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Prelude to the Accord: Likud, Labor, and the Palestinians
Avi Shlaim
 Journal of Palestine Studies
, Vol. 23, No. 2. (Winter, 1994), pp. 5-19.
 Journal of Palestine Studies
is currently published by University of California Press.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/ucal.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgMon Jun 25 18:45:52 2007
 
PRELUDE TO THE ACCORD:
LIKUD,
LABOR, AND THE PALESTINIANS 
AVI
SHLAIM
The mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO and the Declaration ofPrinciples on Palestinian self-government in Gaza and Jericho, signed inWashington on 13 September 1993, mark a historic breakthrough in the cen-tury-old conflict over Palestine. The conflict was born at the end of the lastcentury as a result of the incompatible national aspirations of the Jews andArabs in Palestine. It was a conflict between two nations for one country.The neighboring Arab states became involved in this conflict in the 1930sand, with the exception of Egypt, are still involved today. But the clash be-tween Jewish and Palestinian nationalism has always been the heart of theArab-Israeli conflict. It is for this reason that relations with the Palestiniansare such a sensitive, complex, and controversial issue in Israeli politics. Theaim of this article is to compare and contrast the policies of the Likud blocand of the Labor party toward the peace talks with the Palestinians that gotunder way at the Madrid conference of October 1991.In March 1990 the national unity government headed by Yitzhak Shamircollapsed over the issue of dialogue with the Palestinians. Following the de-parture of the Labor party, Shamir formed a narrower government with thereligious parties and three small ultranationalist parties. This was the most
Avi
Shlaim
is the Alastair Buchan Reader in International Relations and aFellow of St Antony's College, Oxford. He is the author of
Collusion Acrossthe Jordar~
(1988) and
The Politics ofpartition
(1990). His
War and Peace
111
theMiddle East
will be published by Viking Penguin in June 1994.
 
6
JOURNAL OF PALESTINE STUDIES
right-wing government in Israel's history. Following Likud's crushing defeatat the polls on 23 June 1992, the Labor party under the leadership of YitzhakRabin formed another narrow government. This one is probably the mostdovish government in the country's history. Most Arabs believe that there isno significant difference between the two parties. It might be instructive,therefore, to examine the record of the Likud-led and the Labor-led govern-ments in the peace talks with the Palestinians in order to determine whetherthis is indeed the case.When the Labor party emerged as the victor in the Israeli general electionin June 1992, a BBC correspondent asked an Arab janitor in Jerusalem forhis reaction. "Do you see my left shoe?" asked the Arab indifferently by wayof response."That is Yitzhak Rabin. Do you see my right shoe? That isYitzhak Shamir. Two Yitzhaks, two shoes, so what's the difference?"Thisfeeling that there is not much to choose between the leaders of Israel's twomain parties is not confined to Arabs. When Rabin served as defense minis-ter in the national unity government headed by Shamir from 1986 to 1990,there was a joke in Israel, which went as follows: "What is the differencebetween a left-wing Likudnik and a right-wing Likudnik? Answer: aleft-wing Likudnik is a follower of Yitzhak Shamir, and a right-wing Likudnik isa follower of Yitzhak Rabin."The traditional foreign policies of the rival parties led by the two Yitzhaksalso display some striking similarities. The critic William Hazlitt comparedthe Whig and the Tory parties in the early nineteenth century to two rivalcoach companies that splash mud on one another but go by the same route tothe same destination. It is tempting to apply the same analogy to the Laborand the Likud parties which have dominated the Israeli political scene since1948. But to do so would be to take a simplistic view of Israeli politics.No one would deny that Likud and Labor splash mud on one another. Itis true that both parties used to share a blind spot regarding the Palestinians,preferring to treat the Arab-Israeli conflict as an interstate conflict. It is truethat both parties are deeply opposed to Palestinian nationalism and deny thatthe Palestinians have a right to national self-determination. The notoriousstatement that there is no such thing as a Palestinian people came not fromthe Likud but from that old Labor party battle-ax, Golda Meir. It is also truethat, until very recently, both parties refused to negotiate with the PLO andthat both remain unconditionally opposed to the establishment of an in-dependent Palestinian state.Yet the differences between the Likud and Labor are quite significant, bothin the realm of ideology and in the realm of practical policy. The final desti-nation of the two parties was different and they sought to get to their respec-tive destinations by different routes. This is why the rise to power of theLikud in 1977, in addition to ending three decades of uninterrupted Laborrule at home, constituted such a sharp break in Israeli foreign policy. Andthis is why the Labor victory of June 1992, which ended a decade and a half
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