesters of wr throughout the world, The preperation of detailed route forecasts for a variety of tactical flightplanning probleme y+ sees eee on the preparation and use of constant-level charts, isentropic charts, vertical cross jetions, energy diagrans, and other similar charts and diagrams; ‘the deteraination of air particle trajectories; and the use of various related forecasting techniques, . + +e eee eee cee ee TIT Air lass Analysis Classroom instruction and.laboratory exercises on various atmose pheric properties; the properties, modification, and identification and the correlation of such study with surface weather TV Weather Observer subjects 1) Surface weather chsorvationseclassroom and laboratory instruction ia the taking of regular surface weather observation, and the use of various related formes 2) Weather instrenents--laboratory exercises in the care, maixtezance, repair, installation, and shipping of meteorological inetruments; 5) Teletype operation and procedure-classroon and laboratory in= struction iu the use of teletype transnitting and receiving equipment, and in the proper procedure to be employed in trensmitving weether and other operational terial on standard teletype ciroultss 4) Windealoft observations-=laboratory exercises in ming pilct Palloon soundings, in obtaining upper wind information from them, and in constructing wind-tloft clartss eee eee eecerce cee ‘V— Dyautc Meteorology Classroon instruction in the bydrodynamical and thermodynamical Aspects of motecrology, including such turbulence, wave smotion, and atmospheric stability. Sarnia Ropikiin Hours sil im 182 208This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESiniu led . esis ee SECURITY INFORMA i @ i Sincle Station Weather Anelysis Taboratory studies on the interpretation of surface, wind-aloft and radiosonde data froma single station, with a view vo the construction of surface and throo-kilomoter weather maps for an extended arot, based upon this single station analysis; also ‘the preperation of weather forecasts based upon such analysiss + + « til YI World Geography and Climtology Classroom instruction on those features of the physiography of regions which influence their weather; a study of the climate of various regions of the world, particularly those which are inthe theater of wars sees eee eee rere eee eeree VIII Synoptic Meteorology Clasaroom instruction on those aspects of general meteorology which are especially applicable to an understanding of the synoptic weather situstion, including particularly the subjects of radiation, prossure, and tomporature distribution, and « daseription of the synoptic aspects of auch meteorological Phenomena as precipitation, fog, thunderstorms, and frontal charactoristicse yee eee es IX. Ineflight Weather Observation ‘The observing, reporting, and forecasting of weather conditions ‘based on actual airplane flights; the techniques employed in weather reconnaissance missions; and the problems of coordination ‘betwean air crews and the weather officers... + sees e seen X Bxbonded and Long-Rengo Forecasting ‘A oritical survey, both in the classroom and laboratory of presonteday forscesting techniques for periods of more than ABLOUTS Fee ese ere ee eee eee re eee ee pens ee XI Ooeanography Classroom and laboratory instruction in the practics] application of oceanography to meteorology in the forecasting of soa owollae « 6 « HIT Eadiosonde Operation Glassroom