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Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry
Rate or Reaction

Calculation

Rate of Reaction (Average Rate)
Quantity change of reactants/products
Rates of reaction =
Total time for the reaction


If the quantity change is immeasurable
1
Rates of reaction =
Total time for the reaction


Find the Rate From a Graph

Average Rate Rates At an Instant
The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph
of quantity against time.

(Product)
Rate of Reaction =
(Time)


The rate of reaction at an instant, t, is equal to the
slope of tangent at that instant.

(Product)
Rate of Reaction =
(Time)














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Chemical Reaction

Precipitation of Sulphur

2HCl
(aq)
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3(aq)
2NaCl
(aq)
+ S
(s)
+ SO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)


Notes:
1. Yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
2. The reaction is slow.

Na
2
S
2
O
3
: Sodium thiosulphate


Potassium Dichromate (VI) with Ethanedioic Acid

Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 3C
2
O
4
2-
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O + 2Cr
3+


Notes:
1. In the reaction, the orange colour of the solution
turns into green.
Cr
2
O
7
2-
: dichromate(VI) ion (Orange)
C
2
O
4
2-
: ethanedioate ion (Colourless)
Cr
3+
: Chromium(III) ion (green)

Potassium Manganate(VII) with Ethanedioic Acid

2MnO
4
-
+ 16H
+
+ 5C
2
O
4
2-
10CO
2
+ 8H
2
O + 2Mn
2+


Notes:
1. Mn
2+
is colourless
2. In the reaction, the purple colour of the solution
turns into colourless.
MnO
4
-
: Manganate(VII) ion (Purple)
Mn
2+
: Manganese(II) ion colourless

Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

2H
2
O
2

-
2H
2
O + O
2

Catalyst: manganese(IV) oxide(MnO
2
), Iron(III) oxide (Fe
2
O
3
), silver (Ag)

Haber Process (Manufacture Ammonia)

N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3


(More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9)

Contact Process(Manufacture Sulphuric Acid)

2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

(More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9)


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Ostwald Process (Manufacture Nitric Acid)

Stage 1
4NH
3(g)
+ 5O
2(g)
4NO
(g)
+ 6H
2
O
(g)

Notes:
1. Temperature = 900oC
2. Pressure = 4-10 atm
3. Catalyse = Platinum (Pt)

Stage 2
2NO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)

Dissolve in water
3NO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)
2HNO
3(aq)
+ NO
(g)


Carbon Compound

Alkane

Alkane
Combustion
Complete
Combustion
Incomplete
Combustion
Substitution
Reaction
(Halogenation)


Combustion

Complete combustion

C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O

Incomplete combustion

C
2
H
6
+
5
2
O
2
2CO + 3H
2
O
C
2
H
6
+
3
2
O
2
2C + 3H
2
O

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Substitution Reaction


Alkene

Alkene
Combustion
Complete
Combustion
Incomplete
Combustion
Addition Reaction
+Bromine/Chlorine
+Potassium
Manganate(VII)
+Hydrogen
+Hydrogen Halide
+Steam
Polymerization
Alkane Alcohol
Craking Dehydration


Preparation of Alkene

Cracking of Alkane

2C
4
H
10
CH
4
+ C
2
H
4
+ C
2
H
6
+ C
3
H
6


Dehydration of Alchohol

C
2
H
5
OH + C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O

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Combustion:

Complete combustion:

C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Incomplete combustion

C
2
H
4
+ 2O
2
2CO + 2H
2
O

C
2
H
4
+ O
2
2C + 2H
2
O
Addition Reaction:

+ Bromine:


+ Potassium Manganate(VII):


+ Hydrohen:

(Catalyst: platinum/nickel)
+ Hydrogen Halide:


+ Steam (H
2
O):

(Catalyst: phosphoric acid; Temperature: 300
o
C; Pressure: 60atm)
Polymerization

(Catalyst: oxygen; Temperature: 200
o
C; Pressure: 1200atm)
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Alcohol

Alkene Carbohydrate
Alcohol fermentation Addition
+Sodium dehydration Combustion
Oxidation
(+K
2
CrO
7
/KMnO
4
)


