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Arheoloki nalazi keramikih lula za duhan iz zbirke Narodnog muzeja u Zadru Archaeological finds of clay tobacco pipes from

the Collection of the Zadar National Museum


Izvorni znanstveni rad Novovjekovna arheologija KARLA GUSAR Odjel za arheologiju Sveuilite u Zadru Obala P. Kreimira IV, 2 HR-23000 Zadar kgusar@unizd.hr

Original scientific paper Postmediaeval archaeology


UDK/UDC 904:688.9-033.6(497.5 Zadar)16/18 Primljeno/Received: 31. 03. 2008. Prihvaeno/Accepted: 19. 09. 2008.

U radu se iznosi problematika keramikih lula za duhan pronaenih arheolokim istraivanjima stare gradske jezgre Zadra, koje se danas uvaju u Narodnome muzeju u Zadru, u Odjelu Muzeja grada Zadra. U fundusu muzeja nalazimo etrnaest lula koje pripadaju zapadnom i istonom tipu. Dok je zapadni tip lula zastupljen samo jednim primjerkom, lule istonoga ili mediteranskog tipa znatno su brojnije unutar ove zbirke, a meu njima nalazimo razliite podskupine koje se odnose na njihovo radioniko porijeklo. Tako su unutar ovog tipa zastupljene talijanske lule tipa Chioggia i lonarske lule, te lule austrijsko-maarske, turske i zelovske provenijencije. Svi obraeni nalazi glinenih lula pripadaju vremenu od sredine 17. do kraja 19. stoljea. Kljune rijei: duhan, keramike lule, Zadar The paper presents a review of the issues connected to the clay tobacco pipes discovered in the archaeological excavations of the old city core of Zadar, kept today in the Zadar National Museum, in the Zadar City Museum Department. The Museum holdings contain fourteen pipes that belong to the western and eastern types. While the western type is represented by one piece only, the pipes of the eastern or Mediterranean type are much more numerous within this collection, and they include various subgroups in terms of their origin from different workshops. For instance, within this type we find Italian pipes of the Chioggia type and wheel-thrown pipes as well as pipes of Austro-Hungarian, Turkish and Zelovo origin. All analyzed finds of clay pipes belong to the period from the mid-17th to the end of the 19th century. Key words: tobacco, clay pipes, Zadar

Keramike lule pripadaju skupini novovjekovnih arheolokih nalaza kojima se kod nas do nedavno nije pridavala vea pozornost, pa je na podruju Hrvatske ova vrsta grae bila uglavnom potpuno zanemarena. Kao recentni nalazi, meu inventarima unutar muzejskih zbirki, lule su dosta rijetke. Veinom se radi o pojedinanim nalazima za koje nisu poznate ni tone lokacije, ni okolnosti nalaza. Tijekom arheolokih istraivanja lule su najveim dijelom pronaene u gornjim slojevima, koji su esto uniteni kontinuitetom ivljenja, stoga ih u veini sluajeva nije mogue smjestiti u njihov izvorni arheoloki kontekst. Zatitnim arheolokim istraivanjima stare gradske jezgre Zadra 60-ih i 70-ih godina 20. stoljea pronaena je manja koliina keramikih lula. Materijal s ovih istraivanja uva se u Narodnome muzeju u Zadru, ija zbirka Odjela Muzeja grada Zadra broji 14 primjeraka keramikih lula, koje do sada nisu bile znanstveno obraene ni publicirane.1
1 Najsrdanije zahvaljujem Hrvoju Perici, ravnatelju Narodnog muzeja u Zadru, na ustupljenom materijalu za ovu objavu, kao i uvidu u inventarne knjige istog muzeja.

Ceramic pipes belong to a group of Modern Age archaeological finds that until recently received little attention in Croatia, which is why this type of material has been almost entirely neglected in Croatia. Considering that they are of recent date, pipes are fairly rarely found within the inventories of museum collections. In most cases these are single finds lacking information about the precise location or circumstances of discovery. In archaeological excavations pipes were by and large discovered in the upper layers, which are often destroyed by continuous living, which is why in most cases it is impossible to place them within their original archaeological context. Salvage archaeological excavations of the old city core of Zadar in the 1960s and 1970s yielded a small number of ceramic finds. The material from these excavations is kept in the Zadar National Museum, whose Zadar City Museum Department collection contains 14 pieces of clay pipes, which have not been scientifically analyzed or published to this day.1 Unfortunately, this material contains no additional
1 I would like to express my most cordial thanks to Hrvoje Perica, the Director of the Zadar National Museum, for permission to publish this material and to inspect the Museum inventory books.

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Sl. 1 Istoni i zapadni tip lule sa sastavnim dijelovima (prema Beki 2000, Sl. 1). Fig. 1 Eastern and western type of pipe with consisting parts (after Beki 2000, Fig. 1)

Naalost, ovaj materijal nije popraen arheolokom dokumentacijom, pa se jedini podatci vezani uz nalaze odnose na vrijeme i mjesto njihova pronalaska. Za sedam lula poznato je da su pronaene istraivanjima otpadne jame u Sjemenitu Zmajevi, do ijeg je pronalaska dolo prilikom kopanja spremnika za centralno grijanje. Pet lula je naeno uz crkvu Sv. Krevana, 1962. g., jedna lula potjee s istraivanja stambene kue u ulici Kraljskog Dalmatina, 1973. godine, dok je za jednu lulu poznato samo da je pronaena na Poluotoku, ali je tona lokacija i vrijeme nalaza nepoznata. Zbog toga se obrada ovih lula temelji na tipolokoj i stilskoj komparaciji s objavljenim materijalom kod nas, kao i s onim publiciranim u stranoj dostupnoj literaturi.2 Vano je takoer spomenuti da je ovaj nevelik broj keramikih lula unutar ue gradske jezgre Zadra pronaen u otpadnim jamama, u kojima prednjae nalazi glazirane kuhinjske i stolne keramike i stakla, koji potjeu iz Italije i panjolske, a javljaju se u vremenskom rasponu od 14. do 20. stoljea. Duhan se u Europi prvi put pojavljuje 1558. godine, kada ga u panjolsku s amerikoga kontinenta donosi Francisco Fernandez, koji je po nalogu Filipa II. bio poslan u Meksiko (Robinson 1985, 149). Ubrzo nakon toga duhan se javlja u Francuskoj, odakle se iri i na ostali dio Europe. U poetku je duhan sluio u razliite svrhe, pa je najprije bio smatran univerzalnim lijekom, a kasnije i otrovom (Brusi 1987, 474). Iako se na europskom kontinentu duhan najprije javlja u panjolskoj, obiaj puenja i upotreba lula zapoinje u Engleskoj oko 1570. godine (Beki 2000, 250). Poetak produkcije lula u ostalim zemljama Europe smjeta se poetkom 17. st., a poznato je da je ve 1604. g. u Sofiji osnovan esnaf proizvoaa lula (Staneva 1972, 82). Do 1620. g. engleske lule javljaju se i na amerikom kontinentu, gdje se takoer zapoinje s proizvodnjom ovog tipa (Robinson 1985, 151). Lule istog tipa proizvode se i u Nizozemskoj, gdje se za vladavine Jamesa I. sele pojedini majstori iz Engleske (Duco,
2 Veliku zahvalnost na pomoi oko prikupljanja literature i determinaciji pojedinih nalaza prilikom izrade ovog lanka dugujem kolegama prof. dr. sc. Zdenku Brusiu i mr. sc. Luki Bekiu.

archaeological documentation, and the only information regarding the finds pertains to the time and place of their discovery. It is known that seven pipes come from the excavation of a refuse pit in the Zmajevi Seminary, discovered during the digging of a central heating tank. Five pipes were found in 1962 adjacent to St Chrysogonus church, one pipe comes from the 1973 excavation of a residential house in the Kraljski Dalmatin Street, while the only information about the discovery of one of the pipes is that it was found on the Peninsula, but the precise spot and time of discovery is lacking. These are reasons why the analysis of these pipes is based on the typological and stylistic comparison with the published material in Croatia, as well as that published in the foreign literature available to me.2 It is also important to mention that this small number of ceramic pipes in the narrower city core of Zadar was found in refuse pits, with predominant finds of glazed kitchenware and tableware and glass, originating from Italy and Spain and present in the time span from the 14th to the 20th century. Tobacco appeared in Europe for the first time in 1558, when it was brought to Spain from the Americas by Francisco Fernndez, who had been sent to Mexico by Philip II (Robinson 1985, 149). Soon thereafter tobacco appeared in France, from where it spread to the rest of Europe. It was initially used for various purposes, e.g. at first it was considered a panacea and later on also a poison (Brusi 1987, 474). Even though its first appearance on the European continent was in Spain, the custom of smoking and the use of pipes started in England around 1570 (Beki 2000, 250). The beginning of pipe manufacture in other European countries is dated to the beginning of the 17th cent., and it is known that a pipe manufacturers guild was established in Sofia as early as 1604 (Staneva 1972, 82). By 1620 English pipes appear also on the American continent, where this type of pipe started to be produced as well (Robinson 1985, 151). Pipes
2 I owe great gratitude to colleagues Prof. Zdenko Brusi and Luka Beki, MSc, for help in collecting the relevant literature and determining finds during work on this paper.