and laboratory instruction in the operation of radiow sonde equipzent, XEIE Weather Station Operation 1) Background of the wether service=-founding of the service; the weather bureau, and the navy aerological section; 2) Orgentsation of the AMF Westher Service, origin of the Air Corps woather service, the Air Corps weather school, origin of the mobile weather service, reorganisation of the weather serrios, present organization of the AAF Weather Service, woathor rogions, stations and sections, weather service in the field, weather training system and faoilitios; e 220 ‘THIS PAGE Declassi = ied IAW E012958 90 % 35This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICED 483-58, App. F Crea ins emu : Get Wenthor station operation (contd) 3) Weather station adninistration--woather squadrons and de- taohuents, aduinistretive duties of non-comissioned officers, personnel, activation of a new weather station, mtsorclogical codes and ciphers, weather equipment and supplies, authorized allomnce, accountability, security, requisitions, work orders, repair of meteorological instrunentss 4) Weather station operation--general station arrangenent, ‘typical weather stations, display and dissemination of weather Anformation, weather station lighting facilities, meteorological instrunents, teletypenriter operation and procedure, duty schedules, the station chief, operational funotions of weather technicians, AAF methods of constructing weather mps, charts, and diagrams, pre- paration of weather forecasts for the AAF, entry of weather trends of aircraft clearance forus Ho. 25 and 254, AAF air traffic rules, flight planoing problems for military aircraft, preparation of weather station reports, preparation of weather records; 5) Duties of wather officerensteticn wether officers, staff weather officers Prararars eee eee cease ‘TOTAL HOURS 1,586 3% RESTRIC ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRICTED = “ SECURITY INFusmialiOn @ truix a ADVANCED AND BLFRHSHER COU'SB, Lodtn Hours 1 ‘Weather Forecasting and Briefing Laboretory Conference laboratory exercises in analysis of given weather situations; station and route forecasts; simleted briefing presentations; special attoxtion to vpper air data. 280 II, Auxiliary Charts Imboratory exercises in preparation of miscellaneove charts. 30 Ii, kateorology Classroom instruction in recent developments in theoretical meteorology end its mlitery application. 45 TV. Special Topies Classroon instruction 3n basic principh s of electronics and radar operation, radar measurenent of winds aloft, radar storm dobeotion, radar range forecasting, RDF winds aloft meamurezont, flood forecasting, teohniques of weather recommaissance flight. 24 ve Radiosonde and ROF ‘finds Aloft Operation Iaboratory exercises in conduct of radiosonde flights. 27 Asrial Navigation Classroom and leboratory oxercises in solving navigational, problems « 26 VII. Limited Deta Woather Analysis Classroon and laboratory oxeroises in unslysis and forecasting when deta are linited to one or a fow stations. 20 VII. Weather Seminar Wookly meetings in which a student leads discussion of problens peculiar to the area in which he has serveds 18 Weather Reconnaissance Flights. ar ‘TOTAL BOURS 398 * Training and Opis. meno SO-10L, Chante Field, of Jaly 10, in MACE files Brig, Gon. Rs Ey OWoill to OG BITC, 15 Oct. 1944, in WSHQ files. 