Daftar Isi

Prakata........................................................................................................................................................ iii Bab I Ejaan Fonetik Bahasa Inggns............................................................................................................ 1 Bab 2 Parts Of Speech.................................................................................................................................2 Bab 3 The Sentence ( a!i"at#...................................................................................................................11 Bab $ To Be..............................................................................................................................................22 Bab % &o'n ( ata Ben(a#.........................................................................................................................3$ Bab ) *(jecti+e ( ata Sifat# Bab , Prono'n ( ata -anti# . Bab . *(+erb ( ata otorangan# .%) .). ..$

Bab / Proposition ( ata Depan#........................................................................................................................ //

Bab 10 The 1onj'nction ( ara Sa"b'ng#...............................................................................................10/

Bab 11 The 2erb ( ata orja#.........................................................................................................................11)

Bab 12 Irreg'!ar 2erb *n( 3eg'!ar 2orb ( ata eria Tak Berat'ran Dan ata erja Berat'ran# .132

Bab 13 2erb Patterns (Po!a ata erja#..................................................................................................13)

Bab 1$ Infiniti+e (Infinitit# Bab 1% The Particip!e . Bab 1) The -er'n(. .1$) .1%1 .1%%

Bab 1, Interjection ( ara Ser'#.......................................................................................................................1%/ Bab 1. 2ocati+e (2okati!#................................................................................................................................. 1)0 Bab 1/ *rtic!es ( ata San(ang# . .1)1

Bab 20 4oo( (4o('s#.............................................................................................................................1)/

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation I +

Bab 21 *'6i!iaries 2erbs ( at7 erja Bant'#................................................................................. 1,1 Bab 22 Tense (4asa#..................................................................................................................... 1..
Bab 23 1on(itiona! Sentences ( a!i"at Pengan(aian#....................................................................... 200

Bab 2$ &egati+e Sentences ( a!i"at &egatif#...............................................................................20%

Bab 2% *cti+e an( Passi+e 2oice ( a!i"at *ktif (an a!i"at Pasif#................................................22$

Bab 2) Direct an( In(irect Speech ( a!i"at 5angs'ng (an a!i"at Ti(ak 5angs'ng#.................23,
Bab 2, Phrases (Frase#............................................................................................................................2%2 Bab 2. 1!a'se ( !a'sa# .2%$

Bab 2/ *na!7sis of Sentences (*na!isa a!i"at#............................................................................2)2 Bab 30 S7nthesis of Sentence (Penggab'ngan a!i"at#............................................................. 2,1
a!i"at#.................................................2,,

Bab 31 Transfor"ation of Sentences (Per'bahan Bent'k

Bab 32 Fig'res of Speech ( ata Bib 33 Para!e!! Str'ct're

iasan#.......................................................................................2.% 2/2

Bab 3$ 8'estion (Pertan7aan#.......................................................................................................2/. Bab 3% Short *ns9ers (:a9aban Singkat#....................................................................................310 Bab 3) P'nct'ation (Tan(a Baca#.................................................................................................31$
Bab 3, Ti"e (;akt'#...............................................................................................................................32,

Bab 3. I(io" an( Phrasa! 2erbs (I(io" (an ata erja Frase#......................................................331
Bab 3/ &ation an( &ationa!iti7 (&ogara (an ebangsaan#................................................................ 33$

Bab $0 TOEF5 ;or( 5ist....................................................................................................................... 3$0 5atihan Soa!..................................................................................... ...............................................3%2

Daftar P'staka.................................................................................................................................3)2

$ *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

<

Seb'ah kata "er'pakan kata sifat apabi!a= ita (apat "ena"bahkan or ata' est pa(s kata terseb't (happ7>happier>happiest#
ita (apat "engg'nakan "ore ata' "ost (i (opan kata terseb't (boa'tif'!>"oro bea'tif'!>"ost

bea'tif'!#. ita bisa "engg'nakan kata +er7 (sangat? seka!i# ata' @'ite (s'ngg'h? bet'!>bet'!# (i (epan kata
terseb't. (She 9ore a +er7 bright? (aring cost'"e#

1. Prono'n ( ata -anti#

ata ganti a(a!ah kata 7ang (ig'nakan sebagai pengganti kata ben(a ata' frase kata ben(a. ata ganti "en'nj'k orang ata' ben(a tanpa "e"ber:"en7eb't na"a orang ata' ben(a 7ang ses'ngg'hn7a. ata ganti "enga"bi! posisi kata ben(a (an borf'ngsi seperti kata ben(a.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

D'"aria 5ingga is "7 teacher. She is +er7 bea'tif'!. D'"aria 5ingga g'r' sa7s. !a sangat cantik. I +isite( :akarta. This is the capita! of In(onesia. Sa7a "eng'nj'ngi :akarta. InA ib'kota In(onesia. 3on7 is absent? beca'se he is i!!. 3on7 absen karena Is sakit.
Data" ka!i"at perta"a? she (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enggantikan D'"aria 5tngga. She a(a!ah kata ganti

Data" ka!i"at ke('a this (ig'nakan 'nt'k :akarta. Se(angkan (a!a" ka!i"at ketiga. he (ig'nakan 'nt'k 3on7.
ata gant! '"'" !ainn7a a(a!ah I. ;e. Bo'. Ce. She? It. The7? "e? The"? Ds? This? That. (an !ain> !ain.

1ata!an= Seb'ah kata "'ngkin "er'pakan kata ganti apabi!a= ita (apat "enggantikan kata terseb't ke kata ben(s? seperti "e? "ine. 7o'. he. her. it? 9e? these? one? e+er7bo(7? (an !ain>!ain.

D. 2erb ( ata erja#

ata kerja a(a!ah kata ata' ke!o"pok kata 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "engga"barkanE"en7atakan s'at'

perb'atan? keja(ian? peristi9a? eksistensi? penga!a"an? kea(aan. (an perta!ian antara ('a ben(a. !a "en7atakan apa 7ang seseorang ata' ses'at' !ak'kan? (an "enceritakan kepa(a kita apa 7ang seseorang ata' ses'at' a!a"i ((erita#. ata kerja "en7atakan ses'at' tontang s'bjok (seseorang. to"pat? ata' ben(a#. ata koga "or'pakan jant'ngFn7a ka!i"at karena so"'a ka!i"at har's "o"i!iki sob'ah kata korja. eban7akan kata kerja "er'pakan kata>kata perb'atan (action 9or(s#? seperti be!ie+e (perca7a#? eat ("akan? "er'sak#? fee! ("erasa? "eraba? kira? pikir#? !a'gh (terta9a#? are? is? 9as? has? !ike (s'ka? ge"ar? "enghen(aki#? !i+e (hi('p? tingga!? berte"pat<tingga!#? seiGe ("enangkap? "eraih? "era"pas? "engg'nakan#? s!eep (ti('r#? s9eat (berkeringat#. ta!k (berbicara# think ("e"ikirkan. pikir? berpikir. kira? "en('ga#? 'n!eash

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1%

("e!epaskan ta!i#? 'n+ei! ("e"b'ka se!'b'ng? "e"perkena!kan#? 'n9rap ("e"b'ka#? 9a!k (berja!an? "engantar? "e"ba9a#? (an 9ant (ingin? "a'? "e"b't'hkan#. 1ontoh ka!!"at= Drac'!a bites his +icti"s on the neck. Drak'!a "engg!git korban>korbann7a of bagian !eher. The Presi(ent "et 9ith foreign (ip!o"ats on Fri(a7. Presi(en berte"' (engan para (ip!o"at asing pa(a ha!! :'"at. She Is rich. !a a(aEah orang ka7a. The teacher is !o+e( b7 the st'(ents. -'r' it' (i(nta! "'r!( "'r!(.

1atatan=
< Seb'ah kata "er'pakan kata kerja apabi!a (apat "engg'nakan 9i!!? sha!!? can? co'!(? "a7? "ight?

"'st? sho'!(? ata' 9o'!( (i (epan kata terseb't? "isa!n7a 9i!! go? co'!( co"e? 9o'!( p!a7.

E. *(+erb ( ata

eteranganETa"bahan#

ata keterangan a(a!ah kata 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"batasi (an "e"berikan Infor"asi !ebih ban7ak tentang kata kerja? kata sifat. kata keterangan 7ang !ain? ata' kese!'r'han ka!i"at. *ta'? kata 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enerangkan bagai"ana? (i "ana? kapan? (an "engapa s'at' perb'atan (i!ak'kan ata' tega(i.
Biasan7a? kata keterangan "enggarnbarkan sob'ah kata kerja. soporti a9k9ar(!7 ((ongan jangga!#?

cheerf'!!7 ((engan riangEge"bira#? co"p!ete!7 (sa"a seka!i#? e+er79here ((i "ana>"ana? ke "ana saja#? frantk(a!#!7 ((engan pen'h ketak'tanikeka!'tan#? happi!7 ((engan ge"bira? (engan riang#? har( (keras? !ebat? (a!a">(a!a"? ba!k>back? (engan taja"#? hasti!7 ((engan tergesa>gesa#? here ((i sini? ke sini? ini? begins#? Inte!!igent!7 ((engan cer(asEpan(ai#? !o'(!7 ((engan keras>keras#? !o9 (se(!kit? tipis? ren(ah? "'r'ng#? ne+er(ti(ak pe"ah#? nice!7 (ba!k? bag's? (engan "anis#? prof'se!7(se(a!a">(a!a"n7a? seban7ak ban7akn7a? sebesar>bosa"7a#? @'ick!7 ((ongan copa!#? recent!7 (bar'>bare ini#? re!'ctant!7 ((ongan rasa "a!asEberat hats#? sincere!7 (s'ngg'h>s'ngg'h? benar>benar#? s!o9!7 (pe!an>po!an? !a"bat? !a"ban? !a"ba! !a'n#? straight (!angs'ng. !'r's>!'r's? tor's? ter's>terang? j'j'r#? s9ift!7 ((engan cepat. (ongan tangkas#? tight!7 (rapat seka!i#? to"orro9 (besok#? +icio's!7 (jaha!. keja"? ti(ak benar#? 9e!! (baik? (engan ba!k? ja'h? benar#? 9rong (sa!ah#? (an 7ester(a7 (ke"ar!n#.
*khiran /7H biasan7a (ig'nakan 'nt'k "eng'bah seb'ah kata shat "enja(i kata keterangan. &a"'n?

ban7ak kata keterangan ti(ak berakhiran (ongan H!7H. 4eskip'n (o"ikian? se"'a kata keterangan "enja9ab pertan7aan>pertan7aan? seperti bagai"anaI? kapanI? (i "anaI. "ongapaI. soberapa seringI? pa(a 'r'tan berapaI? seberapa ja'hI? (an berapa ban7akI

)1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

1ontoh ka!i"at=
The7 !i+e( happi!7.

4ereka hi('p (engan ge"bira.

Cappi!7 (a(+erb# "e"batasi kata kerja !i+e(.

&'r'nnisa is +er7 bea'tif'!.

&'r'nnisa sangat cantik

2er7 (a(+erb# "e"batasi kata sifat bea'tif'!.

Ce speaks Eng!ish @'ite 9e!!.

!a berbicara bahasa Inggris (engan sangat ba!k. 8'ite (a(+erb# "e"batasi kata keterangan 9e!!. 1atatan= < a(ang>ka(ang? kata keterangan "e"batasi seb'ah (rase ata' k!a'sa. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
* s9or( is hanging e6act!7 o+er his hea(.

Seb'ah pe(ang j'str' se(ang "enganca"n7a. Ce 9rites to his father on!7 9hen he is in nee( of "one7. !a "en'!is s'rat pa(a a7ahn7a han7a br!a is se(ang kek'rangan 'ang. < a(ang>ka(ang? kata keterangan "e"batasi kese!'r'han ka!i"at.
ka!i"at. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

ata keterangan bera(a (i a9a!

Dnfort'nate!7? she fai!e( in the e6a"ination. Sa7ang seka!i? is gaga! (a!a" 'jian it'.
< Seb'ah kata "'ngkin "er'pakan kata keterangan apabi!a= > *(a akhiran !7 (happi!7# ata ata' frase it' bisa (ipin(ahkan ke te"pat !ain (a!a" ka!i"at terseb't. tetapi "asih (apat

(i"engerti.
1ontoh ka!i"at= She 's'a!!7 goes to schoo!. *ta'

Ds'a!!7? she goes to schoo!. *ta'

She goes to schoo! 's'a!!7.

F. Preposition ( ata Depan#

ata (epan "er'pakan kata 7ang (ig'nakan (i (epan (sobe!'"# kata ben(a? frase kata ben(a. ata' kata ganti 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngann7a (ongan s'at' kata ben(a ata' kata ganti 7ang !ain (a!a" ka!i"at. ata (epan biasan7a (ig'nakan (engan kata ben(a? kata gantr? ata' kata korja (engan bont'k HingF ata' k!a'sa H9hH. ata (epan "er'pakan kata 7ang "engh'b'ngkan kata ben(a (an kata ganti (engan
kata>kata 7ang !ain 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan !okasi (te"pat#? arah? 9akt'? sebab? cara? j'"!ah? (a" !ain>!ain. <

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

23

Ce isECeHs She IsESheHs It isEItHs ;e areE;eHre Bo' areEBo'Hre The7 areEThe7Hre

Ce is notECeHs not

Is heI

She is notESheHs not It is notEItHs not ;e are notE;eHre not Bo' are notEBo'Hre not The7 are notEThe7Hre not

Is sheI Is itI *re 9eI *re 7o'I *re the7I

Bent'k singkatan negatrf a!te"atif !ainn7a a(a!ah Bo' arenHt? Ce isnHt? She isnHt? It isnHt? ;e arenHt? The7 arenHt. Bent'k negati+e interrogati+e (tan7a "on7angka2nogatif# a(a!ah *" I notE*renHt II *re 7o' notE*ronHt 7o'I *re the7 notIE*ronHt the7I Is he notIEIsnHt heI? (an !ain>!ain.
Past Tense

*i r"ati+e I 9as
Bo' 9ere

&egati+e I 9as notEI 9asnHt

Bo' 9ere notE9erenHt

Interrogati+e ;as II
;ere 7o'I ;as heEsheEitI ;ere 9eI

CeESheEIt 9as
;e 9ere

CeESheEIt 9as nott9asnHt

;e 9ere notE9erenHt

Bo' 9ere
The7 9ere

Bo' 9ere nott9erenHt

The7 9ere notE9erenHt

;ere 7o'I
;ere the7I

Bent'k negati+e Interrogati+e a(a!ah ;as I nott9asnHt II?;ore 7o' notE9erenHt 7o'I? 9as he notE 9asnHt heI? (an !ain>!ain. 1atatan= Pongg'naan bent'k FbeF sebaga! kata kerja bant' sa"a seperti HbeH ka!a' (ig'nakan sebaga! kata kerja 'ta"a. &a"'n? HbeH jarangEti(ak b!asa (ig'nakan (a!a" bent'k contin'o's kec'a!i (a!a" pasif.

B. Pengg'naan FbeF 'nt'k "e"bent'k tensis

Partike!HbeJ (ig'nakan (a!a" se"'a bent'k aktif contino's tense. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She Is 9riting.
Dia so(ang "on'!is.

She 9i!! be 9riting. Dia akan se(eng "en'!is

1c=r=c1(I 55I:crI iKsn ...&ta

2$ *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for IOEF5 Preparation

Partike! Fbo (ig'nakan (a!a" se"'a bont'k pasif.

1ontoh ka!i"at
Ce 9as e('cate( Dia (i(i(ik.

Ce is being e('cate(. Dia se(ang (i(i(ik.

1. Pengg'naan FbeF sebagai kata kerja bant'

1. Bent'k ha+e to (an o'ght to? FbeF "engg'nakan to>infiniti+e (infiniti+e 9ith to#
S's'nan kata a(a!ah FbeH L infiniti+e. 'nt'k "en7atakan kehar'san. ke9ajiban. koper!'an. perintah? ata' instr'ksi. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
I a" to inti"ate 7o'.

Sa7a har's "e"bers is7arat pa(a"'. Bo' are to (o this 9ork i""e(iate!7. a' har's "engerjakan pekorjaan ins segera. Tho piano 9as to take off. apa! torbang it' har's berangkat.

2. Bent'k be L Infiniti+e? 'nt'k "en7a"paikan rencana? perjanjian? ata' perset'j'an Bent'k ini seringEban7ak (iperg'nakan (a!a" pokok berita s'rat kabar.
1ontoh ka!i"at=
;e are to be "arrie( soon.

a"i akan segera "enikah. *t 9hat ti"e is The *rgo Bro"o to arri+eI Pa(a p'k'! berapa *rgo Bro"o akan sa"paiI Ce Is to go to Ba!i to"orro9. Dia akan pergi ke Bab bosok. &a"'n? bi!a bent'k ini (ig'nakan (a!a" s'rat kabar. kata kerja "enghe"at spasi.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

The Presi(ent is to "ake a state"ent to"orro9. Presi(ent to "ake state"ent to"orro9. Prosi(on akan "e"b'at po"7ataan besok. She 9as to go. Dia akan pergi. Past Infiniti+e
HbeF sering (ihi!angkan 'nt'k

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

She 9as to ha+e gone. Dia rencanan7a akan s'(ah pergi. Perfect Infiniti+e

2%

3. Bent'k 9asE9ere L perfect infiniti+e "en'nj'kkan s'at' rencana 7ang (ib'at? tetapi ti(ak (ipen'hD(ikab'!kanE(iiaksanakan
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She 9as to ha+e cons'!te( the (octor 7ester(a7. !a berencana akan berkons'itasi (engan (okter it' ke"ann. &a"'n? is ti(ak berkons'!tasi (engan (okter it'. Ce 9as to ha+e ret'rne( fro" Ban('ng !ast 9eek. Dia berencana akan ke"ba!i (an Ban('ng "ingg' !a!'. &a"'n. is be!'" ke"ba!i (a( Ban('ng. I 9as to ha+e 9ritten the book !ast 7ear. Sa7a berencana s'(ah "en'!!s b'k' it' tah'n kernarin.
&a"'n. sa7a be!'" "en'!!s b'k' it'.

$. Bent'k 9asE9ere L Infiniti+e (apat "en7atakan gagasan tentang nasibEtak(ir ((estin7#

1ontoh ka!i"at=
She recei+e( a b!o9 on her hea(. It (i(nHt 9orr7 her at the ti"e b't it 9as to be +er7 tro'b!eso"e !ater.

Dia "en(apat p'k'!an (i kepa!an7a. Ca! it' ti(ak "ence"askann7a 9akt' it'? tetapi ke"'(ian "enja(i sangat "en7'sahkan.
Ca! ini "en7'sahkann7a. The7 sai( goo(b7e? !itt!e kno9ing the7 9ere ne+er to

"oot again.

4oroka "ong'capkan se!a"at ja!an? ti(ak tah' "oreka takkan pe"ah borte"' !ag#. 4ereka (itak(irkan tak pe"ah berte"'.

%. Bent'k to be abo't L infiniti+e "en7atakan 9akt' 7ang akan (atang 7ang bersifat segera
S's'nan kata a(a!ah S'bject L be L abo't L to L Infiniti+e L co"p!e"ent. To be abo't to M Ca"pir saja? bar' saja akan.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce is abo't to !ea+e.
Dia bare saja akan berangkat. She Is abo't to sing. Dia bare saja "a' "en7an7!. The p!ane Is abo't to take off. Pesa9at terbang it' barn saja akan berangkat. ata Hj'stH bisa j'gs (ig'nakan (a!a" bent'k present tense (an past tense 'nt'k !ebih "enegaskan 9akt' sekarang.

han (engan hak cipta a

-ca !c!(I 1N1N1 I

:ai 1

I!an O>i.?!(

22) 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

1ontoh ka!i"at= The7 are j'st abo't to start.

4oreka bar' saja "a' segera "'!ai. She 9as j'st abo't to (i+e 9hen she sa9 the shark. !a bar' saja "a' sagera "en7e!a"iter#'n ketika (ia "e!ihat ikan hi' it'.

ita (apat "eng'ngkapkan artiE"akna 7ang sa"a seperti be abo't L infiniti+e (engan "engg'nakan bent'k be on the point of L ger'n(. tetapi "aknan7aEn'ansan7a se(ikit !ebih segera.

). F'ngs! FbeF 7ang 7ang "e"bent'k contin'o's tense

a. Present contin'o's tense 1ontoh ka!i"at= I a" rea(ing. Sa7a se(ang "e"baca. She is 9riting a !etter.

to se(ang "on'!is s'rat.

b. Past contin'o's tense
1ontoh ka!i"at=

P'tri7ani 9as tra+e!ing. P'tr!7ani se(ang berta"as7a.

Bo' 9ere (ictating a !etter to "o. a' se(ang "en(iktekan seb'ah s'rat pa(a sa7a.

c.

F't're contin'o's tense

1ontoh I shaD be 9riting. ka!i"at=

So7a akan se(ang "en'!is. hTe7 sha!! be st'(7ing. 4oreka akan se(ang be!ajar. Sing'!ar
Present 1ontin'o's Tense I a" rea(ing

Bo' are rea(ing CeEsheEit is rea(ing Past 1ontin'o's Tense I 9as rea(ing Bo' 9ere rea(ing CeEsheEit 9as rea(ing.
F't're 1ontin'o's Tonso !E7o'!heEsheEit 9i!! be rea(ing.

P!'ra!
;eE7o'Ethe7 are rea(ing

;eE7o'Ethe7 9ere rea(ing.

;eE7o'Ethe7 9i!! be rea(ing.

*(..anGe( tPng!is 1ra""ar for i0iPi 5 iHre= araicr

I,

Partike! QbeH (apat (ig'nakan (engan ha+eEhasEha( 'nt'k "e"bent'k perfect contin'o's tense (engan "engg'nakan bent'k HbeenH= I ha+e been st'(7ing (Present Perfect 1ontin'o's#
I ha( been st'(7ing (Past Perfect 1ontin'o's#

I sha!! ha+e been st'(7ing (F't're Perfect 1ontin'o's# Partike! HbeH j'ga (apat (ig'nakan (engan canE9i!!E"'st 'nt'k "e"bent'k perfect contin'o's tense.

,. Bent'k partike! FbeF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "eng'bah ka!i"at (art aktif ke pasif. Da!a" se"'a tensis bent'k FbeF har's (ig'nakan (a!a" ka!!"at pasif
1on!oh ka!i"at=

S"oking Is prohibite(.
Di!arang "orokok. I 9as to!( abo't it 7ester(a7.

Sa7a (iberEtah' ten fang ha! ini ke"arin.

.. Bent'k partike! FbeF (ig'nakan (a!a" ka!i"at kon(isiona!!pengan(aian 7ang "en'nj'kkan bah9a seb'ah sit'asiEkea(aan ata' pengan(a!an ti(ak a(a? ti(ak (apat a(a? bersifat kha7a!an? ata' ti(ak "'ngkin.
1ontoh ka!i"at= If it 9ere to rain no9? ho9 co'!( 9e go o't.

a!a' h'jan !'r'n sekarang? bagai"ana kits bisa keE'ar. ;ere 7o' a "i!!ionaire. 9hat 9o'!( 7o' (o 9ith the "one7I a!a' ka' soorang "i!!ionor? apa 7ang akan ka' !ak'kan (engan 'ang it'I

Partike! FBeF Sebaga!

ata

erja Biasa B'kan

ata

erja Bant'

Sobagai kata kerja biasa f'ngsi 'ta"a to beF a(a!ah sebagai kata kerja pengh'b'ng (5inking 2erb#. Sebagai kata kerja pongh'b'ng to beH berf'ngsi 'nt'k "engh'b'ngkan seb'ah s'bjek (engan seb'ah

ko"p!o"en (po!engkap#. 1ontoh !inking +erb 7ang !ain a(a!ah beco"e? see". !ook. (an !ain>!ain. S'bject
The gir!

5inking 2erb
is. Sa!ah. >? a!i"at 7ang ti(ak !engkap. -a(is (' apaI

Ste!!a &a(eak

beca"e.

# Ste!!a &a(eak "enja(i apaI

S'bject The gir! Ste!!a &a(oak

5inking 2erb is beca"e

1o"p!e"ent
bea'tif'!. a teacher to !ike it.

She
This Ce

see"s
is !ooks

right. happ7.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

ata>kata shat 7ang sering (ig'nakan (a!a" bent'k ini seperti=

12/

*nno7ing

1a'tio's
Diffic'!t

M 4enggangg'. "enjengke!kan. M Berhati>hati.

M S'kar. s'!it? pa7ah.

Ba(

1!e+er
Foo!ish
F'nn7 -oo(

:ahat. b'r'k. je!ek. > Pan(ai. cakap. cer(ik.

> Bo(oh? to!o!? neka(. M 5'c'? ganji!.

Econo"ica! > Co"at. init.

E6tra+agant
For"a! -enero's

M Boros. ro7a!.
M 3es"i? !or"i!. kak'. M Ber"'rah haft. (e"ia9an.

Ce!pf'! 4ean &ois7 Pessi"istic 8'iet

Se!fish

M S'ka "eno!ong. berg'na. M 5okek. kikir? naka!. sakit. M 3ib't? sangat ra"ai. M Pesi"istis. > Sepi. (ia". tenang.
> Egois. "e"entingkan (in son(iri.

M Bark. b'(i"an? se!ia. Irritating M 4enggangg'. 47sterio's M *neh. pe!ik. gaib. Opti"istic M Opti"istis. Po!ite M Sopan sant'n. 3ash M Terb9H'>b'r'? gegabah.
St'pi( M Bo(oh? fo!o!.

;ise

M Bijaksana? ari!.

Perban(ingan HbeF (engan FbeingH= :oni is being st'pi(. :oni se(ang ber!in(ak bo(oh han7a pa(a seat ini s.aja.
Ban(ingkan (engan=.

:oni is st'pi(. :oni benar>benar bo(oh. ;ika is being caref'!. tika se(ang bertin(ak (engan berhati>hati sekarang.
Ban(ingkan (ongan=

;ika is a caref'! person. ;ika orang 7ang berhati>hati S's'nan kata kerja beH (a!a" bont'k contin'o's present tense a(a!ah a" being.
Bo'? 9e? the7 are being. Ce? she? it is being.

1atatan= Biasan7a. kita "engg'nakan si"p!e tense (engan kata kerja HbeH sebagai kata kerja 'ta"a.
:akarta is the capita! of In(onesia. B'kan :akarta is being the capita! of In(onesia

Is she bea'tif'!I B'kan Is she being bea'tif'!I ;ere 7o' !ateI B'kan ;ere 7o' being !ateI

30 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

D.

Partike! FbeH (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan 'sia!'"'r.

;i!!ia"
Bett7

Co9 o!( are 7o'I Berapa '"'r"'I

= I a" t9ent7 7ears o!(. B'kan IH" t9ent7 7ears.

Sa7a ber'"'r 20 tah'n.

