FE of Composites

Universitat de Girona
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITES

WITH FINITE ELEMENTS
N. Blanco, D. Trias
February 2012
Contents
1 Constitutive equations for transversely isotropic materials 1
1.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Laminate theory 17
2.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Hygro-thermal effects 33
3.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 Failure criteria 43
4.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5 Micromechanics 55
5.1 Example: Modeling a periodic RVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
iii
Chapter 1
Constitutive equations for
transversely isotropic materials
1.1 Examples
Example 1.1. Write a computer program to evaluate the compliance and stiffness matrices in
terms of the engineering properties for an orthotropic material. Consider a 3D analysis.
Solution to Example 1.1. Both the stiffness and compliance matrix for an orthotropic material
have 12 non-zero terms and need to be dened by means of 9 independent properties: E
11
, E
22
,
E
33
,
12
,
13
,
23
, G
23
, G
13
and G
12
. Next, we present the solution implemented using the symbolic
calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
. Execute the programand observe that the stiffness matrix
is much more complicated than the exibility matrix.
%
% DACFE. Solution to Example 1.1
%
% J.A. Mayugo, N. Blanco
clear all,close all, clc
% Orthotropic material need 9 constants:
% E11, E22, E33, nu12, nu13, nu23, G12, G13, G23
syms E11 E22 E33 nu12 nu13 nu23 G12 G13 G23
% Compute orthotropic properties
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
nu31 = nu13
*
E33/E11;
nu32 = nu23
*
E33/E22;
% Compute S and C
S = [1/E11 -nu21/E22 -nu31/E33 0 0 0;
-nu12/E11 1/E22 -nu32/E33 0 0 0;
-nu13/E11 -nu23/E22 1/E33 0 0 0;
0 0 0 1/G23 0 0;
0 0 0 0 1/G13 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1/G12];
C = inv(S);
pretty(S)
pretty(C)
This le can be found at:
ftp://amade.udg.edu/amade/mme/DACFE/input
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex101.m
Example 1.2. Write a computer program to evaluate the compliance and stiffness matrices in
terms of the engineering properties for an orthotropic material. Consider plane stress analysis.
1
2 Disseny i Anlisi de Compsits amb Elements Finits
under plane stress conditions have 5 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 4 independent
properties: E
11
, E
22
,
12
and G
12
. Next, we present the solution implemented using the symbolic
calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
. Execute the programand observe that the stiffness matrix
is much more complicated than the exibility matrix.
%
%
% Plane stress orthotropic material
% need 4 constants:
% E11, E22, nu12, G12
syms E11 E22 nu12 G12
% Compute orthotropic properties
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
% Compute S and Q
S = [1/E11 -nu21/E22 0;
-nu12/E11 1/E22 0;
0 0 1/G12];
Q = inv(S);
pretty(S)
pretty(Q)
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex102.m
Example 1.3. Write a computer program to evaluate the compliance and stiffness matrices of a
CFRP with the following properties and assume that the material is transversely isotropic.
E
11
= 190 GPa E
22
= 50 GPa G
12
= 74 GPa
12
= 0.24
23
= 0.42
Solution to Example 1.3. The stiffness and compliance matrices for a transversely isotropic
material have 12 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 5 independent properties: E
11
, E
22
,
12
,
23
and G
12
. The resulting S and C matrices are
[S] =
_
_
0.0053 0.0013 0.0013 0 0 0
0.0013 0.02 0.0084 0 0 0
0.0013 0.0084 0.02 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.0568 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.0135 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.0135
_
_
GPa
1
[C] =
_
_
200.48 21.83 21.83 0 0 0
21.83 63.09 27.81 0 0 0
21.83 27.87 63.09 0 0 0
0 0 0 17.61 0 0
0 0 0 0 74 0
0 0 0 0 0 74
_
_
GPa
Next, we present the solution implemented in MATLAB
TM
.
