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The Elusive Scientific Basis of Creation "Science"
Eugenie C. Scott; Henry P. Cole
The Quarterly Review of Biology
, Vol. 60, No. 1. (Mar., 1985), pp. 21-30.
The Quarterly Review of Biology
is currently published by The University of Chicago Press.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgWed Jan 23 04:55:55 2008
 
VOLUME
THE OF BIOLOGY
MARCH
985
0,
NO.
1
QUARTERLY REVIEW
THE ELUSIVE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF CREATION "SCIENCE"
Program in Medical Anthropology, University of California-Sun Francisco, Sun Francisco, Californza
94
71
9
USA 
HENRY
P.
COLE
Department of Educational and Counseling
psycho lo^: 
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
40506
USA 
ABSTRACT
Is there, as claimed,
scientific
support for 'kcientific creationism"?
If
so, arguments that scien-tific creationism is a legitimate scientific discipline deserving %qua/ imeNwith volution in public-school science classes would be strenpthened. An early study (Cole and Scott, 1982) revealed that28prominent creationists did not publish articles dealing with empzrical, experimental or theoreti-cal evidencefor the scientific creationist "model" in over 4000 ournals covered by the data-retrievalsystem SCZSEARCH. To see if other scientific creationists were publishing proofs of creation,we surveyed editors of68journals to which scientific creationists would be likely to submit articleson this subject. Out of over 135,000 submissionsfrom 1980 to 1983, only 18dealt with empiri-cal, experimental, or theoretical support for scientific creationism, and 12 of these went to onescience education journal alone. No creationist articles have been published, althouph three werestill underreuiei at the time
of
this study. Papers were rejected due to poor scholarship, witheditors commentinp that the articles appeared to have been written by laymen rather than profes-sional scientists. A number of differences are apparent in comparinp the scholarship found in "inhouse" creation science sources and "mainline" scientific journals. Although scientific creationistscomplain that "completely scientifiG papers" would be rejected out of hand by 'hainline"journals,it is obvious that none have been submitted. Outside of creationist outlets, then, there is no 3cien-tifiG" creationism. We have documented this as a service to the teachers, professors, and layerswho are striving to maintain high standards ofscience education in theface ofpressures to introducenon-scientific concepts into the public school classroom.
A
T
THE
TIME
of this writing (Summer,scientific creationism. In the months follow-1984), the scientific creationism/evolu-ing the Overton decision, ten scientific crea-tion controversy in the United States istionism bills died, were killed, or were with-viewed by most members of the scientific drawn in state legislatures (Weinberg, 1982).community as ancient history. Judge Over-One battle remains in the legislative war:ton's gracefully written decision in
McLean us.
Louisiana, where two lawsuits were at one
Arkansas
(Anonymous, 1982) appeared topoint proceeding simultaneously, with anti-sound the death knell for efforts to require thecreationists as plaintiffs in one and as defen-teaching of scientific creationism in publicdants in the other. Evolutionists were disap-school science classes. And indeed, that deci-pointed that the Overton decision was notsion depressed
legislative
attempts to promoteappealed; a favorable decision in an appellate
* 
current address: Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO
80309 USA
@
1985 by the Stony Brook Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
 
22
THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY
60
VOLUME
court would have made the Arkansas case auseful precedent for the Louisiana trial andany others. Hopes were raised when theLouisiana State Senate voted in May of 1984to repeal the law, which would have elimi-nated a costly trial had the House of Repre-sentatives followed suit. Unfortunately,strong lobbying by creationists resulted in alopsided vote of 41-26 against the repeal (Le-win,1984b). As part of the Arkansas deci-sion, the plaintiffs (anti-creationists) wereawarded close to $400,000, a sum that we as-sume would make most states cautious aboutbecoming involved in such trials. Crea-tionists, however, are confident they will suc-ceed in Louisiana, where "their" lawyers arearguing the case rather than an outsider, aswas the case in Arkansas.Even if we assume that the eventual Loui-siana trial will be another setback to the crea-tionist cause, by no means will this be the endof the controversy. Trial results unfavorableto the creationist cause will probably halt thetrickle of bills introduced into state legisla-tures, but even now the scientific creationismmovement is focusing on the local, ratherthan the state, level. Attempts are beingmade to convince local school boards to man-date the teaching of creationism. Even moredifficult to monitor are the attempts by in-dividual teachers to teach scientific crea-tionism on their own that are already occur-ring in many parts of the United States(Moyer, 1984).Scientific creationists are reluctant to havecreationism taught in social studies or com-parative religion classes, because this wouldreduce their fundamental Christian worldview to merely another of the world views ofmany religions and cultures. They insist thatcreationism belongs in the science classroom.Scientific creationism must have scientificbacking to be taught in science classes. Argu-ments that the creationist view is better sup-ported by scientific facts than is evolution isa major thrust of their campaign. In the In-stitute for Creation Research "Tenets ofCreationism" (Morris, 1980),
scientzfic
crea-tionism is distinguished from
Biblical
crea-tionism as having "no reliance upon Biblicalrevelation, utilizing
only scientzfic data
to sup-port and expound the creation model" (italicsin original).What is the nature of this body of scientificdata, and where can it be found? There is, ofcourse, a body of
scientzfic creationist
literaturethat presents "evidence" for the young earth,Noah's Flood, and Special Creation. Crea-tion Life Publishers (now Masterbooks) hasan extensive series of books, pamphlets,tapes, and video cassettes available for pur-chase, and also publishes the high school bi-ology textbook,
Bzolo~:
A
Search for Order inComplexity.
This is the publishing wing of theInstitute for Creation Research (ICR), a ma-jor distributor of information on creation"science" as well as advice for introducingcreationism into local schools. The ICR pub-lishes science research articles in the IM-PACT series, which accompanies their freemonthly newsletter
Acts and Facts.
The oldestjournal devoted strictly to the scientific evi-dence for creationism is the
Creation ResearchSociety Quarterly,
published by the CreationResearch Society (CRS). The Bible-ScienceAssociation (B-SA) publishes the
Bible ScienceNewsletter
and
CONTRAST,
which is theirequivalent of the ICR
IMPACT
series. TheB-SA also has a large list of pamphlets,books, tapes, and other educational materi-als. The Creation Social Science and Hu-manities Society publishes the
Creation SocialScience and Humanities Quarterly.
The Ameri-can Scientific Affiliate (ASA), an associationof Christian scientists, takes no official standon scientific creationism, and the
Journal oftheAmerican Scientific Affiliate
publishes articlesboth pro and con. Internationally, CreationScience in Australia publishes
Ex Nihilo,
which also has a U.S. office.Examination of publication affiliations,content, and editorial guidelines for authorsof these journals leads one to question theclaim that scientific creationism is indepen-dent of religion. Authors who publish in the
Creation Research Society Quarterly
subscribe inwriting to the belief that the Bible is the "writ-ten word of God and that all of its assertionsare historically and
scientijically
true" (empha-sis added). The
CRSQ
is not listed in
ScienceCitation Index,
but it appears in the
ChrzstianPeriodical Index.
The ASA also has a statementof belief that supports both religion andscience: God is the Creator, but there is nodogma as to how he created (Stipe, 1977).The major suppositions of creationism are
of 00

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