;i!!ia" = Co9 o!( is this ho'seI Berapa '"'r r'"ah iniI

Bett7

= It Is 200 7ears o!(. D"'"7a 200 tah'n.

1atatan=
ita har's "engg'nakan 7ears o!( kata' kita "en7eb't 'sia ses'at'.

E. Partike! FbeH (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan 'k'ran (an be rat. 4ichae! 17nthia 4ichae! 17nthia
3ini

= Co9 ta!! are 7o'I Borapa tinggi"'I = I a" 1..0 "etres. Sa7a tinggin7a 1..0 "eter. = Co9 high are 9e no9I Seberapa ketinggian kita sekarangI ;e are abo't 1%?000 feet.

rta bora(a (i kotinggian sokitar 1%.000 kaki.

= ;hat is 7o'r 9eightI

Berapa berat"'I *nton = I a" ,% ki!os. Berat sa7a ,% ki!ogra".

F.

Partike!HbeH (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan harga.

*!en Dick

Co9 "'ch is this carI ata' ;hat (oes this car costI Berapa harga "obi! iniI
It is R %00?000.

Cargan7a %00.000 (o!ar. Sa""7 = The best are R %0.

Bo!a>bo!a terbaik hargan7a %0 (o!!ar.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 31

-. Partike! FbeF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan perintah ata' nasihat. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Be goo(A
Baik>baik!ahA :aga!ah (iri"' ba!k>ba!kA

DonHt be !ongA :angan !a"a>!a"aA C. Partike! QbeF (ig'nakan (engan infiniti+e. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She 9ants to be a (octor.
Dia ingin "enEa(A (okter.

To be or not to be is the @'estion.

4enEa(A ata' ti(ak it'!ah portan7aann7a. 1. Par!ike! HbeF (ig'nakan (a!a" past particip!e. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
She has been to Tok7o.

Dia s'(ah pernah ke Tok7o. I ha+e been 9orking for % 7ears. Sa7a s'(ah bokerja se!a"a !i"a tah'n. :. Partike! FbeF (ig'nakan (a!a" present particip!e. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
Being Ine6perience(? she fo'n( it (iffic'!t to "anage the b'siness. aren k'rang penga!a"an? (ia "orasa s'kar 'nt'k "enge!o!a bisnis it'.

. Partike! FbeF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan ke"'ngkinan. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce is the 9o'!(>be the presi(ent of the co"pan7. Dia "'ngkin ca!on (irekt'r por'sahaan it'.

She 9o'!(>be the bri(e. Dia "'ngkin ta!on pengantin pere"p'an.

D1t .(=1 I 5t== ij?=N i

32 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for IOEF>5 Preparation

5.

Partike!HbeH (a!a" bent'k present particip!e (apat (ig'nakan sebagai kata ben(a (a!a" arti eksistensi?
ba(an. (an "ah!'k.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

47 9ho!e being thri!!e( to the so'n( of that "'sic. So!'r'h ba(ank' borgotar o!oh b'n7i "'sik it'. E+er7 being on this p!anet. Setiap "ah!'k (i ;as b'"i ini. To 9orship a s'pre"e Ding.
4en7e"bah Bang 4aha 'asa.

4. Partike! beH (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja bant' (engan arti F"enja(iF.
1ontoh ka!i"at= Bo' can be a firefighter. a' bisa "onja(i soorang anggota pe"a(a" kobakaran. &. Partike! beH (ig'nakan (ongan kata s!at sobagai Infiniti+e tanpa to.

1ontoh ka!i"at= It can be tr'e. Ini "'ngkin benar. I "a7 be 9rong. Sa7a "'ngkin ke!ir'. 0. Partike! HbeH (ig'nakan (a!a" ja9aban atas pertan7aan.
1ontoh ka!i"at= ;ho Is thereI Siapa (i sanaI

It Is "e. Sa7a.
P. Partike! beH (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"b'at pertan7aan.

State"ent
1. 1 a" a 9ritor. Sa7a a(a!ah soorang pon'!is. 2. Bo' are "7 fe!!o9. a' a(aEah 5e"an sa7a.

Positi+e @'estion
*" I a 9riterI *pakah sa7s soorang pon'!isI

*re 7o' "7 fo!!o9I

*pakah ka"' 5e"an sa7aI

3. She is an In(onesian. Dia a(a!ah orang In(onesia.

Is she an In(onesianI *pakah (ia orang In(onesiaI

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TO5E 5 Preparation 1 33

0. Partike! beH (ig'nakan (a!a" "e"b'at ka!i"at tan7a "en7angka!. State"ent
1. I a" not a teacher. &egati+e @'estion

Sa7a b'kan soorang g'r'. 2. The7 are not h'ngr7 no9.

4ereka ti(ak taper sokarang.

*" I not a teacherI B'kankah sa7a seorang g'r'I *re the7 not h'ngr7 no9I
B'kankah "ereka taper sekarangI

3. Bo' are not "7 h'sban(. a' b'kan s'a"ik'.

*re 7o' not "7 h'sban(I B'kankah ka' s'a"ik'I

*. Par!ike!HbeF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"b'at ka!i"at "en7angka!.

State"ent
1. 1 Sa7a a(a!ah seorang pen7an7i. 2. ;e are rich peop!e. a"i a(a!ah orang ka7a.
3. She is a bea'tif'! 9o"an. Dia a(a!ah 9anita 7ang cantik.

&egati+e state"ent a" a singer. I a" not a singer. Sa7a b'kan seorang pcn7an7i. ;e are not rich peop!e. a"i b'kan orang ka7a.
She is not a bea'tif'! 9o"an.

Dia b'kan 9anita 7ang cantik.

5NDIIj:NI

1
O

1==rS i*c=

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 13,

E. Pernbent'kan

ata Ben(a

ata ben(a (apat (ibent'k (an kata<kata !ain.

1.

ota ben(a (!bent'k (art kata sifat.

ata Sifat
*b!e ((apat? "a"p'? tera"pi!#

ata Ben(a *bi!it7 (ko"a"p'an? kesangg'pan# Bra+er7 (koboranian# Densit7 (kepa(atan? begat jenis#
Conest7 (kej'j'ran? ke!'r'san hats#

Bra+o (berans# Donso (toba!? pa(at# Conest (j'j'r? !'r's ha!!# Ignorant (bo(oh? ('ng'# &o+e! (barn# P're (bersih? "'"?#
8'ick (cepat. !ekas#

Ignorance (keti(aktah'an. kebo(ohan# &o+e!t7 (ses'at' 7ang barn? kesenangan bare# P'rit7 (ke"'"ian. kes'cian#
8'ickness (kecepatan. ketangkasan# Tr'th (kobonaran# 2anit7 (keso"bongan? kesiasiaan#

Tr'e (bonar? sejab# 2ain (so"bong? sia>sia#

2.

ota ben(a (art kate kerja.

ate erja
ate Ben(a

*("it ("engak'i? "engak'# Be!ie+e (perca7a# 1hoose ("e"i!ih? "e"'t'skan# Den7 ("en7angka!. "ongingkan# E6ist (a(a? hi('p# Free (babas? "er(eka# Cea! ("en7e"b'hkan# In+ite ("eng'n(ang? "e"persi!akan# :'(ge ("eni!ai? "e"perti"bangkan# no9 ("engena!? tah'. "engetah't#

*("ission (pengak'an? hak iGin "as'k# Be!ief (keperca7aan? ke7akinan# 1hoice (pi!ihan. pe"i!ihan# Denia! (pono!akan? pen7angka!an# E6istence (a(an7a? kehi('pan# Free(o" (ke"er(ekaan? kebebasan# Cea!th (kesehatan# In+itation ('n(angan# :'(ge"ent (perti"bangan? kep't'san# no9!e(ge (pengetah'an? i!"' pengetah'an#

3. *bstract no'n (kata ben(a abstrak# (apat (!bent'k (art co""on no'n (kata ben(a

'rn 'rn#
ata Ben(a D"'"
*gent (ages? 9aki!? a!ai#

ate Ben(a *bstrak *genc7 (pen+aki!an. perantara#

Beggar (penge"is. pe"inta>"inta# Brother (sa'(ara !aki>!aki. kakak>a(ik# 1an(i(ate (ca!on#

Dea!er (pe(agang? pe"bagi#

Beggar7 (ke"iskinan 7ang b'kan "ain# Brotherhoo( (porsa'(araan# 1an(i(at'reEcan(i(ac7 (poncaEonan#

Dea!ership (hak ponj'a!an#

Dip!o"at ((ip!o"at# E!ectrician ("ontir !istrik# Frien( (te"an? ka9an# -!'tton (seorang rakes? pe!ahap# -ra('ate (ta"atan. !'!'san#

Dip!o"ac7 ((ip!o"asi# E!ectricit7 (!istrik# Frien(ship (persahabatan# -!'tton7 (kerak'san# -ra('ation ('pacara ta"at seko!ah#

3. j *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for T1Ef 1. Preparation

Pe"bent'kan

ata

Pe"bent'kan kata a(a!ah seko!o"pok h'r'f 7ang "e"p'n7ai anti (an (apat ber(iri son(iri. Pri"ar7
9or( (kata (asar# a(a!ah kata>kata 7ang ter"as'k ket'r'nan as!i kata>kata bahasa Inggris 7ang be!'" (it'r'nkan? (igab'ngkan ata' (ike"bangkan (ari kata>kata 7ang !ain. Se"'a kata (iben!'k (ari kata>kata (asar ini. Pri"ar7 9or( (iseb't j'ga si"p!e 9or( (kata t'ngga!Ese(erhana#.

ata>kata 7ang (ibent'k (ari pri"ar7 9or( (bagi a!as tiga? 7ai!' co"po'n( 9or(s? pri"ar7 (eri+ati+e. (an secon(ar7 (eri+ati+e. a. 1o"po'n( 9or(s (kata gab'ngan# 7ait' kata>kata 7ang (ibent'k (engan "enggab'ngkan ('a ata' !ebih kata (asar? seperti co!!ege bo7 (anak k'!iah#? "an of science (i!"'9an#? "oon!ight (sinar b'!an#? ne+erthe!ess (na"'n. "eskip'n (e"ikian#. schoo! b's (bis seko!ah#? te"p!e priest (pen(eta k'i!#? (an
'n(ertake ("enja!ankan. "engerjakan#. b. Pri"ar7 (eri+ati+e (kata ja(ian (asar# a(a!ah kata 7ang (ibent'k (ongan "o"b'at beborapa

per'bahan (a!a" pri"ar7 9or( it' sen(iri.

(ibent'k (ari pri"ar7 (eri+ati+e ini.

ata ben(s? kata sifat? kata kerja? (an kata keterangan ("eng?kat? "e"ba!'t?

Bon( (ta!i. ikatan? s'rat ob!igasi? s'rat tangg'ngan? pengikat# (ari bin(
"enji!i(#

Breach (pe!anggaran? pene"b'san. pe"'f'sanN "enerobos# (ari break (patch? p't'sn7a? keretakan.
per'bahan. istirahat. nasib. pe"'t'san= "e"ecahkan? "e"atahkan. "e"'t'skan? "er'sakkan# ;rong (kesa!ahan. koti(aka(i!anN sa!ah? khi!a!# (ari 9ring ("e"Tras? "ere"as>ro"as? "e"ijit. "on7a7at>

n7a7at#
c. Secon(ar7 (eri+ati+e (kata ja(ian sek'n(er# a(a!ah kata 7ang (ibent'k (engan "ena"bahkan beberapa h'r'f pa(a a9a! ata' akhir kata. Ta"bahan h'r'f pa(a a9a! kata 'nt'k "e"bent'k kata

bar' (iseb't prefi6 (prefiks? a9a!an# se(angkan !a"bahan h'r'f pa(a akhir kata 'nt'k "e"bent'k kata
bar' (iseb't s'ffi6 (s'fiks? akhiran#. Ba!k prefiks "a'p'n s'fiks (iseb't affi6 (a'ks? b'b'han#. :a(i? keban7akan kata (ibent'k (engan bant'an prefiks (an s'fiks. seperti bon(age (perb'(akan.

perha"boan#. bo7hoo( ("ass kanak>kanak#. (isp!ease( (ti(ak senang#. goo(ness (kobaikan. kebajikan#? hea!th7 (sehaf? hopef'! (pen'h harapan#? i"po!ite (ti(ak sopan? kasar#? kin(ness (kobaikan ha!!#? king(o" (kerajaan#? "an!7 (jantan? berani? gagah#? "is'n(erstan( (sa!ah "engertr#? other9ise (seba!ikn7a? !ain? ka!a' ti(ak#? 'neas7 (ge!isah? ti(ak tenang#? 'nhapp7 (ti(ak bahagia? ti(ak tepaO? (an
'n9ise (ti(ak bijaksana? bo(oh#?

1o"po'n( ;or(s ( ata< ate -ab'ngan#

eban7akan co"po'n( 9or(s a(a!ah ka!a ben(s. kata sifat? (an kata kerja. 1o"po'n( 9or(s (ibent'k (engan "enggab'ngkan ('a ata' !ebih kata. Tiap kata "e"p'n7ai arti tersen(iri? tetapi bi!a kata>kata

terseb't (igab'ngkan "aka "ereka "e"bent'k seb'ah anti 7ang bar'. 1o"po'n( 9or(s ka(ang>ka(ang
(it'!is (engan tan(a pengh'b'ng? tetapi ka(ang>ka(ang ti(ak.

1o"po'n( 9or(s (apat (iben!'k (ari beberapa gab'ngan kata ben(a. kata sifa!? kata kerja? kata

keterangan? ger'n(? (an particip!e.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 13/

1. &o'n L &o'n
&o'n
*ir (D(ara# *r" (5ongan? tangan# &o'n 4ai! (Pos# 1hair ( 'rst#

ato Bar'
*ir"ai! (Pos '(ara# *r"chair ( 'rsi tangan#

Can( (Tangan# Corse ( '(a# :ai! (Penjara? b'i

Bag (Tas# Po9er (Da7a? tenaga# Bir( (B'r'ng#

Can(bag (Tas tangan# Corsepo9er (Da7a k'(a#

:ai!bir( (Pongh'ni ponjara#

2. *(jecti+e L &o'n
*(jecti+e B!ack

&o'n
(Cifa"#

ota Bar'

8'ick (1epat# Short (Pon(ok singkat# Strong ( 'at? koras# S9eet (4anis? "er('#

3. 2erb L &o'n
2erb Break ("e"ecahkan# 1are ("a'? pe('!i# 1't ("e"otong? "engg'nting# Dare (berani# Scare ("enak'ti#

$. -er'n( L &o'n
-er'n(
Spoi!ing ("ongoja#

Stopping ("eng!njakkan# 2isiting ("eng'nj'ngo ;aiting ("en'ngg'#

;riting (t'!isan? "en'!is#

%. *(+erb L &o'n
*(+erb or Preposition *fter (ses'(ah it'? tentang# Do9n ((iEke ba9ah# Fore (bagian (epan? (epan# In ((a!a"# Off (!agi? !opas? ja'h# Boar(
Si!+er

(Papan#
(Perak#

Can( (Tangan#
Co!( (Pogangan# Coart (Can#

&o'n Fast (p'asa? sc'"# Taker (penga"bi!# Throat (tenggorokan#

De+i! (setae? ib!is#

1ro9 (b'r'ng gagak#

&o'n
Book (b'k'#

Stone 1ar(

(bat'# (kart'#

5ist( (a!tar# Desk ("eja !'!!s#

&o'n

Tho'ght (pikiran? gagasan# Fa!! ("'si" g'g'r? r'nt'h# Sight (peng!ihatan#

4ate (jo(oh? pasangan# Shoot (t'nas? p'c'k# B!ackboar( (Pagan !'!!s# 8'icksi!+er (*ir raksa#
Shorthan( (Stonografi? t'!isan cepat# Strongho!( ( 'b'? bontong# S9eetheart ( okasih#

ota Bar' Breakfast (sarapan pagt#

1aretaker (peng'nis? penge"ban# 1'tthroat (pe"b'n'h#

Dare(e+i! (pe"beran!# Scarecro9 (orang>orangan sa9ah#

ota Bar'
Spo!!ingbook (b'k' ojaan#

Steppingstone (bat' !oncatan# 2isitingcar( (kart' na"a# ;aiting!ist ((aftar na"a t'ngg'# ;riting(esk ("eta t'!is#

ota Bar'
*ftertho'ght (ren'ngan# Do9nfa!! (ker'nt'han? kejat'han# Foresight (tinja'an ke "asa (epan# In"ate (pengh'ni? pen('('k#

Offshoot (cabang? bagian#

$0 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEI5 Preparation

). 2erb L *(+erb
2erb Die ("ati? "oninggat Fo!!o9 ("ongik'ti? "on'r'ti# *(+erb Car( (koras. !obat# Dp (ko a!as# Dp (ko a!as#

5ock ("eng'ncr# 4ake ("e"b'a!# Set ("enar'h? "e"asang#

Dp (ke a!as#
Back ("'n('r#

,. *(+erb L 2erb
*(+erb
In ((a!a"#

2erb 1o"e ((atang# get (at'n 1o"e ((atang#

1r7 (se(ih#

O't (ket'ar# O't (!'ar# O't (!'ar# Dp (a!as#

eep (si"pan#

1o"po'n( 9or( (ibagi "enja(i ('a jenis. 7ait'=

ata Bar'
Diehar( (7ang koras kopa!a# Fo!!o9'p (!in(ak !an!'t#

5ock'p (ka"ar tahanan# 4ake'p (s's'nan? (an(anan# Setback (ke"'n('ran#

ota Bar' Inco"e (penghasi!an. pen(apatan# O'tset (per"'!aan# O'tco"e (hash? akibat# O'tcr7 (teriakan# Dpkeep (pe"e!iharaan#

*. 1o"po'n( *(jecti+e ( ate Sifat -ab'ngan# (apat (ibent'k (ari=

1.

&o'n L *(jecti+e (Particip!e#

&o'n

*(jecti+e

ota Bar'

Be( (te"pat ti('r#

3i((en

Be(ri((en (ti('r (i te"pat ti('r#

Breast (pa7'(ara#

Cigh (tinggi#

Breast>high (setinggi (a(a#

Ear (to!inga#

Piercing ("en's'k#

Ear>piercing ("en's'k te!inga#

Co"e (r'n9h#

Si(e (sakit#

Co"esick (rin(' r'"ah#

5ife (kohi('pan#

5ong (panjang#

5ife!ong (koka!. aback#

4oth (ngenga!#

Eaten ((i"akan#

4oth>eaten ((i"akan ngongat#

&ote (catatan#

;orth7 (berharga#

&ote9orth7 (pat't (iperhatikan#

Pitch (p'ncak#

Dark (ge!ap#

Pitch>(ark (ge!ap g'!ita#

Sea (!a'!

Sick (saki!

Seasick ("ab'k !a'f#

;or!( (('nia#

;i(( (!obar#

;or!(>9i(e ("e!ip'ti se!'r'h ('nia#

2. *(jecti+e L *(jecti+e

*(jecti+e

*(jecti+e

ota Bar'

B!'e (birth

B!ack (hita"#

B!'eback (bir' t'a#

D'!! (t'"p't

-re7 (ab'>ab'#

D'!!>gre7 (ab'>ab' p'(ar#

5'ke

;ar" (hangat#

5'ke>9ar" (hanga! k'k'#

3e( ("orah#

Cot (panas#

3o(>hot (pijar? panas seka!t#

;hite (p't!h#

Cot (panas#

;hite>hot (panas p7ar? pans bara#

U f1at! !

=!!ja!I !k4 ==&ta

*(+ance( 5ng!is?n -ra""ar for iO5I5 Preparation 1?11

3. *(+erb L Particip!e
*(+erb Do9n (ba9ah# E+er (po"ah# Particip!e Cearte( (hate# 5asting (torakhir#

ata Bar'
Do9n>hearte( (so(ih? p't's asa# E+er!asting (aba(i? totap? koka!#

Far (ja'h# In ((a!a"# 5ong (panjang#

&e+er (ti(ak pernah#

Seeing (pan(angan#
Born (!ahis

S'ffering ((en(a#
En(ing (akhir#

O't (!'ar# Thoro'gh (cer"at

;e!! (ba!k#

Spoken (bicara# Bre( (kot'r'nan#

1hosen (pi!ihan#

Far>seeing ("e!ihat ja'h ke (epan# Inborn (pe"ba9aan seEak !ahit# 5ong>s'ffering (!a"a "en(enta# &e+er>en(ing (aba(r#
O'tspoken (!er's terang# Thoro'ghbre( (ket'r'nan "'rr'# ;e!!>chosen ((ipi!ih (ongan bark#

B. 1o"po'n( 2erb ( ata

erfa -ab'ngan# (apat (ibent'k (ari=

1. &o'n L 2erb

&o'n

2erb

ata Bar'

Back (be!akang#

Bi!e ("enggigit#

Back>bite ("e"htnah#

Bro9 (a!es#

Beat ("e"'k'!#

Bro9beat ("enggertak#

Ear (te!inga#

4ark (tan(a#

Ear"ark ("e"per'nt'kkan#

T7pe (!ipe. ketik#

;rite ("en'!is#

T7pe9rite ("engetik#

;a7 (ja!an#

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;a7!a7 ("encegah. "enghentikan#

2. *(jecti+e L 2erb

*(jecti+e

2erb

ata Bar'

F'!

Fi!!(!#

F'!fi!(!# ("e"en'hr#

Sate (se!a"at#

-'ar( ("enjaga#

Safeg'ar( ('saha per!in('ngan#

;hite (p'tih#

;ash ("enc'a#

;hite9ash ("en't'pi kesa!ahan#

3. *(+erb L 2erb

*(+erb

2erb

ato bar'

Fore (bag!an (epan#

Te!! ("e"bentah'#

Forete!! ("era"a!kan#

O't (ke!'ar#

Bi( (ta9aran#

O'tbi( (ka!ah (a!a" "ena9ar#

O't (ke!'ar#

Do ("e!ak'kan#

O't(o ("enga!ahkan#

O+er (!ebih#

Do ("e!ak'kan#

O+er(o ("e!ak'kan bertcbihan#

O+er (Icbih#

Cear ((engar#

O+erhear (a(a "en(engar>(engar#

O+er (Iobh#

Take ("onga"br!#

O+ertake ("on7's'!#

O+er (!ebih#

Thro9 ("e!e"par#

O+erthro9 ("enjat'hkan#

Dn(er (ba9ah#

-o (pergi#

Dn(ergo ("enEa!an!? "enga!a"i#

Dn(er (ba9ah#

Take ("enga"bi!#

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Dp (a!as#

Set ("engat'r#

Dpset ("enggangg'#

5!.!

tiiA

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$2 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

-E&DE3 (:E&IS E5*4I&#

Da!a" bahasa Inggris? 7ang (i"aks'( (engan gen(er a(a!ah pe"bagianEk!asifikasi kata ben(a ber(asarkan jenis ke!a"in. -en(er "e"beritah' kita apakah seseorang ata' seekor binatang it' !e!akiA jantan ata' pere"p'anEbetina ata' b'kan "akh!'k hi('p. Dengan kata !ain? gen(er "en7atakan jenis ke!a"in orang? binatang. (an !ain>!ain. -en(er j'ga "en7atakan ben(a>ben(a 7ang ti(ak rne"p'n7ai jenis
ke!a"in. totapi ka(ang>ka(ang (iperia!ikanE(iasosiasikan (engan jenis ke!a"in tortent'. seporti= * bo7 (Seorang anak !aki>!aki# (an a "an (Seorang pria# (ikategortkan sebaga! !aki>!aki. se(angkan a gir! (Seorang anak ga(is# (an a 9o"an (Seorang 9anita# (ikategorikan sebagai pere"p'an.

ata ben(a "o"p'n7ai e"pat jonis ke!a"in? 7ait'= 1. 4asc'!ine gen(er (jenis ke!a"in !aki>!akiE"ask'!in# 4asc'!ine -en(er a(a!ah kata ben(a 7ang "en'nj'kkanE"en7atakan se"'a "akh!'k hi('p 7ang berjenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki ata' jantan? seperti bo7 (anak !aki>!ak?#? brother (sa'(ara !aki>!a#b#. cock (a7a" jantan#? father (a7ah? bapak#? hero (pah!a9an#? king (raja#? !ion (singa#? "an (!aki>saki? pria#? 'nc!e (pa"an#. 2. Fe"inine gen(er (jenis ke!a"in pere"p'anEfe"inin#
Fe"inine -en(er a(a!ah kata bon(a 7ang "en'nj'kkan so"'a "ahk!'k hi('p 7ang borjonis ke!a"in pere"p'anEbetina? seperti a'nt (bibi. tante#? gir! (ga(is#? hen (a7a" betina#? !ioness (singa botina#?

"are (k'(a betina#? "other (ib'#? sister (sa'(ara pere"p'an#. (an 9o"an (9anita? pere"p'an#.
3. &e'ter gen(er (jenis ke!a"in netra!# &e'ter -en(er a(a!ah kata ben(a 7ang "en7atakar2"en'nj'kkan ob!ekEben(a>ben(a 7ang ti(ak hi('p ata' ti(ak "e"p'n7a! jenis ke!a"in. seperti bag (!as? kantong? koper#. book (b'k'#. chair (k'rsO?

c!oth (kain#. ho'se (r'"ah#? "at (kesetan? tikar#? penci! (penci!#? (an tab!e ("eja#. $. 1o""on gen(er (!enis keta"in '"'"#
1o""on -en(er a(a!ah kata ben(a 7ang ti(ak secara je!as "ene rang kanE"en7ata ka n bah9a s'at' ben(a ata' "akh!'k hi('p a(a!ah borjenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki ata' pere"p'an. 1o""on gen(er (ig'nakan bi!a sob'ah kata ben(a bisa berjenis ke!a"in baik !aki>!aki ata' pere"p'an? seperti chi!( (anak#. co'sin (sa'(ara sop'p'#? (octor ((okter? (oktor#? engineer (insin7'r? "asinis#? frien( (te"an? ka9an#. !ect'rer (!ektor. (osen? pencera"ah#. ser+ant (b'jang. pe!a7an? ab(?#. singer (pen7an7i#? st'(ent ("ahasis9aEi?

pe!ajar#. (an teacher (g'r'. pengajar#.

Pe"bent'kan Fe"inine -en(er 1. Dengan "engg'nakan kata 7ang berbe(a=

4asc'!ine

Bache!or (b'jangan# BoarEpig# (bab=# B'ckE(eer (rasa jantan? kijang# 1ock (a7a" jantan#

Fe"inine

4ai(Hspinster (ga(is? pera9an t'a# So9 (babi betina? in('k bab7#

Doe (kijang betina#

Cen (a7a" botina#

1ockere! (a7a" jantan "'(a# 1o!t (anak k'(a jantan# Dog (anjing Drake (itik jantan# -an(er (angsa
Care (ke!inci?

jantan# jantan#
ten+e!'#

Ca9k (b'r'ng Corse (k'(a(jantan## 3a"Esheep (birr<biri jantan# Stag (C'se jantan#
;iGar( (ah!i sihir#

etang#

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 $3

P'!!et (anak a7a" betina? a7a" (ara# Fi!!7 (anak k'(a betina# BrtchEs!'t (anjing botina# D'ck (itik betina# -oose (angsa betina# Doe (ke!inci betina? kijang betina# Bo9ess (b'r'ng etang betina# 4are (k'(a betina# E9e (biri>biri K+nita# Cin( (r'sa betina#
;itch (t'kang sihir 9anita#

2.