222This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGHED AS~56 " popendi 8 SECURITY INFO | PEFRESLER COURSE FOR FORSCASTERS, SEYMOUR JOHNSON FIEID* 2) Uae of upper atx ctutts fs toroeusting 2) Raod code 3) Winds-rloft code, reins, etee 4) Surface synoptic code. 5) Teing and turbulence. 6) Commnications. 7) Air masses and longerange forecasting. 8) Analogues and analysis code, 9) The adiabatic chart, Rossby dingrms, and rach analysis. 10) Organisation of War Departuent, adP, and Westher Services 12) AAW regulations, preperation of route forveasteanaiysis of surface 12) Sferios. 18) Thunderstorms, stability diagrams, and tornedoos, 14) Administration, 18) Pose 16) Wethods of progno-ticetion, 17) Teletype procedures 18) Observing, (WABAN 104) Hours PR ee ee ee ¥ HIS. Goth AMFHU Soyuoir Joinoon Ftold, I July to S Sept, 195, Epp. 225 FESThis Page Declassified IAW EO12958 RESTRIGFED 48-56 SECURITY INF © eomeix STAFF WEATHER OFFICERS COURSE, JUNE 19456 Ist dey: a. Orientation, bs Organization of War Department, AAF, and AAP Weather Services 0» Training adds dononstretion, 2a days a. Staff principles and duties of group staff officer. by Afroraft recognition, accident investigation and reports. 6. Photo interpretations 3a days a. Functions and duties of staff weather officer. de World weather commmications. 6. Night fighter operations. 4, Capabilities and linktations of fighter airerafte e. Air defense, ath dey ‘&» Rooonnsdssarce aviation, bd. Mission, organization, and equipnent of troop carriers . IMssion of air inspection. 4. Mission and organization of tactical air force 5th dey: &. Organiestion, operations, and omploynent of strategic alr force, b. Theory of bonbing and very heavy bonbing operations, ©. Employnent and capabilities of tactical sorbardrent a, Weather problems in coubat boubing operations. eo, Bonbing altitude computation for boubardiers, sth days a, Frinciples of weather briefing and mission briefing. be Effects of weather and desired wether requirements for boubardment, ‘troop onrrier, ATC, fighter, and reconnaissance aviation, 7th days a, Moronsteorology. by Air-sea rescue operations. o, Wind-wave analysis. 2. Africa and Middle East weather service requirenontss 8th days a, Weather bricfing to commending officers of air forces and commands. ‘b, Special bricfing on contrailss e ¥ Gurriculun ARTA course for S Aug. to 28 Aug. 1845, abd, Bl daly 1046, in WSAR fLles, 224 Pedy THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 ABS~56, App. I 9th days a+ Effects of weather on EF, UHP, and SEP propagation, De Weather intelligence, security, and ciphers, cs Capabilities ond linktations of antialroraft artillery. a, Weather ozganizetion of AAA and effects of weathor on 4A fire, ‘loth day: ‘ae Weather and soil trafficability. by AGP, techniques and tactics. os Wouther requiremmts for ground and amphibious operations. d, Ballistic wind computations for bombardiers, e. Synthetic weather briefing to air crews. lth dey: @, Elononts of navigation. bs Weather officers! fmotions in flight plan enalys! oe Special staff weather o:ficers! problems. a. Application of "D" system for drift deterninstion. th days a, Objective folders and target charts. bd, Field orders. 4 Technical intelligences a, Intelligence in tactical air force operations. e+ Selection of strategic targets. f, Briefing, interrogation, and reporting. 