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1980, 179; Beki 2000, 250). Puenje lule iri se i na podruje Turske, gdje je proizvodnja zabiljeena 1605. godine, te doivljava ogromnu popularnost, pa s vremenom Turska postaje sinonim za proizvodnju keramikih lula za duhan (Robinson 1985, 151). Poetkom 17. st. obiaj puenja duhana bio je toliko rairen da su ubrzo uslijedile zakonske zabrane. Zabrana puenja u Turskoj poetkom 17. st. obrazlagala se time da je konzumiranje duhana nezdravo i protivno religiji, a u Carigradu se posebno napominjalo da je puenje opasno jer postoji mogunost izazivanja poara (Brusi 1987, 474). Do kraja 17. st. zabrane puenja su ukinute i ova navika postaje podjednako rasprostranjena meu mukarcima i enama svih drutvenih slojeva (Robinson 1985, 152). Obiaj puenja lule nastavlja se tijekom 18. i 19. stoljea, a u skladu s vremenom mijenja se i oblik lule. U Europi prema obliku razlikujemo dva osnovna tipa lule: zapadni i istoni tip (sl. 1). Lule zapadnog tipa karakterizira bijela glina od koje su nainjene, kao i to da su izraene u jednom komadu s kamiem (Robinson 1983, 265). Sastoje od male aice u koju je bio smjeten duhan i duga tankog tuljca - kamia, koji je sluio za uvlaenje dima. Raene su od kvalitetne gline i peene su na visokoj temperaturi. Rane lule bile su toliko male da su se ak nazivale vilenjake, a njihova veliina bila je uvjetovana time to je duhan poetkom 17. st. bio teko dostupan i skup (Robinson 1985, 153). Najvei broj tih lula je neukraen i jedini ukras predstavljaju oznake proizvoaa, no postoje i raskono ukraeni primjerci. Prema obliku lule i oznaci proizvoaa mogue je odrediti vrijeme nastanka, kao i radioniki krug iz kojeg potjeu takvi nalazi (Marx 1983, 395, 397; Brusi 1987, 478). Najznaajnija radionika sredita ovog tipa javljaju se na podruju Engleske, Nizozemske i Francuske. Kod istonoga ili mediteranskog tipa lule su izraene od crvene gline, a sastoje se od tri dijela: aice, kamia i usnika (sl. 2). Ovaj tip rasprostranjen je u zemljama istonoga i junog Mediterana, od sjeverne Afrike, preko Turske do Balkana (Robinson 1983, 265). U svojoj razvijenoj fazi, istoni tip oblikom i ukrasom sasvim je razliit od zapadnog, no rane lule proizvoene u Turskoj poetkom 17. st., nisu se puno razlikovale od engleskih primjeraka. Od kraja 17. st. one se izrauju od crvene gline te dobivaju klasian oblik. Meu mediteranskim tipovima takoer razlikujemo razliite skupine ili radionike produkcije, a ovoj skupini pripadaju lule talijanske, austrijsko-maarske i turske proizvodnje (Beki 2000, 252-254). Lule turskog tipa obino su bogato ukraene i osim utilitarne funkcije esto imaju i izrazito dekorativni karakter. Meutim, vano je napomenuti da je arheolokim istraivanjima obino pronaen samo jedan dio ovih lula - keramika aica, a kami i usnik najee nedostaju (Biki 2003, 151). Kami se izraivao od drveta ili trske, a kod raskonih primjeraka pronaenih na podruju Turske i Grke. Za njihovu se izradu najee koristilo drvo vinje ili jasmina, koje se ponekad dodatno ukraavalo biserima, svilom ili plemenitim metalima. Duina kamia na ovom tipu lula varira, od 1 do ak 4 m. Posljednji dio lule ini usnik, koji se izraivao od jantara, koralja ili poludragoga kamenja (Robinson 1983,

of the same type were produced also in the Low Countries, which during the rule of James I received certain master craftsmen from England (Duco, 1980, 179; Beki 2000, 250). Pipe smoking spreads also to Turkey, where production was documented in 1605, and becomes hugely popular there, so much so that with time Turkey became synonymous with the production of clay tobacco pipes (Robinson 1985, 151). At the beginning of the 17th cent. the habit of tobacco smoking was so widespread that legal prohibitions soon followed. The explanation for a smoking ban in Turkey at the beginning of the 17th cent. was that consumption of tobacco was unhealthy and contrary to religion, and in Istanbul particular emphasis was placed on the danger incurred by smoking as a possible cause of fire (Brusi 1987, 474). Smoking bans were suspended by the end of the 17th cent. and this custom became equally spread among men and women of all walks of life (Robinson 1985, 152). The tobacco smoking habit continued during the 18th and 19th centuries, and the form of pipes changed together with the times. In terms of form, we can distinguish between two types of pipes in Europe: the western and the eastern type (Fig. 1). The distinctive mark of the pipes of the western type was the white clay they were made of, and their one-piece body with a stem (Robinson 1983, 265). They consist of a small bowl which received tobacco and a long thin stem kami, through which smoke was inhaled. They were made of good quality clay and fired in a high temperature. Early pipes were so small that they were even called elfin, and their size was conditioned by the fact that at the beginning of the 17th cent. tobacco was expensive and not easily available (Robinson 1985, 153). The greatest number of those pipes are without decoration, except for the producers marks, but there are also lavishly decorated pieces. It is possible to determine the time of production, as well as the workshop circle from which such finds come, on the basis of the form of a pipe and the producers mark (Marx 1983, 395, 397; Brusi 1987, 478). The most important manufacture centres of this type are located in England, the Netherlands and France. The pipes of the eastern or Mediterranean type are made of red clay, and consist of three parts: a bowl, stem and a mouthpiece (Fig. 2). This type is spread in the countries of the eastern and southern Mediterranean, from northern Africa across Turkey to the Balkans (Robinson 1983, 265). In its developed phase, the eastern type entirely differs from the western type in terms of form and decoration, but early pipes produced in Turkey at the beginning of the 17th cent. were not much different from the English pieces. Starting from the end of the 17th cent. they were made of red clay and acquired their classical form. Among Mediterranean types we can also distinguish between various groups or workshop series, and this group includes pipes made in Italy, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (Beki 2000, 252-254). The pipes of the Turkish type are usually richly decorated, with a prominently decorative function in addition to the utilitarian one. However, it is important to mention that archaeological excavations usually yield only a part of these

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Sl. 2 Prikaz grkog arhonta iz 1825. godine s luksuznom trodijelnom lulom turskog tipa koja se sastoji od keramike aice, kamia i usnika (prema Robinson, 1985, Pl. XXVIII). Fig. 2 Illustration of a Greek archon from 1825 with luxurious threepart pipe of Turkish type which consist of ceramic bowl, stem and mounthpiece (after Robinson 1985, Pl. XXVIII)

266; Robinson 1985, 156). U Hrvatskoj do sada nisu zabiljeeni arheoloki nalazi kamia ili usnika, ve je iskljuivo rije o keramikim aicama. No koritenje keramike lule i drvenoga kamia prezentiraju nam nalazi iz Zelova, jedinoga poznatog sredita u Hrvatskoj u kojem su se tijekom 18. i 19. st. proizvodile keramike lule (irola 1934; Beki 2001). Kod istonog tipa lula keramika aica izrauje se u kalupu, a esto se ukraava tehnikama urezivanja i utiskivanja. Glineni dio lule sastoji se od prostora za duhan koji je jednom veznom rupom povezan s tuljcem u kojeg se umetao kami. Najznaajnija sredita proizvodnje lula turskog tipa nalaze se u Turskoj, Grkoj i Bugarskoj (Robinson 1985, 152; Staneva 1971, 81-82; Staneva 1976, 129). Iako su ovo najvanija produkcijska sredita, lule ovog tipa proizvodile su se na itavom Balkanu, koji je u tom razdoblju bio veim dijelom pod vlau Otomanskog Carstva, tako da termin turski tip oznaava proizvodnju ne samo u Turskoj, nego i na ostalim podrujima pod otomanskom dominacijom. Lule neto drukijeg izgleda, koje takoer pripadaju mediteranskom tipu, proizvodile su se na podruju Italije. U nas najee talijanske lule potjeu iz radionica Chioggie u pokrajini Veneto. Ove lule takoer su raene u kalupu, aica im je najee dvostruko dua od tuljca i bavastog je oblika. aica i tuljac ovih lula povezani su s tri vezne rupe kroz koje je prolazio duhanski dim. Poetak proizvodnje keramikih lula u Chioggi smjeta se u 1655. godinu, a njihova proizvodnja traje ak do 1945. godine (Boscolo 2000, 50, 53-55). Na podruju Italije izraivala se jo jedna vrsta lula, a to su tzv. lonarske lule ili pipe al tornio, koje su raene na podruju Padske doline bogate nalazitima gline. Od prethodnih vrsta se razlikuju po tome to nisu raene u kalupu, ve na lonarskom kolu. Sama lula se sastoji od tri dijela, odnosno izmeu prostora za duhan unutar aice i tuljca nalazio se jo jedan dio koji je sluio za hlaenje dima

pipes the ceramic bowl, whereas the stem and mouthpiece are mostly missing (Beki, 2003, 151). The stem was normally made of wood or reeds, while in the production of lavish specimens found in Turkey and Greece, mostly cherry or ash wood were used, sometimes additionally decorated with pearls, silk or precious metals. Stems of this type of pipes vary in length, from 1 up to a full 4 cm. The pipe ends with a mouthpiece (the bit), made of amber, coral or semiprecious stone (Robinson, 1983, 266; Robinson, 1985, 156). Croatia has not yielded archaeological finds of stems or mouthpieces so far, only those of ceramic bowls. However, the use of clay pipes with a wooden stem is documented by the finds from Zelovo, the only place in Croatia known to have been a production centre for clay pipes during the 18th and 19th cent. (irola 1934; Beki 2001). For the pipes of the eastern type, the ceramic bowl is made in a mould, and frequently decorated by incision and impression. The clay part of the pipe consists of a chamber for tobacco, joined by a connecting hole with a stem into which a kami was inserted. The most important manufacture centres of the pipes of the Turkish type are located in Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria (Robinson 1985, 152; Staneva 1971, 81-82; Staneva 1976, 129). Although these are the most important production centres, pipes of this type were produced all over the Balkans, in that period mostly under the authority of the Ottoman Empire, so that the term Turkish type is used for the production not only in Turkey proper, but also in other areas under Ottoman domination. Pipes of a somewhat different appearance, which likewise belong to the Mediterranean type, were produced in Italy. The most frequent Italian pipes in Croatia come from the workshops in Chioggia in the province of Veneto. These pipes were also made in a mould, with a barrel-shaped bowl that is most often twice the length of the stem. The bowl and stem in these pipes are connected by three connecting holes through which tobacco smoke passed. The beginning of the production of clay pipes in Chioggia is placed in 1655, lasting until as late as 1945 (Boscolo 2000, 50, 53-55). Another type of pipe was produced in Italy, the so-called wheel-thrown pipes or pipe al tornio, manufactured in the Po Valley, rich in clay sources. They differ from the previous types in that they were not made in moulds, but on a potters wheel. The pipe itself consists of three parts: between the chamber for tobacco within the bowl and the stem there was another part that served for cooling smoke (Boscolo 2000, 45). Wheel-thrown pipes are mostly undecorated and have three connecting holes for tobacco, same as those from Chioggia. Besides the pipes produced in Veneto, one should mention also the production in other Italian regions, such as Piemonte, Lombardia, Toscana, Romagna, Abruzzo and Campania (Soave 1989, 226; Boscolo 2000, 11). Some centres like Bassano del Grappa are renowned for the production of pipes that copy the most diverse types, including those from nearby Chioggia (Boscolo 2000, 38; Verocchio 2002, 384, Fig. 398, nn 1-4). Clay pipes of the Mediterranean type were produced also in the territory of former Austria-Hungary, and are consequently called pipes of the Austro-Hungarian type (Beki