Dengan "ena"bahkan HessHH pa(s "ask'!inn7a. *'thor (pengarang. pon'!is# Baron (ge!ar bangsa 9an (i inggris# 1o'nt (ge!arbangsaK+an tinggi b'kan (i inggris# -iant (raksasa !aki>!ak?# -o( ((e9a? t'han#
Ceir (ah!i 9arts !aki>!ak?#

Cost (t'an r'"ah#

:e9 (!aki<!aki Bah'(?#

4anager ("anajer !aki>!ak##

4i!!ionairo ("i!i'nor? j'ta9an# 4'r(er (pe"b'n'h !aki>!ak=#

Priest (pen(eta. i"a"# Prior (kepa!a biara pria#

Prophet (nabi? ras'! !aki>!ak## Sorcerer (t'kang sihir !aki>!aki#

*'thoress (pengarang 9anita# Baroness (baron pero"p'an# 1o'ntess (co'nt 9anita# -iantess (raksasa porernp'an# -o((ess ((e9?# Ceiress (ah!i 9ares pere"p'an# Costess (n7on7a r'"ah# :e9ess (pere"p'an 7ah'(s# 4anageress ("anajer 9anita# 4i!!ionaiross (j'ta9ah# 4'r(eress (pe"b'n'h pero"p'an# Priestess (pen(eta 9anita#
Prioress (kepa!a 4ara 9anita# Prophetess (nabiah? nabi pere"p'an# Sorceress (t'kang sihir 9anita#

3.

Dengan "enghi!angkan h'r'f hi('p (an "ena"bahkan FessF.

*ctor (aktot#

*ctress (aktris#

Benefactor ((or"a9an#

Benefactress ((er"a9ab#

D'ke (a(ipO#

D'chess (istri scorang ('ke. 9anita bangsa9an#

E(itor (ro(akt'r? pe"eriksa naskah#

E(itress (e(itor pore"p'an#

E"peror (kaiser pria#

E"peress (kaiser K+anita#

-o+ernor (g'bo"'r!aki>!ake#

-o+erness (g'born'r poro"p'an#

C'nter (po"b'r'#

C'ntress (po"b'r' poro"p'an#

&egro (orang negro#

&egress (9anita negro#

Porter (penjaga pint'. portir#

Portess (penjaga pint' 9anita#

Prince (ppangTran#

Princess (paten#

5.?1.N :F ? ? I.1NS

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it.N I *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

$.

Dengan "eng'bah kata gantin7a. ata' (engan "ena"bahkan seb'ah a9a!an ata' (engan "eng'bah
akhiran B(t7>goat (ka"bing jantan# B'ck>rabbit (ke!inci jantan# &ann7>goat (ka"bing betina#

B'!!>ca!! (anak saps jantan# 1ock>pigeon (b'r'ng (ara!"erpatijantan# Dair7"an (po(agang s's'#
Cea(>"aster (kTpa!a soko!ah !aki>1$1)# Ce>9o!f (seriga!a jantan# :ack>ass (ke!e(aijantan#

Doe>rabbit (ketinci betina# 1o9>ca!! (anak sapi betina# Cen>pigeon (b'r'ng (ara betina# Dair79o"an (po(agang s's' pere"p'an#
Cea(>"istress (kopa!a seko!ah pere"p'an#

5an(!or( (t'an r'"ah# 4an>ser+ant (pe!a7an !aki(akr# %. Dengan cara>cara tertent'. *("inistrator (pengat'r. pen7e!enggara# Bea' (peso!ek? po"berahi# Bri(egroo" (pengantin !aki>!aki# 1Gar (kaisar 3'sia#
Don (ge!ar bangsa9an Span7o!# Cero (pahEa9an !aki>!aki#

She>9o!f (senga!a jantan# :enn7>assEshe>ass (ke!e(ai betina# 5an(!a(7 (9anita pe"i!ik pon(okan#

4ai(>ser+ant (pe!a7an pere"p'an#

*("inistratri6 (a("inistrat'r pere"p'an# Be!!e (9anita cantik# Bri(e (pongantin pero"p'an# 1Garina (istri kaisar r'sia# Donna (ge!ar bangsa9an 9anita Span7o! Ceroine (pahEa9an 9anita# Procec'tri6 (pen'nt't 9anita# Signora (n7on7a# Testatri6 (9anita 7ang "eningga!kan 9arisan# ;i(o9 (jan(a#

Procec'tor (pen'nt't pria# Signor (t'an (bahasa Ita!ia# Testator (pria 7ang "eningga!kan 9arisan# ;i(o9er (('(a#
Bent'k>Bent'k 5ain Dan 1o""on -en(er

a. Orang
*('!t *ssistant Brea(9inner M orang (e9asa. aki! ba!igh pc"bant'. asiston. 9aki! *(+iser Bab7 . M penasehat > ba7i? anak

1hi!( 1o"panion Dentist Ene"7 -ar(ener -'ar(ian

-'i(e b. 4akh!'k hi('p

M pencan nafkah M anak. kanak>kanak. bani M te"an? ka9an. rekan M (okter gigA M "'s'h? !a9an > t'kang keb'n
M 9a!!? po!in('ng

B'7er 1!erk 17c!ist Dri+er Far"er

-'ar(

M po"beh M pega9ai toko. pra"'niaga M pengen(ara sepe(a M s'pir? pengen(ara M petani? orang tani M penga9a!. ponjaga M ta"' M ponjaja M se"'t. M ke!o(ai.

-'est Ca9ker . *nt *ss

M pe"an(' a binatang. he9an. M sia"ang. kora. "on7ot. M bor'ang. M b'r'ng.

M k'cing. M ternak? !e"b'? sapi. > b'a7a. M raja9a!i. c!ang. gar'(a.

*ni"a! *po Bear

Bir(

Beet!e
B'tterf!7 1aterpi!!ar 1hicken

M k'"bang.
M k'p'>k'p'. M '!at b'!'. M a7a".

1at 1att!e
1roco(i!e

Eag!o

Deer Fish

M r'sa. kijang. > ikan.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1$%

1OD&T*B5E *&D D&1OD&T*B5E &OD&S
Da!a" bahasa Inggris a(a ('a jonis kata bon(a 7ait' co'ntab!e no'ns (co'nt no'ns# (an

'nco'ntab!e no'ns (non>co'nt no'nsE"ass no'ns#.

rta har's "e"aha"i perbe(aan antara

co'ntab!e no'ns (an 'nco'ntab!e no'ns s'pa7a kita (apat "engg'nakan kata san(ang (the (an a!an# (engan benar? "engg'nakan bent'k ja"ak (engan benar? (an "engg'nakan kata kata k'antitas ata' @'antifiers seperti "'ch (an "an7 (engan benar.

1o'ntab!e (an 'nco'ntab!e no'ns se6ing "engg'nakan artic!es (kata san(ang# 7ang berbe(a.
(an non>co'nt no'ns b!asan7a ti(ak "e"p'n7ai bent'k ja"ak.

*. 1o'ntab!e &o'ns
1o'ntab!e &o'n a(a!ah na"a ben(a 7ang (apat (ihit'ng ata' (ibagi "enja(i t'ngga! ata' ja"ak. :a(i? co'ntab!e no'n a(a!ah kata ben(a 7ang "e"p'n7ai bent'k t'ngga! (an :'ga bent'k ja"ak? seperti ans9er (ja9aban? sah'tan? ba!asan#. a9ar( (ha(iah. pe"berian#. batter7 (baterai. aki#? book
(b'k'#. bott!e (boto!#. bo7 (anak !aki>!ake#. b'sh (se"ak>se"ak#. ca"era (ka"era#. can(i(ate (ca!on#? cat

(k'cing#? c!ass (ke!as. go!ongan. pe!ajaran? ja"#? (o!!ar ((o!a$? (oor (pint'#? (ot (titik. bintik#. e6a" ('jian? pe"eriksaan#. finger (an#? hero (pah!a9an#. ho'r Ba"#. i(ea (gagasan. i(e? pikiran#. job (pekerjaan. t'gas#. jo'rne7 (kepergian. perjatanan#? !atch (kancing? pa!ang pint'? gren(et? pen (pens#? photograph (potret? ga"bar#. piece (potongan? b'ah? bagian#? re"ark ('capan? kata>kata? teg'ran#? report (!aporan#? shoe (sepat'#? song (!ag'? n7an7ian#? st'(ent (pe!ajar. "ahasis9a#. st'(io (st'(io#? s'itcase (kopor#? tab!e ("eja#? tip (nasihat? pet'ah? Info? kabar rahasia? 'ang rokok#? tree (pohon#? +ie9 (pe"an(angan? pan(angan? pen(apao? 9or( (kata? perkataan#. (an 9riter (pen'!ts#. Bi!a seb'ah kata ben(a 7ang (apat (ihit'ng it' t'ngga! (an ti(ak tent' (in(efinite#? kata san(ang

FaEanF sering (ig'nakan bersa"a (engan co'ntab!e no'n terseb't. (*rti sebenarn7a (art FaH a(a!ah
sat'#. :a(i? kita bisa "engg'nakan kata san(ang tak tent' aEan (engan co'ntab!e no'ns. 1ontoh ka!i"at * (og is an ani"a!. Seekor anjing a(a!ah seekor binatang. :a(i? co'nt>no'n a(a!ah kata ben(a '"'" ata' na"a>na"a objek 7ang (apat (ihit'ng (an (apat (irasa o!eh panca in(ora kita. 1o'nt no'n biasan7a "o"p'n7ai sob'ah bont'k t'ngga! (an sob'ah bent'k ja"ak? seperti= Orange Oranges (:er'k# ;o"en (;anita# ;o"an One book Three books (Tiga b'k'# * !eg T9o !egs (D'a kaki# *n app!e Ten app!es (Sep'!'h ape!# One (og Se+en (ogs (Trj'h ekor anjing# * "'!e Three "'!es (Tiga baga!# One "an Eight "en (De!apan orang !aki<!aki#
* frien(

The barbershop * ce!!? one ce!!

Three frien(s (Tiga orang 5e"an# Ten barber shops (Sep'!'h te"pat pe"angkas ra"b't# 1e!!s? so"e se!!s? "an7 ce!!s.

$) *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1ata!an= < 1o'nt no'ns biasan7a a(a!ah objek<objek ata' ben(a<ben(a 7ang (apat (ihit'ng? "engg'nakan aEan ata' one (a!a" bent'k t'ngga! (an "engg'nakan akhiran sEes (a!arn bent'k ja"akn7a. 1o'ntab!e
no'ns a(a!ah !a9an kata (ari non>co'ntab!e no'ns (an co!!ecti+e no'ns. < Seb'ah kata ben(a t'ngga! 7ang (apa! (ihit'ng har's "e"p'n7a! seb'ah (eter"iner.

*rtic!e ( ata san(ang#= Possessi+es= *!an (Tak tent'= Seb'ah. seekor? Those (it'# (:a"ak# 47 ( ep'n7aank'# seorang. se...# The (Tent'= it'# O'r (4i!ik ka"iEkita# Bo'rs (4i!ik"'# De"onstrati+e= Their (4i!ik "ereka#
This (in!# Cis (4i!ikn7a (!aki>!aki#

8'antifiers= So"e (Beberapa? se(k!t# * fe9 (Beberapa# * !ot off!ots of (Ban7ak# Se+era! (Beberapa#

Each (Setiap#
E+er7 (Setiap# ata' beberapa? se(ikit# 4ost (Sebagian terbesar# 4an7 (Ban7ak# *!! (Se"'a? se!'r'h# 4'ch (Ban7ak# &o (Ti(ak? b'kan? ti(ak a(a#

That (it'# These (ini# (:a"ak#

Cer (4i!ikn7a (pere"p'an# *n7 (*pa saja? 7ang "ana saja?

Its (<n7a? kep'n7aan#

<

:a(i? bi!a seb'ah co'ntab!e no'n it' t'ngga!? kita hares "engg'nakan seb'ah kata (epan seperti a. the? "7? this? that? these. (an those. 1ontoh ka!i"at= I 9ant an orange.
Sa7a "a' seb'ah jer'k. She ro(e the b's.

;here is "7 bott!eI Di "ana boto! sa7sI Does he !i+e in this ho'seI *pakah cia tingga! (i r'"ah iniI

Dia naik bis it'.

*kan tetapi bia co'ntab!e no'n it' ja"ak? kita har's "engg'nakann7a sen(iri. 1ontoh ka!i"at= I !ike oranges. 1ats are interesting pets.

Sa7a s'tra jer'k.

Bott!es can break. Boto!>boto! bisa pecah.

'c ng binatang kesa7angan 7ang "enarik.

47 (ogs are big. *njing>anjing sa7a besar>besar.

Se!ain bent'k terseb't? kite j'ga bisa "engg'nakan beberapa kata bant'? seperti= 1. Co9 "an7
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Co9 "an7 horses are there in the far"I *(a berapa ekor k'(a ( keb'n sanaI

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEFI Preparation 1$,

2. So"e (an *n7

1ontoh ka!i"at=
IH+e got so"e (o!!ars.

So7a "o"p'n7a! beberapa (o!ar. Do 7o' ha+e an7 chi!(renI *pakah ongka' "e"p'n7ai beberapa anakI 3. * fe9 (an 4an7 1ontoh ka!i"at=
IH+e got a fe9 (o!!ars.

Sa7a "e"p'n7ai beberapa (o!ar.

Ce bo'ght "an7 books.

Dia "e"be!i ban7ak b'k'. 1atatan= ate FpeopteH(orang>orang# a(a!ah co'ntab!e no'ns.
(i sini.

ata Qpeop!eF sebenarn7a a(a!ah bent'k ja"ak

(ariHpersonH(orang? priba(i#. :a(i kita bisa "enghit'ng orang. *(a sat' orang (i sini? a(a !i"a rat's orang

2ita "engg'nakan bent'k kata kerja t'ngga! apabi!a co'ntab!e no'n>n7a t'ngga!. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
There Is a pen on the tab!e.

*(a seb'ah p'!pen (i ;as "eja it'. That st'(ent is +er7 genero'sA Pe!ajar it' sangat (er"a9an!
ita "engg'nakan bent'k kata korja ja"ak apabi!a co'ntab!e no'n<n7a ja"ak.

1ontoh ka!i"at= There are so"e teachers in the c!assroo".

*(a beberapa prang g'r' (a!a" r'angan ke!as it'.

Those ho'ses are +er7 e6pensi+e? arenHt the7I 3'"ah>r'"ah it' sangat "aha!? kanI
ita "engg'nakan aEan (engan co'ntab!e no'ns 7ang (i(ah'!'i (oh seb'ah ata' !ebih kata sifat.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
Togi is a +er7 Inte!!igent 7o'ng "an.

Togs seorang pe"'(s 7ang sangat cer(as.

!in 4artiani has a bea'tif'! gre7 cat. fin 4artiani "e"p'n7ai seekor k'(ng ab'>ab' 7ang bag's.

$. 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

B. &on>co'nt &o'nEDnco'ntab!e &o'n

Dnco'ntab!e no'n a(a!ah kata ben(a 7ang han7a "e"p'n7ai (an "ongg'nakan kata korja t'ngga! ata'

'nco'ntab!e no'n a(a!ah na"a ben(a 7ang ti(ak (apat (ihit'ng ata' (ibagi "enja(i t'ngga! ata' ja"ak. &on>co'nt no'n biasan7a a(a!ah ben(a>ben(a (Gat>GatEs'bstansi. konsep>konsep? ata' infor"asi# 7ang b'kan "er'pakan objek in(i+i('a! (an ti(ak (apat (ihit'ng serta ti(ak (apat (ibagi !agi "enja(i 'ns'r>'ns'r 7ang terpisah. &on>co'nt no'n "er'pakan ses'at' 7ang ti(ak (apat kita hit'ng. ita "e"ikirkan non>co'nt sebagai s'at' kese!'r'han. 4isa!n7a. kita ti(ak (apat "enghit'ng Hs's'F.
tetapi kita bisa "enghit'ng berapa boto! s's' ata' berapa !iter s's'? totapi kita ti(ak bisa "enghit'ng s's' it' sen(iri. &on>co'nt no'n."e"p'n7ai seb'ah bent'k t'ngga!. tetapi bi!a non>co'nt no'n it' ti(ak tent'

(in(efinite#? kita bisa "engg'nakan kata Hso"eH ata' ti(ak "engg'nakan sa"a seka!i sebagai pengganti kata san(ang? seperti a(+ice (nasihat? ben(a#? batter (a(onan#? b'tter ("entega#? c!oth (kain#? c!othing (paka!an. san(ang#. coffee (kopi#. e!ectricit7 (!is!rik#. fo!iage ((a'n>(a'nan#. !'"it're ("ebe!? perabot r'"ah#? go!( (ernas#. grass (r'"p'O. infor"ation (in!or"asi. penerangan. keterangan#? inte!!igence (kecer(asan? inte!igenst#. iron (besi#? !eis're (9akt' ter!'ang#? !'ggage (barang>barang? bagasa#. "ai! (pos. antaran pos#? "i!k (s's'#? "one7
('ang#? "'sic ("'sik#? o67gen (oksigen#? precision (kote!itian. kesaksa"aan#? progress (ko"aj'an? perke"bangan#? rice (beras? nasr#? scener7 (po"an(angan#? s"oke (asap#? tea (teh#? tra+e! (perja!anan#? 9ar" (kehangatan? kera"ahan#? 9ater (air#? 9eather (c'aca#? 9i!(!ife ("argasat9a#? 9ine (angg'r#? 9oo!

(9o!#? (an 9ork (pekerjaan#.

1ontoh ka!i"at= 1o'!( I ha+e so"e 9ater p!easeI Bo!eh sa7s "inta se(ikit airI I 9ant to gi+e 7o' "one7.
Sa7a "o' "e"bori"' 'ang.

1ata!an= < &on>co'nt ti(ak "e"p'n7ai bent'k ja"ak (an se!a!' t'ngga!? serta ti(ak "engg'nakan aEan :a(i? non>co'ntab!e no'n "irip (engan co!!ecti+e no'n. (an "er'pakan !a9an kataEkeba!ikan (ari co'ntab!e no'ns. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
:oseph Priest!7 (isco+ere( o67gen. :oseph Priest!7 "ene"'kan oksigen. The f'rnit're is heape( in the "i((!e of the roo".

Perabot r'"ah it' (it'"p'k (i tengah ka"ar it'. -ra+e! is "ore e6pensi+e than I tho'ght. Bat' keriki! !ebih "aha! (a( 7ang k'('ga. < Dnco'ntab!e no'ns biasan7a "enpakan gagasan>gagasantii(e abstrak ata' sifat (k'a!itas#? seperti anger (a"arah. "'rka#. bea't7 (kecantikan#. entertain"ent (hib'ran. port'nj'kan#. fear (ketak'tan. rasa
tak't#? infor"ation (infor"asi. kotorangan#. kno9!e(ge (i!"' pongotah'an#? !o+e (cinta kasih. as"ara#. nat're (sifat (asar#? space (angkasa? r'ang? to"pat#. (an 'n(erstan(ing (pongortian#.

:a(i? kita ti(ak bo!eh "ena"bahkan akhiran s pa(a kata>kata it'.

Bahan (engan hak c.pta

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1$/

<

(a bisa "engg'nakan @'antifier sebe!'" non>co'nt no'n= Fr'it (b'sh? b'ah>b'ahan#

Brea( (rob# Co"e9ork (Pekerjaan r'"ah# Infor"ation (infor"asi. keterangan#

= = =
=

So"e fr'it (se(ikit b'ah<b'ahan# * s!ice of broa( (seirisEsopotong rob# * !ot of ho"e9ork (ban7ak pokerjaan r'"ah#
* !itt!e infor"ation (se(kit in!or"ase#

* !ot of infor"ation? so"e infor"ation? "'ch infor"ation.

Berik't contoh>contoh non>co'nt no'n=

1.

*bstract no'ns (kata ben(s abstrak# *(+ice (nasihat#? art (sans#? bea't7 (kecentiken#? beha+io'r (ke!ak'en#? confi(ence (keperca7aan#? co'rage (keberanian#? cri"e (kejahatan#? (eath (ke"atian#? e('cation (pen(i(ikan#. enjo7"ent (kesenangan#? e+i(ence (!akta>!akta#? e6penence (penga!a"an#? fear (ketak'tan#? (an f'n (kesenangan#.

2.

ata>kata 7ang "e"p'n7ai peranan tersen(iri 1a"ping (berke"ah? ke"ah? perke"ahan#? cash ('ang. t'nas#? change ('ang ke"ba!t#. 1!othing (pakaian#? (a"age (ker'sakan#? e+i(ence (!akta<!akta. b'kti#? e@'ip"ent (per!engkapan? pera!atan#. foo( ("akanan#. fr'it (b'ah<b'ahan#? f'rnit're ("ebe!? perabot r'"ah#. (an garbage (sa"pah#.

3.

ata>kata 'nt'k jenis ben(a>ben(a 7ang ti(ak "e"p'n7ai bent'k pasti

a. Ben(a cair
Beer (bit#? b!oo( ((arah#? coffee (kopi#. crea" (kn"#? 9ater (air#? gaso!ine (bensin#? hone7 ("a(e#? j'ice
(airEsari b'ah#. "i!k (s's'#. oi! ("in7ak#. sha"poo (penc'ci ra"b't#? so'p (s'p#? tea (teh#. (an 9ine

(angg'r#. b. Ben(a gas *ir ('(ara? ha9a#? carbon (karbon? Gat arang#? "ono6i(e ("onoksi(a? oksi(a 7ang "engan('ng sate ato" oksigen (a!a" "o!ek'!#? fire (api#? fog (kab't#? h7(rogen (Gat air#? nitrogen (Gat !e"as#. o67gen (Gat asa"Epe"bakar!? po!!'tion (pengotoran? pence"aran#? s"oke (asap#? (an stea" ('ap air#. c. Ben(a pa(at Brea( (roti. "akanan#? b'tter ("entega#? cheese (kej'#. cotton (kapas. kat'n#? fi!" (ga"bar? IK!e"#? f!o'r (tep'ng#. g!ass (kaca#. gin ("in'"an tonik#? ice (es#? ice crea" (es kri"#? ja" (setae#? "eat ((aging#. po9(er (bo(ak? b'b'k#? sa!t (gara"#. soap (sab'n#? stone (bate#? s'gar (g'!a#? toothpaste (pasta gigs#. (an 9oo( (ka7o#. (. Ben(a 7ang sangat keci! 1orn (jag'ng#. (irt (kotoran? !'"p'r#? ('st ((eb'. ab'#? grass (r'"p't#? hair (ra"b't. b'!'#? rice (pa(i. betas. nasr#. sa!t (gara"#. s'gar (g'!a#? san( (pasir#? e. -eja!a a!arn De9 (e"b'n#. e!ectricit7 (!istrik#. gas (gas#. po9er (tenaga? kek'atan#. energ7 (energi. tenaga#. fire (ape#.
fog (kab't#. gra+it7 (ga7a beraf#? heat (panas#. h'"i(it7 (ke!e"baban#. !ight (caha7a#. !ightning

%0 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

(petir? ha!i!intar#? rain

(h'jan#? sno9 (sa!j'#? s'nshine (sinar "atahan#? 9eather (c'aca#. (an 9in(

(angin#.
f. Pen7akit>pen7akit 1ancer (kanker#? cho!era (ko!era#? f!' (inf!'enGa#? heart (isease (pon7akit jant'ng#. "a!aria ("a!aria#? "eas!es (ca"pak#? "'"ps (pon7akit gon(ok#? po!io (pen7akit !'"p'h anak<anak#? s"a!!po6 (cacar#? strap throat (infeksi kerongkongan 7ang (rsebabkan bakteri streptokok's#.

g. 4ata pe!ajaran *rt (son?#? bio!og7 (i!"' ha7af#? che"istr7 (i!"' ki"ia#. ci+ics (i!"' ko9arganegaraan#? econo"ics
(i!"' ki"ia#? engineering (koab!ian tekn?k#? ethics (etika#? histor7 (sojarah#? !ing'istics (i!"' bahasa#? !iterat're (kos'sastoraan#. "athe"atics (iE"' pasti? "ate"atika#? "'sic ("'sik#. ph7sics (s!"' a!a". fisika#? poetr7 (p'isi. persajakan#. (an ps7cho!og7 (iE"' ji9a#. h. Bahasa>bahasa Eng!ish (bahasa inggris#? :apanese (bahasa :epang#? 3'ssian (bahasa 3'sia#. Spanish (bahasa

Span7o!#? French (bahasa Perancis#? 1hinese (bahasa 1ina#. (an !ain>!ain 1atatan= < ita ti(ak "engg'nakan aEan (engan 'nco'ntab!e no'ns 7ang (i(ah'!'i o!eh kata sifat= 1ontoh ka!i"at= That is +er7 'sef'! infor"ation. It' infor"asi 7ang sangat berrnanfaat. There is so"e co!( beer in the fri(ge. *(a
so(ikit bir (ingin (a!a" k'!kas it'. < a(ang>ka(ang kata ben(a 7ang sa"a bisa soka!ig's "or'pakan co'ntab!e no'ns (an 'nco'ntab!e no'ns. Bi!a (e"ikian ha!n7a? biasan7a artin7a s'(ah se(ikit ber'bah.

Tabe! Pe"be(a 1o'ntab!e (an &on>1o'ntab!e

Binatang (&on>1o'nt#
1hicken (*7a"# 5a"b (*nak biri>biriEanak (o"ba#

BinatangEbagian binatang (1o'nt# * chicken (Seokor a7a"? sepotong (aging a7a"# * !a"b (Seekor (o"ba? sepotong (aging (o"ba# * !i+er (Sopotong hati# * fish (Seekor ikan. sepotong (aging ikan#

5i+er (Cati#
Fish (Ikan#

F..?

? j... ?

I .N rS

O 1??..