18th days @, Synthetic briefing for air crews, b, Organizetion and operations of ATC. c. AAF engineers. a, Pregaretion and planning the use of climtic studies, ih éays &. Weather intorrogetion: eireraft weather forms, . Stef? requirements on weather pertaining to enemy operations, ¢, Climatic briefing problens. sth days &, Air logistios, >. Plan of ouprly and mintenence in 2/I and theater of operations. c. POA wathor service and reguirenonta. a, AAP medical problems 16th dayt 2. Denonstration of latest mathor equipment. bd, Synthetic briefing of climetic studies. e+ Weathor problems in survival. rth day e &. Tactical air force demonstration. THIS PAGE Declassi ™ ied IAW EO012958 —This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 Fee AES~56, App. T sth days @. Preparation and discussion of solution to weather problem, be Weather briefing problem assignment, ce. Synthetic briefing of air crews. 19th days @. Foroonel law and affairs in preparation for overseas exslgament. be General critique. cs Sunmerization and graduetion, THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AiS-56 Appendix J TROTICAL WESIKER ATALYSIS AND FOURCASTING, l94ex Hours I, Blenents of Tropical smalysis 1) Surface analysis. 6 2) Upper Air analysis, 2 8) Analytical medals, 16 TL, Blexents of Tropical Prognosis 1) Single station forecastings 2 2) Terminal forecasting. 1 8) Route and operational forecasting. 2 4) Special purpose forece sting. 1 5) Hurricane forecasting. 6 IIL. Trovioal Dynami loteorology 20 T¥. General Cirevlation in the Tropics 5 Ve Miscellaneous: technical devices, diurnel virintioa of pressure, ete. 4 Vi. Bogional Meteorology 1) South Anorics, Southwoct Pacific, India and Indowhina, Rquetorial Africa, West Africa, and South Ablantio. 28 VII, Daily Schedule for Laboratory Work 1) Morning soseion: local single-otebion analysis end forecast; postmortem on provious dayts forecast; anslysis of current veathor, two surface naps, and all aveilsble ouxilinry charte, 2) Aftornoon sessions conplete aualysis of current weather charts mp @isouscion and postmortom on previn ous day's maps and forcensts; rouve end other Pore- caste *_“sylishis of “University of Chisago Tnctibate of Yotoorelogy Vourees 4n Tropleal Woether Analysis and Forecasting," incl. in ltr., H. Re Byers ‘to hj. Gone Re Te Harper, 7 Aug, 1944, in AFAGT files. THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 AHS~55, Apps I e AAP OPOPIOKL RATHER COURSE, 0 KD FIEID, 1945+ Hours I. Syuoptie Letecrology 1) Classroom instruction in general principles as applied ‘to tropioal wathor forccastings 40 II, Dynamic Heteorology 1) Classroom instruction with enshasia on reeont dovelop- nents. 30 III, Climtology 1) Classroom and Icbomtoxy exercises on speotal problens ‘in tropical thoaters. 30 IV, Syecial Topics 2) Cincsroom insbruotion in the application of radar to neboorolory, microneteoroloty, ste. to Y. Weather Forceastiing Laboratory 2) Practical application of theoretical principles of noboorolosy to tropical weather anslysis and fores coasting; 2) Use of tine crossesections, srace cross-sections, end various typos of charts. ‘VI. Weather Reconnaissance and In-Fight Weather Observation 1) Classroom and ineflight Instruction 1a woather recomaissances 2) Forecast verification, oross-socticn constrvetion, flight weather reporting. 58 VIL. Weather Sonizar 2) Weekly meetings to which all students contribute from their Meld experience, 16 ¥—~“Courso SueTInS For Tropical Weather Usiree, Enard Field, BE Fs 1945, in APACE files. 