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(Boscolo, 2000, 45). Lonarske lule uglavnom su neukraene i imaju tri vezne rupe za duhan, kao i one iz Chioggie. Osim lula proizvoenih na podruju Veneta, treba spomenuti i produkciju drugih regija Italije poput Piemonta, Lombardie, Toscane, Romagne, Abruzza i Campanie (Soave 1989, 226; Boscolo 2000, 11). Neki centri poput Bassana del Grappe poznati su po proizvodnji lula koje kopiraju najrazliitije tipove, ukljuujui i one iz nedaleke Chiogge (Boscolo 2000, 38; Verocchio 2002, 384, Fig. 398, nn 1-4). Glinene lule mediteranskog tipa izraivale su se i na podruju nekadanje Austro-Ugarske, pa se prema tome nazivaju lule austrijsko-maarskog tipa (Beki 2000, 252, 256; Beki 2005, 10). Raene su u kalupu, a boja gline varira od crvenkaste do crne. Neke lule bile su i glazirane. aica ovih lula redovito je dua od tuljca, a izmeu tuljca i aice je jedna vezna rupa za duhan. Te lule esto na sebi nose peat proizvoaa, a najpoznatiji radioniki centar je Schemnitz u Slovakoj (Beki 2000, 256). Tehnika izrade keramikih lula izuzetno je sloena. Najprije se izraivao drveni model lule, po kojem se onda radio kalup. Kalup je dvodijelan, izraen od drveta ili mekanoga kamena, kojem je iznutra nanesen sloj olova ili kositra s dekorativnim motivima (irola 1934, 29-30; Staneva 1976, 131; Duco 1980, 182; Brusi 1987, 478; Boscolo 2000, 21). U kalup se utiskivala posebno pripremljena vrsta proiene gline, nakon ega su se umetali klinovi pomou kojih su se modelirali prostor za duhan u aici i upljina u tuljcu u koju se kasnije umetao kami. Unutar kalupa nanosila se mjeavina ulja i petroleja koja je omoguavala lake odvajanje lule (irola 1934, 29, 31; Duco 1980, 186). Nakon vaenja lule iz kalupa, probijala se vezna rupa za duhan i uklanjao viak gline, a lula se mogla glaati ili dodatno ukraavati, nakon ega se suila i kasnije stavljala u keramiku pe. Razliitim nainom peenja, ovisno o dovodu zraka, lula je mijenjala boju. Nakon peenja povrina lule se glaala ili su se na nju mogli nanositi razliiti premazi i glazure (Robinson 1985, 157; Brusi 1987, 478). Izraivanje glinenih lula je posebna vrsta umjetnikog obrta, posve odvojena od lonarstva. Kako navodi M. Staneva, sama tehnika izrade i nain ukraavanja imaju vie slinosti s umjetnikom obradom metala, nego izradom keramikog posua (Staneva 1972, 95). Lule su malih dimenzija i najee su minuciozno ukraene utiskivanjem i urezivanjem, pa se za izradu ovakvih ukrasa koriste alatke za obradu metala. Lule istonog tipa takoer se i pozlauju ili se na njih apliciraju niti srebrne i zlatne ice, to takoer jasno ukazuje na vezu izmeu zlatarstva i izrade lula (Staneva 1976, 135). U zbirci Narodnog muzeja u Zadru nalazimo lule zapadnoga i istonog tipa. U zapadni tip ubrajamo samo jednu fragmentarno ouvanu lulu (kat. 1, T. 1,1). Izraena je od kvalitetne bijele gline, a nedostaje joj dio gornjega vanjskog ruba aice i kami, koji su bili izraeni u jednom dijelu, kao to je i inae sluaj kod ovog tipa lula. aica se donjim dijelom oslanja na malu petu. Jedini ukras aice ini tordiran krug unutar kojeg se javljaju dva slova: WM. Iznad i ispod slova nalaze dva stilizirana vegetabilna motiva koji tvore oblik slian sunevu disku, ispod kojeg izlaze njegove zrake. Oznaka WM predstavlja peat radionice, a ista reljefno

2000, 252, 256; Beki 2005, 10). They were made in moulds, with clay colour varying from reddish to black. Some pipes were also glazed. The bowls of these pipes are regularly longer than the stems, and between the stem and the bowl is a connecting hole for the tobacco. These pipes often have a producers stamp on them, and the most famous workshop centre is Schemnitz in Slovakia (Beki 2000, 256). The technology of production of the clay pipes is extremely complex. First a wooden model of a pipe was made, which was used as the model for a mould. The mould consists of two pieces, made of wood or a soft stone, whose interior was smeared with a layer of lead or tin with decorative motifs (irola 1934, 29-30; Staneva 1976, 131; Duco 1980, 182; Brusi 1987, 478; Boscolo 2000, 21). Refined clay, specially processed for the purpose, was pressed into the mould. After this, wedges were inserted, which were used for shaping the tobacco chamber in the bowl and the hollow in the tubular stem into which kami was later inserted. A mixture of oil and petroleum was applied to the interior of the mould in order to facilitate the separation of the pipe (irola 1934, 29, 31; Duco 1980, 186). After the pipe was removed from the mould, a connecting hole for tobacco was perforated and excess clay was removed. The pipe could then be polished or additionally decorated, after which it was dried and subsequently put in a pottery kiln. Variations in the method of firing, depending on the flow of air, produced changes in the pipe colour. After firing, the pipe surface was polished or various slips and glazes could be applied to it (Robinson 1985, 157; Brusi 1987, 478). The manufacture of clay pipes is a specific type of applied art, entirely separate from pottery. In M. Stanevas words, the production technology and method of decoration bear more similarity to artistic metalworking than making earthenware (Staneva 1972, 95). The pipes are of a smaller size and are most often minutely decorated by impression and incision, so that the tools used in the production of ornaments of this kind are those borrowed from metalwork. The pipes of the eastern type are also gilded, or threads of silver and gold wire are applied to them, which is another clear indicator of the connection between goldsmithing and pipemaking (Staneva, 1976 135). The Collection of the Zadar National Museum contains pipes of the western and eastern types. The western type is represented only by a pipe preserved in fragments only (cat. 1, Pl. 1,1). It was made of quality white clay, and it is missing a part of the upper exterior rim of the bowl and a stem, which were made as a single piece, as is customary in this type of pipe. The lower portion of the bowl leans on a small heel. The only decoration of the bowl is a twisted circle with two letters inscribed within: WM. Above and below the letters there are two stylized vegetable motifs forming a shape similar to the sun disc, with its rays emanating from below. The WM symbol marks the stamp of the workshop, and the same letters are repeated in relief on the lateral side of the heel (one letter on each side). It is interesting that the motif of a crown appears on the heel above these letters. In Croatia, the pipes of the western type with a WM stamp have been discovered in Pore, Rovinj, Split and on

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Sl. 3 Radioniki peat na luli turskog tipa kat. br. 11. Fig. 3 Circular workshop mark on pipe of Turkish type cat. 11

istaknuta slova W i M ponavljaju se na bonom dijelu pete (po jedno slovo sa svake strane). Zanimljivo je da se iznad ovih slova na peti javlja motiv krune. Lule zapadnog tipa s WM peatom u Hrvatskoj su pronaene u Poreu, Rovinju, Splitu i na Paklenim otocima (Beki 2000, 257, sl. 3, T. 7,1-5; Kovai 2002, 11; Lete 2005, 17-19). Osim u Hrvatskoj, nalazimo ih i na tlu Italije u Chioggi (Boscolo 2000, 29-31, sl. 28-31). Kod nekih od ovih lula ispod slova javljaju se i brojke, to u nas nije sluaj. Iako su najpoznatije lule ovog tipa proizvedene u Engleskoj i Nizozemskoj i ostale lularske radionice u Europi esto kopiraju ovaj tip, pa ostaje nerijeeno pitanje kojem radionikom sreditu pripisati ove nalaze. Izuzetno velika koliina nalaza ovog tipa pronaena je u Chioggi iz koje potjee i dokument u kojem se navodi da Severino Meidel 1793. godine od predstavnika trgovakog udruenja dobiva dozvolu za otvaranje radionice koja proizvodi lule englesko-holandskog tipa. Upravo radi tih injenica, kao i nalaza lula koje su ukraene prikazom lava Sv. Marka zajedno s WM peatom, Boscolo pretpostavlja djelovanje WM radionice na mletakom tlu (Boscolo 2000, 29-31). No kako ova lula ipak pripada engleskom tipu, paralele je takoer mogue povui s nalazima koji potjeu iz Engleske. Prema tipologiji Atkinson-Oswalda, zadarsku lulu prema obliku mogue je usporediti s engleskim tipovima 25 i 27, proizvedenim u Londonu tijekom 18. i poetkom 19. st. (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 179, Fig. 2/25, 2/27).3 Iako u samom Londonu u to vrijeme djeluju brojna lularska sredita, ije proizvode nije uvijek mogue sa sigurnou pripisati tono odreenim radionicama, lule s ovakvim WM peatom na peti pripisuju se radionici Williama Manbya i njegova sina. Kod ovih lula peati se javljaju u tri kombinacije: samo s WM inicijalima, s okrunjenim WM inicijalima ili u kombinaciji okrunjenih inicijala i motiva koji izgleda poput izlazeeg Sunca (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 186). Kombinaciju krune i WM inicijala na peti, osim u Londonu, nalazimo na tlu ame3 Tip 25 datira se od 1700. do 1770. godine, a tip 27 od 1780. do 1820. godine. Kako je zadarskom primjerku nepotpuno ouvana aica, ne moemo se sa sigurnou opredijeliti za niti jedan od navedenih tipova.

the Pakleni Otoci archipelago (Beki 2000, 257, Fig. 3, Pl. 7,15; Kovai, 2002, 11; Lete, 2005, 17-19). In addition to Croatia, we find them also in Italy in Chioggia (Boscolo 2000, 29-31, Fig. 28-31). Some of these pipes also have numbers beneath the letters, which is not the case here. Although the most famous pipes of this type were produced in England and the Low Countries, other pipe-making workshops often copied this type, so the question as to which workshop centre we should attribute these finds remains unsolved. An exceptionally large number of finds of this type were found in Chioggia, which yielded also a document stating that in 1793 the members of the trade union granted Severino Meidel the permission to open a workshop for the production of the pipes of the English-Dutch type. Precisely due to these facts, as well as the finds of pipes decorated with the representation of St Marks lion together with a WM stamp, Boscolo presumes that the WM workshop was active in the territory of the Venetian Republic (Boscolo 2000, 29-31). However, as this pipe belongs to the English type, parallels can likewise be drawn with the finds from England. Following the typology by Atkinson & Oswald, we can compare the Zadar pipe in terms of shape with the English types 25 and 27, produced in London during the 18th and the beginning of the 19th cent. (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 179, Fig. 2/25, 2/27).3 Even though many pipe-making centres were active in London at the time, whose products cannot always be attributed with certainty to specific workshops, the pipes with a WM stamp on the heel are attributed to the workshop of William Manby and his son. The stamps on these pipes appear in three combinations: with WM initials only, with crowned WM initials or in a combination of crowned initials and motifs resembling the rising Sun (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 186). The combination of the crown and WM initials on the heel is found, in addition to London, on the American continent, which imported a considerable quantity of London pipes (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 204-207). Pipes with the WM stamp were found even in Port Royal on Jamaica (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 206). Underwater investigations of shipwrecks in that area yielded more than 12000 pipes of English and Dutch type, dated from the 17th to the 19th century (Marx 1976, 109-110). The pipes from Jamaica with a crowned WM stamp on the heel, whose bowl is also decorated with these same initials, are dated to around 1750 and attributed to the workshop of Manby junior (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 206). We date our pipe approximately to the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, while the question of the workshop of its origin remains open, considering that parallels are found in the pipes from Chioggia as well as in those from the Manby workshop. Beki states that the remaining finds of WM pipes from Croatia can be attributed to Italian workshops but also to those in England, while their large numbers discovered in Croatia and Italy could be explained by developed trade between England and Venice, with the latter probably being responsible for the arrival of these pipes in our territory
3 Type 25 is dated from 1700 to 1770, and type 27 from 1780 to 1820. Considering that the bowl of the Zadar specimen is incompletely preserved, we cannot be certain in the attribution to either of the mentioned types.