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

%1

&on>1o'nt ;ine (*ngg'r#

1o'nt * 9ine. 9ines (Sejenis angg'r#

Foo( (4akanan#
Fr'it (B'ah(b'ahan## 4eat (-aging#

* foo(? foo( (4asakan#

* fr'it? fr'its (Seb'ah b'ah? b'ah<b'ahan# * "eat? "eats (Seb'ah "akanan? "akanan<

E('cation (Pen(i(ikan# E6perience (Penga!a"an#

"akanan# *n e('cation (Seb'ah pen(i(ikan# *n e6perience (Seb'ah penga!a"an# 1o'nt

* g!ass (Seb'ah ge!as#

&on>1o'nt -!ass ( aca ("a!eria!bahann7a# Paper ( ertas ("ateria!n7a# Iron (Beni (5oga"E"eta!n7a#
Fire (*pi (gasn7a##

* paper (Seb'ah oran? naskah!karangan# *n iron (Seb'ah seterika#

* fire (Sob'ah kebakaran#

Ti"e (;akt'#>#gagasan abstrak

* ti"e. ti"es ( a!i? keja(ian kh's's. Ga"an? perio(e#

Perhatikan contoh<contoh ta"bahan benk't S'b jek Cair (3a"b't? b'!'# 1o'ntab!e There are three hairs in "7 coffee.
(*(a tiga he!ai ra"b'tEb'!'#

Dnco'ntab!e I (onHt ha+e "'ch hair. (3a"b'tk' ti(ak ban7ak#

(a!a" kopi sa7a#

5ight (1aha7a. !a"p'? api. There are three !ights in o'r be(roo". 1!ose the c'rtain. There is too "'ch !ight.

keterangan# &oise (-a('h. ri'h? kega('han? kerib'tan? b'n7i# Paper

( ertas? s'rat kabar? naskah? karangan# 3oo" cran?

(*(a tiga ta"p' (i ka"ar ti('r

ka"i#

(T't'p gor(en it'. 1aha7an7a

ter!at' ban7ak#

*!asA I tho'ght I hear( a noise. (*('hA Sa7a pikir sa7a "on(ongar seb'ah b'n7i# Ca+e 7o' got a paper to rea(I
(*n(a p'n7a oran 'nt'k

ItHs (iffic'!t to 9ork 9hen there is too "'ch noise. (S'!it bekerja ka!a' a(a tor!at'
ban7ak kenb'tan#

Ca+e 7o' got so"e paperI

(Sa7a "a' "engga"bar. p'n7a se(ikit ker!asI# a'

(ibacaI#
O'r ho'se has eight roo"s.

Is there roo" for "e to sit hereI

( a"ar. bi!ik? to"pat? r'ang?

kese"patan#

(3'"ah ka"i p'n7a (e!apan

ka"ar#

(*pa a(a to"pat bagik' 'nt'k

('('k (i s!niI#

Ti"e (;akt'? te"po? Ga"an? ka!e? "asa? ira"a# ;ork

(Pekerjaan? kar7a#

;e ha( a great ti"e at the part7. ( a"a bersenang>senang (i

pesta it'#

Ca+e 7o' got ti"e for a coffeeI

4acbeth is one of
ShakespeareHs greatest 9orks. 4acbeth a(atah kar7a bosar Shakespeare. sa!ah sat'

( a' p'n7a 9akt' 'nt'k "in'" kopiI#

I ha+e no "one7. I nee( 9ork.

(Sa7a ti(ak p'n7a 'ang. Sa7a b't'h pekerjaan#

%2 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

ata>kata non>co'nt 7ang "en7atakan "akanan (an "in'"an seperti Ffoo((s#? ('nk(s#? 9ine(s#?
brea((s#? coffee(s#? fr'it(s#? (an !ain>!ain apabi!a (ig'nakan (a!a" arti co'ntab!e "aka artin7a a(a!ah

!enis>jenis...>
1ontoh ka!i"at= She certain!7 kno9s her 9ines. (:enis>jenis angg'r.#

;e 'se a +ariet7 of (ifferent batters in o'r baker7. (:enis<jonis a(onan.# I prefer S'"atran coffees to :a+anese. (:anis>jenis kopi.#
< ita "engg'nakan Hho9 "'chH (berapa ban7ak# 'nt'k 'nco'nt no'ns=

1ontoh ka!i"at= Co9 "'ch "i!k can 7o' (rinkI Berapa ban7ak s's' 7ang ka' bisa "in'"I Co9 "'ch traffic is there in :akartaI Berapa ban7ak !a!' !intas (i :akartaI
Co9 "'ch "one7 (o 7o' ha+eI

Berapa ban7ak 'ang 7ang ka' p'n7aI

< Beberapa 'nco'ntab!e no'ns (a!a"bahasa !ain (ianggap co'ntab!e no'ns. Ca! ini bisa "e"bing'ngkan

kita. Berik't? beberapa contoh 'nco'ntab!e no'ns 7ang bisa "e"bing'ngkan kita terseb't (an cara
"enja(ikann7a co'ntab!e no'ns=

*cco"o(ation *(+ice Baggage

Brea(

= * p!ace to sta7 (Te"pat 'nt'k "enginap# = * piece of a(+ice (Seb'ah nasihat# = * piece of baggage (Sob'ah bagasi#
= * s!ice of brea(? a !oaf of brea( (Seb'ahEsepotong roti#

E@'ip"ent
F'rnit're

= * piece of e@'ip"ent (Seb'ah pera!atan#

= * piece of f'rnit're (Seb'ah perabot r'"ah#

-arbage
Infor"ation no9!e(ge

= * piece of garbage (Seb'ah sa"pah#

= * piece of infor"ation (Sob'ah infor"asi# = * fact (Seb'ah taktaEken7aataan#

5'ggage
4one7

= * piece of !'ggage (Seb'ah kopor pakaian#

= * note (Se!e"bar 'ang kertas#. a coin (seb'ah koin#

&e9s
Pasta

= * piece of ne9s (Seb'ah berita#

= * p!ate of pasta (Sepiring pasta#? a ser+ing of pasta (sat' porsi pasta#

Progress 3esearch
Tra+e! ;ork

= * piece of progress (Seb'ah ke"aj'an# = * piece of research (seb'ah pone!itian#

= * jo'rne7 (seb'ah porja!anan#? a trip (sob'ah porja!anan# = * job (seb'ah pekerjaan? t'gas#

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1%3

ata>kata 'nt'k 9a(ah? potongan? (an 'k'ran Ban7ak barang 7ang sering kita j'"pai (ata" kehi('pan sehari>hari. kh's'sn7a scat kita pergi ke s'per"arket. 7ang "er'pakan non>co'nt no'n? seperti sab'n? "entega? biji>bijian (serea!#? (aging sapi? (an !ain>!ain. ita seringka!i ingin "e"bicarakan ben(a>ben(aEbarang>barang non>co'nt ini (engan k'antitasEj'"!ah tertent'. Bi!a (e"ikian ha!n7a? kita (apat "engg'nakan kata>kata 9a(ah (container 9or(# ata' kata>kata 'k'ran ("eas're"ent 9or(# benk't ini 'nt'k "e"per"'(ah kits "e"bagi non co'nt
ini "enja(i sat'an>sat'an 7ang (apat (ihit'ng.

$.

1ontainer 9or(s (kata>kata 9a(ah# * can of ... (Seka!eng... * bo6 of... (Sekotak...# * c'p of...(SocangkirEse"angk'k#...# * bo9! of ... (Se "angk'k... # * g!ass of.. . (Segetas... # * bott!e of (Seboto!...# * pot of...(Sepanci...# * t'be of ...(Secep'k...# * j'g of ...(Seken(i...# Piece 9or(s (kata>kata potonganEb'ah# * pane of...(Sekaca...# * piece of...(SepotongEseb'ah...# * s!ice of...(SeirisEsepotong...# * ch'nk of...(Seg'"pa2sepotong...# * bar of... (Sebatang...# * cake of... (Sebatang...# * (rop of ...(Sotetos...# * bit of...(Se(ikit...# * sheet of ... * grain of...(Seb'tir...#

(Sehe!ai...#

* can of to"atoes (Seka!eng to"at# * bo6 of stra9berries (Sekotak stra9ben# * c'p of coffee (Secangkir kopi# * bo9! of so'p (Se"angk'k sop#

* g!ass of 9ater (Sege!as air#

* bott!e of ketch'p (Seboto! kecap# * pot of ja" (Sepanci se!ai# * t'be of ketch'p (Setab'ng kecap# * j'g of 9ater (Seken(i air#

= * pane of g!ass (Sekaca cer"in# * piece of g!ass (SepotongEsekepingEpecahan kaca# = * s!ice of brea( (Seiris!sepotong roti# = * ch'nk of brea( (Seg'"pa! roti# * bar of choco!ate (Sebatang coke!at# * cake of soap (Sebatang sab'n# * (rop of oi! (Setetes "in7ak# * bit of ne9s (Se(ikit berita# * sheet of paper (Sehe!ai kertas# * grain of san( (Seb'tir pasir#

Tabe!

ata> ata Dk'ran

4eas're"ents ;or(

ata Ben(a Bang Diik'ti

Bar (Batang? potong#

1hoco!ate? soap

1'be ( 'b's#

S'gar? ice?

-a"e (Por"ainanEpertan(ingan#

Tennis? soccer? car(s

-!ass (-oias#

;ine? boor? 9ater? j'ice

Piece (Potong. b'ah#

*(+ice? infor"ation? f'rnit're? baggage. c!othing?

ho"e9ork? "achiner7

8'art (M0./$)3 !iter#

4(k

5itre (5iter#

Oi!

Po'n( (Pon#

4eat

%$ 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

Ca!>ha! penting 7ang har's (iperhatikan (a!a" pe"bagian kata>kata 'k'ran= a. ita biasan7a "onganggap 'nco'ntab!e no'ns sebagai kata ben(a t'ngga! sehingga kita "engg'nakan kata kerja t'ngga!. 1ontoh ka!i"at= This ne9s is +er7 i"portant. Beata ini sangat penting. This "i!k is going so'r.
S's' ini "a' basiEasa". b.

Bo'r !'ggage !ooks hea+7. Barang>barang"' ke!!hatann7a berat. 4'sic he!ps "e re!a6.
4'sik "eno!ong saga ja(i nicks. ita ti(ak

ita biasan7a ti(ak rnongg'nakan kata san(ang ti(ak tent' aEan (engan 'nco'ntab!e no'ns. bo!eh "engatakan Han infor"ationH ata' Ha "'sicF.

ita biasan7a "engg'nakan seb'ah kata ata'

'ngkapan seperti= a !ot of? a piece of? a bit of (se(ikit#. a goo(Egreat (ea! of (ban7ak sebab#. so"e. (an
!ain>!ain 'nt'k "eng'ngkapkan k'antitas (ban7akn7a# (art 'nco'ntab!e no'ns.

1ontoh ka!i"at There has been a !ot of research into the ca'ses of this (isease. S'(ah ban7ak pene!itian "ongenai pen7eba;sobab>sebab pTn7akit ini. She ga+e "e a great (ea! of a(+ice before "7 inter+ie9. Dia "e"bon sa7a ban7ak nasehat sobo!'" 9a9ancara sa7a. 1an 7o' gi+e "e so"e Infor"ation abo't Petra Dni+ersit7I *pakah *n(a bisa "e"benikan pa(a sa7s se(ikit Infor"asi tentang Dni+ersitas PetraI c. ita b!asan7a "engg'nakan Hso"eH (an Han7H (engan 'nco'ntab!e no'ns. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
&o got so"e "one7.

Sa7s "o"p'n7ai se(ikit 'ang. Ca+e 7o' got an7 riceI a"' p'n7a se(ikit berasI (. ita bisa "engg'nakan Ha !itt!eH (an H"'chH (engan 'nco'ntab!e no'ns. 1ontoh ka!!"at= IH+e got a !itt!e "one7. Sa7a "e"p'n7ai se(!kft 'ang. I ha+enHt got "'ch rice. Sa7a ti(ak p'n7a ban7ak beras. 8'antifier a(a!ah seb'ah kata 7ang "en7atakan j'"!ah ata' k'antitas. Berik't ini beberapa jenis @'antifier. a. 8'antifier a fe9 (se(ik!t? beberapa#? both (ke('an7a. ber('a? ke('a#? fe9er (!ebih seaikh#? "an7 (ban7ak#? (an se+era! (beberapa# han7a (ig'nakan (engan co'nt no'n 7ang ja"ak.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1%%

1ontoh ka!i"at=
;e are contro!!e( b7 se+era! ner+es.

ite (iiken(a!ikan o!eh beberapa s7araf. ;e ha+e fe9er ce!!s as 9e get o!(er.
ite "e"p'n7ai set !eb!h se(!k!t ketika ki!o se"akin t'a.

b.

8'antifier another (7ang !ain? sat' !ags? each (baptap? setiap#? (an e+er7 (setiap? tiap>tiap# han7a (ig'nakan (engan co'nt no'n 7ang t'ngga!.
1ontoh ka!i"at= Each g!an( has a (ifferent p'rpose. T!ap>t!ep ke!enfar "e"p'n7a! keg'naan 7ang berbe(a.
E+er7 "'sc!e has its o9n gro'p of ner+es.

Se(ap otot "e"!!ik! ke!o"pok s7arafn7a sen(in. c. 8'antifier a !itt!e? a"o'nt? !ess? (an "'ch han7a (ig'nakan (engan non>co'nt no'n. 1ontoh ka!i"at= The a"o'nt of o67gen a+ai!ab!e to the brain is i"portant.
:'"!ah oksigon 7ang a(a pa(a otak it' penting.

If 7o'r brain gets !ess o67gen than it nee(s? 7o' co'!( beco"o 'nconscio's. a!a' otak *n(s k'rang "en(apat oks!gen (art 7ang (ib't'hkan. *n(a bisa pingsan. (. 8'antifier a!! (se"'a? se!'r'h#? a !ot of (ban7ak#. an7 (ape safe? sat' at' beberapa. se(ikit#? eno'gh (c'k'p#? !ots of (ban7ak#? "ore (!ebih ban7ak? !ag?#? "ost (sebag!en terbesar? keban7akan#? p!ent7 of (ban7ak#? (an so"e (beberapa? so(ikit# (apat (ig'nakan (engan co'nt no'n ja"ak (an kata ben(a
non>co'nt.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
Brain coi!s 'se 'p a !ot of energ7. Se!<se! otak "enghabiskan ban 7ak tenaga. 4ost ani"a!s re!7 on instinct eban7akan binatang "en7an(arkan (iri pa(a na!'r!.

(1# 8: a#

%) 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

Bab ) *(jecti+e
( ara Sitar#

ata sifat a(a!ah kata 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan k'a!itas? k'antitas? sifat? bi!angan? (an "enje!askan orang ata' ben(a. ata sifat "e"batasi ata' "e"beri sifat pa(a kata ben(a (an kata ganti. Dengan kata !ain? kata sit at a(a!ah kata 7ang "e"beritah' pa(a kita ses'at' !ebih ja'h tentang kata ben(a ata'

kata ganti.
*(a ('a tipetenis pengg'naan kata sifat? 7ait' attrib'ti+e 'se (pengg'naan atrib'tif# (an pre(icati+e 'se (pengg'naan pre(ikatif#

*. *ttrib'ti+e 'se a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan (engan seb'ah kata ben(a.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

5aG7 9orker. Pokorja 7ang "a!es. Ta!! tree. Pohon 7ang tingg!.

Bea'tif'! girt. -a(is cantik. 5o+e!7 f!o9er. B'nga 7ang bag's.

B. Pre(icati+e 'se a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan (engan seb'ah kata kerja.
1ontoh ka!i"at She is rich. Ce is c!e+er.

Dia ka7a. The7 are (ea(. 4ereka "eningga!.

*(a sep'!'h

Dia pintar.
She !ooke( sa(. Dia ke!ihatan se(!h.

jonis kata sifat? 7ait' a(jecti+e of @'a!it7 (kata sifat k'a!itas#. a(jecti+e of @'antit7

(kata sifat k'antitas#. a(jecti+e of n'"ber (kata sifat bi!angan#? (e"onstrati+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat pen'n7'k#. Interrogati+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat tan7a#? (istrib'ti+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat (istnb'ti!#. possessi+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat "i!ik#? e"phasiGing a(jecti+e (kata sifat penegas#. e6c!a"ator7 a(jecti+e (kata sifat soni#? (an proper a(jecti+e (kata sifat na"e (in#. a. *(jecti+e of @'a!it7 (kata sifet k'a!!tas# ata' a(jecti+e of (escripti+e (kata sifat (oskript!f#

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEI5 Preparation 1 %E

ata sifat 7ang "e!'kiskan k'a!itas kata ben(a seper!i 9arna? 'k'ran? bent'k? rasa? kea(aan (iseb't a(jecti+es of @'a!it7 ata' (escripti+e a(jecti+e. ata sifat ini (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan k'a!itas orang ata' ben(a. ata sifat ini "enja9ab pertan7aan H9hat kin(IH (jenisE"aca" apaI#.
1ontoh ka!i"at= * b!ack horse. Seekor k'(a bor9a"a hita". The !ot's is a bea'tif'! f!o9er. Teratai!seroja a(a!ah b'nga 7ang In(ah.

b. *(jecti+e of @'antit7 (kate sifat k'antitas#

The bri!!iant bo7. *nak !aki>!aki 7ang pan(a!. 1ikarang is an in('stria! cit7. 1ikarang a(a!ah ko!a in('stri.

ata sifat 7ang "en'nj'kkan k'antitas (ban7akn7a# s'at' kata ben(a (iseb't a(jecti+e of @'antit7. ata sit at ini "e"bicarakan k'antitas ben(a>ben(a. seper!i !itt!e (keci!. seckkit? "'ch (ban7ak#. so"e
(beberapa? se(ikit? s'at'#? a!! (se"'a? se"'an7a. se!'n. h#? "an7 (ban7ak#. no (ti(ak a(a. ti(ak.

b'kan#. an7 (apa saja. 7ang "ana saja. se(ikit. sat' a!a' beberapa#. ;ho!e (se!'r'h. !engkap. b'!a$. great (besar? hebat? ha!f (setongah#? s'fficient (c'k'p#? (an eno'gh (c'k'p#. ata si!at ini "enja9ab pertan7aan Fho9 "'chIF (berapa ban7akI#
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I sa9 so"e grapes on the tab!e. Sa7a "o!ihat beberapa b'ah angg'r (i a!as "eja. ;e ha+e eno'gh "one7 to b'7 the car. a"i p'n7a c'k'p 'ang 'nt'k "e"be!i "obi! it'.
I ha+enHt "'ch ti"e.

Sa7a tak p'n7a ban7ak 9akt'.

The7 ha+e s'fficient f'n(s for the to'rna"ent. 4ereka p'n7a c'k'p (ana 'nt'k f'"a"en it'.

c.

*(jecti+e of n'"ber (kata sitat bi!angan#

*(jecti+e of n'"ber a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang "enceritakan pa(a kita berapa ban7ak orang ata' ben(a

7ang se(ang (ibicarakan. ata sifat ini (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan j'"!ah bon(a ata' orang. sifa! ini j'ga bo!oh "en'nj'kkan 'r'tan. ata sifat ini "onja9ab portan7aan Hho9 "an7IH (berapa
ban7akI#. ata sifat ini a(a!ah kata sifat bi!anganEangka.

ata

1ontoh ka!i"at= On!7 a fe9 peop!e are kin( to the poor. Can7a beberapa orang ba!k pa(s orang "iskin.
*!! st'(ents passe( In the e6a".

Se"'a sis9a !'!'s (a!a" 'jian it'.

Ce 9rote ten books. Dia "en'!is sep'!'h b'k'. There are no bir(s in the nest. Ti(ak a(o b'n'ng (a!a" sarang it'.

%. 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

*(jecti+es of n'"ber ter(iri (an tiga jenis=
1. Definite a(jecti+e of n'"ber (kata shat bi!angan tertent'Epash# a(a!ah kata sifa! 7ang "en7atakan j'"!ah!bi!angan ata' 'r'tan tertent'? seperti se+enth (ket'j'h#? si6th (keenarn#? first (perta"a#? tenth

(kesep'!'h#. h'n(re( (serat's#? (an tho'san( (serib'#. 2. In(efinite a(jecti+es of n'"ber (kata shat bi!angan ti(ak tent'# a(a!ah kata sifat bi!angan 7ang ti(ak

"en7atakan j'"!ahEbi!angan ata' 'r'tan 7ang pasti? seperti a!!? "an7? se+era!? so"e? an7? (an none
(tak seorangp'rOak sat'p'n#
3. Distrib'ti+e a(jecti+es of n'"ber (kata shat bi!angan (istnb'tif# a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang "en'nj'kkan bah9a orang ata' bon(a (ig'nakan soka!ig's ata' "on'nj'k pa(a sat' porsat' (art j'"!ah torsob't?

seperti e+er7 (tiap>tiap? (se#tiap#? each (tiap>f!ap? setiap#? neither (ti(ak a(a#. (an either (sa!ah sat' (art ('a. f!ap#. (. De"onstrati+e a(jecti+e (kate sifat pen'nj'k# De"onstrati+e a(jecti+e a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang "en'nj'kkan ata' "enent'kan kata ben(a. ata sifat ini (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan orang ata' ben(a 7ang kita bicarakan. ata sifat ini "enja9ab 7ang "aneI (9hichI#. seperti this (in?#? that (it'#? these (ini (ja"ak##? those (it' (ja"ak##? (an s'ch (7ang (e"ikian? 7ang begit'? seperti it'#.
1ontoh ka!i"a!= That girt is singing. -a(is it' so(ang "on7an7i. These f!o9ers are !o+e!7. Thoso app!os aro hers. *pe!>apo! It' kep'n7aann7a. S'ch things happen.

B'nga>b'nga " ! bag's. e.

Ca!>ha! se"aca" It' terja(i.

Interrogati+e a(jecti+e (kata si!at interogatiEEtan7a#

Interrogati+e a(jecti+e a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan (engan kata ben(a 'nt'k bertan7a. *pab(a Interrogati+e a(jecti+e ti(ak (sik'ti kata ben(a? (engan kata !ain is ti(ak "e"i!iki ka!a ben(a sete!ah

"ereka. "aka kata>kata (9hose? 9hich? (an 9hat# (ikategorikan sebagai interrogati+e prono'ns
(kata ganti tan7a#. seperti 9hat (spa#? 9hich (7ang "ana#. (an 9hoso (siapa p'n7a#. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

;hose car (i( 7o' bringI

4obi! siapa 7ang ka' ba9aI ;hich book (i( 7o' rea(I

B'k' 7ang "ana ka' bacaI

;hose g!o+e is thisI

S!aps p'n7a sar'ng tangan iniI

;hat goo( is thisI *pa g'nan7a iniI

Bi!a (ig'nakan tanra kata ben(a? "aka 9hose? 9hich? 9hat a(a!ah Interrogati+e prono'ns. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
;hose is that carI S!aps p'n7a "obi! it'I

5ai! ?1

1.t>= 1:aNI

k>,1 +

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1%/

;hich (o 7o' 9antI Bang "ane ka' "a'I

;hat (i( 7o' b'7I *pe 7ang ka' behI

1.

Distrib'ti+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat (istrib'ti!# Distrib'ti+e a(jecti+e a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'k kata ben(a sat' (an ban7ak
ata' sat' (ari ('a. ata sifat ini j'ga har's "e"p'n7ai kata ben(a 7ang "ereka batasi !angs'ng

ses'(ah "ereka. a!a' ti(ak "e"p'n7ai kata ben(a? kata>kata seperti each? either? neither? e+er7? an7? none. both "enja(i (istrib'ti+e prono'n (kata ganti (istrib't(#. Distrib'ti+e a(jecti+e "en'nj'k pa(a setiap orang ata' ben(a.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Each gir! 9as a9ar(e( a (ip!o"a. Setiap ga(is (iha(iahiE(iberi ijasah. E+er7 "e"ber of the co""ittee has been e!ecte(. Setiap anggota (a( panitia it' te!ah (ipi!ih. I sha!! be co"fortab!e in either roo". Sa7a akan sonang (i ka"ar
"ans

saja.

Sho 9ants neither ne9spaper. Ti(ak a(s sat' koran 7ang is inginkan. /. Possessi+e a(jecti+e (kata sifat "i!ik# Possessi+e a(jecti+e a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan kepe"iiikan ata' "i!ikEkep'n7aan? seperti "7 (kep'n7aan sa7s?........k'........sa7a#? their (p'n7a "oreka #? its (.....n7a? kop'n7aann7a#? his (.....n7a? kop'n7aann7a (!aki>!ake#? her (......n7a? kep'n7aann7a (pere"p'an#. o'r (kitaEp'n7a ka"i?......ka"i?......kita#? (an 7o'r (kep'n7aan"'? ("i!ik# ka"'? kep'n7aan t'an (sa'(ara#. 1ontoh ka!i"at Cis ho'se is c!ose to the station. 3'"ahn7a (ekat stas!'n it'. Bo'r "other is a (octor. Ib'"' seorang (okter
h.

47 father is a teacher. Bapak sa7s seorang g'r'. O'r co'ntr7 is In(onesia. &egara ka"i In(onesia.

E"phasiGing a(jecti+e ata' e"phatic a(jecti+e (ko!a sifat ponogasEo"patik# E"phasiGing a(jecti+es a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "onegaskanE"enekankan kata

ben(a. ata sifat ini "enegaskan kata sifat ata' objek 7ang !ain. Biasan7a kata sifat I& "engg'nakan kata

Qo9nH (kep'n7aan sen(in# (an F+er7H (it' j'ga#.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

I sa9 it 9ith "7 o9n e7es.

Sa7a "e!ihatn7a (engan "ata sen(in.

CeHs the +er7 "an I 9ant to see.H Dia!ah 7ang sa7a ingin j'"pai.

)0 1*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

i. E6c!a"ator7 a(jecti+e (kata si!at ser'# ata<kata seperti F9hatH (an Fho9F ka(ang>ka(ang (ig'nakan sebagai kata si!at sera. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hat a prett7 +ie9A

*!angkah bag'sn7a pe"an(angan it'A

Co9 bea'tif'!A *!angkah in(ahn7aA

Proper a(jecti+e (kata sKfat na"a (irK# Proper a(jecti+e a(a!ah kata sifat 7ang berasat (ari na"a (iri. 1ontoh= In(onesian *r"7. *ngkatan Darat In(onesia.
Eng!ish gra""ar Tata bahasa Inggris.

:apanese art. esenian :epang.

*"erican (rea" I"pian *"orika.

*. Perban(ingan

ata Sifat

ata sifat (apat benibah bont'k. Per'bahan bent'k kata sifat a(a!ah 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan perban(ingan. Perban(ingan kata it' (iseb't (egrees of co"parison (tingkatE(erajat perban(ingan#. Setiap kata sifat

"ernp'n7ai tiga tingkat perban(ingan 7ait' positi+e (egree (tingkat positit#. co"parati+e (egree (tingkat ko"parati!#? (an s'per!ati+e (egree (tingkat s'pertati!#.
1. Positi+e (egree a(a!ah tingkat perta"a (i "ana kata sifat rnen'nj'kkan s'at' sifat (k'a!itas# seseorang ata' s'at' ben(a tanpa "e"b'at perban(ingan apap'n. ata sifat ini (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan sifat (k'a!itas# orang? bon(a ata' te"pat? soporti goo( (ba!k. b'(i"an? onak#? (ense

(teba!? pa(at#? c!e+er (pintar? pan(a#? fine (bag's? corah? "on7enangkan#. !o9!7 (ren(ah(an##? ho"e!7
(se(erhana? bersahaja? ti(ak cantik#? 9ea!th (ka7a#? bea'tif'! (In(ah. cantEk. e!ok. bag's#? han(so"e (ganteng? ta"pan#? poor ("iskin? "a!ang#. rich (ka7a? s'b'r? berharga#. bra+e (beranK#? hea!th7 (sehaf#. ta!!