Preparation of alchohol

Fermentation of Carbohydrate (Glucose)
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2

Addition of Alkene
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH
[Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300
o
C; Pressure: 60atm ]
or
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H
CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H + H
2
O CH
3
CH
2
OH + H
2
SO
4

Combustion of Alcohol

C
2
H
5
OH + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O

Dehydration of Alcohol

C
2
H
5
OH + C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O

Alcohol + Sodium

2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2


Oxidation of Alcohol

C
2
H
5
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O


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Carboxylic Acid
Aldehydes Alchohol
Carboxylic acid Oxidation Oxidation
+Metal +oxide base +alkali +Metal carbonate +Alchohol
Salt +H
2
O Salt +H
2
O Salt +H
2
Salt +CO
2
+H
2
O
Esther


Preparation of Carboxylic acid

Oxidation of Alcohol
C
2
H
5
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O

Oxidation of Aldehyde
C
2
H
6
O + [O] CH
3
COOH

Reaction

Carboxylic Acid + Alkali

CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O

Carboxylic Acid + Metal Oxide

2CH
3
COOH + MgO Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
O

Carboxylic Acid + Metal

2CH
3
COOH + Mg Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2

Carboxylic Acid + Metal Carbonate

2CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
+ CO
2
+H
2
O

Carboxylic Acid + Alchohol

CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O

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Summary of The Reaction

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Oxidation and Reduction

Iron(II) to Iron(III)

Oxidising agent: Chlorine or Bromine
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

2Fe
2+
+ Cl
2
2Fe
3+
+ 2Cl

+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

2Fe
2+
+ Br
2
2Fe
3+
+ 2Cl

Observation:
1. The green colour of Fe
2+
solution turns brown
Observation:
1. The green colour of Fe
2+
solution turn brown
2. The brown colour of bromine water turns into
colourless.

Oxidising agent: Potassium Permanganate(VII)
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O

5Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8H
+
5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O

Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown
2. The purple colour of the MnO
4

solution turns into colourless

Oxidising agent: Potassium Dichromate(VI)
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14 H
+
+ 6e 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O

6Fe
2+
+ MnO
4

+ 8H
+
6Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O

Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown.
2. The orange colour of the Cr
2
O
7
2-
solution turns green.

Oxidising agent: Hidrogen Peroxide
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O

2Fe
2+
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
2Fe
3+
+ 2H
2
O
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown

Oxidising agent: Concentrated Nitric Acid
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O

3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H
2
O

Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown
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Iron(III) to Iron(II)

Reducing Agent: More reactive Metal
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e

2Fe
3+
+ Zn 2Fe
2+
+ Zn
2+


Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Zinc powder dissolve in the solution.

Reducing Agent: Sulphur Dioxide
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

SO
2
+ 2H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e

2Fe
3+
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+


Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.

Reducing Agent: Hydrogen Sulphide
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

H
2
S 2H
+
+ S + 2e

2Fe
3+
+ H
2
S 2Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ S

Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Yellow precipitate forms in the solution.

Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulphite
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
+ 2e

2Fe
3+
+ SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+


Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.

Reducing Agent: Tin(II) Chloride
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

Sn
2+
Sn
4+
+ 2e

2Fe
3+
+ Sn
2+
2Fe
2+
+ Sn
4+


Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.



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Displacement of Metal
[A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.]

Example:
Mg + PbCl
2
MgCl
2
+ Pb
3Zn + Fe
2
O
3
3ZnO + 2Fe
Al + CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Cu

Electrochemical Series

Reactivity Series


Displacement of Halogen
[A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.]

Example:
Cl
2
+ KBr KCl + Br
2

Br
2
+ NaI NaBr + I
2

F
2
+ KI KF + I
2


Reactivity of Halogen

Colour of Halogen and Halide
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl
4

Chlorine (Cl
2
) Pale Yellow Pale Yellow
Bromine (Br
2
) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Iodine (I
2
) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Purple
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl
4

Chloride (Cl
-
) Colourless Colourless
Bromide (Br
-
) Colourless Colourless
Iodide (I
-
) Colourless Colourless


