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Monera (bacteria)

"ame 3.1 Diversity of Organisms 3.1.3 Monera Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 1. Name 3 main types of bacterial cells. 2. Explain the structure of each type 3. Explain reproduction of bacteria. 4. Explain nutrition of bacteria. 5. tate the factors affectin! !ro"th of micro#or!anisms. $. %efine the term: &atho!enic '. %efine the term: antibiotics (. tate the role of antibiotics. ). *utline the potential abuse of antibiotics 1+. Name t"o ,eneficial and t"o harmful bacteria 11. %efine the terms: saprophytic - parasitic. Practical activity ME - To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plate and controls.

Microbiolo!y is the study of microor!anisms of "hich there are three main types: bacteria. fun!i and /iruses.

Bacteria
0in!dom Monera Feature of kingdom All unicellular Habitat 1bi2uitous. !eneral structure

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Monera (bacteria)

1nicellular. microscopic 31+++ in a full#stop45 #ell $all: made of protein and polysaccharide. ri!id and permeable 6ell membrane: selecti/ely permeable. 6ytoplasm: contains a lar!e number of ribosomes. "uclear material 7 %NA 31 circular chromosome and 1 plasmid # small loops of %NA . &lasmids contain !enes that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics. "o organelles 3except ribosomes5 i.e. no nucleus. mitochondria. chloroplast. Flagella: mo/ement #a%sule: slimy protecti/e coat. in parasitic species for protection. 8elps cell to attach to different surfaces. chlorophyll mesosomes: infoldin!s in cell membrane "hich carry out respiration and help durin! cell di/ision. pili: hair#li9e pro:ections "hich allo" the bacterium to attach to other cells.

Bacteria are classified according to t&eir s&a%e 3a5 'ound ( #occi. e.!. pneumonia. streptococci. sore throats. staphylococci 3boils - food poisonin!. scarlet fe/er.

3b5 'ods bacilli # e.!. tuberculosis. salmonella. typhoid. E. coli 3found in human intestines and therefore se"a!e5. tetanus3loc9:a"5. botulism. diphtheria. bubonic pla!ue. anthrax. "hoopin! cou!h.

3c5 )%iral: s%irilla# spiral or t"isted e.!. cholera. syphilis. ;eil<s disease

"utrition
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Monera (bacteria)
,feed on living &ost-Bacterial

"utrition

Heterotro%&ic
consumers(take in food)

*utotro%&ic
producers(make food)

)a%rotro%&s
(feed on dead sources e.g. bacteria of decay )

One benefits, host Parasites harmed e.g. sore throats, tetanus)

P&otosynt&etic
(use light & H2S instead of water to make food e.g. purple sulphur bacteria)

#&emosynt&etic
(use energy from chemical reactions e.g. nitrifying bacteria

&arasitic bacteria are important in population control=natural selection.

'es%iration
Bacteria *erobic >e2uire oxy!en for respiration e.!. Streptococcus *naerobic %o not re2uire oxy!en for respiration.

absence of oxy!en

Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes can only respire in respire oxy!en e.!. Salmonella & E. coli,

e.!. Clostridium

'e%roduction
*se+ual re%roduction ( by binary fission. ?he chromosome is replicated and the cytoplasm di/ides to form t"o dau!hter cells. each "ith an identical chromosome. 1nder fa/ourable conditions i.e. food. $ater 3needed for en@yme action5. suitable tem%erature 3needed for optimum en@yme action: 25 # 45o65. suitable %H 3most en@ymes prefer a sli!htly al9aline p8 of '#(. bacterial en@ymes are denatured by acid en/ironments5. dark 3li!ht may cause mutations5. s%ace and o+ygen. a bacterium "ill reproduce itself about e/ery 2+ minutes. ?his leads to lar!e population numbers of identical dau!hter cells 3clones5.

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Monera (bacteria)

)%ore formation

6ertain bacteria ha/e the ability to form spores 9no"n as endospores e.!. tetanus in order to sur/i/e extreme tempsA. desiccation. radiation. acids. disinfectants. boilin! or toxins. 6ontents of bacterial cell shrin9 and a tou!h outer coat is formed "ithin the ori!inal cell. Endospores can remain dormant for decades. ;hen conditions are suitable the spore !erminates to form a sin!le cell. pore formation is not a method of reproduction. A;hen food is placed in a free@er many bacteria respond by producin! spores. ?hese can sur/i/e the cold temp. and !erminate "hen food is tha"ed. ?ha"ed food must be coo9ed and eaten "ithout delay. Bast free@in! restricts spore formation. !ro$t& curve

*. .ag %&ase Numbers are lo" 3constant5 because: bacteria are adaptin! to their ne" en/ironment e.!. they may be producin! ne" en@ymes to di!est nutrients on "hich they are to !ro". . B .og %&ase ,acterial numbers increase rapidly because the bacteria are acti/ely di/idin! 3plenty of food. oxy!en. moisture. space. suitable temp. and fe" toxins5. # )tationary %&ase ?he number remains hi!h and constant 3reproduction rate 7 death rate5 because competition for food. space. moisture and oxy!en 07/01/2012 Page 4

Monera (bacteria) accumulation of toxins.