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rikoga kontinenta koji uvozi znaajnu koliinu londonskih lula (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 204-207). Lule s WM peatom pronaene su ak i u Port Royalu na Jamajci (Atkinson, Oswald, 1969, 206). Naime, hidroarheolokim istraivanjima brodoloma na tom podruju pronaeno je vie od 12 000 lula engleskoga i holandskog tipa, koje se datiraju od 17. do 19. stoljea (Marx 1976, 109-110). Lule s Jamajke s okrunjenim WM peatom na peti kod kojih je istim inicijalima ukraena i aica, datiraju se oko 1750. godine i smjetaju u radionicu Manbya mlaeg (Atkinson, Oswald 1969, 206). Nau lulu okvirno datiramo drugu polovinu 18. i poetak 19. stoljea, a kako paralele nalazimo na lulama iz Chioggie, te onima iz radionice Manby, pitanje njezina radionikog porijekla za sada ostavljamo otvorenim. Beki navodi kako je ostale nalaze WM lula iz Hrvatske, osim talijanskim radionicama mogue pripisati i engleskim, a njihova velika koliina pronaena na naem i talijanskom podruju mogla bi se objasniti razvijenom trgovinom Engleske i Venecije, ijim posredstvom ove lule vjerojatno i dolaze na nae podruje (Beki 2000, 257; Beki 2005, 11). Uostalom, lule londonskih radionica trgovinom dospijevaju ak i na tlo Amerike, pa je mogue da su na isti nain dospjele i na nae podruje. Lule zapadnog tipa kao posljedica dobrih trgovakih veza rairene su po raznim europskim zemljama, ukljuujui i one poznate po vlastitoj produkciji istonog, odnosno turskog tipa (Staneva 1972, 98, Fig. 27; Staneva 1976, 136-137, sl. 23). Slijedi skupina istonih (mediteranskih) lula kojima pripada najvei dio zbirke Narodnog muzeja, meu kojima nalazimo one talijanske, austrijsko-maarske, turske i zelovske produkcije. Unutar skupine talijanske provenijencije svakako prednjae one iz spomenutoga radionikog centra Chiogge. Vano je napomenuti da su to lule kod kojih se izmeu prostora za duhan i tuljca javljaju tri vezne rupe za protok duhanskog dima, to kod ostalih lula nije sluaj. Jedno od objanjenja za ovakvo oblikovanje lule je da tri vezne rupe smanjuju mogunost da se zaepe mrvicama duhana, to je kod jedne vezne rupe esta pojava (Boscolo 2000, 12). aica im je koninoga ili bavastog oblika, najee ukraena vertikalnim rebrima, a mogu imati i ukraen tuljac. Lule iz Chiogge meu zadarskim materijalom zastupljene su s etiri primjerka. Od jedne lule ouvao se tuljac s grebenom i donji dio aice (kat. 2, T. 1,2). Obru tuljca ukraen je tordiranim plitkim kanelurama, a izmeu grebena i poetka aice nalazi se naglaena profilacija. U gornjem dijelu lule vidljive su tri vezne rupe i poetak aice. Ovu lulu mogue je smjestiti u prvo razdoblje proizvodnje u Chioggi, koje se datira od 1655. do 1750. godine. Paralele joj nalazimo meu lulama pronaenim u Rovinju (Beki 2000, T. 2,5) i na Koruli (Stipkovi 2003, kat. 3), te u Chioggi (Boscolo 2000, kat. 138).4 Sljedea lula koja potjee iz istoga lularskog sredita puno je bolje ouvana od prethodne, a nedostaje joj greben (kat. 3, T. 1,3). Na obruu tuljca se nalaze plitke horizontalne kanelure, a izmeu grebena i aice nalazi se jedno vodorav4 Prema oblikovanju tuljca i profilaciji izmeu grebena i aice slinosti jo nalazimo s lulama kat. 101, 102, a po ukrasu narebrenog obrua tuljca s kat. br. 105 i 107. Usp. Boscolo 2000.

(Beki 2000, 257; Beki 2005, 11). In any case, the pipes from the London workshops were traded as far as the American continent, so it is possible that they reached our territory in the same way. As a result of good commercial ties, the pipes of the western type were spread through various countries of Europe, including those renowned for their own production of the eastern, that is, Turkish type (Staneva 1972, 98, Fig. 27; Staneva 1976, 136-137, Fig. 23). Next follows a group of eastern (Mediterranean) pipes, making up the bulk of the collection of the National Museum. This group includes pipes of Italian, Austro-Hungarian, Turkish and Zelovo origin. Within the group of Italian origin certainly predominate those from the mentioned workshop centre in Chioggia. It is important to mention that these pipes have three connecting holes for the flow of tobacco smoke between the tobacco chamber and the stem, which is not the case in other pipes. One of the explanations for such a shape of the pipe is that three connecting holes diminish the possibility of clogging by tobacco particles, which is frequently the case in one connecting hole only (Boscolo 2000, 12). They have a conical or barrel-shaped bowl, most often decorated with vertical ribs, and the stem is also sometimes decorated. There are four pipes from Chioggia among the Zadar material. All that has remained of one pipe is the stem with a ridge and the lower part of the bowl (cat. 2, Pl. 1,2). The ring of the hoop is decorated with twisted shallow cannelures, and there is a prominent profilation between the ridge and the beginning of the bowl. Three connecting holes and the beginning of the bowl are visible in the upper part of the pipe. This pipe can be placed in the first period of production in Chioggia, dated from 1655 to 1750. We find parallels for this pipe among those found in Rovinj (Beki 2000, Pl. 2,5) on the Korula island (Stipkovi 2003, cat. 3), and in Chioggia (Boscolo 2000, cat. 138).4 The next pipe from the same pipe-making centre is far better preserved than the previous one, and it is missing the ridge (cat. 3, Pl. 1,3). The stem ring contains shallow horizontal cannelures, and there is a profiled horizontal rib between the ridge and the bowl. The bowl is high and conical, and it has two horizontal ribs in the middle. We find analogies among the pipes discovered in Chioggia, which also belong to the period between 1655 and 1750 (Boscolo 2000, cat. 146, 149). The third pipe lacks only a small part of the upper edge of the bowl (cat. 4, Pl. 2,1). The bowl has two ribs across the middle, and it has a prominent profilation between its connection with the ridge. The stem ring is decorated with two vertical relief ribs. Similar pipes belonging to the second period of manufacture, dated from 1750 to 1850, are found in Rovinj, Split, on Korula and in Chioggia (Beki 2000, Pl. 1,3; Lete 2005, 21; Stipkovi 2003, cat. 1; Boscolo 2000, cat. 152, 172), and they aid us in the attribution of our piece. The fourth pipe, with a specific shape, is the most interesting specimen of all (cat. 5, Pl. 2,2). It is, unfortunately,
4 We find additional similarities in terms of the shape of the stem and the profilation between the ridge and the bowl on pipes cat. 101 and 102, while regarding the decoration of the ribbed ring with cat. 105 and 107. Comp. Boscolo 2000.

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Sl. 4 Prikaz Katelanina iz oko 1860. godine s lulom turskog tipa (prema Duplani 1999, 22). Fig. 4 Ilustration of man from Katela from around 1860 with pipe of Turkish type (after Duplani 1999, 22)

no profilirano rebro. aica je visoka i konina, a na sredini ima dva vodoravna rebra. Analogije nalazimo meu lulama pronaenima u Chioggi koje takoer pripadaju razdoblju od 1655. do 1750. godine (Boscolo 2000, kat. 146, 149). Treoj luli nedostaje samo mali dio gornjeg ruba aice (kat. 4, T. 2,1). aica ima dva rebra po sredini, a izmeu njezina spoja i grebena je istaknuta profilacija. Obru tuljca ukraen je s dva okomita reljefna rebra. Sline lule koje pripadaju drugom razdoblju proizvodnje koji se datira od 1750. do 1850. nalazimo u Rovinju, Splitu, na Koruli i u Chioggi (Beki 2000, T. 1,3; Lete 2005, 21; Stipkovi 2003, kat. 1; Boscolo 2000, kat. 152, 172), prema kojima odreujemo i na primjerak. Najzanimljiviji primjerak predstavlja etvrta lula, specifina zbog svog oblika (kat. 5, T. 2,2). Lula je, naalost, fragmentarna i nedostaje joj gornji vanjski dio aice i prijelaz aice u greben. Na obruu se nalazi pojas s kosim plitkim crticama i jedno reljefno rebro. Po cijeloj povrini lule odnosno na aici i tuljcu vidljiva su okomita rebra koja se mogu tumaiti kao dekoracija ili kao ostatci tragova viedijelnog kalupa. aica je koninog oblika koja se iri prema vrhu, a njezin gornji unutranji dio zavrava iljasto. Rub aice dvostruko je profiliran, a na grebenu ispod tuljca nalazi se ojaanje. Prema cjelovito ouvanim slinim primjercima iz