(tinggi? jangk'ng#. co!( ((ingin#. fat (ge"'k? ta"b'n#? (an hea+7 (borat. pa(at? keras#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She is a bea'tif'! gir!. Dia seorang ga(is cantik.

To(a7 is a co!( (a7. Cari ini ha( 7ang (ingin. 2. 1o"parati+e (egree a(a!ah tingkat ke('a (i "ana kata sifat "en7atakan tingkat sifat (k'a!itas# 7ang

!ebih tinggi !erha(ap ses'at' ketika "e"ban(ingkan ('a orang ata' ben(a. ata sifat ini (ig'nakan

'nt'k "e"ban(ingkan ('a orang ata' bon(a ata' sifat (k'a!itas#? seperti better than (!ebih ba!k (an#?
fatter than (!obih go"'k (an#? (enser than (!obih tobaA (an#? hea+ier than (!obih borat (an#? c!e+erer
than (!obih pintar (an#? "ore bea'tif'! than (!obih cantik (an#? han(so"er than (!obih gantong (an#? hea!tier than (!obih sehat (an#? 9ea!thier than (!ebih ka7a (an#? ta!!er than (!ebih tinggi (an#? bra+er than (!ebih berani (an#? (an richer than (!ebih ka7a (an#.

*:.ar e(

==r.g!.h -ra7N riar (or TO>EF5 (Hreparation 1)F

1ontoh ka!i"at=
She is "ore bea'tif'! than her "other.

Dia !ebih cantik (an ib'n7a.

Ce is ta!!er than Cansen.

Dia !ebih tinggi (an Cansen. 3. S'per!ati+e (egree a(a!ah tingkat kotiga (i "ana kata sifat "on7atakan tingkat sit at (k'a!itas# ter!inggi
ketika "e"ban(ingkan !ebih (a( ('a orang ata' ben(a ata' sifat? seperti the best (7ang terbaik#? the

fattest (7ang pa!ing go"'k#? the (ensest (7ang pa!ing teba!#? the hea+iest (7ang pa!ing beraO? the c!e+erest (7ang pa!ing pintar#? the "ost bea'tif'! (7ang pa!ing cantik#? the han(so"est (7ang pa!ing ganteng#? the ta!!est (7ang pa!ing jangk'ng#? (an the richest (7ang terka7a#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She is the "ost bea'tif'! of a!! her sisters.

Dia 7ang tercantik (ari se"'a sa'(ara pere"p'ann7a. Ce is the ta!!est bo7 in his c!ass. Dia anak !aki>!aki pa!ing jangk'ng (i kc!asn7a. 1atatan= a. ita "ena"bahkan than ((ari? (aripa(a# (a!a" tingkat ko"paratif. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce is ta!!er than his father.

Dia !ebih jangk'ng (an a7ahn7a. b. ita "engg'nakan kata san(ang tertent' the (a!a" tingkat s'per!atif.

1ontoh ka!i"at
Ce is the ta!!est in his fa"i!7.

Dia 7ang pa!ing jangk'ng (a!a" ke!'argan7a.

B. Pe"bent'kan Tingkat o"paratif (an S'per!atif

ata sifat j'ga "e"p'n7ai tingkat pe"ban(ing 7ang berbe(a. Berik't ini bent'k<bent'k ko"paratif (a( kata sifat. 1. Bent'k kata sifat tingkat ko"paratif (ongan "ena"bah HerF (an tingkat s'por!atif (ongan FestF pa(a
kata sifat tingkat positrf terseb't. 1ontohn7a? ab!o<ab!or<ab!est ("a"p'<Iebih "a"p'>pa!ing "a"p'#.
2. Bi!a kata sifat tingkat positif btrakhiran (engan HeH kita han7a "ena"bahkan HeH (an

>Sr

'nt'k

"e"bent'k tingkat ko"paratif (an s'per!atifn7a. 1ontohn7a. bra+e>bra+er>bra+est (berani>!ebih berani>pa!ing berani#. 3. Bi!a tingkat positif berakhiran (engan H7F serta "o"p'n7ai h'r'f coati sebo!'" h'r'f B. "aka h'r'f

H7H terseb't (i'bah "enja(i T? !a!' kita "ena"bah Fer (an FestF. 1ontohn7a! happ7>happier>happiest

(senang>!ebih senang>pa!ing senang#.

)2 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOE F5 Preparation

$.

a(ang>ka(ang kita "enggan(akan h'r'f torakhir kata shat tingkat positif (an "ena"bahkan Jor (an

HestH 'nt'k "e"bent'k tingkat ko"paratif (an s'per!atif. 1ontohn7a? fat>fatter>fattest (ge"'k>!ebih
ge"'k>pa!ing ge"'k# %. ata sifat 7ang "e"i!iki !ebih (ari ('a s'k' kata (ibent'k (engan "ena"bah F"oreH (an tingkat
s'per!atif (engan "ena"bah F"ostF sebe!'" "ereka. 1ontohn7a? bea'tif'!>"orn bea'tif'!>"ost bea'tif'! (cantik>!ebih cantik>pa!ing cantik#.

). Beberapa kata sifat ti(ak "e"i!iki at'ran pe"bent'k tingkat ko"paratif (an s'per!atif 7ang tertent'. Bent'k kata sifat seperti ini (iseb't irreg'!ar for"s of a(jecti+e (bent'k kata sifat 7ang ti(ak terat'r#
ata' Irreg'!ar co"parison of a(jecti+es (perban(ingan kata sifat 7ang ti(ak terat'r#. 1ontohn7a. goo(>better>best (bak<!ebih baik>pa!ing baik#

1. Pengg'naan
1.

ata Sifat Tertent'

ata>ata si!at (i ba9ah ini (ig'nakan (a!a" tingkat positi!? seperti e6terior (sebe!ah !'ar#? "ajor ('ta"a. besar#? inner (sebe!ah (a!a"? inti? p'sat#. interior ((a!a"#? !atter (7ang be!akanga4erakhir? akhir#? e!(er (senior. !ebih t'a#. "inor (keci!? "inor#? 'pper (a!as. tingg?#. for"er (7ang ta(i? 7ang ter!ebih (ah'!'?

bekas#. (an !o9er (ren(ah#. 2. ata>kata sifat (i ba9ah ini ti(ak (ig'nakan (a!a" tingkat s'per!atif? seperti perfect (se"p'"a. sepen'hn7a? benar>benar? !ongkap? 't'h#? chief (kepa!a? 'ta"a#? 'ni@'e ('nik? khas. kh's's#. e6ce!!ent
('!'ng? ba!k seka!i? 'ngg'!? 'ni+ersa! ('ni+ersa? so('nia? so"esta. borsa"a#. e6tre"e (ekstri"? hebat

seka!i? keras. tertinggi#? (an i(ea! (ba!k. bag's? i(eaA#. 3. ata>kata sifat berik't har's (iik'ti o!eh FtoH (b'kan HthanF#. seperti s'perior to (!ebi!t pan(ai (aripa(a. !ebih baik!'ngg'A (aripa(a#? interior to (!ebih ren(ah "'t'n7a (anpa(a#. j'nior to (!ebih "'(a (aripa(a#? senior to (!obih t'a (aripa(a? !ebih tinggi (aripa(a#? prior to (!obih (ah'!' (aripa(a? sebe!'"n7a#? (an pre!ereab!e to (!ebih ba!k (anpa(a#. Bi!a ingin "e"ban(ingkan ('a sifat (ari orang 7ang sa"a. "aka kita ti(ak "engg'nakan bent'k Fer. Can7a bent'k H"oreF 7ang kita g'nakan. 1ontoh ka!i"a!= Dos7 *rieshan(7 S.V. is "ore bea'tif'! than c!e+er. Des7 *neshan(7 S.V. !eb!h cantik (anpa(a pan(ai.
The book is "ore interesting than cost!7.

$.

B'k' it' !eb!h "enarik (aripa(a hargan7a 7ang "aha!. %. Bi!a ingin "e"ban(ingkan ('a kata ben(a "aka kata ben(a 7ang (iban(ingkan har's (itia(akan. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Cenn7 is "ore bea'tif'! than an7 other gir!. Conn7 !ebih cantik (aripa(a ga(s !ain "anap'n.
Ethiophia is poorer than a!! other co'ntries.

Etopia !eb!h "iskin (aripa(a se"'a negara 7ang !ain.

*c+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar forHIOE= 5 Preparation 1)3

).

Tingkat positif (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan kebera(aan s'at' sifat. O!eh karena it'? kata sifat it' ti(ak "e"i!iki perban(ingan.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

E!!a &a(eak is bea'tif'!. E!!a &a(eak cantik. She is rich. Dia ka7a.
,. Tingkat ko"parati! (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan tingkat perban(ingan antara ('a prang ata'

ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak is "ore attracti+e than 3ini. &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak !ebih "enank (cantik# (aripa(a 3ini. Er9in is the c!e+erest st'(ent in the schoo!. Er9in sis9a pa!ing pan(ai c!i seko!ah it'.
.. Tingkat s'per!atif bo!eh (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan s'at' sifat (a!a" tingkat tinggi. Pengg'naan tingka! s'per!atif seperti ini (iseb't abso!'te s'per!ati+e (s'per!atif abso!'t# ata' e"inence

s'per!ati+e (s'per!ati+e 'ngg'!#.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

The no+e! Is a best se!!er. &o+e! it' a(a!ah b'k' 7ang pa!ing !ak'. E('cation is a "ost essentia! thing.
Pen(i(ikan a(a!ah s'at' ha! 7ang pa!ing esensia!.

/.

Bent'k H!aterH (7ang be!akangan# "en'nj'k kepa(a 9akt' (an bent'k H!atter "en'nj'kkan posisH kea(aan. 1ontoh ka!i"at= The7 ca"e !ater than I tho'ght. 4ereka (atang be!akanpan (ari 7ang sa7a ('ga. The !atter no+e!s are +er7 ('!!. &o+e!>no+e! 7ang torakhir sangat "o"bosankan.

10. Bent'k F!atestF (7ang torakhir? terbar'# "on'nj'k kopa(a 9akt' (an bont'k !astF (7ang torakhir?

penghabisan? 7ang !a!'# "en'nj'k pa(a posisiEke('('kan. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

;hat is the !atest ne9sI

*pa berita terber'I

She is the !ast person in the inter+ie9. Dia orang torakhir (a!a" 9a9ancara it'.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1)/

1. ita "engg'nakan T (an F;eF 'nt'k orang 7ang se(ang berbicara (iseb't orang perta"a. ita "engg'nakan F1H 'nt'k orang perta"a t'ngga! baik 'nt'k jenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki "a'p'n pere"p'an. se(angkan F;eH (ig'nakan 'nt'k orag perta"a jarnak baik 'nt'k jenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki "a'p'n pere"p'an.
1ontoh ka!!"at= I

a" a singer. Sa7a seorang pen7an7i.

;e are st'(ents. a"i pe!ajar
2. ita "engg'nakan H7o'H 'nt'k orang 7ang (iajak berbicara (iseb't orang ke('a. ita "engg'nakan

F7o'F 'nt'k orang ke('a t'ngga! (an ja"ak. baik 'nt'k jenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki "a'p'n pere"p'an

1ontoh ka!i"a!= Bo' are p!a7ing ba("inton. a"' se(ang ber"ain ba("inton. Ce sa9 7o' 7ester(a7. !a "e!ihat"' ke"arin. 3. ita "engg'nakan Fhe? she? itF 'nt'k orang 7ang (ibicarakan (iseb't orang ketiga. ita "ongg'nakan
9ho. she? ItF 'nt'k orang ketiga t'ngga!? se(angkan Hthe7F 'nt'k orang ketiga ja"ak. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Ce is basketba!! p!a7er.

Dia pe"a!n bo!a basket. The7 p!a7 soccer. 4ereka ber"ain bo!a. $. ita "engg'nakan H"eF (an F'sF sebagai objek 'nt'k orang kebga t'ngga! (an ja"ak jenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki (an pere"p'an.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce ga+e "e a han(phone. Dia "e"beri sa7a seb'ah te!epon gengga". The7 ta'ght 's g'itar. 4ereka "engajari ka"i gitar. .%. ita "engg'nakan Fhi"F sebagai objek 'nt'k orang ke('a t'ngga! jenis ke!a"in !aki>!aki.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I 9ant to "eet hi".

Sa7a ingin berte"' (engann7a.

). ita "engg'nakan Fher sebagai objek 'nt'k orang ketiga t'ngga! jenis ke!a"in pere"p'an. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
I "et her in the schoo!.

Sa7a berte"' (ongann7a (i seko!ah it'.

1.c.N( ?o! I 2!>! i :Di i !.=n

i?ic=

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

,3

1. E"phatic Prono'n ( ata -anti E"patik#

ata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k penegasanEtekanan (iseb't e"phatic prono'n. E"phatic prono'n sebena"7a "er'pakan ref!e6i+e prono'n 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enegaskan seb'ah kata ben(a ata' kata ganti. E"phatic Prono'n "enegaskan s'at' ha! kt 's's (a!a" ka!i"at. ata ganti ini j'ga (ibent'k

(engan "ena"bahkan Hse!fF ata' Fse!+esF pa(a persona! prono'ns. tetapi ti(ak (apat (ig'nakan
sobagai s'bjek. E"phatic prono'n (apat (ipin(ahkan (an ka!i"at tanpa "e"pengar'hi "akna ka!i"at. :a(i? e"phatic prono'n "irip (engan ref!e6i+e prono'n. sope!ti F"7se!fF? Fo'rse!+esH. Fitse!fH? 7o'rse!fF.

Hherse!fF. Fhi"se!fF? (an Hthe"se!+esH.

1ontoh ka!i"at= Bo' 7o'rse!f (i( this. arn' sen(ir! "e!ak'kan in!. I "7se!f sho9e( 7o' the 9a7.

Sa7a sen(in "en'nj'kkan pa(a"' ja!an it'.

D.

De"onstrati+e Prono'n ( ata -anti De"onstratif#

De"onstrati+e prono'n a(a!ah kata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "on'nj'kka4"enjo!askan ben(a

ata' orang 7ang kita bicarakan. ata ganti ini "en'nj'kkan ja'h (ekatn7a s'at' bon(a? seperti this (in=#. that (('#? these (in?#? those (it'#? s'ch ((e"ikian. begit'#. ata ganti FthisF 'nt'k t'ngga! (an HtheseF 'nt'k
ja"ak "en'nj'k pa(a ben(a ata' orang 7ang (ekat. baik secara fisik "a'p'n (ari segi 9akt'. se(angkan HthatH (an HthoseF "en'nj'k pa(a ben(a>ben(a ata' ha!>ha! 7ang (i sana? ja'h. ata' !ebih ja'h. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

This is "7 teacherHs car. Ani "obi! g'r'k'. Those are "7 fatherHs books.
Ini b'k'>b'k' a7ahk'.

1atatan=
< ata>kata Fthis? that. s'ch? these. (an thoseF "enja(i (e"onstrati+e a(jecti+e ka!a' "ereka (ig'nakan (engan kata ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= This car is "ine. 4obi! ini p'n7ak'.

That ca"era Is 7o'rs. a"era it' p'n7a"'

< ata>kata FthatF (an FthoseF (apat (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enghin(ari peng'!angan kata ben(a 7ang s'(ah

(iseb'tkan sebe!'"n7a.
1ontoh ka!i"at= This girt is "ore bea'tif'! than that (gir!#. -a(is ini !ebih cantik (art ce+9ek it'

These bo7s are "ore obe(ient than those (bo7s#.

*nak !aki>!aki ini !ebih pat'h (a( anak !aki>!aki it'.

,$ 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEI5 Preparation

E. In(efinite Prono'n ( ata -anti Ti(ak Tent'#

ata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'k ata' "e"bicarakan orangEben(a secara '"'" ata' tak tent'

(iseb't in(efinite prono'n. ata ganti ini ti(ak "en'nj'k pa(a orang ata' ben(s tertent'? seper!i an7one (siapap'n? siapa saWa#? so"e (beberapa? a(a#? one (seorang#. so"ething (ses'at'#. so"eone (seseorang? a(a(orang# 7ang#. none (tak seorangp'n. tak sat'p'n? tak sa"a seka!#. so"ebo(7 (seseorang? a(s (orang# 7ang#? a!! (se"'a#? an7thing (apa saja? ses'at'? fae(ahn7a#? nothing (ti(ak a(s apa>ape#? fe9 (so(ikif? bTborapa orang#?
"an7 (ban7ak#. se+era! (beberapa orang#? other (orang !ain#? an7 (ses'at'#. no (tak a(a#. 1.

One (seseorang ata' ses'at' (ig'nakan pa(a orang ketiga#? nobo(7 (ti(ak seorangp'n#? no one (tak seorangp'n#. so"ething (ses'at'#? an7 (setiap#. an7bo(7 (siapap'n#? an7one (siapap'n#? an7thing (ses'at'#? nothing (ti(ak a(a apa>apa#. so"eone sa"a (engan so"ebo(7 (seseorang#? (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja t'ngga!. 1ontoh ka!i"at= One of "7 brothers is +er7 han(so"e. Sa!ah seorang sa'(ara !aki>!aki sa7a sangat sa"pan.
So"eone is knocking at the (oor.

*(a seseorang (7ang# "enget'k pint'. ThereHs so"ething abo't her I (onHt !ike.
*(a ses'at' pa(a (irin7a 7ang ti(ak sa7a s'kai.

*n7(one# of 's can (o it. Setiap orang (iantara kita (apat "e!ak'kan it'. *n7one can (o it. Siapap'n (apat "e!ak'kan it'.
There is nothing 9rong 9ith this.

Tia(a kesatahan (a!a" ha! ini. 2. &one borarti tak soorangp'n. boteh (ig'nakan (ongan kata kerja t'ngga! "a'p'n ja"ak. tetapi Iebih sering (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja t'ngga!. 1ontoh ka!i"at= &one of "7 brothers is e('cate(. Tak seorangp'n sa'(ara !aki>!aki sa7a berpen(i(ikan. So"e (beberapa#? a!! ( se"'a#? fe9 (se(ikit#? "an7 (ban7ak#. (an se+era! (beberapa#? (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja ja"ak.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

3.

So"e of these app!es are ba(. Beberapa (i antara b'ah ape! ini b's'k. 4an7 of the" be!ie+e in -o(. Ban7ak (iantara "ereka perca7a akan T'han. Se+era! of the gir!s are bea'tif'!. Beberapa orang ga(is it' cantik.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 ,%

F. Interrogati+e Prono'n ( ati -anti Tan7a#

Interrogati+e prono'n a(a!ah kata gang 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "engaj'kan pertan7aan secara !angs'ng ata' ti(ak !angs'ng? seperti 9ho (siapa#? 9hose (siapa(p'n7a##. 9ho" (siapa#. 9hich (7ang

"ana#? (an 9hat (apa? siapa? berapa#.

1. ;ho han7a (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang (a!agi s'bjecti+e case. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;ho is sheI

Siapa (iaI
2. ;ho" han7a (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang (a!a" objecti+e case. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
;ho" are 7o' ca!!ingI

Siapa 7ang ka' panggi!I 3. ;hose (ig'nakan (a!a" possessi+e case (kas's posesif!kep'n7aan#? biasan7a (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hose are those pensI Pena>pena siapa iniI ;hich (ig'nakan 'nt'k ben(a>ben(a? orang. (an binatang. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hich is 7o'r ca!! Bang "ana "obi!"'I ;hat (ig'nakan 'nt'k ben(a<ben(a (an profesi.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

$.

%.

;hat (o 7o' 9ant for (innerI

*pa 7ang ka' inginkan 'nt'k "akan "a!a" iniI

1ata!an= < Bent'k F9hat are 7o'IH "en7atakan profesi ata' peker!Haan? se(angkan H9ho are 7o'IF "en'nj'k pa(a na"a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hat is hoI Ce is a singerI *pa pokerjaann7aI Dia seorang pon7an7iI
< Bent'k H9hat

L be L !ikeH (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enan7akan ga"baran*'kisan.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

;hat is she !ikeI She is 9ise an( bea'tif'! 9ith p!easant "anner. Dia seperti apaI !a bijaksana (an cantik (an bersikap "en7enangkan. < Bent'k F9hat (oes heEsheEit !ook !ikeF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan pena"pi!an fisik. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

,) 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

;hat (oes she !ook !ikeI Seperti apa r'pan7a, < Bent'k F9hat L forF (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enan7akan "engapa. apa sebab.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

;hat are 7o' (oing it forI 4engapa ka' !ak'kan it'I < a(ang>ka(ang He+erF (ig'nakan (engan Interrogati+e prono'ns 'nt'k "on7atakan keterkej'tan? keheranan? a"arah? kejengketan (an kece"asan. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hoe+er co'!( ha+e ki!!e( hi"I Siapakah gerangan 7ang "e"b'n'hn7aI

-. Distrib'ti+e Prono'n ( ata -anti Distrib'tif#

ata ganti (istrib'tif a(a!ah kata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "o"bicarakan "asing<"asing ata'

tiap>tiap orang ata' ben(a socara terpisah? soperti neither ((a(a seorangp'n#. either (sa!ah sat'? sa!ah seorang#? each ("asing>"asing#? an7 (ses'at'#. none (tak seorangp'n? tak sat'p'n? tak sa"a seka!(? both (ber('a? ke('an7a#. e+er7 (se(tiap#. hap>tiap#? one (seorang#? e+er7bo(7 (se"'an7a. se"'a orang#. e+er7thing (sega!a ses'at'? sega!a>ga!an7a#? (an e+er7one (tiap orang#. 1. Each (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'k setiap orangEsetiap ben(s secara kh's's (ari sej'"!ah orang ata'
ko!o"pok ben(a. ita "engg'nakan FeachF bi!a j'"!ah (a!a" ke!ornpok torbatas (an tortont'.

1ontoh ka!i"at= Each of 's has a car. 4asing<"asing ka"i "e"p'n7a! seb'ah "ob(.
2. E+er7 (ig'nakan han7a 'nt'k !ebih (art ('a orangEben(a 7ang j'"!ahn7a tak tent'.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
E+er7(ono# of the so!(iers is bra+o.

Setiap praj'r!t berani. 3. E+er7bo(7? e+er7one. (an e+er7thing (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja t'ngga!.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

E+er7bo(7 in the ho'se 9as happ7. Se"'a orang (a!a" r'"ah it' bahag!a. E+er7one 9e kno9 has gone.
Setiap orang 7ang ka"! kena! s'(ah berangkat.

E+er7thing has change(.

Sega!a ses'at' te!ah ber'bah.

$.

Either (ig'nakan han7a 'nt'k "e"bicarakan ('a orang ata' ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at Either of "7 t9o brothers Is han(so"e.
Sa!ah soorang (a( ('a sa'(ara !aki>!akEk' ta"pan.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 1,

%. &either han7a (ig'nakan 'nt'k ('a orang ata' ben(a (an "er'pakan bent'k negatif (an either.

1ontoh ka!i"at &either of the" is rich. Tra(a seorangp'n (ari "ereka 7ang ka7a. ). &one (ig'nakan (engan kata kerja t'ngga! 'nt'k "e"bicarakan !ebih (an ('a orang ata' ben(a.
1ontoh ka!i"at= &one of the chi!(ren is f'nn7.

Tak seorangp'n (a( anak>anak it' 7ang !'c'. ,. *n7 (ig'nakan 'nt'k "e"bicarakan !ebih (a( ('a orang ata' ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= *n7 of 's can (o it. Setiap orang (i antara kite (apat "e!ak'kan it'.

1atatan=
ita bo!eh "engg'nakan kata none (engan kata kerja ja"ak ata'p'n t'ngga!? tetapi kata none !ebih !aGi" "engg'nakan kata kerja t'ngga!.Bang penting a(a konsistensi pengg'naan (a!a" ka!i"at.

C. 3eciproca! Prono'n ( ata -anti 3esiproka!ETi"ba! Ba!ik#

3eciproca! prono'n a(a!ah kata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan h'b'ngan ti"ba! batik. 1. Each other (sa!ing? sat' sa"a !ain# (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kE"e"bicarakan ('a orang ata' ben(a 1ontoh ka!i"at The7 ha+e a !ot in co""on 9ith each other.
4ereka it' ban7ak persa"aann7a sat' sa"e !ain.

2. One another (sat' sa"a !ain# (ig'nakan 'n!'k "e"bir akan !ebih (an ('a orang ata' ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= The7 b!a"e( one another. 4ereka sa!ing "en7a!ahkan sat' sa"a !ain.

I. 3e!ati+eE1onj'ncti+e Prono'n ( ata -anti Pengh'b'ng#

3e!ati+e conj'ncti+e prono'n a(a!ah kata ganti 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "ongh'b'ngkan ata'

"enggab'ngkan ka!i"at>ka!i"at ata' k!a'sa>k!a'sa bersa"a>sa"a. 3e!ati+e prono'n (ig'nakan sebagai kata pengh'b'ng 'nt'k "en'nj'k pa(a kata ben(a 7ang "en(ah'!'in7a? seper!i 9ho (siapa? 7ang. siapa saja. barang s!apa#? 9ho" (siapa? 7ang#? 9hich (7ang "ane? 7ang#? 9hose (siapa p'n7a? 7ang... n7a#? that (it'? 7ang sat' it'#? b't (7ang ...ti(ak#? as (sebega!? 9hat (ape? siapa#.

ata ganti pengh'b'ng "on'nj'k pa(a kata ben(a ata' kata ganti 7ang "en(ah'!'in7a (an (ig'nakan
'nt'k "o"perkona!kan sob'ah k!a'sa. ata ganti pongh'b'ng a(a!ah F9ho F9hichF (an FthatF. H;hoH bent'k objoktifn7a a(a!ah F9ho"F (an bent'k possesifn7a H9hoseF. se(angkan F9hichH (an FthatH

,. 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

"e"p'n7ai bent'k 7ang sa"a (a!a" kas's no"ina!if (an objektif. H;hichF (an FthatH ti(ak "e"p'n7ai bent'k possesif. !a'sa 7ang (iintro('sir o!oh kata ganti pengh'b'ng (iseb't re!ati+e c!a'se (k!a'sa pengh'b'ng#. *(a ('a tipefjenis re!ati+e c!a'se.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

The bo7 9ho has 9on the first priGe is "7 nephe9.
*nak !aki>!aki 7ang "e"enangkan ha(ia perta"a a(a!ah ke"enakan !aki>!aki sa7a. The bo7. 9ho has 9on the first priGe? is "7 nephe9. *nak !aki>!aki? 7ang te!ah "e"enangkan ha(iah perta"a. a(a!ah ke"enakan !aki>!aki sa7a. Da!a" re!ati+e c!a'se> seb'ah ka!i"at "enegaskan antese(en (kata ata' bagian ka!i"at 7ang "en(ah'!'i kata pengganti#. :ika k!a'sa it' (ihi!angkan? ti(ak akan je!as apa 7ang (i"aks'( si pe"bicara. Di

sisi !ain? re!ati+e c!a'se (a!a" ka!irnat ke('a ti(ak "e"batasiE"enegaskan antese(en? is han7a "e"bers s'a!' penje!asan ta"bahan tentang antese(enn7a. 3e!ati+e c!a'se (a!a" ka!i"at pertarna "er'pakan re!ati+e c!a'se penegasEpe"batas ((efining re!ati+e c!a'se# se(angkan k!a'sa (a!a" ka!i"at ke('a "er'pakan re!ati+e c!a'se 7ang ti(ak "e"batasiE"enegaskan (non>(efining c!a'se#. S'at' (efining re!ati+e c!a'se sangat pert' bagi "aknaEarti ka!i"at. So(ang s'at' &on>(efining c!a'se ti(ak
esensia!. Perhatikan bah9a non>(efining re!ati+e c!a'se (ipisahkan (ari k!a'sa 'ta"a o!oh tan(a ko"a.