228 een! THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 e== rm Appondiix & HIOTO-POOIATSSANOR FILOT WEATHER COURSE, 1966# Hours I, Surface weather Charts and Forecasting. ro XL, Auxiliary Charts ond Diagrans, 48 TIT, Air thss Analysio. 42 IV. Synoptic Meteorology. 90 Ve hethor Observer Subjects 1) Surface Weather Observations. 80 2) Weather Instrurenss. 30 3) Wind-dloft Observation, 5 VI. In-Flight Weather Observation. 60 VIL. Radiosonde Operation. w VIL, Altinetry and Determination of Winds in Flight, Fr IX. denther Reporting: Codes and Forms, 18 X. Woathor Analysic from Vioual Ogscrrations a ¥ syllabus, Proto Necomma tesmuce Filet Weather Course, 18 Fob, 106, in Hist, Chanute Field, tar.-Apr. 1945, II, 184. 229 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958INDEX A AAF Headquarters, 11-13, 19, American Coueil on Basgaton, 120-21. 2-31, 38, Ab-5, 4849, 53, Amhorst College, 96, 1034 56-595 73, 755 AN/APQ-23, 163=64, iz, huis, 125, 128, Yomi, Alles Departnent, 147-49 134, 139, U3, ai7ai9, 151-53, iy ‘AMrweys Communications Services ees et, deo, 6 5 Tether 90-76, 374, Aray Chemical Warfare Service, 156 MMF femal 95-024 drwy Hlectrontce Training Center, AMP Badan Shoot ‘teoon Raton), 142, 57, 59, 16h sexy yestntaee Brntning roses, ae Regulation 105-8, 83 6, io, 112, 4AF School. of Applied Tactics, 140, senottahy "Paul bey Soa U2, 165 Arnold, Gens He Hey 10, 13, 17-16, AAF Tactical Center, 176 60, 62, 76 AAF Weather Training Center, 2 Asheville, Ne C., 26, 77 24 48, Se 7 108, 162. See algo B s0/AS Tete lTigence, 88 ye Nanpover, 23) Ba, 15560, AO/AS Materiel, Maintenance, &Dise Barthy, Dr. Walter, 9, 99 tribution, 13, bones! oe He H., 81, 46 AC/AS Operations, somes ‘& Bee Byerines Des Jakob, 6b guirenents, 23,19, 77, 108-10 25 Dre fe 5 3, 15) . Boo Retin AAP Baio Training Center, aos Eersomet, 19) Dy Be a1, uz, 72, 80 AC/AS ‘Training,’14,'19, 28-29, 3h, Boni Col Gol. 0. 8 4B By 55564 2b, ere, ay Bi s6ren, Bort ortoquen Piel al rk), us 309-3 » 12h, dd, » Mase Re dey 15, 155, Vz Bowdoin College, ion "AM Course. See Cadet Noteorology Eowles, Dr. Edvard, 77, Courses "BM Premetecrology Course, 9, 955 97 20/8 Gel, =72. ‘9-106, 108-12, 114, 116-39, 125, 174 Adjutent General, The, 62, 62, 98 Brett, It, Gen, G. He, 149 Adr Corps Meteorological School, 32 Brigham Young University, 12 Aircrew Weather Cource, 124-25, 158, Brown University, 103n 13 Buckley Field, 157 Air Force Combet Command, 10 Byers, Drs He Rey 80, 250, 152 Air Institute of Technology, 176 ° Ar Materiel Command, 177 ‘Air ROI, 175 cag7, 160 Air Transport Commend, Atorock Field (6.z.),” 1B, os Cadiot Hoteorology Course, 9-20, i Algiers, 37m Miya, 8bu225, abs, iho, a5," UB e Allendoerfer, Dr. 0. Be, 104-5 ee Mo Si ba 's THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958AES-56, California Tagtsinte ao es 6, 9, 60, 63-64, 87, Canksprnta, Univerette & (este Californie, “tntverstty of (to8 Angeles), 9, 63-65, 85-87, 90) Camp Alfred Vail, 6 ip 5 urktbeen Defense Cement, 149, Carleton College, 1033 Gmmeeat Machtsed. Training Comend, cheimers, Dre Gs Key 2 96 Chanute Field, 49," ane "17, 19 31, 39-36, S842, ote, 02, Bebp SIoHB, 7, Yn OBL 48, 3B. ieee ee a 3, 165, cnavasze, It, Col. Ne Be, 82, 12 Chenical Werfere Service, 89 Chicago, University of, 9, 63065, Tm! 7, &, 87, i» by 200, foaed, 227, 138, ud, 46- Chief of Air Corps, Sae Arnold. Chief of Staff, 16 Chief Signal Officer, 4 Civilian Pilot Training Program, 63 Clinton, Onte, 142, 