Chapter 1. Constitutive equations for transversely isotropic materials 3
%
%
% The parameters are: E11,E22,nu12,nu23,G12
prop = [190,50,0.24,0.42,74]
% Transversaly isotropic need 5 constants:
% E11, E22=E33, nu12=nu13, nu23, G12=G13, G23=E22/(2
*
(1+nu23))
% Extract and compute transversally isotropic properties
E11 = prop(1);
E22 = prop(2);
E33 = E22;
nu12 = prop(3);
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
nu13 = nu12;
nu31 = nu21;
nu23 = prop(4);
nu32 = nu23
*
E33/E22;
G12 = prop(5);
G13 = G12;
G23 = E22/(2
*
(1+nu23));
% Compute S and C
S = [1/E11 -nu21/E22 -nu31/E33 0 0 0;
-nu12/E11 1/E22 -nu32/E33 0 0 0;
-nu13/E11 -nu23/E22 1/E33 0 0 0;
0 0 0 1/G23 0 0;
0 0 0 0 1/G13 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1/G12]
C = inv(S)
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex103a.m
The previous code can be modied so the material properties are read from an ASCII le
and the computed matrices are written in another ASCII le. This MATLAB
TM
code can be
implemented as follows:
%
% DACFE. Alternative solution to Example 1.3
%
% Material-file identification
n
_
file = DACFE
_
Ex103
_
CFRP % file name
% Open I/O files
fidinp = fopen([n
_
file,.dat],r);
fidout = fopen([n
_
file,
_
CS
_
123.dat],w);
% Read properties input file
prop = fscanf(fidinp,%g)
% Transversaly isotropic need 5 constants:
% E11, E22=E33, nu12=nu13, nu23, G12=G13, G23=E22/(2
*
(1+nu23))
% Extract and compute transversally isotropic properties
E11 = prop(1);
E22 = prop(2);
E33 = E22;
nu12 = prop(3);
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
nu13 = nu12;
nu31 = nu21;
nu23 = prop(4);
nu32 = nu23
*
E33/E22;
G12 = prop(5);
G13 = G12;
G23 = E22/(2
*
(1+nu23));
% Compute S and C
S = [1/E11 -nu21/E22 -nu31/E33 0 0 0;
-nu12/E11 1/E22 -nu32/E33 0 0 0;
-nu13/E11 -nu23/E22 1/E33 0 0 0;
0 0 0 1/G23 0 0;
0 0 0 0 1/G13 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1/G12]
C = inv(S)
% Write solution in file
%fprintf(fidout,%10s\n,SIFFNESS MATRIX);
for row=1:6
fprintf(fidout,%10.4e\t %10.4e\t %10.4e\t %10.4e\t %10.4e\t %10.4e\n,...
C(row,1),C(row,2),C(row,3),C(row,4),C(row,5),C(row,6));
end
%fprintf(fidout,%10s\n,COMPLIANCE MATRIX);
for row=1:6
S(row,1),S(row,2),S(row,3),S(row,4),S(row,5),S(row,6));
end
fclose(fidinp);
fclose(fidout);
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex103b.m
Example 1.4. Construct the [a] rotation matrix for a rotation = 30
around the z-axis. Compute

the [T] and [T
] in 3D space.
Solution to Example 1.4. The [a
=30
] rotation matrix around z-axis is
[a
=30
] =
_
_
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
3
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
Considering the general expression for the coordinates transformation of the second order
stress tensor
ij
= a
ip
a
jq
pq
(1.1)
The following algorithm is used to obtain a 6 6 transformation matrix [T] in contracted
notation as
= T
(1.2)
If 3 and 3 then i = j and p = q, so
T
= a
ip
a
ip
= a
2
ip
(1.3)
If 3 and > 3 then i = j but p = q, and taking into account that switching p by q yields
the same value of = 9 p q, we have
T
= a
ip
a
iq
+a
iq
a
ip
= 2a
ip
a
iq
(1.4)
If > 3, then i = j, but we want only one stress, say
ij
, not
ji
because they are numerically
equal. In fact
=
ij
=
ji
with = 9 i j. If in addition 3 then p = q and we get
T
= a
ip
a
jp
(1.5)
When > 3 and > 3, i = j and p = q so we get
T
= a
ip
a
jq
+a
iq
a
jp
(1.6)
which completes the derivation of T
. Expanding (1.3-1.6) we get

[T] =
_
_
l
2
1
m
2
1
n
2
1
2m
1
n
1
2l
1
n
1
2l
1
m
1
l
2
2
m
2
2
n
2
2
2m
2
n
2
2l
2
n
2
2l
2
m
2
l
2
3
m
2
3
n
2
3
2m
3
n
3
2l
3
n
3
2l
3
m
3
l
2
l
3
m
2
m
3
n
2
n
3
m
2
n
3
+n
2
m
3
l
2
n
3
+n
2
l
3
l
2
m
3
+m
2
l
3
l
1
l
3
m
1
m
3
n
1
n
3
m
1
n
3
+n
1
m
3
l
1
n
3
+n
1
l
3
l
1
m
3
+m
1
l
3
l
1
l
2
m
1
m
2
n
1
n
2
m
1
n
2
+n
1
m
2
l
1
n
2
+n
1
l
2
l
1
m
2
+m
1
l
2
_
_
(1.7)
Next, there is the solution implemented using MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% Rotation angle around z-axis
theta = 30/180
*
pi
% Compute transformation matrix (Clokwise rotation of 12 respect to xy)