fragmented and it lacks the upper exterior part of the bowl as well as the transition from the bowl to the ridge. There is a belt with short shallow slanting lines and a relief rib on the ring. Vertical ribs are visible across the entire surface of the pipe, i.e. on the bowl and the stem, which can be interpreted as decoration or remains of traces of a multipiece mould. The bowl is conical, widening towards the top, and its upper interior part ends in a point. The bowl rim has a double profilation, and there is a reinforcement on the ridge below the stem. Entirely preserved similar pieces from Chioggia allow us to assume that this pipe was shaped as a boot (Boscolo 2000, cat. 160, 161, 163). The front part of the foot of the boot probably lay on the exterior of the bowl opposite the stem. The reinforcement on the ridge probably stands for the heel, while the upper part of the bowl represents the boot-top. The boot-shaped pipes appear during the second period of production in Chioggia, lasting from 1750 to 1850, which is also the date for our pipe. A characteristic addition to these pipes from Chioggia are stems, around twenty centimetres long, made of the wood of Marasca, a special type of cherry (Soave 1989, 225). Even though not one find of a stem has been discovered in Croatia so far, it would be interesting to suppose that in Zadar for this type of pipe a stem of the same wood was used, considering that this region is famous for growing Marasca, used for the making of the renowned Maraschino liqueur. The next pipe is the only find of this type in the collection of the Zadar National Museum (cat. 6, Pl. 2,3). The pipe is missing the stem and the upper part of the bowl, its surface is damaged and shows no preserved traces of decoration. The lower part of the ridge has a disc-shaped widening on which the pipe reclines. Only the beginning of the bowl is preserved, with three visible connecting holes for tobacco. A small chamber for cooling the tobacco smoke is positioned below that part. This pipe belongs to the group of the so-called wheel-thrown pipes, which, in contrast to the other types, were not made in moulds but hand-made on a potters wheel and most often bore no decoration. The pipe consists of three parts: a bowl with a chamber for tobacco, an antechamber for cooling smoke and a stem for inhaling smoke. The bowl with the antechamber is designed separate from the stem, after which the pipe parts were assembled. Due to the manual assembly they often have an irregular shape. In Croatia, a considerable number of these pipes were found in Rovinj and Split, and it is interesting that we also find them in Chioggia (Beki 2000, Pl. 2,1-4,6-9; Lete 2003, 22, 23; Boscolo 2000, 45-46, cat. 8088). These pipes, together with the one from Zadar, belong to the imports from the workshops in the Po Valley, and the time of their production probably corresponds to that of the pipes that belong to the first period of production in Chioggia, i.e. we could date them from the mid-17th to the mid-18th century. A distinct group of pipes of the eastern type is formed by those produced in Austria-Hungary. Three pieces belonging to this type are preserved in the National Museum. The first pipe was made of orange clay with a brown slip that gives the surface of the pipe a marble-like appearance (cat. 7, Pl. 3,1). The pipe has a decorated stem and the lower portion of the bowl. From the stem towards the bowl

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Chiogge mogue je pretpostaviti da je ova lula bila izraena u obliku izme (Boscolo 2000, kat. 160, 161, 163). S vanjske strane aice nasuprot tuljca vjerojatno se nalazio prednji dio stopala izme. Ojaanje na grebenu vjerojatno predstavlja petu, a gornji dio aice saru izme. Lule oblika izme javljaju se tijekom drugog razdoblja chiogganske proizvodnje, koja traje od 1750. do 1850., u koje smjetamo i nau lulu. Karakteristian dodatak ovim lulama iz Chiogge su kamii duine oko dvadesetak centimetara, izraeni od drveta maraske, posebne sorte vinje (Soave 1989, 225). Iako se u Hrvatskoj do sada nije pronaao ni jedan primjerak kamia, zanimljivo je pretpostaviti da se u Zadru za ovaj tip lule koristio kami istog drveta, jer je ovo podruje poznato po uzgoju maraske od koje se proizvodi i uveni liker Maraskino. Idua lula predstavlja jedini nalaz ovog tipa u zbirci Narodnog muzeja u Zadru (kat. 6, T. 2,3). Luli nedostaje tuljac i gornji dio aice, povrina joj je oteena i na njoj nisu ouvani nikakvi tragovi dekoracije. Donji dio grebena ima diskasto proirenje na koje se lula oslanja. Od aice je ouvan samo poetak s vidljive tri vezne rupe za duhan. Ispod tog dijela nalazi se mala komora koji slui za hlaenje duhanskog dima. Ova lula pripada skupini tzv. lonarskih lula koje za razliku od ostalih tipova nisu raene u kalupima, ve runo na lonarskom kolu i najee nisu ukraene. Lula se sastoji od tri dijela: aice s prostorom za duhan, pretprostora u kojem se hladi dim i tuljca za uvlaenje dima. aica s pretprostorom izrauje se posebno od tuljca, nakon ega se dijelovi lule spajaju, a zbog rune izrade esto imaju nepravilan oblik. Na podruju Hrvatske znatnu koliinu ovih lula nalazimo u Rovinju i Splitu, a zanimljivo je da ih takoer nalazimo i u Chioggi (Beki 2000, T. 2,1-4,6-9; Lete 2003, 22, 23; Boscolo 2000, 45-46, kat. 80-88). Te lule, zajedno sa zadarskom, pripadaju importu radionica iz doline rijeke Po, a vrijeme njihova nastanka vjerojatno se podudara s onima koje pripadaju prvom razdoblju proizvodnje u Chioggi, tj. mogli bi ih datirati od sredine 17. do sredine 18. stoljea. Posebnu skupinu lula istonog tipa ine one austrijskomaarske proizvodnje. U Narodnome muzeju sauvana su tri primjerka ovog tipa. Prva lula izraena je od naranaste gline sa smeim premazom koji povrini lule daje mramorni izgled (kat. 7, T. 3,1). Luli je ukraen tuljac i donja polovina aice. Od tuljca prema aici razvija se list s volutama koji se iri od grebena prema bonim stranama. Sa svake bone strane nalazi se po jedan krug unutar kojeg je danas nejasan motiv. Na obruu aice i tuljca nalazi se profilacija. Gornji dio aice je neukraen i odijeljen od donjega jednim vodoravnim rebrom. Analogije za ovu lulu nalazimo meu onima proizvedenim tijekom 19. stoljea u uvenom centru Schemintzu, tj. dananjoj Bnskoj tyavnici u Slovakoj (Beki 2000, T. 4,4; Nagy 2000, 46). One se sastoje od donjeg reljefno ukraenog dijela koji ide od tuljca preko grebena, a aica u gornjem dijelu je krunoga ili poligonalnog oblika. Povrina lula esto je potamnjena ili mramorizirana, ime se postie poseban izgled. Schemnitz-lule gotovo uvijek imaju peat proizvoaa na tuljcu i reljefnu oznaku na donjem dijelu aice. Naoj luli nedostaje dio tuljca na koji je obino smjetena radionika oznaka, a u donjem dijelu aice ima nejasne reljefne oznake. No usprkos njezinoj nepotpunoj ouvanosti, ovu lulu smjetamo u isti radioniki krug. U fundusu istog muzeja uva se jo jedna lula ovog tipa. Rije je o luli izraenoj od fine proiene gline naranaste boje, koja je u presjeku siva, a nedostaje joj gornji dio aice (kat. 8, T. 3,2). Obru tuljca je profiliran i ispunjen sitnim

unfolds a leaf with volutes, which widens from the ridge towards the lateral sides. On each lateral side there is a circle with a presently unclear motif inscribed within. There is a profilation on the ring of the bowl and the stem. The upper part of the bowl is undecorated and detached from the lower part by a horizontal rib. We find analogies for this pipe among those produced during the 19th century in the renowned centre in Schemnitz, i.e. present-day Bansk tiavnica in Slovakia (Beki 2000, Pl. 4,4; Nagy 2000, 46). They consist of the lower part, decorated in relief, which runs from the stem over the ridge, and the bowl whose upper part has a circular or polygonal shape. The surface of the pipes is often darkened or marbleized, which gives it a distinctive appearance. Schemnitz-pipes almost always have a producers stamp on the stem and a relief mark on the lower part of the bowl. Our pipe is missing the part of the stem that usually bears a workshops mark, and in the lower part of the bowl it has indistinct relief symbols. In spite of its incomplete preservation, we attribute this pipe to the same workshop circle. Another pipe of this type is kept in the holdings of the same museum. The pipe is made of fine refined orange clay, with a gray cross-section, and it is missing the upper part of the bowl (cat. 8, Pl. 3,2). The stem ring is profiled and filled with slanting notches. Decoration on the pipe is concentrated on the lower part of the bowl. Flower petals in relief are radially arranged from the ridge to the top, and there are two profiled ribs above them. There is another profiled rib on the stem, as well as an impressed oval seal, with the inscription A.RESS inscribed within. There is yet another mark below the stem ring, but it is now indistinct. In contrast to all the so far mentioned pipes, this one bears no traces of burning or tobacco, so that it had probably never been used. Except in Zadar, the pipes with this stamp appear also in the territory of Italy (Boscolo 2000, Fig. 41), Hungary (Nagy 2000, 54) and Slovenia (Tomani-Jevremov 1997, cat. 3, Fig. 6,3). The stamp A.RESS is the mark of the workshop of Anton Ress from Wiener Neustadt in Austria, who took over the pipe-making workshop of M. Amstter in 1830. Large-scale production of Anton Ress workshop is corroborated by the fact that as early as 1837 it employed 60 workers with a daily output exceeding 6000 pipes (Morgenroth 2001, 55). We single out as a specific piece of this group a pipe made of quality ochre clay, with a gray cross-section, with a brown marbleized slip on the surface (cat. 9, Pl. 3,3). The stem ring is decorated with shallow horizontal cannelures, while the bowl has two vertical ribs. The transition from the ridge to the bowl is profiled, and there is a relief impression of an oval mark with the stamp RESS inscribed within on the lower part of the stem. An interesting feature of this pipe is that there are remains of a metal wire on the rim of the bowl and the stem, used for attaching a lid to the mouth of the pipe. The pipes with a lid on the bowl belong to the so-called Coffeehouse style, i.e. pipes smoked in coffee shops, which were particularly in vogue during the 19th century (Beki 2000, 252, 255; Boscolo 2000, 33). Our pipe, in addition to the lid on top of the bowl, had another one on the stem. In Croatia, such type of the 19th pipes with a lid on the bowl was found on Korula as well (Stipkovi 2003, cat. 9). Our pipe combines several elements that belong to various series of eastern-type pipes. Besides the elements