D Decline %&ase %ecrease in numbers 3death rate > reproduction rate5 due to competition for resources and toxins. / )urvival0Deat& %&ase Numbers lo" ,acteria die and some may sur/i/e as endospores. "hich can remain dormant until conditions are fa/ourable. "ote 1&e ra%id rate of bacterial re%roduction &as im%ortant conse2uences. ;ounds become hea/ily infected /ery 2uic9ly. Mutations mean that antibiotic#resistant bacteria can appear in lar!e numbers. ,acteria can transfer plasmids to other bacterial species and so transfer antibiotic immunities. ,acteria can !i/e /ery efficient returns of product in industry. Factors $&ic& affect gro$t& Food 1em%erature 3needed for optimum en@yme action5 1sually 25 # 45o6 for most bacteria. but ran!e form +o6 to (+o6 C hot sprin!s. %H 3most en@ymes prefer a sli!htly al9aline p8 of '#(. bacterial en@ymes are denatured by acid en/ironments. External solute concentration that surrounds bacteria e.!. bacteria in %ead ea can sur/i/e hi!h salt conc. o+ygen *ther factors: 3ater 3needed for en@yme action5. Dark 3li!ht may cause mutations5 )%ace Pressure ( some bacteria found only in &ig& %ressure areas e.g. dee%(sea vents.

/conomic im%ortance of bacteria (know two benefits and two disad antages)
Beneficial bacteria &roduction of yo!hurt and cheese 3by Dactobacillus Eenetically en!ineered bacteria e.!. E. coli. are used to produce hormones. dru!s. en@ymes. insulin. amino acids. /itamins. food fla/ourin!s. alcohols etc. Manufacture of some antibiotics. Pat&ogenic bacteria 3disease#causin! bacteria5 # minority. 07/01/2012 Page 5

Monera (bacteria) ,acteria cause human. animal and plant disease such as ?,. "hoopin! cou!h. septic throat. menin!itis. typhoid. cholera. diphtheria. dysentery. food poisonin!. mastitis and brucellosis. ,acteria cause food decay e.!. Dactobacilli cause mil9 to turn sour. ,acteria in mouth con/erts su!ars to acid. "hich dissol/es the enamel on teeth. causin! tooth decay.

*ntibiotics are chemical substances produced by bacteria and fun!i "hich can 9ill or pre/ent the !ro"th=reproduction of bacteria and fun!i. ?hey are not effecti/e a!ainst /iruses. Most antibiotics "or9 by inhibitin! cell "all synthesis durin! cell di/ision e.!. %enicillin 3Alexander Blemin! 1)2(5. stre%tomycin 31)445 tetracycline 31)535

*ntibiotics and 'esistance >esistance C bacteria are not 9illed by antibiotics. Natural selection occurs and sur/i/in! strains multiplyin!. Antibiotics produced by m=o !i/e them the ability to pre/ent the !ro"th of competin! m=o. these naturally occurrin! m=o ha/e the ability to !ro" in the presence of these antibiotics because they ha/e the en@yme to brea9 it do"n. ?he !enes conferrin! this antibiotic resistance is usually carried on the plasmids. ?hese plasmids can be passed on to another bacterium of the same species or different. ;hen an antibiotic is !i/en to a patient. all the bacteria in that person are 9illed. includin! the beneficial ones in the !ut. Antibiotic#resistant bacteria if present "ill ha/e no competition and "ill multiply rapidly. ;hen a patho!en arri/es it can pic9 up the antibiotic resistance from the colonisin! bacteria. Antibiotics resistance is spreadin! e.!. M> A is becomin! "idespread. especially in hospitals.

Biotec&nology involves gro$ing m0o in a fermenter.


,atch and continuous flo" food processin!

Batc& cultivation e.!. antibiotics


A fixed amount of nutrients and m=o are added to bioreactor at start. Air is added if needed and "aste !ases remo/ed. Ero"th is allo"ed up to a certain point 3usually la!. lo!. stationary5. bioreactor is emptied and product extracted. ,ioreactor is cleaned and sterilised.

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Monera (bacteria)

#ontinuous cultivation e.!. sin!le#celled protein


Nutrients are continuously added to bioreactor. *nce bioreactor is set up used medium and products are continuously remo/ed. Fuic9er process Gcos no need to empty bioreactor etc. re!ularly and also a continuous yield. ,y ad:ustin! the nutrients added. the !ro"th rate can be 9ept at a le/el 3lo! sta!e5 "hich !i/es the max. yield of product. uited to production of biomass 3a lot of cells5 or chemicals durin! rapid !ro"th phases of m=o. 8i#tech monitorin! and hi!hly#trained staff re2uired to operate e2uipment effeciently. Bactors such as temp.. p8. rate of stirrin!. conc. of nutrients. oxy!en and "aste products are 9ept constant.

*dvantages of batc& culturing Easier process to control. &roducts may be needed only in small amounts. &roduct may only be needed at a particular time. ome m=o !ro" "ell for a short period of time. Nitro!en cycle Nitro!en fixin! bacteria C found in soil or root nodules of le!umes. con/ertin! nitro!en !as to ammonia ,acteria of decay C found on dead or!anic matter in soil. from nitro!enous "aste Nitrifyin! bacteria C found in soil. con/ert ammonia to nitrate %enitrifyin! bacteria C found in soil. con/ert nitrate to nitro!en !as.

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