16% Gorin, Ya}. B, Foy 32 o” Premotocrlosy Course, 945 52, 108-13, 7» 9%, 1016, , Fa ug, 15, 26h, 174 D Denison University, 1033, 118 Department of Agriculture, 4 98 Directorate of Weather, 3, 10, 12- 33, 26-27, 29, Bhy 36-37, 66, 7 79, 83-24, 87, 93-hy 96, 99, Wh-5 Dugway Proving Ground, 141, 155-56 Eastern Technical Training Command, 153-54 Eaton, It. R. Ey by vv Eatontown Signal taborstory, 142, Rieventh Air Force, 38 Emons, Dr. Gardner, 63-64 Enlisted Forecasters Course, 9, 19, We25y 26029, Telsb, 4BA9, 59» Stn 136, 172473, 24 Tolisted Ghservers Gamse, 5, 16-35 33-355 3738, Ady 51-52, 59, O7ay 4%, ile, 136, 163-63, 171-73, 26-95 Telioted Hedosonie Operators 9, 49-57 67s Equipment Division a aaa), €9 F Ast Weather Region, 27, 63, 138 4th Weather Region, 26-27, 36, 138 Fifth Fleet, 157 $34 Reconnaissance Squadron, 161 Capt. Ivan, Forence, Dr. Ay 53-5, 100 Fishor, Col. A. Gey Course, 126-32 Fort George right N13 Fort Momouth, 6, 31-32, 48, 52953, 169 Fort Worth, 78 G Gaghiardy Capt, Cote, 152 Ges, Ya}. Cen. Be Me, 110-21 Genvaterss Ite Col. Te Rey 96. Goldsboro Redeplcyzent Center, 131 Grend Rapids, 20, Shs 465 49-50, Shy 67» 79; 82, 85, 89-91, 120, 136. $08 alao AAP Wenthor Training Center. Grenier Field, 1 Gross, Brig. Gen. M. Bey 155 need THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 _Familton College, 103p Hanley, Brie, Gans Sop dry 2 Gen, Me Poy 152 ee Brig. Gen. Re te, 146 Hart, Dr. W Ley 10h, Harvard University, 57-59, 100, Ulk2, Haverford College, 103n, 104 Honshu, 157-58 Houghton, Dr. H. Gs, 66 Foward, arig. Gen. G. Wey 3, 5 Howard Pig Field (6.24), U1, 2! 55, I Institute of Meteorology (U. of Chicago)» Institute of Tropical Yeteor— olory (U. of Chicago), 88, 142, U647, 149-54 Towa, State University of, 1032 z Johnson, Dr. Es Rep 119 Joint Meteorological Comittee, 7 Tones, Lt. Col. We Woy W8L9 K Kaplen, Dr. Joseph, 70, Why Kenyon College, 93, 96, 1032, Kimball, Robert, 70, King, Fleot Adm. E.’J., 157-56 Krick, Dr. Irving, 6 L agens Field, Azores, 160 Iengley Field, 6, 15, 61 mcoln, Col. R. Bey 25 Losey, it. Re Me, 17 Jowy'Fiela, 17 u YoGlellend, Brige Gens He Moy 5x66, 70, 93 mel ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW E012958 Male, Col. Dooy 5y 31-33 79 By Merial, > 157 sereciabette saatitite ‘of Technolo~ ET, 5-6) 9p GOM61, CF-Ghy 66, 80, 85, 89-90, 97, 9, 103, 120, 142, 164, Merevether, Gapt. A. Fe, 63 Want, 155) Michigan, University of, 103n Wieronsteorology Course, 155-57, 173 Military Forsomel Division (AC/AS Personnel), 70~72, Wy 17h Minnesota, University of, 100, 103n, Moorman, Itt. Col. Te S.5 138 Morrison, Prof. T+, 100 5 9th Heather Region, 27, 138, 140, 9th Weather Squadron, 147 Retional Defense Research Council, 166 Navy, UsSey 7, 47, 62, 68, Up Uy 145, 150, 156, Navy Chenical ‘Warfare Sehool, 155=56 Real, Lt. Cols Ws Hey 8 New York Civilian Schools Area, 116 New York University, 9, 69-65," 8h= 85, 89-00, 103» e,'120, Ue Yew Zealand Weather Service, 147 ° Olds, Maj. Gen. Roberts 1-12 Oliver, Victor S. Operations Division aro), 3G @ Operations Section (00/AC), 1: rants U0, 143-44, Otis intelligence test, 20, 36 P Palmer, Drs S- B., 147, 150 Panama Canal, 2 Patterson Field, 69, 16, 19, 32-34, 32-40This Page Declassified IAW EO12958 A3S-56, Index Pettersson, Dr. Sverre, 61, 64 Photo-Recomnaissance Pilot Weather Course, Plans Section (06/40), 15 Ponona College, 103n Fratt, aj Gen. Conver, 148 Prensteorolegy Course, 9-10, 7p ote 93-107. See also "BY Prem Courses "C" Preneteor— ‘lee. Course. Puarte Rico, University of, 88, 11, L647 @ Quaite, Capt. B. B., 156-57 R Radar Coverage Forecasters Course, 165-66 Radiosonde, 2, 47-48, 59, Bh, 220, 222, 229. See algo Balisted Radto- sonde Operators Course. Rawinsonde, 2, 8, 57-59, 141 Rawinsonde Technicians Course, 173 Red Bank, Ne Joy 166 Reed College, 1032 Refresher Course for Forecaster, 199-34, 222623 Refresher Course for Observers, 132-34 Regular Arwy, 43, 171, 17% Regular Army Air Corps, 43 Reichelderfor, F. We, 63 Reid, Dr. W. T., 100 Rossby, Dr Ovbsy 63a64, 705.77 ‘795 E766, en 96-97, 104, 110-12, 17-28, 6, 155 Royal Canadian Air Force, U2, 164 Rutgers University, 6 8 Second Air Fores, 11=13, 126-27, 134 2a District Technicel Training , 28 Weather Region, 27, 56, 138 2a Weather Wing, 6, 6th Weather Region, 13840 ‘7th Weather Region, 139 an ‘THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 233 Léth Weather Region, 138 Salt Take City, 12 San Jose Island, 156-57 San Juan, P.Re, WA6-47 Santa Ana Cadet Classification Center, 3 Science and Research Department 9 AB Seott Field, 8, 16-20, 26, 33, 56, 42, 167 ‘80-399, 167 SOR=5E), 163-64 ‘S0R-658 Direction-finder, 57, 59 ScR~7178, Soagirt, N. J., 162. See aloo Signal Corps Weather Eqhiyment Technicians School. Secret of War, 37, 72, 104 Senter Gols Web. 5. BoN8s, 307 Servicos of Supply, 96 Seymour Jchngon Fisld, 126, 132-33, Sterics Operation and Maintenance Signal Corps, ay 3W22, 48, 57% 142, 162, 166-67 Signal Corps Ground Signal Agency, sxe tee School of Matecrslony, 5 sane] Corps We ether Mautner’ ‘Tech= ee School, 52, Ul, 162 ff, Dre J. 1. Sey Southern Pines, N. G., 75, 77=78 Spaata, Maj. Gen. Cari, Surgeon General, The, 4 r 34 Nonthor Rogten, 12:13, 27, 138 ‘Twentieth Air Force, 15! Zigt Wether: Squateén, 138 224 Weather Region, 138, 140 23 Weather Region, 138, 140 2hth Weather Region, 137-38, 140elf, 2 ing Mamual 1-235, Trainisy sectice (Go), 33 Tropleal Weather School, 153 v U.S, Militery Academy, 174 Utah, University of, 11-13 v Vanderbilt University, 105, Virginia, University of, 103 W Walker, Gol. L. be, 176 War Department Bureex of Fublic Retetions, né War of 1812, » Washington ational Mirrort, 48 THIS PAGE Declassified IAW EO12958 eiaerd ‘Ite col. Te Pe, Trey 75s Tinbérdake, Drige Gens P. We, 152 ‘Training end Operations Diviedon ere isch, tsete, a Weather Course, 15-55, 227 Ueeleke See California, Untrersity of (Zos Angeles) Washington State Colle; Washington University (St. Touts), wet, England, 160 Meather Burean, "TSey LenS, Ty 9s Wy UfnhS, 51-55, 62, 68, 90, 1455 150 Weather, Department of (Chanute Piola), Uh, 9, 22, 2hy 20029, 33, 35-26, 38, 49-52, 13 Weather Directorate, See, Directorate of Weather Divieion (AAFHQ), 45, 56, 120, 124, 128, 158 Weather Forecasters Course. Sge En- listed Forecasters Course. Weather Information Service, 77 Weather Observers Course. See En~ listed Observers Course. Weather Officers Course, 173-76 Weather Rrofiotonsy ¢ Cores 135 Weather Research Bureau, 148 Weether Soction (Gi/AC), 17, 33, 6, Weather Wig, 13-Ly 19, 23-25, 27928, 30, ee hy & 53, Bs Pree 2 5B 132, 34-39, 145,” 150, "152, 15k, 163-64, 167 Weaver, ¥aj, Gon. W. Bey 75, 105 Western Technical Training Command, 139 Wiggin, Ma}, B. Le, 78 Wilians, Capt Bo Pep a Wi11 Rogers Field, Wisconsin, intverdtty of, 100, 1033 Wonen's Corps, Wood, Col. F. Bey 45, 56 World War I, 4 1 Yates, Col. De Wey 30, 45 a ‘Zimmerman, Col. De Zey 93-%