&on>(efining c!a'ses jarang (ig'nakan (a!a" percakapan. a. Defining re!ati+e c!a'ses (k!a'sa pengh'b'ng penegas# Seb'ah k!a'sa 7ang (ite"patkanE((etakkan sebe!'" seb'ah kata ben(a 7ang te!ah (ibatasiE (itegaskan (an han7a "e"beri s'at' infor"asi Iebih ja'hEban7ak tentang kata ben(a it' (iseb't (efining
c!a'se. Defining c!a'se (ipisahkan tanpa ko"a.

1on!oh ka!i"at= The st'(ents 9ho passe( inter"e(iate e6a"ination app!ie( for "e(icine. S!s9a>s!ss9a 7ang !'!'s 'jian seko!ah "enengah "e!a"ar "as'k i!"' ke(okteran.
a!i"at ini berarti bah9a han7a beberapa (ari sis9a>sis9a it' !'!'s 'jian seko!ah !anj'tan (an "ereka

"e!a"ar "as'k i!"' ke(okteran. *(a beberapa sis9a !ain 7ang ti(ak !'!'s 'jian it'. 1# ;ho (ig'nakan sebagai s'bjok 'nt'k orang. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
The gir! 9ho spoke is &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak.

-a(is 7ang berbicara it' a(a!ah &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak. 2# ;ho" (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang sebagai objek. (an kata ganti pengh'b'ng (ihi!angkan. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
This is the gir! 9ho" he !ikes "ost.

a(ang>ka(ang. H9ho"H (iganti o!eh H9hoF ata' FthatH

Ins ga(is 7ang pa!ing is s'kai.

3# ;hose (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang (a!a" possessi+e case (kas's posesi!#.
1ontoh ka!i"at= The gir! 9hose "other (ie( in an acci(ent 9ante( to "arr7 "e.

;anita 7ang ib'n7a "eningga! (a!a" s'at' kece!akaan ingin ka9in (engank'.

5?F

tNN . ..1>N . j

I N S 5< i?..=

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5

$# ;hich (ig'nakan 'nt'k ben(a>ben(a? baik sebagai s'bjek "a'p'n objek. 1ontoh ka!i"at= The poe"s 9hich I 9rote 9ere praise( b7 a!!. S7air>s7air 7ang sa7a t'!is (ip'ji sern'a orang.
;hat (ig'nakan han7a 'nt'k ben(a>ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"a!= I (onHt taro 9hat 7o' sa7. Sa7a ti(ak po('h apa 7ang ka' katakan.

Preparation I

1/

%#

)#

That (ig'nakan 'nt'k orang (an ben(s>ben(a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= The no+e! that 7o' ga+e "e 9as not interesting. &o+e! 7ang ka' berikan pa(ak' ti(ak "enank. *s (ig'nakan sebagai re!ati+e prono'n (engan Fs'chH. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;ati is s'ch a gir! as I !ike. -a(is seperti ;a!! fah 7ang sa7a s'ka.
B't (ig'nakan sobagai re!ati+e prono'n (a!a" arti H7ang ti(akH.

,#

.#

1ontoh ka!i"at= There Is no gir! b't !o+es je9e!s. Ti(ak a(a ga(is 7ang ti(ak "en7'kai per"ata. b. &on>(efining re!ati+e c!a'se (k!a'sa pengh'b'ng b'kan penegas# Seb'ah k!a'sa 7ang (ite"patkanE(i!etakkan ses'(ah kata ben(a 7ang te!ah (ibatasiE(itegaskan (an

han7a "e"beri s'at' infor"asi !ebih ja'hEban7ak tentang kata ben(a it' (iseb't non>(efining c!a'se. &on>(efining c!a'se so!a!' (ipisahkan oteh ko"a. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

The st'(ents? 9ho passe( Inter"e(iate e6a"ination? app!ie( for "e(icine.

Sis9a>sis9a? 7ang !'!'s 'jian seko!ah !anj'tan. "e!a"ar "as'k i!"' ke(okteran.

a!i"at ini berar!i bah9a se"'a sis9a>sis9a it' !'!'s 'jian seko!ah !anj'tan (an se"'a "e!a"ar
"as'k i!"' ke(okteran.

1atatan=
< a!i"at pasif ka(ang>ka(ang (apat (ig'nakan.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
I ha+e a !ot of !etters to 9riteEto be 9ritten. Sa7a a(a ban7ak S'rat 7ang har's k't'!!sE(Et'!is. a!i"a!>ka!i"at ini j'ga (apat (it'!is '!ang seperti ini=

1ontoh ka!i"at= I ha+e a !ot of !etters thatE9hich I "'st 9rite. Sa7a a(a ban7ak S'rat 7ang har's sa7a t'!is.

.0 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

< !a'sa pengh'b'ng sangat sering (igantikan o!eh present particip!e bi!a kata kerXan7a a(a!ah contin'o's tense.
1ontoh ka!i"at= Peop!e 9ho are app!7ing for the position "a7 cons'!t the "anager.

Orang 7ang se(ang "e!a"ar 'nt'k ke('('kan It' bo!eh berkons'!tasi (engan "anager it'.
a!i"at<ka!i"at (i atas (apat (it'!is '!ang seperti ini=

1ontoh ka!i"at
Peop!e app!7ing for the position "a7 cons'!t the "anager.

Orang>orang 7ang "e!a"ar 'nt'k ke('('kan !t' bo!eh berkons'!tasi (engan "anajer It'. < Da!a" praktikn7a. re!ati+e c!a'se (apat (it'iis (engan beraga" po!a ka!i"at (an (apat "e"b'at kein(ahan serta pesona bahasa. 3'"'sn7a a(a!ah bothEso"eE"'stEa!!Ese+era!Efe9 L of L 9ho"Y 9hich. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Cer sisters? both of 9ho" sta7 in Singapore? 9ant to "an7 In(onesians. Sa'(ara pere"p'ann7a. 7ang ke('an7a tingga! (i Singapora. ingin ka9in (engan orang In(onesia

:. 3e!ati+e 1o"po'n( Prono'n ( ata -anti -ab'ngan Peng!i'b'ng#

3e!ati+e co"p'n( prono'n a(a!ah kata ganti 7ang (igab'ngkan (engan kata Fe+erH? seperti 9hoe+er

(siapap'n. barangs!apa. siapakah gerangan#? 9hiche+er (7ang# "ana saja#. 9hate+er (ape saja? apakah gerangan#? 9hene+er.(kapan saja? bi!a"ana saja#? 9here+er (ke "ana p'n? ke "ana saja#? (an ho9e+er (akan
tetap#.

1. ;hoe+er berarti barang siapa. siapap'n.

1ontoh ka!i"at ;hoe+er ha( an I(ea !ike that sho'!( be congrat'!ate(.

Barang siapa 7ang "e"p'n7a! A(e seperti it' pat't ( be( 'capan se!a"at. 2. ;hiche+er berarti 7ang "ane saja. 1ontoh ka!i"at= I sha!! gi+e 7o' 9hiche+er 7o' !ike. Sa7a akan "e"ben"' 7ang "ana saja 7ang ka' s'kai. 3. ;hate+er berar!i apa saja. apap'n. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hate+er 7o' nee( 9e can or(er. a"' (apat "o"esan apa saja 7ang ka' per!'kan. $. ;hene+er berarti bi!a"ana? kapanp'n. 1ontoh ka!i"at= ;hene+er I go to Ban('ng? I ne+er forget to "eet "7 frien(s Bi!a"ana sa7a pergi ke Ban('ng? sa7a ti(ak pe"ah !'pa "ene"'! te"an<te"an sa7s.

b'natt eett jatt 11?14 NN.Pta

.)1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

$. *(+erbs of fre@'enc7
*(+erbs of fre@'enc7 (kata kotorangan frok9enst# ata' a(+erbs ofn'"ber(kata kotorangan j'"!ah# a(a!ah kata keterangan 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan seberapa sering s'at' perb'atan (itak'kan ata'

terja(i. ata keterangan ini "enja9ab pertan7aan seberapa seringI. seperti again (!agi? soka!i !agi? ke"ba!r#? a!9a7s (se!aK'? senantiasa#? contin'a!!7 (ter's "enenis#? e+er (pernah? ses'ngg'hn7a#? fre@'ent!7 (sering>sering? seringkah#. genera!!7 (biasan7a#. har(!7 e+er (ha"pir ti(ak pe"ah#? ne+er (tak pernah#? nor"a!!7 (biasan7a#. occasiona!!7 (a(aka!an7a? ka(ang<ka(ang#? often (senng(kah#. once (seka!i? pernah#. perio(ica!!7 (pa(a 9akt'> 9akt' tertent'. ka(angka!a#? rare!7 (jarang#. reg'!ar!7 ((onganEsecara tetap#. repeate(!7 (borka!i>ka!i.
bor'!ang<'!ang#? scarce!7 e+er (ha"pir ti(ak po"ah#? secon(!7 (7ang ko('a#? se!(o" (jarang#? so"eti"es (seka!i>seka!i? ka(ang<ka(ang#? thir(!7 (7ang ketiga#? thrice (tiga kab#? t9ice (('a kah#? (an 's'a!!7 (biasan7a#.

1ontoh ka!!"at= I a!9a7s go there. Sa7a se!a!' pergi ke sane.

%. *(+erbs of @'antit7 or (egree

*(+erbs of @'antit7 or (egree (kata keterangan k'antitas ata' (erajat# a(a!ah kata keterangan 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan seberapa ban7ak? seberapa ja'h ata' seberapa !'as. ata' (a!a" (erajatE ka(ar apa s'at' perb'atan (i!ak'kan. seperti abso!'te!7 (sa"a seka!!. bet'!. benar. "e"ang. sepen'hn7a#. a!"ost (ha"pir#? a!together (se"'an7a? sarria soka!i? pa(a koso!'r'hann7a#? co"p!ete!7 (sa"a soka!i#? eno'gh (c'k'p#? entiret7 (sa"e soka!i? sopon'hn7a? sorat's person#. o6cee(ing!7 (sangat? soka!i#? fair!7 (agak baik?
ha"pir#? f'!!7 (socara !ongkap. sopon'hn7a? sa"a>soka!i? bonar>bonar. so(a!a">(a!a"n7a#. har(!7 (ha"pir ti(ak#? "argina!!7 (t!pis? keci!#. "'ch (ja'h#? no (ti(ak? nggak#. part!7 (sebagian#? preferab!7 (!ebih (is'kas#. prett7 (agak#. @'ite (s'ngg'h#. rather (agak? c'k'p. !ebih bask#? scarce!7 (ha"pir ti(ak? ti(ak "'ngkin#. so (a"at? soka!i? begit'. (o"ikian#. so"e9hat (agak. se(ikif#? thoro'gh!7 (sepen'hn7a. b'kan kopa!ang#? too (tor!a!'? soka!i?

j'ga? >p'n#? +er7 (sangat? a"at? sokab#? (an 9ho!!7 (so"a sokab#. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She sings prett7 9e!!. !a "en7an7i c'k'p baik.

). *(+erbs of reason? ca'se? an( p'rpose

*(+erbs of reason? ca'se? an( p'rpose (kata oterangan a!asan? sebab (an "aks'(# a(a!ah kata keterangan 7ang "en'nj'kkan a!asanEsebab? seperti hence (sebab It'? karena It'? karenan7a#. so that

(agar# s'pa7a#? (an therefore (o!eh karena it'#. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She 9as !ate? hence she "isse( the train. !a teria"bat? karena it' is ketingga!an korota api it'.

n(W>?=nce( c>#j!is<# -ra""ar for T1 F5 Prepiraticr.

.E

,. *(+erbs of certaint7Eassert!onEaffir"ation an( negation *(+erbs of certaint7EassertionEaffir"ation an( negation a(a!ah kata keterangan 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan kepastian. penegasan ata' sangka!an terha(ap s'at' pe"7ataan. ata keterangan 7ang biasa (ig'nakan (a!a" kata keterangan ini. seperti 'n(o'bte(!7 (nisca7a. pasti!ah#. certain!7 (past? tent'(saja#? "e"ang#? s're!7 (tent' saja? pastA? bet'!>bet'!#? (o not (ti(ak#. 7es (7a#. ne+er (tak po"ah#? ob+io's!7 ((engan n7ata? (engan je!as? tak pe!ak !agH#? (efinite!7 (pasts#? no (ti(ak? nggak#? not (ti(ak. tak? b'kan? jangan#? in(ee( (s'ngg'h<s'ngg'h? tent' saja? "e"ang#? "a7 ("'ngkin? barangkaf #? ne+er (tak pe"ah#? ob+io's!7 ((engan n7ata? (engan je!as. tak pe!ak !ags#? perhaps (barangka!i? bo!eh ja(i? "'ngkin#? s're!7 (tent' saja? pastA? bet'!<bet'A#? 'n(o'bte(!7 (nisca7a? pasti!ah#? 7es (7a#. 1ontoti ka!i"at=
Ce ne+er (oes an7thing to h'rt others. !a ti(ak pernah "e!ak'kan ses'at' 'nt'k "en7akiti orang !ain.

.. *(+erbs of se@'ence
*(+erbs of se@'ence (kata keterangan 'r'tan# (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan (a!a" 'r'tan ses'at'
terja(i. seporti first (perta"a>ta"a? ('!'(>an#? tor(ah'!'#? secon(!7 (7ang ke('a#? thir(!7 ((7ang# ketiga#?

ne6t (se!anj'tn7a? berik'tn7a#. (an fina!!7 (akhi"7a#.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

First? the tap "'st be t'rne( off. Perta"a>!a"a? kerann7a hares (it't'p.

B. Interrogati+e *(+erb ( ata

eterangan Tan7a#

Interrogati+e a(+erb a(a!ah kata koterangan 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "engaj'kan pertan7aan. Si"p!e a(+erb bo!eh j'ga (ig'nakan (a!a" interrogati+e a(+erb? seperti 9here ((i "ana? "ana? (an "ans? ke

"ana#? 9hen (bi!a"ana? kapan#? 9h7 ("engapa? kenapa? apa sebab#? ho9 (bagai"ana? bagai"ana caran7a? berapa#? 9hence ((an "ana#? 9hither (ke "ana#. ho9 often (berapa senng#? ho9 "an7 (berapa ban7ak#? ho9 "'ch (berapa ban7ak#? ho9 !ong (berapa !a"a!panjang#? (an ho9 far (berapa ja'h!berapa jarakn7a# 1ontoh kati"at= ;hen (oes she co"eI apan is (atangI :enis interrogati+e a(+erb

1. Interrogati+e a(+erbs of p!ace (kata keterangan tan7a tern pat#

1ontoh ka!i"at=

;here are 7o' going to"orro9I a' akan pergi ke "ane besokI

i.c.i .cii i !.!=i i j:i i i ic!tS ..&ic=

.. 1*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

2. Interrogati+e a(+erbs of ti"e (kata keterangan tan7a 9akt'#

1ontoh ka!i"a!= ;hen 9ere 7o' bo"I epan ka' !ahirI

3. Interrogati+e a(+erbs of "anner (keta keterangan tan7a care#

1ontoh ka!i"at= Co9 (o 7o' bake this cakeI Begai"ana caran7a ka' "e"bakar k'e iniI

$. Interrigati+e a(+erbs of reason (kata keterangan tan7a a!asan#

1ontoh ka!i"at=

;h7 are 7o' !ateI 4engape ka' terfa"batI

%. Interrogati+e a(+erbs of (egree an( @'antit7 (kata keterangan tan7a (erajat (an k'antitas#
1ontoh ka!i"at= Co9 often (o 7o' eatI Serape se6ing ka' "akanI 1atatan= < ata keterangan Hho9F (an H9hatF ka(ang>ka(ang j'ga (apat (ig'nakan (a!a" ka!i"at ser'. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Co9 co!( It is to(a7A
Betapa (ingin ha( IniA
;hat a foo!ish "an he ist

Bo(oh seka!i (irin7a!

1. 3e!ati+e *(+erbs ( ata

eterangan Pengh'b'ng#

3e!ati+e a(+erbs a(a!ah kata keterangan 7ang (ig'nakan 'nt'k "engh'b'ngkan ('a k!a'sa ata' pern7ataan. ata keterangan I& "e!ak'kan pekerjaan sebagai kata pen7a"b'ng. "engh'b'ngkan ('a

ka!i"at (an j'ga "e"batasi kata kerja. seperti F9henF. 9hereF. (an H9h7F. 1ontoh ka!i"at= This is the p!ace 9here the acci(ent took p!ace. Ini!ah te"pat (i "ans kece!akaan it' terja(i. I (o not re"e"ber the ti"e 9hen sho ca"e to see "e !ast 9eek.

Sa7a ti(ak ingat 9akt'n7a kapan is (ateng "eng'nj'ngi sa7a "ingg' ke"arin.
I (o not 'n(erstan( the reason 9h7 he has beha+e( th's.

Sa7a ti(ak "enger!i a!asan "engapa Aa te!ah berke!ak'an (e"ikian.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1./

1ata!an= < Beberapa pet'nj'k pengg'naan kata keterangan= *(a sej'"!ah kata 7ang (apat (ig'nakan ba!k sebagai kata sifat "a'p'n sebagai kata keterangan. Beberapa kata keterangan (apat (ig'nakan baik sebagai kata keterangan "a'p'n sebagai kata shat. ita (apat "engetah'! apakah kata>kata terseb't kata keterangan ata' kata sifa! (engan "e"aha"i peran 7ang "ereka !ak'kan (a!a" ka!i"at. < *(a kata keterangan 7ang "e"p'n7ai ('a bent'k? arti ko('an7a p'n agak berbe(a? seperti berik't Ini. i. HCar(H (kerns. !ebat (engan taja". (a!a">(a!a". (engan rajin# (an Hhar(!7H (ha"pir D(ak#

1ontoh ka!i"at
Bo' "'st 9ork har(. a' hares bekerja kerns. I co'!( har(!7 be!ie+e It. Sa7a ha"pir t!(ak "e"perca7ai it'. ii. H&earF ((eka! (an Hnear!7H (ha"pir# 1ontoh ka!i"at= P!ease co"e near. 4en(ekat!ah ke sini. Ce is near!7 (efeate(. !a
ha"pir (ika!ahkan. iii. H5ateH (terfa"ba8 (an H!ate!7H (akhir>akhir ini? be!akangan in!#

1ontoh ka!i"at The b's arri+e( !ate. Bis to (atang ter!a"bat. I ha+e "et *(e!ina !ate!7. Sa7a te!ah berte"' *(e!ina akhir>akhir Ini. i+. HPrett7H (agak# (an Hpretti!7H ((engan !'9esEper!ente# 1ontoh ka!i"at= I a" prett7 s're of "7 s'ccess. Sa7a c'k'p 7akErZ7akin>7akEn saja akan keberhasi!an sa7a. &'rsanti 9as pretti!7 (resse(. &'rsant! ber(an(an (engan per!enteE"o!ek. +. H1!earH (Dngga!kan? s'ngg'h? sa"a seka!i? (engan je!as# (an Hc!ear!7F ((engan Is!as. n7ata# 1ontoh ka!i"a!=
Ce "'st speak c!ear!7.

!a ha"s berbicar" (engan jeIas. I tr7 to keep c!ear of her. Sa7a berikhbar "enghEn(ar!n7a.

/0 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation +i. DirectH (tanpa berhenti? !angs'ng? !'res# (an H(irect!H7F (((engan# !angs'ng? tepat? (engan segera#
1ontoh ka!i"at=

The b's goes (irect to :akarta.

Sis it' berangkat tan pa berhent! ke :akarta.

She poke to "e (irect!7. !a berbicara kepa(a sa7a !angs'ng. +ii. Eas7H (enteng. (engan ga"pang? (ongan "'(ah# (an Heasi!7F ((engan "'(ah# 1ontoh ka!i"at=
Take !ife eas7. Te"p'h!ah hi('p (engan "'(ah.

;ati !earnt Eng!ish easi!7. ;ati be!ajar bahasa Inggris (engan "'(ah.
+iii. HFairH (secara a(i!. (engan 9ajar# (an Hfair!7H (agak ba!k. ha"pir. (engan baik# 1ontoh ka!i"at= Bo' sho'!( p!a7 fair. a' sohar'sn7a ber"ain secara a(i!h+ajar.

Ce spoke to "e +er7 fair!7. Dia berbicara pa(a sa7a (engan sangat ba!k. i6. CighH ("'!ia? tinggi? "aha!. benar# (an Hhigh!7H (sanga!# 1ontoh ka!i"at=
*!9a7s ai" high in !ife.

Se!a!' bercita>cita tinggi (a!a" hi('p. Ce is high!7 o+errate(. !a sangat (p'p. 6. 3ightF (persis? topat? sebena"7a? segera# (an Hright!7H (s'(ah sepantasn7a? (engan benar#
1ontoh ka!i"at= I fo'n( the ring right here.

Sa7a te"'kan cincin it' tepat (i sini.

She 9rote the spe!!ing right!7.

!a "en'!is ejaan it' (engan benar. 6i. HFre(F (g"tis? c'"a<c'"a# (an Hfree!7H ((ongan bebas#
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Is a("ission freeI *pakah "as'kn7a gratisI 1hi!(ren 'n(er 12 are a("itte( free!7. *nak>anak (iba9ah '"'r 12 tah'n bo!eh "as'k (engan c'"a>c'"a. < ata ben(a 7ang "en'nj'kkanE"en7atakan 9akt'. te"pat? jarak? berat? 'k'ran? ni!ai? ka(arEtingkatE (erajat (ig'nakan sebagai kata keterangan. ata ben(a 7ang (e"ikian (iseb't a(+erbia! objects (objek kata keterangan#. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
The sno+i !aste( a 9eek. Sa!j' it' bertahan so"ingg' !a"an7a.

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1/1

The !oa( 9eighe( three tons.

*4'atan it' beratn7a tiga ton.
< ata keterangan (igab'ngkan (engan kata (epan? seperti thereafter (ses'(ah it'? ke"'(ian#. thereb7 ((engan (cara# (e"ikian#? therein ((i sit'!ah? (i sana#? thereof ((are pa(an7a. (a( it'#? thereto (ke sit'? ke

<

sana#? hereafter (ses'(ah ini? se!anj'tn7a? sejak sokarang#? therefore (o!eh karena it'#? thereabo't(s# (kira<kira#? hereb7 ((engan in!#? herein ((i (a!a" in?#? here9ith (bersa"a ink? 9herefore ("engapa#? 9herein ((i "ana? (a!a" "ana#? (an 9here+er (ke "ana p'n? ke "ana saja# ata keterangan 7ang (ig'nakan berpasangan bersa"a>sa"a? seperti again an( again (ber'!ang> '!ang. ber'!angka!i? berka!i>ka!i#. b7 an( b7 (segera? !a"bat !a'n. nanti? ke!ak#? far an( a9a7 (je!as seka!i? pasti? sanga!#. far an( nearE9i(e ((i "ana>"ana? (i sega!a te"pat#? first an( fore"ost (ter'ta"a seka!r#? in an( o't (ke!'ar "as'k#? no9 an( again (ka(ang>ka(ang? seka!i>seka!t#. no9 an( then (ka(ang> ka(ang#? once an( again (bor'!angka!!#? o+er an( o+er (ber'!angka!?#? to an( fro" ("on(ar"an(ir? !oan ke"an#? 'p an( abo't ("enja(i aktif ko"ba!i? (a!a" kea(aan sehat ke"bah# (an 'p an( (o9n ("on(ar>
"an(ir? bo!ak bark? naik t'n"#.

1. 5etak kata keterangan

a. Di!etakkan ses'(ah kata kerja ata' objek pa(a a(+erb of "anner. 1ontoh ka!i"at= 1arr7 her caref'!!7. -otong!ah (ia (engan hat1>hatE. Tetapi? ka(ang>ka(ang kita j'ga (apat "engatakan= The (octor caref'!!7 e6a"ine( the patient. Dokter it' "e"enksa (engan te!iti pasien it'. b. Di!etakkan ses'(ah kata kerja ata' objek pa(a a(+erbs of p!ace an( ti"e.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce ca"e here. !a (atang ke sinA.

;e sa9 a fi!" 7ester(a7.

a"i "enonton fi!" ke"arin. c. Biasan7a. a(+erbs of fre@'enc7 an( (egree (i!etakkan (i antara s'bjek (an kata kerja. Bi!a kata kerjan7a "engan('ng beberapa kata? kata keterangan (i!etakkan ses'(ah kata 7ang perta"a. 1ontoh ka!i"at= 47 "other ne+er te!!s !ies. !b' sa7a ti(ak pe"ah berbohong. I ha+e often a(+ise( "7 brother to speak po!ite!7. So7a s'(ah sering "onasihati sa'(ara sa7a agar berbicara (ongan sopan. (. Beberapa kata keterangan (i!etakkan ses'(ah kata kerja bant'. 1on!oh ka!i"at= Bo' are a!9a7s care!ess of 7o'r hea!th. a' se!a!' ceroboh (engan kesehatan"' I a" co"p!ete!7 (efeate( in !o+e. Sa7a gagaA so"a seka!i (a!a" cinta.

an (engan hak cipta

j!