a = [cos(theta) sin(theta) 0;
-sin(theta) cos(theta) 0;
0 0 1];
for i1=1:3
for j1=1:3
if i1==j1
alpha=i1;
else
alpha=9-i1-j1;
end
for p1=1:3
for q1=1:3
if p1==q1
beta=p1;
else
beta=9-p1-q1;
end
if (alpha<=3)&(beta<=3)
T(alpha,beta)=a(i1,p1)
*
a(i1,p1);
elseif (alpha>3)&(beta<=3)
*
a(j1,p1);
elseif (alpha<=3)&(beta>3)
T(alpha,beta)=a(i1,q1)
*
a(i1,p1)+a(i1,p1)
*
a(i1,q1);
elseif (alpha>3)&(beta>3)
*
a(j1,q1)+a(i1,q1)
*
a(j1,p1);
end
end
end
end
end
T
Tg = inv(T)
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex104.m
Example 1.5. Write a computer program to transform the stiffness and compliance matrices
from material coordinates, [C
123
] and [S
123
], to another coordinate system, [C
xyz
] and [S
xyz
], by
a rotation of 90, 30 and -30
around the z-axis. The data, [C

123
] and [S
123
], should be read from
a le. The output, [C
xyz
] and [S
xyz
], should be written to another le. Use the same material
properties as in Example 1.3.
Solution to Example 1.5. Both the stiffness and compliance matrices for a transversally isotropic
material 12 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 5 independent properties. The resulting
stiffness and compliance matrices are 66 as the transformation matrices must be. However, as
a consequence of the transformation, the resulting stiffness and compliance matrices have more
than 12 non-zero terms and there coupling between normal stress and shear strains and vice
versa.
[C
xyz
] =
_
_
180.4 7.56 23.34 0 0 21.51
8.56 111.7 26.36 0 0 37.98
23.34 26.36 63.09 0 0 2.617
0 0 0 31.70 24.42 0
0 0 0 24.42 59.9 0
21.51 37.98 2.62 0 0 59.73
_
_
GPa
[S
xyz
] =
_
_
0.0063 0.0014 0.003 0 0 0.0033
0.0014 0.0136 0.0066 0 0 0.0095
0.003 0.0066 0.02 0 0 0.0062
0 0 0 0.046 0.0187 0
0 0 0 0.0187 0.0243 0
0.0033 0.0095 0.0062 0 0 0.0242
_
_
GPa
1
Next, we present the solution implemented using the calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% Run first CManaEx103.m with the same material-file identification
% The theta value is the last value in the material-file
% Material-file identification
n
_
file = DACFE
_
Ex103
_
CFRP % file name
% Rotation angle in degrees around Z-axis
theta
_
deg = 30;
theta = theta
_
deg
*
pi/180;
% Open I/O files
fidinp = fopen([n
_
file,
_
CS
_
123.dat],r);
fidout = fopen([n
_
file,
_
CS
_
xyz.dat],w);
% Read properties input file
prop = (fscanf(fidinp,%g %g %g %g %g %g,[6 inf]))
% First 6x6 data are C matrix
% Second 6x6 data are S matrix
% next escalar is theta in radians
% Extract C and S in material coordinate system
C
_
123=prop(1:6,:)
S
_
123=prop(7:12,:)
% Compute transformation matrix (Clokwise rotation of 12 respect to xy)
a = [cos(theta) sin(theta) 0;
-sin(theta) cos(theta) 0;
0 0 1];
for i1=1:3
for j1=1:3
if i1==j1
alpha=i1;
else
alpha=9-i1-j1;
end
for p1=1:3
for q1=1:3
if p1==q1
beta=p1;
else
beta=9-p1-q1;
end
% te(alpha,beta)=0
if (alpha<=3)&(beta<=3)
*
a(i1,p1);
elseif (alpha>3)&(beta<=3)
*
a(j1,p1);
elseif (alpha<=3)&(beta>3)
T(alpha,beta)=a(i1,q1)
*
a(i1,p1)+a(i1,p1)
*
a(i1,q1);
elseif (alpha>3)&(beta>3)
*
a(j1,q1)+a(i1,q1)
*
a(j1,p1);
end
end
end
end
end
% Compute C and S in new coordiante system
C
_
xyz=inv(T)
*
C
_
123
*
inv(T)
% First method (using T
_
gamma)
S
_
xyz=(T)
*
S
_
123
*
(T)
% Second method (invert C matrix)
S
_
xyz=inv(C
_
xyz)
% Write solution file
%fprintf(fidout,%10s\n,SIFFNESS MATRIX);
for row=1:6
C
_
xyz(row,1),C
_
xyz(row,2),C
_
xyz(row,3),C
_
xyz(row,4),C
_
xyz(row,5),C
_
xyz(row,6));
end
%fprintf(fidout,%10s\n,COMPLIANCE MATRIX);
for row=1:6
S
_
xyz(row,1),S
_
xyz(row,2),S
_
xyz(row,3),S
_
xyz(row,4),S
_
xyz(row,5),S
_
xyz(row,6));
end
fclose(fidinp);
fclose(fidout);
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex105.m
Example 1.6. Write a computer program to evaluate the stiffness matrices of a unidirectional
CFRP T300/5208 lamina when the reinforcement is oriented according to 0, 30 and 90
. Con-
sider plane stress. The elastic properties of the material are: E
11
= 181 GPa, E
22
= 10.3 GPa,
G
12
= 7.17 GPa and
12
= 0.28.