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kosim potezima. Dekoracija lule koncentrirana je na donji dio aice. Od grebena prema vrhu radijalno se niu reljefne cvjetne latice, iznad kojih se nalaze dva profilirana rebra. Na tuljcu se takoer nalazi profilirano rebro i utisnuti peat ovalna oblika, unutar kojeg je natpis A.RESS. Jo jedna oznaka nalazi se ispod obrua tuljca, no ona je danas nejasna. Za razliku od svih dosad navedenih lula, ova na sebi nema nikakvih tragova gorenja i duhana, tako da vjerojatno nikad nije bila upotrijebljena. Osim u Zadru, lule s ovim peatom pojavljuju se i na podruu Italije (Boscolo 2000, sl. 41), Maarske (Nagy 2000, 54) i Slovenije (Tomani-Jevremov 1997, kat. 3, sl. 6,3). Peat A.RESS predstavlja oznaku radionice Antona Ressa iz Wiener Neustadta u Austriji, koji 1830. preuzima lularsku radionicu M. Amsttera. Znaajnu produkciju radionice Antona Ressa potvruje podatak da ve je 1837. godine u njoj zaposleno 60 radnika i da proizvodi dnevno vie od 6000 lula (Morgenroth 2001, 55). Kao poseban primjerak ove skupine izdvajamo lulu koja je izraena od kvalitetne oker gline, u presjeku sive, sa smeim mramoriziranim premazom na povrini (kat. 9, T. 3,3). Ukraen joj je obrub tuljca vodoravnim plitkim vodoravnim kanelurama, a aica s dva okomita rebra. Prijelaz grebena u aicu profiliran je, a na donjem dijelu tuljca je reljefno utisnuta ovalna oznaka unutar koje je peat RESS. Zanimljivost ove lule takoer je u tome da se na obrubu aice i tuljca nalaze ostatci metalne ice kojom se na otvor lule vezivao poklopac. Lule s poklopcem aice pripadaju tzv. Coffehouse stilu tj. lulama koje su se puile u kavanama, a naroito su bile popularne tijekom 19. stoljea (Beki 2000, 252, 255; Boscolo 2000, 33). Naa lula, osim poklopca na vrhu aice, imala je i jedan na tuljcu. Ovakav tip lula 19. st. s poklopcem na aici kod nas je pronaen i na Koruli (Stipkovi 2003, kat. 9). Naa lula ujedinjuje nekoliko elemenata koji pripadaju razliitim produkcijama lula istonog tipa. Osim elemenata Coffehouse stila, treba istaknuti oblik lule s vodoravnim rebrima na aici koji podsjea na one tipa Chiogga. No kvaliteta gline, premaz lule i peat RESS, ipak upuuju na austrijsku proizvodnju. Kod ove lule vjerojatno se radi o austrijskoj kopiji lule tipa Chiogga, to je doista rijetkost, jer su kako je ve istaknuto, puno ei sluajevi talijanskih radionica specijaliziranih za kopiranje austrijskih proizvoda, kao to je Bassano del Grappa (Boscolo 2000, 38; Beki 2000, 256). Unutar izdvojene skupine zadarskih nalaza lula navodimo one turskog tipa. Znaajka im je da osim utilitarne funkcije imaju i dekorativni karakter te spadaju u izuzetno kvalitetne proizvode. Tona determinacija radionikog porijekla ovih lula esto nije mogua, jer se one proizvode na irokom podruju Europe i Male Azije, koje je u to vrijeme pod otomanskom dominacijom. Prva lula raena je od kvalitetne naranaste gline sa sjajnim crvenim premazom (kat. 10, T. 4,1). Ima kuglastu aicu iz koje izlazi tuljac. Obrub tuljca i vei dio aice reljefno su ukraeni. Dekoraciju aice ine tokice grupirane unutar rombova. Na hrptu se nalazi dvostruka V-linija iz koje teku radijalne crte prema bonim stranama aice. Obrub tuljca oblikovan je poput reljefne cvjetne ake izmeu ijih latica se nalaze sitni trolisti. Iako ne nalazimo izravne analogije za ove dekorativne motive, prema obliku i rasporedu dekorativnih motiva, kao i kvalitetnom crvenom premazu, mogue ju je usporediti s nalazima lula iz 19. stoljea koje su pronaene u Grkoj.5
5 Robinson 1983, Taf. 53, no. 23 (za oblik aice); Robinson 1985, Pl. 55, C 84-85 (za oblik lule i raspored dekoracije na aici i tuljcu).

of the Coffeehouse style, we should single out the form of a pipe with horizontal ribs on the bowl, resembling those of the Chioggia type. However, the quality of clay, the slip on the pipe, and the RESS stamp, indicate an Austrian production. In the case of this pipe we are probably dealing with an Austrian copy of a Chioggia-type pipe, which is indeed a rarity, because, as has already been pointed out, there are far more frequent cases of Italian workshops specialized in copying Austrian products, for instance, Bassano del Grappa (Boscolo 2000, 38; Beki 2000, 256). Within a separate group of the Zadar finds of smoking pipes we mention those of the Turkish type. In addition to their utilitarian function they also have a decorative character, and they rank as products of exceptional quality. It is often not possible to pinpoint the workshop origin for these pipes, as they are produced over a wide territory of Europe and Asia Minor, at that time under Ottoman domination. The first pipe was made of quality orange clay with a lustrous red slip (cat. 10, Pl. 4,1). It has a spherical bowl from which the stem protrudes. The stem ring and the larger part of the bowl bear relief decoration. The bowl is ornamented with dots grouped within rhombuses. There is a double V-line on the ridge, from which radial lines emanate toward the lateral sides of the bowl. The stem ring is shaped like a flower calyx in relief, with tiny trefoils between its petals. Even though we dont find direct analogies for these decorative motifs, it is possible to compare it based on the shape and layout of decorative motifs, as well as the quality red slip, with the finds of pipes from the 19th century discovered in Greece.5 The Turkish type is represented also by two pipes with a disc-shaped base. The bowl in this type of pipe is flattened so much that it turned into a base in the shape of a circular disc, and its rim is elevated and widened so much that it functions as a bowl (Robinson 1985, 165). One pipe has a circular disc-shaped base from which protrudes a fragmented bowl that widens towards the top (cat. 11, Pl. 4,2). It is made of orange clay with a bright red slip. The stem is shaped like a flower calyx and it tapers from the opening towards the base. There are three thin lines made with a serrated instrument on the lower half of the bowl. There is a circular workshop mark below the bowl opening, with a barely visible Arabic (?) inscription within (Fig. 3). There are two double V-lines on the back of the discoid base, which run from the outer edge of the disc toward the base of the stem. Hayes places the pipes of this form with a red slip and a circular workshop mark into type VII, which belongs to the 19th century (Hayes 1980, 7, Fig. VII; Hayes 1992, 393, Fig. 149, VII, Pl. 50 g-h). The most sumptuous piece of this group is the silvered and gilded so-called Ali Pashas pipe, kept in the Military Museum in Athens (Robinson 1985, 166, Pl. 44c, 45a,b). We find the most similar pieces to our one among the material discovered in Greece6 and
5 Robinson 1983, Pl. 53, No. 23 (for the shape of the bowl); Robinson, 1985, Pl. 55, C 84-85 (for the shape of the pipe and the layout of decoraton on the bowl and the stem) 6 Robinson 1983, Pl. 54, No. 31-33, 37-38 (for the shape of the pipe), No. 35 (for the shape and decoration of the stem); Robinson 1985, Pl. 57, C 101102, C 107-108 (for the shape of the pipe), C 104 (for the shape of the pipe and the decoration of the bowl), Pl. 63, A 26 (for the shape and decoration of the stem).

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Turskom tipu pripadaju i dvije lule s diskastom bazom. Kod ovog tipa lula aica je toliko spljotena da je pretvorena u bazu u obliku krunog diska, a njezin obod je povien i proiren tako da ima funkciju aice (Robinson 1985, 165). Jedna lula ima krunu diskastu bazu iz koje izlazi fragmentarna aica koja se iri prema vrhu (kat. 11, T. 4,2). Raena je od naranaste gline sa svijetlim crvenim premazom. Tuljac je oblikovan poput cvjetne ake i suava se od otvora prema bazi. Na donjoj polovini aice nalaze se tri tanke linije raene nazubljenim instrumentom. Ispod otvora aice je kruna radionika oznaka, unutar koje se javlja slabo vidljiv arapski (?) natpis (sl. 3). S donje strane diskaste baze su dvije dvostruke V-linije koje idu od vanjskog ruba diska prema bazi tuljca. Lule ovog oblika s crvenim premazom i krunom oznakom radionice Hayes smjeta u tip VII koji pripada 19. stoljeu (Hayes 1980, 7, Fig. VII; Hayes, 1992, 393, Fig. 149, VII, Pl. 50 g-h). Najraskoniji primjerak ove skupine je posrebrena i pozlaena tzv. Ali Paina lula koja se uva u Vojnome muzeju u Ateni (Robinson 1985, 166, Pl. 44c, 45a,b). Primjerke najslinije naem, nalazimo meu materijalom koji je pronaen u Grkoj6 i Istanbulu,7 iako je ovakav tip lula s diskastom bazom poznat i u Bugarskoj u 19. stoljeu (Staneva 1972, 91-92, Fig. 16-17; Staneva, 1976, sl. 9; Ileva, 1975, Tab. 1, 7-9). Dodatnu potvrdu za dataciju ovog tipa turskih lula u 19. st. nalazimo i na brojnim ilustracijama iz tog vremena, poput grafike s prikazom grkog arhonta iz 1825. godine (sl. 2), ili prikaza Katelanina iz oko 1860. godine (sl. 4). Istom tipu pripada jo jedna lula iz Narodnog muzeja, jo raskonije ukraena od prethodne. Izraena je od naranaste gline i ima sjajni premaz smee boje (kat. 12, T. 4,3). Diskasta baza oblikovana je poput cvjetne ake, kao i vei dio tuljca. aica koje se iri prema vrhu veim dijelom nedostaje, no i dalje su vidljivi ostatci dekoracije ispod otvora. Ukras ini girlanda na kojoj vise listii koji se izmjenjuju sa srcolikom motivima u lukovima girlande. S donje strane baze reljefno je istaknut greben iz kojeg se ire latice ake. ire paralele za ovaj izuzetno kvalitetan i dekorativan proizvod takoer nalazimo meu materijalom iz Grke i Bugarske. Staneva ovako oblikovane lule usporeuje s cvijetom narcisa na kojeg podsjea njihova baza i aica (Staneva 1972, 91-92, Fig.16-17). Robinsova smatra da lule s bazom u obliku cvijeta i one s neukraenom diskastom bazom pripadaju istoj skupini lula, koja ima nekoliko razliitih varijanti (Robinson 1985, 165). U svakom sluaju, naoj luli najblie paralele nalazimo u Kerameikosu, Korintu i Ateni (Robinson 1983, Taf. 55, nr. 42; 1985, C 92, A 22, A 27). Navedeni grki primjerci, datirani u 19. stoljee, imaju bazu oblikovanu poput reljefne cvjetne ake, a kod jednog primjerka na isti nain oblikovan je i tuljac. Zanimljive nalaze iz zadarske zbirke takoer predstavljaju i posljednje dvije lule. Jedna od lula izraena je od naranaste gline sa sivim premazom, a nedostaje joj dio tuljca (kat. 13, T. 5,1). Konina aica lagano se iri prema vrhu i izvija prema van. Na njezinim bonim stranama javlja se reljefno istaknuti cvijet koji se sastoji od kruia i tokica. Na stranjem hrptu aice nalaze se dva niza kruia ispunjenih tokicama. Spoj baze tuljca i aice ojaan je reljefnim rebrima. Lula ima istaknut reljefni hrbat i greben svojom cijelom
6 Robinson 1983, Taf. 54, nr. 31-33, 37-38 (za oblik lule), nr. 35 (za oblik i dekoraciju tuljca); Robinson 1985, Pl. 57, C 101-102, C 107-108 (za oblik lule), C 104 (za oblik lule i dekoraciju aice), Pl. 63, A 26 (za oblik i dekoraciju tuljca). 7 Hayes 1992, Pl. 50 h (oblik i dekoracija aice).