More reactive

F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
> At
2

More reactive

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
More electropositive

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag

Kalau Nak Cari Makanan Ada Zat Ferum Seperti Papaya Harus Cari di Argentina

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The Oxidising Agent and Reducing Agent

Oxidising Agent (Reduction) Redusing Agent (Oxidation)
Halogen
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

I
2
+ 2e 2I

Metal
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
Al Al
3+
+ 2e
Metal Ion
Mg
2+
+ 2e Mg
Pb
2+
+ 2e Pb
Sn
2+
+ 2e Sn
Halide Ion
2Cl

Cl
2
+ 2e
2Br

Br
2
+ 2e
2I

I
2
+ 2e
Fe
3+

Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

Fe
2+

Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Potassium Manganate(VII)
MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Sulphur Dioxide
SO
2
+ 2H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e
Potassium Dicromate(VI)
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14 H
+
+ 6e 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
Hydrogen Sulphide
H
2
S 2H
+
+ S + 2e
Hydrogen Peroxide
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O
Sodium Sulphite Aqueous
SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
Concentrated Nitric Acid
NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
Tin(II) Chloride Aqueous
Sn
2+
Sn
4+
+ 2e

Rusting

Step 1: Formation pf Ion
Anode:
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
Cathode:
O
2
+ H
2
O 4OH
-
+ 4e

Step 2: Corrosion of Iron
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
Fe(OH)
2


Step 3: Formation of iron(III) hydroxide

4Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH)
3


Step 4: Formation of Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide

Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
xH
2
O

General Equation

4Fe + 3O
2
+ xH
2
O 2Fe
2
O
3
xH
2
O
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13
Preparation of Oxygen Gas

Decomposition of Potassium Manganate (VII)

2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2


Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (V)

2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2

[Manganese(IV) Oxide as catalyst]
Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate

2KNO
3
2KNO
2
+ O
2


Extraction of Iron From Its Ore

Production of Carbon Dioxide
C + O
2
CO
2


Production of Carbon Monoxide
CaCO
3
CaO + CO

Reduction of Iron Ore to Iron
Upper Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2Fe + 3CO
2


Fe
3
O
4
+ 4 CO 3Fe + 4CO
2


Lower Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3C 2Fe + 3CO

Fe
3
O
4
+ 4 C 3Fe + 4CO
2


Removal of Impurities
CaO + SiO
2
CaSiO
3



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14
Thermochemistry

Calculation

Heat of Reaction

Thermal Energy Change
Number of Mole
H =

Thermal Energy Change

Q = mc

m = mass of solution = volume of solution
c = specific heat capacity of solution

Number of Mole

For solution
1000
MV
n =

For gas (When volume is given)
3 3
Volume of gas
Molar volume of gas (22.4dm at stp / 24dm at rtp)
n =
For solid, liquid or gas ( When mass is given )
mass
Molar mass (RAM/RMM)
n =

Chemical Reaction

Exothermic Reaction

Dissolving Alkali or Acid

-
2
NaOH Na OH
H O +
+

2
2
2 4 4
H SO H SO
H O
+
+

Dissolving of Anhydrous Salt

2 2
2
4 4
CuSO Cu SO
H O
+
+

2
2
2 3 3
Na CO 2Na CO
H O
+
+




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15
Combustion of Fuel
Example:
Combustion of Carbon
C + O
2
CO
2

Combustion of Hydrogen
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
Combustion of Ethane
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O

Reaction of Acid
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O

2HNO
3
+ CaO Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
Acid + Reactive Metal
H
2
SO
4
+ Zn ZnSO
4
+ H
2

Acid + Carbonate Acid
HCl + CaCO
3
CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ HCl
Displacement Reaction
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu

Endothermic Reaction

Dissolving of Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Sulphate

-
2
4 4
NH Cl NH Cl
H O
+
+

2
4 3 4 3
NH NO NH NO
H O
+
+

2
2
4 4 4 4
(NH )SO 2NH SO
H O
+
+

Dissolving of Hydrated Salt

CuSO
4
xH
2
O Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ xH
2
O

Na
2
CO
3
xH
2
O 2Na+ + CO
3
2-
+ xH
2
O

Thermal Decomposition of salts

CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2


2Ca(NO
3
)
2
2CaO + 4NO
2
+ O
2