Solution to Example 1.6. Both the transformed stiffness and compliance matrix for a transver-
sally isotropic material under plane stress conditions have 5 non-zero terms and need to be
dened by 5 independent properties. So resulting stiffness and compliance matrices are 3 3 as
the transformation matrices must be.
The obtained stiffness matrices for the considered orientations are
[Q]
0
= Q =
_
_
181.81 2.90 0
2.90 10.35 0
0 0 7.17
_
_
GPa
[Q]
90
=
_
_
10.35 2.90 0
2.90 181.81 0
0 0 7.17
_
_
GPa
[Q]
30
=
_
_
109.38 32.46 54.19
32.46 56.66 20.05
54.19 20.05 36.74
_
_
GPa
Observe that a rotation of 90
is equivalent to interchange the matrix terms 11 and 22 and

there is no coupling between normal and shear stress and strain. However, when the rotation is
of 30
, all the terms in the matrix are different to zero and there is coupling between normal
and shear stress and strain. Next, we present the solution implemented using the calculation
capabilities of MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
clear all;close all; clc;
% Transversaly isotropic under plane stress
% only 4 material constants are needed
% E11 (MPa), E22 (MPa), nu12, G12 (MPa), angle ()
prop=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, -30];
E11 = prop(1);
E22 = prop(2);
nu12 = prop(3);
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
G12 = prop(4);
theta = prop(5)
*
pi/180;
% Calculation of the compliance and stiffness matrices
S=zeros(3,3);
S(1,1)=1/E11;
S(1,2)=-nu12/E11;
S(2,1)=S(1,2);
S(2,2)=1/E22;
S(3,3)=1/G12;
Q=inv(S);
% Calculation of the stress transformation matrix
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=zeros(3,3);
T(1,1)=m^2;
T(1,2)=n^2;
T(1,3)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1)=n^2;
T(2,2)=m^2;
T(2,3)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2)=m
*
n;
T(3,3)=m^2-n^2;
% Calculation of the strain transformation matrix (T
_
gamma)
Tg=(inv(T));
% Calculation of the transformed stiffness and compliance matrices
Qb=inv(T)
*
Q
*
Tg
Sb=inv(Qb)
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex106.m
Example 1.7. Based on the program used in Ex.1.6, write a computer program to calculate the
resulting stresses in the lamina coordinates and the resulting strains in the global coordinates.
Consider the unidirectional lamina used in Ex.1.6 when the reinforcement is oriented at 45
and
the applied stress is
xx
= 5 MPa,
yy
= -6.5 MPa and
xy
= -2.5 MPa. Consider plane stress.
Solution to Example 1.7. The resulting stress and strain tensors when the reinforcement is
oriented at 45
and the applied stress is

xx
= 5 MPa,
yy
= -6.5 MPa and
xy
= -2.5 MPa are
_
_
_
11
22
12
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
3.25
1.75
5.75
_
_
_
MPa,
_
_
_
xx
yy
xy
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
478.1
323.8
195.6
_
_
_
10
6
TM
.