Istanbul,7 even though such type of pipe with a discoid base is known also in the 19th century Bulgaria (Staneva 1972, 91-92, Fig. 16-17; Staneva 1976, sl. 9; Ileva 1975, Pl. 1, 7-9). We find additional confirmation for the date of this type of Turkish pipes in the 19th cent. in numerous illustrations from that period, like a 1825 print depicting a Greek archon (Fig. 2), or a depiction of a man from Katela from around 1860 (Fig. 4). Another pipe from the National Museum, even more lavishly ornamented than the previous one, also belongs to the same type. It was made of orange clay and it has a lustrous brown slip (cat. 12, Pl. 4,3). A discoid base is shaped like a flower calyx, as well as the larger part of the stem. The bowl that widens towards the top is largely missing, but remains of decoration below the opening are still visible. The ornament consists of a garland from which hang small leaves that alternate with cordate motifs in the arches of the garland. A ridge from which extend the petals of the calyx is highlighted in relief on the back of the base. We find wider parallels for this product of outstanding quality and decoration among the material from Greece and Bulgaria as well. Staneva compares the pipes shaped in this way with a hyacinth flower, brought to mind by the shape of their base and bowl (Staneva 1972, 91-92, Fig.16-17). Robinson thinks that the pipes with a flower-shaped base and those with an unornamented discoid base belong to the same group of pipes, which has several different varieties (Robinson 1985, 165). In any case, we find the closest parallels for our pipe in Kerameikos, Corinth and Athens (Robinson 1983, Pl. 55, No. 42; 1985, C 92, A 22, A 27). The mentioned Greek pieces, dated to the 19th century, have a base shaped like a flower calyx in relief, and in the case of one piece the stem is shaped in the same way. The last two remaining pipes from the Zadar collection are interesting as well. One of the pipes was made of orange clay with a gray slip, and it lacks a part of the stem (cat. 13, Pl. 5,1). The conical bowl gently widens towards the top and it flares out. Their lateral sides have a flower rendered in relief, consisting of small circles and dots. Two rows of small dotted circles decorate the back ridge of the bowl. The joint of the stem base and the bowl is reinforced with relief ribs. The pipe has a prominent relief ridge along its entire length. The surface of the pipe is quite coarse, and the slip itself is of inconsistent colour. This pipe is atypical in form as much as decoration. The only possible parallels are found among the fragments of pipes discovered in Dalmatia. A similar ornament of relief circles and dots on the back ridge appears on a fragment of a pipe discovered in Split (Lete 2005, 25), while the parallels for the ornament of a flower on the lateral side of the bowl are found on a small fragment of a pipe from Gardun near Trilj (Beki 2000, Pl. 5/12). The only difference lies in the fact that the flower on the pipe from Gardun is composed of two circles surrounded by dots, while our flower consists of one circle only. Even though this type of decoration is entirely unknown on Turkish pipes, it is possible to date these pieces by their shape to the 18th or 19th century and determine them as pipes that probably belong to the Turkish type (Beki 2000, 276, Pl. 5/12).
7 Hayes 1992, Pl. 50 h (the shape and decoration of the bowl).

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duinom. Povrina lule dosta je gruba, a i sam premaz je neujednaene boje. Ova lula atipina je kako svojim oblikom tako i dekoracijom. Jedine mogue paralele nalazimo meu ulomcima lula pronaenima na tlu Dalmacije. Slian ornament reljefnih kruia i tokica na stranjem hrptu javlja se na fragmentu lule pronaenom u Splitu (Lete 2005, 25), a paralele za ornament cvijeta na bonoj strani aice nalazimo na malom ulomku lule iz Garduna kod Trilja (Beki 2000, T. 5/12). Jedinu razliku ini to to je cvijet na gardunskoj luli sastavljen od dva kruga oko kojeg su tokice, a na od jednoga kruga. Iako je ovaj tip ukrasa potpuno nepoznat na turskim lulama, ove primjerke prema obliku mogue je smjestiti u 18. ili 19. stoljee i odrediti kao lule koje vjerojatno pripadaju turskom tipu (Beki 2000, 276, T. 5/12). Druga je lula izraena od svijetle naranaste gline s oker premazom i u potpunosti joj nedostaje tuljac (kat. 14, T. 5,2). aica je zvonasta oblika, a gornji joj je rub lagano zakoen prema van. Donji dio aice ukraen je kosim okomitim rebrima izmeu kojih su nizovi poprenih crtica. Gornji obrub ukrasa ini traka u kojoj se ponavlja motiv nizova crtica koje su u ovom sluaju okomito postavljene. Na grebenu lule nalazi se malo kruno zaravnanje. Povrina lule fino je glaana, a ini se da je imala crveni premaz danas ouvan u tragovima. Dekorativni motivi lule poneto su nepravilni, to moe biti rezultat istroenosti kalupa koritenog za njezinu izradu. Naalost, naoj luli nedostaje tuljac, pa nam nije tono poznat njezin oblik. No treba istaknuti i da je oblikovanje gornjeg ruba aice, koji je zakoen prema van i malog zaravnanja na dnu, esta pojava kod lula zelovskog tipa (Beki 2000, T. 6,1-4). Sama dekoracija nema izravne usporedbe s lulama i kalupima koji se pripisuju Zelovu, no ire analogije za dekorativni motiv nalazimo kod onih turskog tipa (Robinson 1985, Pl. 51, C 39-41, A 14). Iako ova lula pripada zelovskoj produkciji, ne trebaju nas uditi slinosti koje pokazuje s turskim primjercima, jer kod zelovskih lula nalazimo elemente turske, talijanske i austrijsko-maarske proizvodnje (Beki 2001, 46). Kako za dekoraciju nae lule ne nalazimo paralele na ouvanim kalupima iz Zelova, koji uglavnom potjeu iz druge polovine 19. st. (Beki 2001, 44), nau lulu smjetamo neto ranije, u kraj 18. ili poetak 19. stoljea. Kako je ve navedeno, zadarske nalaze lula prema obliku moemo svrstati u dvije osnovne skupine, tj. u zapadni i istoni tip. Zapadni tip, iako zastupljen samo jednim primjerkom, vana je potvrda o prisutnosti lula ovog tipa u Zadru. Skupina lula istonog tipa u Zadru je znatno brojnija. Meu ovim keramikim materijalom nalazimo lule talijanskih, austrijsko-maarskih i turskih radionica. Nekima od tih lula mogue je tono ustanoviti radioniko porijeklo i vrijeme nastanka, a pojedini primjerci na sebi nose i oznake radionica, dok za neke nalazimo samo ire paralele u tipologiji i dekorativnim motivima lula mediteranskog tipa. Zanimljive nalaze takoer nam predstavljaju lule koje ujedinjuju elemente razliitih produkcija, poput austrijske kopije talijanskih lula ili one iz Zelova. Ovaj mali, ali reprezentativni uzorak keramikih lula za duhan iz zadarskoga Narodnog muzeja svjedoi nam i o rairenosti ovog obiaja, izuzetno popularnog u itavoj Europi, naroito od 17. do kraja 19. stoljea, kada lule zamjenjuju cigarete. Zadarske lule, koje moemo datirati od sredine 17. do kraja 19. stoljea, potrebno je promotriti i unutar konteksta dosad zanemarene arheoloke batine novog vijeka, uklopiti ih u iru sliku naina ivota istog razdoblja, te civilizacijskih i trgovakih veza, iji je vaan dio i kultura uivanja duhana.

The second pipe was made of light orange clay with an ochre slip, and it is missing the entire stem (cat. 14, Pl. 5,2). The bowl is bell-shaped, with the upper edge slightly slanting outwards. The lower part of the bowl is decorated with slanting vertical ribs, with rows of short transverse lines between them. The upper border of the decoration consists of a strip containing the motif of a series of short lines, in this case in vertical position. There is a small circular surface on the ridge of the pipe. The surface of the pipe is finely polished, and it appears that it had a red slip, today only preserved in traces. Decorative motifs on the pipe are somewhat irregular, which is perhaps attributable to the worn-out condition of the mould used for its manufacture. Unfortunately, our pipe is missing the stem, so we cannot ascertain its exact form. However, it should be pointed out that the shape of the upper rim of the bowl, slanting outwards, with a small platform on the bottom, is a frequent occurrence in the pipes of the Zelovo type (Beki 2000, Pl. 6,1-4). The decoration itself has no direct analogies with the pipes and moulds that are attributed to Zelovo, but wider analogies for the decorative motif are found in the pipes of the Turkish type (Robinson 1985, Pl. 51, C 39-41, A 14). Even though this pipe belongs to the Zelovo manufacture, we should not be surprised by the similarities it shows with the Turkish pieces, because in the Zelovo pipes we find elements of Turkish, Italian and Austro-Hungarian manufacture (Beki 2001, 46). Considering that we can find no parallels for the decoration of our pipe on the preserved moulds from Zelovo, which by and large date from the second half of the 19th cent. (Beki 2001, 44), we place our pipe somewhat earlier, in the end of the 18th or the beginning of the 19th century. As has already been mentioned, the Zadar pipe finds can be classified by their form into two basic groups, i.e. the western and the eastern types. The western type, although it consists of only one piece, is an important confirmation about the presence of the pipes of this type in Zadar. The group of pipes of the eastern type in Zadar is much more numerous. We find among this ceramic material the pipes from Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish workshops. For some of these pipes it is possible to ascertain the workshop of origin and the date of manufacture, and some pieces even bear workshops marks on them, while for the others we find only wider parallels in the typology and decorative motifs of the pipes of the Mediterranean type. Interesting finds are also those pipes that combine the elements of various manufactures, for instance, Austrian copies of Italian pipes or those from Zelovo. This small, but representative sample of clay tobacco pipes from the Zadar National Museum bears testimony to the wide distribution of this custom, exceptionally popular all over Europe, particularly from the 17th to the end of the 19th century, when pipes are replaced by cigarettes. The Zadar pipes, which we can date from the mid-17th to the end of the 19th century, should be analyzed also in the context of the previously neglected archaeological heritage of the Modern Age, and incorporated within a wider picture of the way of life in the same period, as well as of the civilizational and commercial ties, of which the culture of enjoying tobacco forms an important part.