BcaH.ci!1 Dc!!N'!! ikrS OPic=

/2 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

e. ata keterangan ha"s (i!etakkan sebe!'" kata kerja bant' seperti ha+e toF(an F'se( toQ.
1ontoh ka!irnat=

I often ha+e to atten( Boga c!asses. Sa7a sering har's "engik'ti ke!as Boga. She a!9a7s 'se( to sit in the gar(en. !a ('!' se!a!' ('('k (i keb'n it'.
f. :ika (a!a" ka!i"at ter(apat beberapa kata koterangan? "aka s's'nan kata kotorangann7a seporti a(+erbs of "anner? a(+erbs of p!ace? (an a(+erbs of ti"e. 1ontoh ka!irnat=

I "et 3e7ni at the theatre 7ester(a7 e+ening. Sa7a berte"' (engan 3e7ni (! b!oskop ke"ar!n "a!a". I e6presse( "7 fee!ings +er7 c!ear!7 at the f'nction 7ester(a7. Sa7a "ong'ngkapkan pcrasaan so7a (engan sangat je!as (i pests it' ke"arin. g. :ika kata keterangan "e"batasi ka!a sifat ata' kata keterangan? kata keterangan (i!etakkan sebe!'"n7a. ata keterangan biasan7a (i!etakkan sebe!'" kata sifat ata' kata keterangan 7ang !ain 7ang is batasi.
1ontoh ka!i"at= Bo'r ans9er is @'ite 9rong.

:a9aban"' s'ngg'h sa!ah.

She sings prett7 9e!!.

!a "en7an7i (engan c'k'p baik.

h. ata keterangan biasan7a (i!etakkan ses'(ah kata kerja Intransiti+e.

1ontoh ka!i"at= The7 fo'ght bra+e!7.

4ereka berke!ahi (engan beran!.

Pengec'a!!an=
*(+erbs of fre@'enc7 (n'"ber# seperti a!9a7s? often? ne+er? e+er? se!(o". fre@'ent!7. so"eti"es? (an !ain>!ain (i!otakkan sebe!'" kata kerja 7ang "eroka batasi. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She often goes there. !a se6ing pergi ke sana. ata>kata keterangan ini ((etakkan ses'(ah kata kerja Fto beF.

1ontoh ka!i"at= Ce is a!9a7s cheerf'!. Dia se!a!' ge"bira. i. ata koterangan biasan7a (i!etakkan ses'(ah objek kata kerja transitif. 1ontoh ka!irnat= She face( the (iffic'!ties bra+e!7.
!a "engha(api kes'!itanIkes'karan (engan berant

j.

ata keterangan biasan7a (ig'nakan (iantara kata kerja bant' (an kata kerja 'ta"a.
1ontoh ka!irnat= She has ne+er (isobe7e( her parents. !a ti(ak pernah ti(ak "o"at'hi porintah orang t'an7a.

*rir6>e( ng!?sh -ra""ar f!cr TOEMP> E rM.=rat=cn I H1Hi

k.

ata keterangan Heno'ghH har's (i!etakkan ses'(ah kata sifat ata' kata keterangan. eno'gh 1ontoh ka!i"at= Da"a!is is c!e+er eno'gh to 'n(erstan( the poe".
Darna!is c'k'p pintar 'nt'k "e"aha"i s7air it'.

(i!etakkan ses'(ah kata 7ang is batasi.

1.

ata keterangan Hon!7F har's (ig'nakan sobo!'" kata ata' fraso 7ang (ibatasi secara hati>hati. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Ce on!7 (irecte( the f(".

!a han7a "en7'tra(arai fi!" it'. !a ti(ak "e!ak'kan ha! !ain se!ain "en7'tra(arai fi!". On!7 he (irecte( the f(".
Can7a (ia 7ang "on7'tra(arai fi!" it'. Tak a(a !agi orang !ain kec'a!i (ia 7ang "en7'tra(arai fi!" it'. Ce (irecte( on!7 the fi!". !a "en7'tra(arai han7a fi!" it'.

!a ti(ak "en7'tra(arai fi!" 7ang !ain kec'a!i fi!" it'. ". ata keterangan (i!etakkan (i a9a! ka!i"at. i. *pabi!a !a "e"batasiE"e"beri sifat kese!'r'han ka!i"at.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Dnfort'nate!7. she fai!e( in the e6a"ination. Sa7ang seka!!? is gaga! (a!a" ':=an it'.
ii. *pabi!a (ig'nakan 'nt'k penegasan. 1ontoh ka!i"a!= S!o9!7 an( sa(!7 9e !ai( hi" (o9n.

Dengan pe!an>pe!an (an (engan se(ih ka"i "crobahkan (irin7a.

2. Pe"bent'kan
a. 1.

ata

eterangan

eban7akan kata keterangan (ibent'k (engan "ena"bahkan F>!7F pa(a= *(jecti+e (kata sifaf# 1ontohn7a? bea'tf'!>bea'tif'!!7 (in(ah>(engan in(ah#? bra+e>bra+e!7 (berani>(engan berani#? (an Be+er>c!e+er!7 (pan(ai>(engan pan(a=#. *(+erbs of "annerbiasan7a (ibent'k (engan "ena"bahkan >I7> pa(a kata sifat. Particip!es 1ontohn7a? contente(>contente(!7 (p'as>(engan p'as# (an s'rprising>s'rprising!7 (heran>(engan heran#
&o'n (kata ben(a#

2.

3.

1ontohn7a? (a7>(ai!7 (hari>f!ap han#? "onth>"onth!7 (b'!an>tiap b'!an#? (an 9eek>9eek!7 ("ingg'>tiap "ingg'# b. eban7akan kata keterangan (ibent'k (engan "ena"bahkan preposition (kata (epan# FaF? toF? (an FbeH pa(a kata>kata berik't ini. 1. &o'n (kata ben(a# *s!eep (se(ang? !ag=# ti('r? se"'tan? "aceA? ti(ak ja!an# Besi(e ((i sa"ping? (i sebe!ah. (iban(ingkan (engan# To(a7 (hari in#

/$ 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar fcr TOEI5 Preparation

2. *(jecti+e (kata si!o(
*broa( (!'ar nogori. (engan ;as? torsiar? tersebar? "eningga!kan r'"ah#

3.

Behin( (kotingga!an# *(+erbs (kata keterangan# (apat (ibent'k (ari kata keterangan 7ang !ain? seperti henceforth ("'!ai sekarang? 'nt'k se!anj'tn7a#. hencefor9ar( ("'!ai sekarang? 'nt'k se!anj'tn7a#. hereb7 ((engan in?#? herein ((i (a!a" inr#. hereto ((engan inr#. here9ith (bersa"a in?#? hitherto (sa"pai sekarang (inr#. thenceforth (sejak it'#? thencefor9ar( (sejak it'#. 9herein ((i "ans? (a!a" "ane#? (an 9hereonE
9here'pon (!a!'? ko"'(ian? ses'(ah nkana#. Beberapa kata koterangan (apat (ibent'k (engan "enggab'ngkan kata ben(a (an kata sifat? seperti "i(9a7 ((i pertengahan#? "i(night (tengah "a!a"#. straighta9a7 ((engan segera? saat it' j'ga#?

$.

!ike9ise ((e"ikian j'ga. j'ga#. after9ar(s (ses'(ah it'? !a!'. ke"'(ian#? 7ester(a7 (ke"arin#. "eanti"e ((a!a" pa(s it'#? other9ise (!ain#? "i((a7 (tengah han#? "ean9hi!e (se"entara it'? (a!a" pa(a it'#. (an so"eti"es (seka!i<seka!i. ka(ang>ka(ang#. %. Bi!a kata sifat berakhiran (cngan F7e (i(ah'!'i o!eh seb'ah h'r'f "ati !a!' H7H (i'bah "enja(i HiH (an !7H. 1ontohn7a? happ7>happi!7 (go"bira>(cngan go"bira#? hea+7>hea+i!7 (berat>secara borat#? (an rea(7>
rea(i!7 (siap>(engan s!ap#.

). ,.

Be!a kata sifat berakhiran (engan FIeF? FeH (i'bah "enja(i F7F. 1ontohn7a? (o'b!e>(o'b!7 (rangkap> secara rangkap# (an sing!e>sing!7 (sat'>sat' (e"i sat'#. Pa(a sej'"!ah kata sifat berik't? akhiran HeF tetap (ipakai. 1ontohn7a? e6tre"e>e6tre"e!7 (keras>!'ar biasa#. intensi+e intensi+e!7 (intensif>secara intensi!#? e6tensi+e>e6tensi+e!7 (!'as>secara !'as#. ('e('!7
(sohar'sn7a>sepat'tn7a#? tr'e>tr'!7 (benar<s'ngg'h>s'ngg'h#. (an 9ho!e>9ho!!7 (se!'nih>sa"e soka!i#. Dnt'k kata sifat 7ang berakhiran (engan Fab!e?ib!oF? akhiran HoH kita hap'skan !a!' (ita"bah 1ontohn7a? ab!e>ab!7 (cakap>(engan cakap#? (an probab!e>probab!7 ("'ngkin>ke"'ngkinan#.

..

3. Perban(ingan

ata

otorangan
ata keterangan 7ang

Beberapa kata keterangan "e"p'n7ai (era !at!tingkat perban(ingan seperti kata sifa!.

"e"p'n7ai tingkat perban(ingan biasan7a (iban(ingkan seperti kata sifat.han7a tiga jenis kata

keterangan 7ang "e"p'n7ai tingkat perban(ingan. 7ait' a(+erbs of ti"e (kata keterangan 9akt'#? a(+erbs of "anner (kata keterangan cara#? (an a(+erbs of (egree or @'antit7 (kata keterangan (erajatE tingkat ata' k'antitas#. etiga tingkat perban(ingan it' a(a!ah positi+e (positi!#? co"parati+e (ko"parati!#? (an s'per!ati+e (s'perfati!#.
Beberapa kata keterangan ti(ak (apat ( iban(ingkan karena sifat (asarn7a? seperti no9? once? 9hore? there? 9h7? then? ho9? not? ne+er? e+er? befo re? after? (ai!7? a!rea(7? here? for"er!7? 'p? a9a7. so? this? an7. rather? a!together? hence. (an eno'gh. a. a!a' kata keterangan han7a ter(iri (ari sat' s'k' kata. "aka 'nt'k "e"bent'k !ingkat ko"parati! (an s'per!atifn7a a(a!ah (engan "ena"bah HerF pa(a ko"paratifn7a (an FestF<pa(a s'pertatifn7a.

1ontohn7a? cheap>cheaper>cheapest. har(>har(er>har(est? (an fast>faster>fastest.

b. a!a' kata keterangan borakhiran (engan H>!7F? tingkat ko"paratifn7a (ibont'k (engan "ena"bah F"oreH sebe!'" kata keterangan torseb't. Se(ang tingkat s'per!atifn7a (ibent'k (engan "ena"bah F"ostH sebe!'" kata ketorangan torseb't. 1ontohn7a. boa'tif'!!7>"oro bea'tif'!!7>"ost bea'tif'!!7? bra+e!7>"ore bra+e!7>"ost bra+e!7. (an caref'!!7>"orn caref'!!7>"ost caref'!!7.

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*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 /%

c. *(a beberapa kata keterangan 7ang pe"bent'kan tingkat ko"paratif (an s'per!atifn7a ((ak'kan secara ti(ak berketent'anEti(ak terat'r. 1ontohn7a. ba(>9orse>9orst. goo(>better>best? (an f'rther> f'rther "ore>f'rther "ost.

1ata!an= < < Ti(ak seperti kata sifat tingkat s'per!ati+e? kata keterangan tingkat s'pertatif biasan7a ti(ak (i(ah'!'i o!eh kata san(ang FtheF. Da!a" ka!i"at>ka!i"at berik't? HtheF (ig'nakan sebagai kata keterangan.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

The o!(er she gre9? the 9iser she beca"e. Se"akin t'a (irin7a? is se"akin bijak. The har(er 7o' st'(7. the "ore "arks 7o' 9i!! obtain. Se"akin keras ka' be!ajar. se"akin ban7ak ni!ai ka' akan pero!eh. < ata sifat jangan (ig'nakan sebagai pengganti kata keterangan.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She treats 's fair!7. !a "e"per!ak'kan ka"i (engan 9aEar. Bo' 9i!! pa7 (ear!7 for this "istake. esa!ahan ini akan sangat "er'giken sa'(ara. &a"'n? kata>kata seperti taste? s"e!!? fee!. so'n(. !ook? see"? appear? "engg'nakan kata sifat 'nt'k "e!'kiskan s'bjek. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
Bo' !ook strong. a' ke!ihatan k'at.

This app!e tastes goo(.

B'ah apeA ini rasan7a enak.

$. a.
1#

Pongg'naan Beberapa

ata

eterangan

H2er7H (sangat? a"at. seka!i# (an H"'chH (ja'h#

ita "engg'nakan F+er7H sebe!'" kata sifat (an kata keterangan (a!a" tingkat positif se(angkan

F"'chF (ig'nakan (a!a" tingkat ko"paratif.

1ontoh ka!i"at=

2#

She is +er7 bea'tif'!. Dia sangat cant k. Ce is "'ch richer than 7o'. !a ja'h !ebih ka7a (ari"'. F2er7F (ig'nakan sebe!'" present particip!es F"'chF (ig'nakan sebe!'" past particip!e.
1ontoh ka!i"at= The "atch is +er7 e6citing.

Portan(ingan it' sangat "engas7ikkan. I 9as "'ch s'rprise( to !earn this.

Sa7a sangat kagot "o"po!ajari!"on(ongar haA ini.

?=

.?IP. ?:..

>

i??..

/) 1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEI5 Preparation

3# ita "engg'nakan F+er7H sebe!'" kata sifat (a!a" tingka! s'per!ati+e 'nt'k "en7atakan penegasan? se(angkan H"'chF kita g'nakan sebe!'" kata sifat (a!a" tingkat s'per!ati+e 'nt'k "e"perheba2
"eningkatkan "akna!arti. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She 9as the +er7 first to arri+e. Dia!ah 7ang perta"a>ta"a tiba.

Ce is "'ch the strongest. to

ja'h tork'at.

1atatan= < H+er7H (apat (ig'nakan (engan beberapa past particip!e. seperti +er7 tire( (sangat !otih#? +er7 p!ease( (sangat senang#? +er7 contente( (sangat p'as#? +er7 e6perience( (sangat berpenga!a"an#. (an +er7 !i"ite( (sangat terbatas#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I 9as +er7 p!ease( to (ine 9ith 7o'.

Sa7a sangat senang "akan "a!a" (ongan"'. The thir( e(ition 9as +er7 !i"ite(.

E(isi ketiga sangat terbatas.

b. HToo> (ter!a!'? seka!s#

1#

HTooH berarti ter!a!'? !ebih (ari c'k'p. a!a' !ebih (ari 7ang sepat'tn7aEsebaikn7aE7ang (iharapkan. HTooH jangan (ig'nakan 'nt'k "enggantikan pongg'naan +er7 (sangat#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Bo' are too !enient. a' ter!a!' toEeranE!'nak.

a' !ebih !'nak (ari 7ang sehar'sn7a.

This book is too (iffic'!t. B'k' ini ter!a!' s'!it. B'k' ini !ebih s'!it (ari 7ang (iinginkan. Da!a" ka!i"at>ka!i"at benk't. kita har's "enggantikan HtooH (engan H+er7H. She is too happ7. She is +er7 happ7.
The 9ater is too hot. The 9ater is +er7 hot

&a"'n. pengg'naan too (a!a" ka!i"at>ka!"at berik't a(a!ah benar. I a" on!7 too g!a( to be of he!p. Sa7a senang seka!! (apat "e"bant'. ItHs too ba( 7o' canHt go. Sa7ang seka!! ka' ti(ak (apat pergi. 2# HTooF "e"p'n7ai arti nega!i!? 7ang "e"p'n7a! anti sehingga ti(ak akan. Bi!a FtooF (ig'nakan (a!a" pengertian negatif. HTooH (iik'ti o!eh Infiniti+e ata' trase 7ang (ia9a!i (engan Hfor. 1ontoh ka!i"at She is too pro'( to beg. !a ter!a!' angk'h 'nt'k "e"intaE"engo"is. 4aks'(n7a is begit' ancok'h sehingga is ti(ak akan "e"inta.

I
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*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1 /,

3# FTooF "e"p'n7ai arti j'gaH. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She is h'ngr7 too. Dia j'gs !aper.
The teacher p'nishe( Tono? an( fine( hi" too. -'r' it' "engh'k'" Tono. (an j'ga "en(en(an7a.

1ata!an= < FTooQ (ig'nakan sebe!'" kata 7ang (ibatasi? se(angkan Heno'ghH (ig'nakan sete!ah kata 7ang (ibatasi. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Ce is too c!e+er to be taken in b7 7o'.
!a ter!a!' pintar 'nt'k (i!ip' o!eh"'. Ce is

c!e+er eno'gh to see thro'gh 7o'r trick. !a

c'k'p pintar "engatasi "'s!ihat"'.

c. H8'iteH (s'ngg'h# 8'ite berarti s'ngg'h? sa"e seka!i? pasti. tent' saja. "e"ang. O!eh karena

it'? F@'iteF jangan

(ig'nakan (a!a" arti sangat.

1ontoh ka!i"at= I a" @'ite 9e!!. Sa7a s'ngg'h sehat. 1ata!an= < H8'iteH (ig'nakan (engan past particip!e (a!a" pengertian sangat (+er7#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She is @'ite (+er7# tire(.

Dia sangat !otih.

The7 9ere @'ite (e!ighte( 9ith 9hat the7 sa9.

4ereksa sanget ge"bira (engan apa 7ang "ereka saks!kan.

(. HSinceH (sejak it'#? HagoF (7ang Ia!'H!a"pa'? ('!'? (ah'!'#. HbeforeH (!ebih (ah'!'# BaikHsinceH can HagoH "e"p'n7ai arti perio(e 9akt' 7ang s'(ah ber!a!' (ihit'ng "'!ai (a( sekarang. 4oreka (i(ah'!'i kata korja (a!a" bent'k past in(efinite tense? (an o!eh kata bon(s ata' fraso 7ang "en7atakan perio(o 9akt'.
1ontoh ka!i"at= She ca"e here a 9eek since (ago#.

!a (atang *re sini se"ingg' 7ang !a!'. Cis teacher (ie( three "onths ago (since#. -'r'n7a "oningga! tiga b'!an 7ang !a!'.
HBeforeH (!ebih (ah'!'# berarti ta(in7a? (ah'!'? sobe!'"n7a. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

I ha+e seen a bear before. Sa7a te!ah "e!ihat seekor ber'ang !eb!h (ah'!'. I ne+er kne9 that before. Sa7a ti(ak "engetah'in7a Iebih (ah'!'.

/.1 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

Da!a" ka!i"at ti(ak Iangs'ng. FbeforeF (b'kan FagoF# 7ang (ig'nakan= 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce sai( that he ha( so!( his car a 7ear before. !a berkata bah9a is te!ah "enj'a! "obi!n7a setah'n 7ang Ia!'.

1ata!an=
< ita "engg'nakan H7esF 'nt'k ja9aban afir"atif? se(angkan HnoH 'nt'k ja9aban negatif=

Pertan7aan = Do 7o' br'sh 7o'r teeth (ai!7I *pakah ka' "en7ikat gigi f!ap hariI :a9aban = Bes? I (o. (Ba# &o. I (onHt. (Ti(ak# 0

-1

1:

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1//

Bab /
Preposition ( ara Depan#

ata (epan a(a!ah kata 7ang (ig'nakan sebe!'" kata ben(a ata' kata ganti 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngann7a (engan kata 7ang !ain (a!a" seb'ah ka!i"at? seperti against? abo+e? abo't? across? after? a!ong? a"ong? at? before? behin(? be!o9? beneath? besi(e? bet9een? be7on(? b7. (espite. ro'n(. 'nti!? since? on? concerning? (o9n? e6cept? for? fro". In? Into? !ike? near? ne6t? off? past? to9ar(s? o't. thro'gh. Insi(e. o'tsi(e? ti!!? 'nto? 9ith? o+er? of? 'n!ess? opposite. (an 'n(er. 1ontoh ka!i"at 1. Father is in the be(roo". Bapak a(a (i ka"ar ti('r.
In a(a!ah kata (opan 7ang "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngan antara HfatherF (an Ha be(roo"F.

2. Ce is fon( of choco!ates. Dia s'ka coke!at. Of a(a!ah kata (epan 7ang "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngan antara Ffon(H (an Fchoco!atesF. 3. The cat is sitting 'n(er the tab!e.

'cing it' se(ang ('('k (i ba9ah "eja.

Dn(er a(a!ah kata (epan 7ang "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngan antara HsittingF (an tab!eH.

*. :enis>jenis kata (epan

:enis>jenis kata (epan ter(in (ari % jenis? 7ait' si"p!e prepositions (proposisi!kata (epan t'ngga2

se(erhana#? (o'b!e prepositions (preposisi rangkapE(obe!#. co"po'n( prepositions (preposisi gab'ngan#. participia! prepositions (preposisi partisip#. (an phrase prepositions (preposisi (rase#.

1. Si"p!e Preposition
Si"p!e preposition a(a!ah kata (epan 7ang ti(ak (ibent'k o!eh cara apap'n (an "en'nj'kkan h'b'ngan antara ('a kata ata' seke!o"pok kata? seperti at ((i? pa(a? a!as#? b7 ((ekat? o!eh? (engan? per#? for ('nt'k? bagi? se!a"a? ;as? karena#? fro" ((ari? "'!a!? sejak. :a'h (ari? karena#? in ((i. (a!a". (i (a!a". (i antara. 'nt'k#? of ((ari? akan? karena. (i antara. 'n('k#. off (!epas (ari? ja'h? k'rang#? o't (ke!'ar#? on ((i a!as? (i? pa(s? "engenai? (enfang#? 9ith ((engan? Berta? bersa"a? pa(a#? thro'gh ("e!a!a'i? "e!e9ati? karena#. ti!! (sa"pai? hingga#? 'p (ke a!as? naik. sebe!ah sana#. (o9n (ko ba9ah#? to (ke? kepa(a? (ongan. terha(ap. 'nt'k#. after (ses'(ah. "en'F? o+er ((i a!as? tentang? seke!i!ing? "enge!i!ingi? (i ba!ik? a!as. !i9a!? (i sa"ping? (i seberang? pa(a#? 'n(er ((i ba9ah? ke ba9ah? "en'r't? k'rang (ari? (engan? pa(s? (a!a"#? ro'n( ("enge!i!ingi#? past? (!e9at? "e!e9ati? since (se"enjak? sejak#? +ia (!e9at? "e!e9ati? +ia? "e!a!'r#. per (setiap? f!ap>f!ap#? into (ke (a!a"? "enja(i? ke? sa"pan#? !ike (sa"a (engan. seperti#? (an near ((ekat

1001 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for 1OEF5 Preparation

1ontoh ka!i"at= I recei+e( a !etter fro" "7 father.

Sa7a "enen"a sep'c'k s'rat (ar! a7ah sa7a.

2. Do'b!e Preposition
Do'b!e preposition a(a!ah kata (epan 7ang berisi ('a kata. seper!i o't of (tak a(a? ti(ak baikEenak?

(an? karena#? fro" behin( ((a( betakang#? fro" a"ong ((ari antara#? fro" 'n(er ((an ba9ah#? fro" 9ithin ((a( (a!a"#? accor(ing to ("en'r'!#? near to ((ekat ke#? ne6t to (ha"pir. (i sa"ping? (i sebe!ah#. nearest to (pa!ing (ekat ko#? opposite to (berha(apan (engan? (i ha(apan#? (ose to ((i (ekat#? inc!'si+e of (te""as'k#. e6c!'si+e of (ti(ak tor"as'k#? instea( of (sobaga! pengganti? (aripa(a#? in spite of ("eskip'n? 9a!a'p'n. ken(atip'n#? ('e
to (karona? berh'b'ng#? o9ing to (o!eh karena? berkaf#? (an as regar(s ("engena?#. 1ontoh ka!i"at== *ccor(ing to "e? &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak is bea'tif'!. 4en'r't sa7a? &'rha9ati Si"anj'ntak cantik.

3. 1o"p'n( Preposition
1o"po'n( preposition biasan7a (ibont'k (engan "ena"bah seb'ah a9a!an (pre!iks# pa(a kata ben(a? ka!a sifat ata' kata ke!erangan. seperti abo't (tontang? "engenai. (i sekitar? berkisar pa(s? bern!at#? abo+e ((i ;as? bebas (an? s'kar? !ebih tinggi (an#? across ((i seberang#. against ("e!a9an? ber!a9anan (engan? "e!anggar. pa(a. terha(ap? 'nt'k#. a!ong (sepanjang. !anj't#. a!ongsi(e ((i sisi? (! sa"ping? bcr(a"pingan (engan#? a"i(!a"i(st ((i tengah<tongah. (i ka!angan#? a"ong ((i antara#? a"ongst ((i antara#? aro'n( (ko!i!ing? sekitar? (okat>(okat? torsorak>sorak seke!i!ing#. before (sobo!'"? !ebih (ah'!'? (i ha(apan#? behin( ((iiJo bo!akang? tcrbo!akang#? be!o9 ((i ba9ah? ko ba9ah#? beneath ((i ba9ah? tak pantas#? besi(e ((i sa"ping? (i sobo!ah? (iban(ingkan (ongan#. besi(es (so!ain#? bet9een (antara? (i antara#? be7on( ("e!ebihi?
"o!e9ati? (! !'ar#. (espite ("eskip'n. 9a!a'p'n#? insi(e ((i bagia&(i sobetah (a!a"? (i (a!a"? ke (a!a"#? opposite (berha(apan (engan? (i ha(apan#. o'tsi(e ((! !'ar#? thro'gho't ((i se!'r'h. sepanjang#. to9ar(s (terha(ap? ke arah? 'nt'k? "enje!ang. kepa(a#. 'n(erneath ((i ba9ah#. 'nti! (hingga? sa"pa?#? 'pon (ke a!as. (i. pa(s? a!as#? 9ithin ((a!a"? tak !ebih (en#? (an 9itho't (tanpa. (engan !i(ak#.

1ontoh ka!i"at= The stor7 is abo't a 7o'ng "an. 1erita it' tentang seorang po"'(a.

$. Participia! Preposition
Participia! preposition a(a!ah present particip!e 7ang (ig'nakan sebagai kata (epart. seperti accor(ing to ("en'r'!? barring (terkec'a!i? ka!a' b(ak#? concerning ("engena!#? consi(ering ("engingat#? ('ring (se!a"a? pa(s 9akt'#? e6cepting (kec'a!?#? fo!o9ing ("en7's'!!#? inc!'(ing (ter"as'k#? not9ithstan(ing ("eskip'n#? o9ing (to# (karena#? pen(ing (sera7a "enantikan#? regar(ing ("engenai? berkenaan (engan#? respecting ("engena?#? (an to'ching ("engenar#. 1ontoh ka!i"at= 1onsi(ering her !ack of of interest? she (oes 9e!!.
4engingat akan k'rangn7a pothatiann7a? (ia borhasi! ba!k j'ga.

Bahan (engan f!ak c =pt? .