%
%
clear all;close all; clc;
% Transversaly isotropic under plane stress
% only 4 material constants are needed
% E11 (MPa), E22 (MPa), nu12, G12 (MPa), angle ()
prop=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, 45];
% Applied stress in the global coordinates system
% sigma
_
xx (MPa), sigma
_
yy (MPa), sigma
_
xy (MPa)
sigma
_
xyz=[5, -6.5, -2.5];
E11 = prop(1);
E22 = prop(2);
nu12 = prop(3);
nu21 = nu12
*
E22/E11;
G12 = prop(4);
theta = prop(5)
*
pi/180;
% Calculation of the compliance and stiffness matrices
S=zeros(3,3);
S(1,1)=1/E11;
S(1,2)=-nu12/E11;
S(2,1)=S(1,2);
S(2,2)=1/E22;
S(3,3)=1/G12;
Q=inv(S);
% Calculation of the stress transformation matrix
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=zeros(3,3);
T(1,1)=m^2;
T(1,2)=n^2;
T(1,3)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1)=n^2;
T(2,2)=m^2;
T(2,3)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2)=m
*
n;
T(3,3)=m^2-n^2;
% Calculation of the strain transformation matrix (T
_
gamma)
Tg=(inv(T));
% Calculation of the transformed stiffness and compliance matrices
Qb=inv(T)
*
Q
*
Tg
Sb=inv(Qb)
% Calculation of stress and strain in the lamina coordinate system
sigma
_
123=T
*
sigma
_
xyz
epsilon
_
123=S
*
sigma
_
123
% Calculation of the strain in the global coordinate system
% epsilon
_
xyz=Sb
*
sigma
_
xyz
epsilon
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
epsilon
_
123
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex107.m
Example 1.8. Using computer program created in Ex.1.6, calculate the strains in the global
coordinates of the unidirectional lamina when the applied stress is
xx
= 1 MPa. What can be
concluded after the resulting strains?
Solution to Example 1.8. The resulting strains when the applied stress is
xx
= 1 MPa are
_
_
_
xx
yy
xy
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
59.75
9.99
45.78
_
_
_
10
6
From the resulting strains, it can be observed that for an off-axis lamina the normal and shear
stresses and strains are no longer uncoupled. In fact, a normal stress produces a shear strain
and vice versa.
Example 1.9. Generate the ANSYS
TM
input le to simulate and analyse a rectangular bar 100
mm long, 10 mm high and 10 mm wide. The bar is encastred in one end and subjected to a
longitudinal tension of 1000 MPa at the other end. The material is an anisotropic material with
the elastic properties summarised in the following stiffness matrix:
[C] =
_
_
118890 5210 5180 540 8370 46550
5210 88770 5350 8100 30 45910
5180 5350 20840 8740 9480 30
540 8100 8740 25780 24710 4540
8370 30 9480 24710 33660 3820
46550 45910 30 4540 3820 50750
_
_
MPa
Solution to Example 1.9. To conduct the analysis, rst it is necessary to use the elastic anisotropic
linear behaviour and dene the elastic properties of the material. To do so, it must be taken into
account that some nite element programs do follow a different ordering of the constitutive
equations and the different terms of the constitutive matrices must be reordered. For instance,
ANSYS
TM
and ABAQUS
TM
interchange the order of the shear terms with respect each other and
with respect the ordering considered in this course. Table 1.1 summarises the conventions in the
notation used in this course (Standard), ANSYS
TM
and ABAQUS
TM
.
Table 1.1: Convention in the contracted notation for different FE programs and Standard.
Contracted Standard ANSYS
TM
ABAQUS
TM
1 11 11 11
2 22 22 22
3 33 33 33
4 23 12 12
5 13 23 13
6 12 13 23
According to the ANSYS
TM
convention, the previous stiffness matrix of the considered mate-
rial is transformed to:
[C] =
_
_
118890 5210 5180 46550 540 8370
5210 88770 5350 45910 8100 30
5180 5350 20840 30 8740 9480
46550 45910 30 50750 4540 3820
540 8100 8740 4540 25780 24710
8370 30 9480 3820 24710 33660
_
_
MPa
The ANSYS
TM
command sequence for this example is listed below. You can either type these
commands on the command window, or you can type them on a le, then, on the command
window enter /input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Anisotropic material
!3D anisotropic bar
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=1000 !applied pressure
l=100 !length
h=10 !height
w=10 !width
!Elements and options
ET,1,SOLID185 !element type: 8-node anisotropic brick
TB,ANEL,1,1,21,0 !table material properties
!anisotropic-elastic,material 1, 1 temperature,
!21 properties, stiffness matrix
!TBTEMP,0 !temperature material table
!material properties table: D11,D12,D13,D14,D15,D16
!D22,D23,D24,D25,D26,D33,
!D34,D35,D36,D44,D45,D46,
!D55,D56,D66
!Terms must be entered according to ANSYS convention
TBDATA,,118890,5210,5180,46550,540,-8370
TBDATA,,88770,5350,45910,-8100,30,20840
TBDATA,,-30,-8740,-9480,50750,-4540,-3820
TBDATA,,25780,24710,33660
!Geometry
BLOCK,0,l,0,h,0,w !3D block x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2
!Mesh
LESIZE,all,h/4 !element size
VMESH,ALL !mesh geometry
FINISH
/SOLU
!Boundary conditions
DA,5,ALL,0 !encastred area 5
!Apply loads
SFA,6,1,PRES,-P !apply pressure area 6
/PBC,ALL !to show BCs when solve
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
/VIEW,1,1,1,1 !iso-view
PLNSL,U,Z,2,1 !vertical displacement
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex109.dat
Once the problem has been simulated, it can be observed that although the bar is loaded uni-
axially, it also deects in the two transversal directions. Indeed, its the deection is higher in one
of the transversal directions than in the longitudinal direction, even if the applied load is longitu-
dinal. Moreover, shear deformations appear on the bar. Obviously, none of these effects would be
present if the bar was made of an equivalent isotropic material. The resulting displacements and
strains obtained for the anisotropic bar are compared to those of a bar made of isotropic material
with E = 41000 MPa and = 0.3. The comparison is established in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2: Comparison of the resulting displacements and strains of an anisotropic and isotropic
encastred bars subjected to uniaxial tension.