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KATALOG NALAZA:
P. P. D. = promjer prostora za duhan; U. P. T. = unutranji promjer tuljca; D. S. . = debljina stijenke aice; V. P. D. = visina prostora za duhan; (N. S.) V. = (najvea sauvana) visina lule

CATALOGUE OF FINDS:
D. T. C. = diameter of the tobacco chamber; I. D. S. = inner diameter of the stem; T. B. W. = thickness of the bowl wall; H. T. C. = height of the tobacco chamber; (G. P.) H. = (greatest preserved) height of the pipe

1. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 1,1) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,9; D. S. . = 0,3; V. P. D. = 3,9; N. S. V.= 4,5 cm Tip: zapadni, engleski, peat WM 2. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 1,2) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: U. P. T. = 0,9; D. S. . = 0,4; N. S. V. = 2,2 cm T i p : istoni, Chioggia 3. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 1,3) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 2; U. P. T. = 0,8; D. S. . = 0,3; V. P. D. = 4; N. S. V= 6,8 cm Tip: istoni, Chioggia 4. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 2,1) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,7; U. P. T. = 0,8; D. S. . = 0,4; V. P. D. = 3,7; V.= 5,5 cm Tip: istoni, Chioggia 5. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 2,2) Nalazite: Zadar, Ulica Kraljskog Dalmatina, 1973. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,8; U. P. T. = 0,8; D. S. . = 0, 3; V. P. D. = 3,5; N. S. V.= 6,3 cm Tip: istoni, Chioggia 6. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 2,3) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,8; U. P. T. = 0,7; D. S. . = 0, 4; N. S. V. = 3,7 cm Tip: istoni, lonarska lula 7. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 3,1) Nalazite: Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,8; D. S. . = 0, 3;. V. P. D. = 3,3; V.= 5 cm Tip: istoni, austrijsko-maarski 8. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 3,2) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,5; U. P. T. = 1; D. S. . = 0,3; N. S. V. = 2,2 cm Tip: istoni, austrijsko-maarski, peat A. RESS

1. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 1,1) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,9; T. B. W. = 0,3; H. T. C. = 3, 9; G. P. H.= 4,5 cm Type: western, English, WM stamp 2. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 1,2) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: I. D. S. = 0,9; T. B. W. = 0,4; G. P. H. = 2, 2 cm Type: eastern, Chioggia 3. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 1,3) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 2; I. D. S. = 0,8; T. B. W. = 0,3; H. T. C. = 4; G. P. H= 6,8 cm Type: eastern, Chioggia 4. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 2,1) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,7; I. D. S. = 0,8; T. B. W. = 0,4; H. T. C. = 3,7; V.= 5,5 cm Type: eastern, Chioggia 5. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 2,2) Site: Zadar, Kraljski Dalmatin Street, 1973 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,8; I. D. S. = 0,8; T. B. W. = 0, 3; H. T. C. = 3,5; G. P. H.= 6,3 cm Type: eastern, Chioggia 6. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 2,3) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,8; I. D. S. = 0,7; T. B. W. = 0, 4; G. P. H. = 3,7 cm Type: eastern, wheel-thrown pipe 7. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 3,1) Site: Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,8; I. D. S. = 0,7; T. B. W. = 0, 4; G. P. H. = 3,7 cm Type: eastern, Austro-Hungarian 8. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 3,2) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,5; I. D. S. = 1; T. B. W. = 0,3; G. P. H. = 2,2 cm Type: eastern, Austro-Hungarian, A.RESS stamp

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9. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 3,3) Nalazite: Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,9; U. P. T. = 1,1; D. S. . = 0,2;. V. P. D. = 4,5; V.= 5,5 cm Tip: istoni, austrijska kopija tipa Chioggia ?, peat RESS 10. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 4,1) Nalazite: Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 2,4; U. P. T. = 1,4; D. S. . = 0,2; V. P. D. = 3,1; V.= 4 cm Tip: istoni, turski 11. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 4,2; Sl. 3) Nalazite: Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Dimenzije: U. P. T. = 1,5; D. S. . = 0,3; V. P. D. = 3,4; V.= 3,5 cm Tip: istoni, turski, peat slabo vidljiv (arapski natpis?) 12. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 4,3) Nalazite: Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Dimenzije: U. P. T. = 1,7; D. S. . = 0,3; V. P. D. = 3,8; V.= 4,5 cm Tip: istoni, turski 13. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 5,1) Nalazite: Zadar, Poluotok Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 1,7; U. P. T. = 0,9; D. S. . = 0,6; V. P. D. = 3,3; V.= 4,3 cm Tip: istoni, turski ? 14. KERAMIKA LULA (T. 5,2) Nalazite: Zadar, Sv. Krevan, 1962. g. Dimenzije: P. P. D. = 2; D. S. . = 0,5; V. P. D. = 3,4; N. S. V.= 4,3 cm Tip: istoni, zelovski

9. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 3,3) Site: Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,9; I. D. S. = 1,1; T. B. W. = 0,2; H. T. C. = 4,5; V.= 5,5 cm Type: eastern, Austrian copy of the Chioggia type (?), RESS stamp 10. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 4,1) Site: Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary Dimensions: D. T. C. = 2,4; I. D. S. = 1,4; T. B. W. = 0,2; H. T. C. = 3,1; V.= 4 cm Type: eastern, Turkish 11. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 4,2; Fig. 3) Site: Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary Dimensions: I. D. S. = 1,5; T. B. W. = 0,3; H. T. C. = 3,4; V.= 3,5 cm Type: eastern, Turkish, stamp poorly visible (Arabic inscription?) 12. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 4,3) Site: Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary Dimensions: I. D. S. = 1,7; T. B. W. = 0,3; H. T. C. = 3,8; V.= 4,5 cm Type: eastern, Turkish 13. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 5,1) Site: Zadar, Peninsula Dimensions: D. T. C. = 1,7; I. D. S. = 0,9; T. B. W. = 0,6; H. T. C. = 3,3; V.= 4,3 cm Type: eastern, Turkish ? 14. CLAY PIPE (Pl. 5,2) Site: Zadar, St Chrysogonus, 1962 Dimensions: D. T. C. = 2; T. B. W. = 0,5; H. T. C. = 3,4; G. P. H.= 4,3 cm Type: eastern, Zelovo type

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LITERATURA / BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atkinson, D., Oswald, A., 1969, London Clay Tobacco Pipes, The Journal of British Archaeological Association XXXII, London, 171-207. Beki, L., 2000, Uvod u problematiku glinenih lula na podruju Hrvatske, VAMZ XXXII-XXXIII, Zagreb, 249-279. Beki, L., 2001, Clay pipes made in Zelovo, Croatia, Society for Clay Pipe Research Newsletter 57, Worcester, 44-49. Beki, L., 2005, Uvod, u: Lete N., Glinene lule s nalazita kod rta Sustipana u Splitu, Split, 9-11. Biki, V., 2003, Gradska keramika Beograda (16-17. vek), Beograd Boscolo, G., 2000, La pipa chioggiota e altre pipe in terracotta, Sottomarina. Brusi, Z., 1987, Dio tereta s lae iz 17. stoljea potonule kod otoka Bisaga u Kornatskom arhipelagu, PrilpuD 26, Split, 473-490. Duco, D. H., 1980, De Techniek van het Pijmakersbedrijt te Gouda, u: The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe IV, BARIntSer 92, Oxford, 115217. Duplani, A., 1999, Katelanska narodna nonja, Katela Hayes, J. W., 1980, Turkish Clay Pipes: A Provisonal Typology, u: The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe IV, BARIntSer 92, Oxford, 3-10. Hayes, J. W., 1992, Clay Tobacco Pipes, u: Excavations at Sarahane in Istanbul, vol. 2, The Pottery, Princeton, 391-395. Ileva, V., 1975, Glineni luli ot Veliko Tirnovo, Godinik na muzeite ot severna Bilgaria 1, Varna, 179-199. Kovai, V., 2002, Hidroarheoloka rekognosciranja i istraivanja vrsarskoporekog akvatorija, Pore Lete, N., 2005, Glinene lule s nalazita kod rta Sustipana u Splitu, Split Marx, R., 1983, Shipwrecks in Americas, New York Morgenroth, W., 2000, Das Geheimnis Der Echten Schemnitzer Tabakspfeifen, Knasterkopf 14, Hhr-Grenzhausen, 53-59. Nagy, Z., 2000, Transdanubian Pipe Manufacturers Associated with Selmecbanya, u: The History of the Hungarian Pipemakers Craft. Hungarian History through the Pipemakers Art, Budapest, 45- 55. Robinson, R. W., 1983, Clay Tobacco Pipes from Kerameikos, MdI 98, Berlin, 265-284. Robinson, R. W., 1985, Tobacco Pipes of Corinth and of the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 54/2, Athens, 149-203. Soave, D., 1989, Le pipe in argilla di Chioggia, Atti del XXII Convegno Internazionale della Ceramica, Albisola, 225-229. Staneva, M., 1972, Kolekcijata ot luli viv varnenskija muzej, Bulletin du Muse National de Varna VIII (XXIII), Varna, 81-90. Staneva, M., 1976, O proizvodnji keramikih lula u Bugarskoj, Zbornik Muzeja primenjene umetnosti 19-20, Beograd, 129-138. Stipkovi, J., 2003, Keramike lule iz uvale Gradina, Luko libro, Godinjak drutva Vela Luka 11, Zagreb, 29-36. irola, B., 1934, Neki kuni obrti u Zelovu, Etnografska istraivanja i graa I, Zagreb, 27-37. Tomani Jevremov, M., 1997, Ormo, u: Drobci nekega vsakdana. Archaeologia Historica Slovenica 2, Ljubljana, 107-139. Verocchio, V., 2002, Pipe in teracotta, u: La Ceramica Postmedievale in Abruzzo, Materiali dallo scavo di Piazza Caporali a Castel Frentano (CH), Documenti di Archeologia Postmedievale 1, Firenze, 383387.

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T. 1

3
T. 1: 1-3 Zadar, sv. Krevan Pl. 1: 1-3 Zadar, St Chrysogonus

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T. 2

3
T. 2: 1, 3 Zadar sv. Krevan; 2 Zadar, Ulica Kraljskog Dalmatina Pl. 2: 1, 3 Zadar, St Chrysogonus; 2 Zadar, Kraljski Dalmatin Street

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T. 3

T. 3: 1, 3 Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi; 2 Zadar, Zadar, sv. Krevan Pl. 3: 1, 3 Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary; 2 Zadar, St Chrysogonus

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T. 4

T. 4: 1-3 Zadar, Sjemenite Zmajevi Pl. 4: 1-3 Zadar, Zmajevi Seminary

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T. 5

2
T. 5: 1 Zadar, Poluotok; 2 Zadar, sv. Krevan Pl. 5: 1 Zadar, Peninsula; 2 Zadar, St Chrysogonus

154

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