? 1

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 1101

%. Phrase Preposition
Phrase preposition a(a!ah ke!o"pok kata 7ang ( ig'nakan sebagai kata (epan? sepe rti accor(ing to

("en'r't#? a!ong 9ith (bersa"a (engan#? apart fro" (se!ain (aripa(a? ter!epas#? as for (kaEa'? "engenai. tentang#? at peace 9ith (ber(a"ai (engan#? at the e6pense of ((engan bia7a. a!as bia7a. (engan "engorbankan#. at the risk ofEat risk to ((engan resiko#. at 9ar 9ith ((a!a" kea(aan perang (engan#. beca'se of ((isebabkan o!eh. o!eh karena#? b't for (ka!a' ti(ak karena#? b7 (int of (berkat. han7a (engan? akibaO. b7 "eans of ((engan "e"akar#. b7 reason of (berh'b'ng (engan? karena#? b7 the agenc7 of ((engan ja!an#? b7 the si(e of ((iban(ingkan (ongan. (isa"ping#. b7 +irt'e of (ber(asarkan a!as. ber(asar#. b7
9a7 of ("o!a!'i. sebagai kesi"p'!an#. for fear of (karena tak't? s'pa7a ti(ak#. for the !o+e of ((o"r#? for the sake of ((e"i. 'nt'k kepentingan#. for 9ant of (karena kek'rangan#. in accor( 9ith (ses'a! (engan#? in

accor(ance 9ith (ses'ai (engan? "en'r't? berkenaan (engan#? in a((ition to ((i sa"ping. ta"bahan p'!a#? in a(+ance of (sebe!'". "en(ah'!'i. !ebih (ah'!' (a(. !ebih "aj' (an#. in agree"ent 9ith (set'j' (engan. sepen(apat (engan#? in ai( of (ter'n!'k#. in a!!iance 9ith (bersek't' (engan#? in beha!f of ('nt'k kepentingan#? in case of (an(aikata. jika#. in co""on 9ith (secara '"'" (engan? '"'"? bersa"a>sa"a#. in co"panson to (ka!a'# (iban(ingkan (engan#? in co"p!iance 9ith ("o"en'hi? ses'ai (engan#? in confor"it7 9ith ("en'r't ses'ai (engan#? in conse@'ence of ((isebabkan. sebagai akibat (an#? in contra(iction 9ith (bertentangan (engan#? in cooperation 9ithE9ith the cooperation of (bersa"a (sa"a# (engan#? in co'rse of ((a!a" proses. se(ang (Kkerjakan#. in (anger of ((a!a" baha7a akan#. in (isp'te 9ith (berse!isih (engan? cekcok (engan#. in
e6change for (sebagai penggantO#. in fa+o'r of (set'j'. a!as na"a. 'nt'k#. in fear of (tak't akan#? in front of ((i "'ka. (i (epan? (i ha(apan#. in har"on7 9ith (se!aras (engan? cocok (engan? borkese!arasan (ongan#? in

j'stification ofifor ((apat (i"akE'"r#? in !eag'e 9ith (bersek't' (engan? borkongsi (ongan? borsokongko! (ongan#? in !ie' of (sebagai pongganb#? in !ine 9ith (soja!an (ongan. cocok (engan? ses'ai (ongan#? in "e"or7 of (g'na "e"peringati? 'nt'k "engenang#? in nee( of (se(ang kek'rangan? kea(aan b't'h? per!' bant'an#? in or(er to (agar? s'pa7a#? in p!ace of (sebagai pongganti. (anpa(a#? in p!ace of (sebagai pengganD? (aripa(a#? in @'est of ("encari? "encoba "ene"'kan#? in recognition of (sebagai penghargaan a!as#? in regar( toEof ("engenai. berh'b'ngan (engan? berkenaan (engan#? in ret'rn for (sebagai ba!asan!penggantiipen'kar a!as#? in search of (se(ang "encari. "en'nt't? "encari ses'at'#. in spite of ("eskip'n. 9a!a'p'n? ken(atip'n#? in the absence of (saat pergin7a#? in the e+ent of (sekiran7a? sean(ain7a#? in the face of (borha(apan (engan? (i ha(apan? (i "'ka? 9a!a'p'n#. in the "atter of (berkenaan (ongan. tentang? "engenai? (a!a" hap? in the opinion of ("en'r't pen(apap. inEat the back of ((i be!akang#. inE9ith reference to (berkenaan (ongan. "ongena!? berh'b'ngan#? instea( of (sebagai penganti? (anpa(a#. on acco'nt of (karena?
sobab. o1Th karena? !antaran#? on beha!f of (a!as na"a#? on the part of (pa(a pihak. (i pihak#? on the score of (ber(asarkan pa(s? o!eh karena? o!eh sebab#. on the track of (se(ang "encan? "engik'ti jejak#. onE'n(er pain

of ((apat (ih'k'"#. onE'n(er pena!t7 of ((engan anca"an#? onE'n(er the pretenceEpretense of ((engan ber(a!ih#? o9ing to (karena#? 9ith a +ie9 to ((engan "aks'(Eharapan? (engan "aks'( 'nt'k#? 9ith an e7e to ((engan t'j'an. (engan harapan. (engan t'j'an (erten!'#? 9ith reference to ("engenai? berh'b'ngan (engan? berkenaan (engan#. 9ith regar( to (berkenaan (engan. "enpenai? borh'b'ngan (engan#? (an 9ithin reference to (borkenaani!berh'b'ngan (engan? "engenai#.

1021 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

B. Posisi

ata Depan
ata (epan biasan7a

Posisi (!etak# kata (epan (a!a" ka!i"at bo!eh ber'bah>r'bah (an berbe(a>be(a.

((etakkan sebe!'" objekn7a 7ang (apat ber'pa kata ben(s? kata ganti? ata' no'n c!a'se (k!a'sa kata

ben(a#. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

S'pa"i is fon( of ice>crea".

S'pa"i s'ka os kn".

1. Da!a" ka!i"at>ka!i"at terient' kata (epan bo!eh (i!etakkan ses'(ah objekn7a. tetapi kata (epan

se!a!' (i!etakkan pa(s akhir ka!i"at bi!a objekn7a a(a!ah re!ati+e prono'n (kata ganti pengh'b'ng# QthatH.
1ontoh ka!i"at= It is the book that I a" !ooking for. In( b'k' 7ang so(ang sa7a can. 2. ata (epan har's (i!etakkan pa(a akhir ka!i"at bi!a objekn7a a(a!ah Interrogati+e prono'n (kata ganti tan7a#. seperti H9hat>. F9hoF. (an H9hichF. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

;hat are 7o' thinking abo'tI *pa 7ang se(ang ka' pikirkanI 3. ata (opan har's (i!otakkan pa(a akhir ka!i"at bi!a kata ganti pongh'b'ng s'(ah (Epaha" (i"engerti.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I 9ant to kno9 the person 7o' borro9e( the no+e! fro".

Sa7a ingin tah' orang 7ang ka' pinja" no+ein7a.

$. ata (epan j'ga bo!eh (ig'nakan pa(a akhir ka!i"at 7ang ber"akna ka!i"at pasit.

1ontoh ka!i"at= This is a goo( paper to paint on. ini

kertas 7ang ba!k 'nt'k (i!'kis.

1. Objck

ata Depan

ata (epan bo!eh "e"i!iki sat' ata' Iebih objek. Objek kata (epan bo!ch ber'pa kata ben(a. kata ganti? infiniti+e? kata kotorangan 9akt'. ata' kata keterangan te"pat. *(+erbia! phrase (fraso a(+erbia!. kata ganti pengh'b'ng? ger'n(? ata' k!a'sa 7ang (ig'nakan (engann7a (a!a" ka!i"at.

jNNH.h

1. &o'n The bri(ge 9as b'i!t o+er the ri+er.

:e"batan it' (ibang'n (! etas s'nga!. 2. Prono'n Santi is angr7 Santi "ara!r pa(a sa7a. 3. -er'n(
I a" fon( of 9riting songs. Sa7a s'ka "en'!is !ag'. $. &o'n c!a'se I a" satisfie( 9ith 9hat I ha+e achie+e( in !ife.

9ith

"e.

Sa7a p'as (engan apa 7ang te!ah sa7a capai (a!a" hi('p.

(oN T3Nfi. Erc i==A h.! r i

D.

ata> ata 7ang Dig'nakan Sebagai

ata Depan (an

ata

eterangan

*(a beborapa kata 7ang (apat (ig'nakan sebagai kata keterangan (an j'ga sobagai kata (epan. ata>kata ini berf'ngsi sebagai kata (epan han7a bi!a kata>kata ini "e"batasi kata ben(a ata' kata ganti.

ka!a' ti(ak? (ikategorikan sebagai kata keterangan? soperti behin(? 'n(er. before? after. In. abo't? 'p? b7. (an a!ong. Pe!ajari ka!i"at ka!i"at berik't agar bisa (ipaha"i saat ka!a>kata ini (ig'nakan sebagai kata keterangan ata' kata (epan.
1ontoh ka!i"at= Is 7o'r coat onI *pa jas"' ka' pakaiI P't the g!ass on the taH#Io. 5etakkan gear ?t' (i at is "eja. Preposition *(+erb

E. ata Sa"b'n 7ang Dig'nakan Sebagai ata Depan

a(ang>ka(ang? kat. sa"b'ng HthanH (an Fb'tF (ig'nakan sebagai kata (epan.

1ontoh ka!i"at= I cannot accept !o9 than ten (o!!ars for this artic!e
So7a ti(ak bisa "=Inon"a k'rang (a( sop'!'h (o!!ar 'nt'k artiko! ini.

1 0$ ( *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

F. 3aga" I!'bt.tngan 7ang Din7atakan O!eh

ata (epan "en7atakan sep'!'h h'b'ngan '"'". 1.

ata Depan

4en7atakan te"pat (an arah!'r'sanEpet'nj'k. seperti abo't? abo+e? across. against. a"ong? at.

before? after? behin(. be!o9? 'n(er? besi(e? bet9een? b7. near? fro"? on. o+er? ro'n(. thro'gh?
to? to9ar(s? 'p. 'pon? 9itho't? 9ithin? (an into.

1ontoh ka!i"at= The (og sat 'n(er the tab!e.

*njing it' ('('k (i ba9ah "eja. 2. 4en7atakan 9akt'. seperti at. on? in? after? before? behin(? b7. ('ring? for? fro"? since? thro'gho't?

thro'gh. ti!!? to9ar(s? 'nti!? 9ith? 9ithin. (an pen(ing. 1ontoh ka!i"at=
I ha+e kno9n hi" for "an7 7ears. Sa7a te!ah "engena!n7a se!a"a bertah'n>tah'n.

3.

4en7atakan sebabEpen7ebab. a!asan? (an "aks'(? seperti for? of? fro"? thro'gh? 9ith? on? (an at.

beca'se?

1ontoh ka!i"at=
I 9o'!( !ike to +isit that p!ace for a ho!i(a7. Sa7a ingin "eng'nj'ngi te"pat it' 'nt'k !ib'ran.
$.

4en7atakan 'k'ran? stan(ar? nor"a. tariff? ni!ai? ata' angka? seperti at? b7. on? (an for. 1ontoh ka!i"at= Ce is ta!!er than 7o' b7 fo'r inches. !a ;itN !inggoi e"pat inci (ari"'.

%.

4en7atakan kesi"p'!an? a!asanEsobab? s'"bor? ata' asa! "'!aEasa! 's'!? soporti fro". 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Cis ski!! co"es fro" practice. etra"pi!ann7a berasa! (art !atihan.

). 4en'nj'kkan perbe(aan (contrast# (an ke!onggaran (concession#.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
;ith a!! his (ra9backs he has "an7 frien(s.

4eskip'n ban7ak kek'rengann7a is "o"p'n7ai ban7ak to"an. ,. 4en'nj'kkan cara? ga7a? ata' "eto(e? seperti Hb7F (an F9ithH.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I earn "one7 b7 teaching. Sa7a "e"pero!eh 'ang (engan "engajar.

1%8 ( *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

Infiniti+e (a!a" ka!i"at pasif han7a a(a ('a bent'k= Present = To be ta!ke(
Perfect = To ha+e been ta!ke(

<

Infiniti+e j'ga (apat "en7atakan 9akt' 7ang akan (atang jika "oreka (i(ah'!'i o!eh Fabo't toF (bar' saja "a'#.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Ce is abo't to speak. i!ia bar' saja "a' berbicara. Tabe! Bent'k Infiniti+e FToF Tense Si"p!e Present
Present 1ontin'o's Present Perfect Present Perfect 1ontin'o's

*cti+e 2oice To L 2erb To break

To be L Present Particip!e To be breaking To ha+e L Past Particip!e To ha+e broken To ha+e been L Present

Passi+e 2oice To Be L Past Particip!e (2erb3# To be broken

Bo ha+e been L Particip!e To ha+e been broken

Particip!e To ha+e been breaking

; 5D D

Bahan (engan hak cipta

*(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation 11%1

Bab 1% The Particip!e

Particip!e a(a!ah bent'k kata kerja 7ang "e"p'n7ai ciri>ciri kata kerja (an kata sifat. Particip!e

"er'pakan kata 7ang sebag!an kata kerja (an sebagian kata sifat. Particip!e "e!ak'kan f'ngsi sebagai kata kerja (an kata shat 7ang (iseb't +erba! a(jecti+e (kata sifat +erba!#
1ontoh ka!i"at=

Cearing the shriek? the po!ice 9oke 'p. 4en(engar pekikan? po!isi it' bang'n.
Frase Fhearing the shriekF? 7ang (ia9a!i o!ch seb'ah particip!e (iseb't participia! phrase (fraso partisip#. Ber(asarkan pengg'naann7a. participia! phrase a(a!ah a(jecti+e phrase (traso kata shat#. ata FhearingH bertin(ak sobagai kata sifat (engan "o"bori sifa! pa(a kata ben(a Fthe po!iceF. "er'pakan +erba! a(jecti+e ata' particip!e. ata

HhearingH (ibent'k (art kata kerja Hhear (an "e"batasi objek HshriekF. O!eh karena it'. kata HhearingF

Shi+ering a!! o+er 9ith co!(? ;anto fe!! 'nconscio's. Se!'r'h t'b'hn7a "enggig!! karena (ingin? ;anto jat'h pingsan. ata Hshi+eringH bertin(ak scbagai kata sifat (engan "e"beri sifat pa(a kata ben(a F;antoF.

ata

Hshi+eringH (ibont'k (art kata kerja Hshi+erF (an "ornbatasi sob'ah objek. O!eh karena it'? kata Qshi+eringF !'ga a(a!ah +erba! a(jecti+e.

*. :enis>:enis Particip!e
*(a tiga jenis particip!e (a!a" bahasa Inggris? 7ait' present particip!e? past particip!e. (an perfect particip!e.
1. Present particip!e a(a!ah particip!e 7ang "engga"barkani"en'nj'kkan perb'atan 7ang se(ang

terja(i? be!'" se!esai? ata' ti(ak se"p'"a. Present particp!e (ibent'k (engan "ena"bahkan H>ingF
pa(a akhiran kata ko!a. Present particip!e bo!oh berbent'k ka!i"at aktif ata' pasif. Bent'k *ktif 2erb L Ing Bent'k Pasif Being L Past Particip!e (2erb 3#

;riting

Being 9ritten

i:?N

>oI i !a=I igaI 1

1 1?1 n O

%2 1 *(>?6r=ce( (Pr cI!ish -ra""ar for 10Q1.11 Preparation

1ontoh ka!i"at=

The bo7 is carr7ing f!o9ers.

*nak !ake>!aki it' se(ang "e"ba9a b'nga. *ktif

F!o9ers are being carrie( b7 the bo7. B'nga>b'nga se(ang (iba9a anak !aki>!aki it'. 1ata!an=
< Present particip!e 7ang (ibont'k (ari kata kerja transiti! "engg'nakan!"o"or!'kan objek. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Pasif

She "et a "an carr7ing a chair Dia berte"' (ongan seorang prig 7ang se(ang "engangkat k'rsi. <
Present particip!e (ig'nakan (a!a" se"'a contin'o's tense. 1ontoh ka!i"at= She is 9riting a book. Dia se(ang "en'!is b'k'. She 9as 9riting a book. Dia se(ang "en'!!s b'k'. She 9i!! be 9riting a book. Dia akan "en'!is b'k'. Present Past Perfect

2.

Past particip!e biasan7a berakhiran (engan H(F. He(F. FtH. HnH ata' HenH.
a(a!ah +erb bent'k ko<3 (past particip!e#. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

Bent'k ini "en7atakan

perb'atan 7ang s'(ah (ise!esaikan. ata' "en7atakan kca(aan ben(a 7ang (ibicarakan. Bont'kn7a

She s!ept after ha+ing co"p!ete( her 9ork. Dia ti('r sete!ah "en7e!esa!kan pekerjaann7a.

1ata!an=
< Past particip!e (ig'nakan (a!a" perfect tense.

1ontoh ka!i"at=
She has 9ritten a book.

<

Dia te!ah "en'!is seb'ah b'k'. Past particip!e j'ga (ig'nakan (a!a" ka!i"at pasit. 1ontoh ka!i"at= I 9as to!( a strange stor7.
epa(ak' (iceritakan kisah aneh.

3.

Perfect particip!e (ibent'k (engan "e!etakkan Hha+ingF ata' ha+e beenF sebe!'"
!a"pa'.

ata kerja

past particip!e. Perfect particip!e "en'nj'kkan perb'atan 7ang s'(ah (ise!esaikan (i s'at' 9akt'

Bent'k *ktif
Ca+ing L past particip!e (+erb 3#

Bent'k Pasif
Ca+ing been L past particip!e (+erb 3#

Ca+ing 9ritten

Ca+ing boon 9ritten

1/1

$# %#

ata kerja persepsi? seperti hear ("en(engar#? notice ("e"perhatikan? "e!iha!#? recogniGe ("engak'i. "engena!#? see ("o!ihat#? (an s"e!! ("onci'"#. ata kerja kepe"i!ikan? sepertr ha+e ("e"i!ik?#? o9n ("o"i!iki#? be!ong to (tor"as'k? kep'n7aan#. contain (berisi? "engan('ng#. consist of (ter(in (on#. (an be (kec'a!i bi!a (ig'nakan (a!a" bont'k

pasi!#. 1ata!an= < Bi!a kata>kata kerja terseb't (ig'nakan (a!a" bent'k present contin'o's tense "aka arti kata kerja terseb't ber'bah. 1ontoh ka!i"at I a" thinking of going to 5on(on. Sa7a ber"aks'( akan pergi ko 5on(on.
E"i is "in(ing her 7o'nger sister 9hi!e her "other is o't shopping.

E"A se(ang "enjaga a(ik pere"p'ann7a se!agi ib'n7a se(ang ke!'ar berbe!anja.

3. Pengg'naan present perfect tense

a. 4en'nj'kkan perb'atan 7ang te!ah ata' bar' saia (i!ak'kan=
1ontoh ka!i"at=

The teacher has ca!!e( the ro!!. -'r' it' te!ah "engabsen. 47 frien( has j'st gone o't. Tet'an sa7a bar' sofa ke!'ar.
b. 4en7atakan perb'atan !a"pa' 7ang 9akt'n7a ti(ak (iseb'tkan secara kh's's.

1ontoh ka!i"at= I ha+e ne+er seen hi" beforo. Sa7a be!'rn pernah berte"' (ongann7a. It. Toni has been to Paris. It. Toni pernah ke Pa(s. c. 4en7atakan perb'atan !a"pa' 7ang akibatn7a "asih (irasakan.
1ontoh ka!i"a!= She has 9atere( the gar(en. !a te!ah "en7!ra"! *eb'n it'. *kibat "en7ira" keb'n it' "isa!n7a baj'n7a sekarang basah.

;e ha+e 9a!ke( a !ong (istance.

a"t te!ah berfs!an ja'h.

Sekarang ka"i sangat capek.

(. 4en7atakan perb'atan 7ang (f!ak'kan (i 9akt' Ia"pa' (an "asih so(ang bor!angs'ng sa"pai

sekarang.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

I ha+e not seen 3ose"i Sit'"orang for a !ong ti"e. Sa7a s'(ah !a"a ti(ak berte"' (engan 3osea' Sit'"orang. Sa"pai sekarangp'n sa7a be!'" pernah berte"' (engann7a. 47 father has 9orke( in this office for ten 7ears. *7ah sa7a teEah beker:a (i kantor ini so!a"a sop'!'h tah'n.

=iian aengan hak cipta T

*

1/21 *(+ance( Eng!ish -ra""ar for TOEF5 Preparation

!a sekarang "asih bekerja (i kantor ini. She has been sick since !ast 9eek. !a te!ah sakit sejak "ingg' !ai(. !a sekarang "asih sakit e. Da!a" k!a'sa a(+erbia (k!a'sa kata keterangan# 7ang (iintro('sir (ongan F9henH. HIf. HbeforeH?
HafterH? as soon as. ata' Hti!!F apabi!a kata kerja (a!a" in('k ka!i"atn7a berbent'k f't're tense. 1ontoh ka!i"at= I sha!! !ea+e for :akarta after I ha+e finishe( "7 9ork. Sa7a akan berangkat ke :akarta sete!ah "en7e!esaikan peker!aan sa7a. . I sha!! go to be( as soon as I ha+e !earnt this poe" b7 heart.

Sa7a akan porgi ti('r segora sos'(ah sa7a "onghafat s7air ini. 1atatan=
< ota bo!eh "ongg'nakan kata keterangan ata' (rase kata keterangan bersa"a present perfect

<

tense? seperti j'st (bar' saja#? often (se6ing#? ne+er (ti(ak pernah#. e+er (pernah han7a (a!a" ka!i"at tan7a#? so far (hingga sekarang. sa"pa! kini. seja'h ins#. ti!! no9 (sa"pai sekarang#. 7et ("asih (a!a" ka!i"at negatif (an tan7 a#. a!rea(7 (s'(ah? te!ah#? recent!7 (bare>bar' in?#? to(a7 (ha( in?#? this 9eek ("ingg' ini#. (an this "orning (pagi ir'#. Present perfect tense jangan (ig'nakan (engan kata keterangan 9akt' !a"pa'. ita har's "ongg'nakan si"p!e past.
1ontoh ka!i"at=

She has gone to Ban('ng 7ester(a7.

She 9ent to Ban('ng 7ester(a7.

<

Sa!ah Benar

Present perfect contin'o's tense (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en7atakan perb'atan 7ang (i!ak'kan (i s'at' 9akt' !a"pa' (an "asih bertangs'ng sa"pai scat ini. HFor (se!a"a# (ig'nakan 'nt'k
"on'nj'kkan porio(o 9akt' (on HsinceF (sojak# 'nt'k "on'nj'kkan titikEbatas 9akt' tortont'. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

I ha+e been 9riting the book for three "onths. Sa7a

s'(ah "en'iEs b'k' It' se!a"a tiga b'!an. Sa7a "asih se(ang "en'!is b'k' it'.

She has been s!eeping for si6 ho'rs. !a te!ah ti('r so!a"a ona" ja".
!a "asih ti('r. < Present perfect contin'o's tense j'gs (ig'nakan 'nt'k "on'nj'kkan porb'atan 7ang (i"'!ai (i 9akt' !a"pa' (an bar' saja (isefesaikan. Present perfect contin'o's tense (i sini (ig'nakan 'n!'k "enegaskan kebertangs'ngan (kontin'itas# perb'atanEakti+itas sebagai penje!asan atas ses'at' ha!. 1ontoh ka!i"at=

;h7 are 7o'r c!othes so 9etI I ha+e been 9atering the gar(en. 4engapa baj'"' begit' basahI Sa7a bare sa!e s'(ah "en7!re"! keb'n it'. Ce Is a!! co+ere( 9ith "'( beca'se he has been p!a7ing footba!!.
!a ber!'"'ran !'"p'r karena !a barn saja ber"ain sepak bo!a.

$. Pengg'naan si"p!e past tense (past in(efinite tense#

Si"p!e past tense biasan7a (ibent'k (engan "ona"bahkan (Ee( pa(s kata kerja (asar. seperti
p!a7e(? 9orke(? !ike(? "isse(? 9ashe(. ata' finishe(. Si"p!e past tense (a!a" kati"at (ig'nakan 'nt'k=

a.

4on7atakan s'at' perb'atan!peristi9a 7ang terja(hH(ise!osaikan pa(a 9akt' tertont' (i 9akt' Ia"pa'
((ongan ata' tanpa kata keterangan ata' frase kata keterangan bent'k !a"pa'. 1ontoh kati"at=

She co"p!ete( her !aborator7 e6peri"ent 7ester(a7. !a "en7e!esa!kan percobaan !aborann7a ke"ar!n. Cok!i b'i!t this ho'se in 7ear 2000.
Cokh "e"bang'n r'"ah ini pa(a tah'n 2000. b. 4on7atakan kebiasaan !a"pa' 7ang ti(ak (i!anj'tkanE(iter'skan tagi. 1ontoh kati"at= Ceni a!9a7s ta!ke( abo't her bea't7. Cenr se!a!' berbicara tentang kecantikann7a.

She 's'a!!7 sang songs in the e+ening. Dia b!asan7a "en7an7! (i "a!a" ha(. c.

<

4en7atakan perb'atan 7ang te@a(i pa(a s'a!' perio(e 9akt' (i 9akt' !a"pa'. 1ontoh kati"at= She carrrie( o't her e6peri"ent for si6 7ears. Dia "enga(akan percobaann7a se!a"a ena" tah'n.
Ce !i+e( in the cit7 for a !ong ti"e.

Dia !a"a tingga! (i kota it'.

%. Pengg'naan past contin'os tense

Past contin'o's tense (ig'nakan 'nt'k "en'nj'kkan s'at' porb'atan 7ang se(ang ber!angs'ng (i s'at'
9akt' (i 9akt' !a"pa' ata' "en7atakan kont in'itas (keter'san# (i 9akt' !a"pa'. ;akt' perb'atan bo!eh

(isob'!kan bo!oh ti(ak. 3'"'s (asar past contin'o's tense a(a!ah s'bject L 9asE9ero . +erb>
Ing. a. 4en7atakan s'at' perb'atan 7ang se(ang ber!angs'ng (i s'at' 9akt' (i 9akt' !a"pa'.
1ontoh ka!i"at= I 9as 9riting !ast night.

Sa7a se(ang "en'!is se"a!a".

She 9as resting. Dia se(ang beristirahat. b. 4en7atakan perb'atan>perb'atan 7ang bersa"aan (i!ak'kan (i 9akt' !a"pa'.
1ontoh kati"at=

;hi!e his 9ife 9as ta!king on the phone. he 9as "o9ing the !a9n. Se"entara isterin7a se(ang berbicara (i te!epon. (ia se(ang "o"otong n!"p't. ;hi!e he 9as bathing. I 9as taking tea.

Se"entara (ia se(ang "an(i. sa7s se(ang "in'" toh. c. 4en7atakan perb'atan 7ang terns>"ener's 7ang bertepatan (engan s'at' perb'atan tertent' (i 9akt' !a"pa'