Anisotropic Isotropic
Component Displacement Strain Displacement Strain
(mm) (, ) (mm) (, )
xx 2.45 0.026 2.44 0.024
yy -3.53 0.02 0 0
zz 0.725 -0.014 0 0
xy - -0.046 - 0
yz - -0.014 - 0
xz - 0.01 - 0
TM
input le to simulate and analyse the rectangular bar
considered in Ex. 1.9 but made of an orthotropic material with the following mechanical proper-
ties:
E
11
= 118560 MPa E
22
= 54100 MPa E
33
= 12050 MPa
G
12
= 15320 MPa G
23
= 4720 MPa G
13
= 6080 MPa
12
= 0.2
23
= 0.381
13
= 0.324
Compare the resulting displacements and strains with those obtained when the material is
rotated 30
around the z-axis.

Solution to Example 1.10. The ANSYS
TM
command sequence for this example when the ma-
terial is rotated 30
around the z-axis is listed below. You can either type these commands on the
command window, or you can type them on a le, then, on the command window enter /input,
le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Orthotropic material
!3D orthotropic bar
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=1000 !applied pressure
l=100 !length
h=10 !height
w=10 !width
ang=30 !orientation angle
ET,1,SOLID185 !element type: 8-node brick
!Material properties
MP,EX,1,118560
MP,EY,1,54100
MP,EZ,1,12050
MP,GXY,1,15320
MP,GYZ,1,4720
MP,GXZ,1,6080
MP,PRXY,1,0.2
MP,PRYZ,1,0.381
MP,PRXZ,1,0.324
!Geometry
BLOCK,0,l,0,h,0,w !3D block x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2
!Define material orientation
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0,ang,0,0 !local coord. syst., origin, 30deg Z
ESYS,11 !use coord. syst. for elements
!Mesh
LESIZE,all,h/4 !element size
CSYS,0 !original coord. syst.
FINISH
/SOLU
DA,5,ALL,0 !encastred area 5
!Apply loads
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSL,U,Z,2,1 !vertical displacement
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex110.dat
Once the problem has been simulated, it can be observed that although the bar is loaded
uniaxially, it also deects in the y-direction when the material is rotated. Moreover, there are
shear deformations on the bar in the xy-plane. None of these effects appear when the material is
oriented according to the directions of the bar. A comparison is established in Table 1.3.
TM
input le to simulate and analyse the transverally isotropic
material considered in Ex. 1.6. Assume a rectangular plate 100 mm long, 100 mm wide and 1
mm thick subjected to uniaxial loading. The reinforcement is in the xy-plane and oriented with
respect the x-axis. Assume that
23
= 0.42.
Table 1.3: Comparison of the resulting displacements and strains of an orthotropic encastred bar
subjected to uniaxial tension with different material orientations.
Orthotropic 30
Orthotropic 0
Component Displacement Strain Displacement Strain

(mm) (, ) (mm) (, )
xx 1.75 0.017 0.843 0.0085
yy -1.355 -0.009 0 -0.0017
zz 0 -0.004 0 -0.0027
xy - -0.012 - 0
yz - 0 - 0
xz - 0 - 0
TM
command sequence for this example when the ma-
terial is rotated 45
around the z-axis is listed below. You can either type these commands on the
command window, or you can type them on a le, then, on the command window enter /input,
le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Transversally isotropic material
!3D transversally isotropic plate
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=1 !applied stress
l=100 !length
w=100 !width
h=1 !thickness
ET,1,SOLID185 !element type: 8-node brick
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
!Geometry
BLOCK,0,l,0,w,0,h !3D block x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2
!Define material orientation
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0,45,0,0 !local coord. syst., origin, 45deg Z
ESYS,11 !use coord. syst. for elements
!Mesh
LESIZE,all,h
*
5 !element size
CSYS,0 !original coord. syst.
FINISH
/SOLU
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
D,ALL,UX
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,w
NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
D,ALL,UZ
NSEL,ALL
!Apply loads
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
RSYS,11 !plot results local coord. syst
PLNSL,U,Y,2,1 !vertical displacement
_
files/T1/DACFE
_
Ex111.dat
The resulting strains in the x-y-z coordinate system when the applied stress is
xx
= 1 MPa
are summarised next. The resulting strains in the 1-2-3 coordinate system are also included for
comparison. From the resulting strains, it can be observed that for an off-axis lamina the normal
and shear stresses and strains are no longer uncoupled. In fact, a normal stress produces a shear
strain and vice versa.
_
_
_
xx
yy
xy
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
59.7
9.99
45.8
_
_
_
10
6
,
_
_
_
11
22
12
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
1.99
47.8
69.7
_
_
_
10
6
1.2 Problems
Problem 1.1. Using the same procedure as in Ex. 1.1 and 1.2, obtain the mathematical expres-
sions for the stiffness and compliance matrices of a transversally isotropic material in 3D and
plane stress analysis. Show all work in a report.
Problem 1.2. Calculate the [S] matrix and the [C] matrices in the material coordinate system
(1-2-3) of a 3D braided carbon-carbon composite material that can be considered as transversely
isotropic. The engineering elastic properties of the material are:
E
11
= 200 GPa E
22
= E
33
= 100
G
12
= G
13
= 50 GPa
12
= 0.2
23
= 0.3
Show all work in a report.
Problem 1.3. At a particular point of a component made with the material considered in Problem
1.2, the bre direction x
1
is oriented with = 30
and = 60
(see Figure 1.1). Calculate the [S]

matrix in global coordinate system (x-y-z). Show all work in a report.
Problem 1.4. Compute the [C] matrix for next material for different rotations around 1-axis.
Verify numerically if the material is or not transversally isotropic. Show all work in a report.
E
11
= 145.9 GPa E
22
= E
33
= 13.3 GPa G
12
= G
13
= 4.39 GPa
G
23
= 4.53 GPa
23
= 0.470
12
=
13
= 0.263
Figure 1.1: Fibre orientation with respect the global coordinate system
Problem 1.5. Consider a similar plate to that simulated in Ex. 1.11 but 50 mm long, 50 mm
wide and 5 mm thick. The plate is made of glass-reinforced Polyester, which can be considered
transversally isotropic, and is subjected to a uniaxial tensile stress
xx
= 50 MPa. Use a FE script
to determine the orientation of the reinforcement, in the xy-plane, if the resulting strains in the
material coordinate system are:
_
_
_
11
22
12
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
116
3484
5054
_
_
_
10
6
The elastic properties of the material are: E
11
= 19981 MPa, E
22
= 11389 MPa, G
12
= 3789
MPa,
12
= 0.274 and
23
= 0.3. Show all work in a report.
Chapter 2
Laminate theory
2.1 Examples
Example 2.1. Write a computer program to evaluate the transformed compliance and stiffness
matrices in terms of the engineering properties for a composite laminate made of two trans-
versely isotropic laminae. Consider plane stress analysis.
Solution to Example 2.1. The plane stress 33 stiffness and compliance matrices for a com-
posite laminate can have 9 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 4 independent properties:
E
11
, E
22
,
12
and G
12
per lamina material. Next, we present the solution implemented using
the symbolic calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
. Execute the program and observe that the
resulting stiffness matrix is much more complicated than the exibility matrix.
%
%
clear all,close all, clc;
% Transversely isotropic material need 4 constants:
% E1, E2, nu12, G12
syms E1
_
1 E2
_
1 nu12
_
1 G12
_
1
syms E1
_
2 E2
_
2 nu12
_
2 G12
_
2
% The angles for both laminae are also required
syms theta
_
1 theta
_
2
% Compute S and Q
S
_
1 = [1/E1
_
1 -nu12
_
1/E1
_
1 0;
-nu12
_
1/E1
_
1 1/E2
_
1 0;
0 0 1/G12
_
1];
Q
_
1 = inv(S
_
1);
S
_
2 = [1/E1
_
2 -nu12
_
2/E1
_
2 0;
-nu12
_
2/E1
_
2 1/E2
_
2 0;
0 0 1/G12
_
2];
Q
_
2 = inv(S
_
2);
% Compute transformation matrices T and Tgamma
T
_
1 = [(cos(theta
_
1))^2 (sin(theta
_
1))^2 2
*
cos(theta
_
1)
*
sin(theta
_
1);
(sin(theta
_
1))^2 (cos(theta
_
1))^2 -2
*
cos(theta
_
1)
*
sin(theta
_
1);
2
*
cos(theta
_
1)
*
sin(theta
_
1) -2
*
cos(theta
_
1)
*
sin(theta
_
1) (cos(theta
_
1))^2-(sin(theta
_
1))^2];
T
_
2 = [(cos(theta
_
2))^2 (sin(theta
_
2))^2 2
*
cos(theta
_
2)
*
sin(theta
_
2);
(sin(theta
_
2))^2 (cos(theta
_
2))^2 -2
*
cos(theta
_
2)
*
sin(theta
_
2);
2
*
cos(theta
_
2)
*
sin(theta
_
2) -2
*
cos(theta
_
2)
*
sin(theta
_
2) (cos(theta
_
2))^2-(sin(theta
_
2))^2];
17
T
_
1gamma = simplify((inv(T
_
1)).);
T
_
2gamma = simplify((inv(T
_
2)).);
% Compute transformed stiffness and compliance matrices
Qb
_
1 = inv(T
_
1)
*
Q
_
1
*
T
_
1gamma
Qb
_
2 = inv(T
_
2)
*
Q
_
2
*
T
_
2gamma
Sb
_
1 = inv(Qb
_
1)
Sb
_
2 = inv(Qb
_
2)
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex201.m
Example 2.2. Write a computer program to obtain the 3D compliance and stiffness matrices of
a [0/20/-20/90]
s
laminate in terms of the apparent engineering properties. Also obtain the value
of the nine apparent properties for the considered laminate. All the laminae are 1 mm thick and
are made of unidirectional T300/5208 carbon-epoxy: E
11
= 181 GPa, E
22
= 10.3 GPa,
12
= 0.28,
23
= 0.42 and G
12
= 7.17 GPa.
have 12 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 9 independent properties: E
11
, E
22
, E
33
,
12
,
13
,
23
, G
23
, G
13
and G
12
. The global stiffness matrix of the laminate is obtained by adding the
global stiffness matrices of the layers multiplied by the thickness ratio. The global compliance
matrix is obtained inverting the global stiffness matrix.
[C] =
_
_
122.9 13.19 5.16 0 0 0
13.19 57.31 5.29 0 0 0
5.16 5.29 12.64 0 0 0
0 0 0 4.72 0 0
0 0 0 0 6.08 0
0 0 0 0 0 15.31
_
_
GPa
[S] =
_
_
8.4 1.7 2.7 0 0 0
1.7 18.5 7 0 0 0
2.7 7 83.1 0 0 0
0 0 0 211.9 0 0
0 0 0 0 164.6 0
0 0 0 0 0 65.3
_
_
10
6
GPa
1
Taking into account the following expressions that relate the stiffness matrix terms with the
apparent properties
E
xx
= 1/S
11
G
yz
= 1/S
44

xy
= S
12
/S
11
E
yy
= 1/S
22
G
zx
= 1/S
55

yz
= S
23
/S
22
E
zz
= 1/S
33
G
xy
= 1/S
66

zx
= S
31
/S
33
the apparent properties of the considered laminate are
E
xx
= 118560 MPa G
yz
= 4720 MPa
xy
= 0.2
E
yy
= 54090 MPa G
zx
= 6077 MPa
yz
= 0.381
E
zz
= 12028 MPa G
xy
= 15314 MPa
zx
= 0.033
TM
.
%
%
Chapter 2. Laminate theory 19
% E1, E2, nu12, nu23, G12 (MPa)
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 0.42, 7170];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% The lamina need to define material, angle and thickness
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 1.5];
L(2,:)=[1, 20, 1.5];
L(3,:)=[1, -20, 1.5];
L(4,:)=[1, 90, 1.5];
L(5,:)=[1, 90, 1.5];
L(6,:)=[1, -20, 1.5];
L(7,:)=[1, 20, 1.5];
L(8,:)=[1, 0, 1.5];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,3,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(2,3,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,4)/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,1,i)=S(1,3,i);
S(3,2,i)=S(2,3,i);
S(3,3,i)=S(2,2,i);
S(4,4,i)=2
*
(1+Mat(i
_
mat,4))/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(5,5,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,5);
S(6,6,i)=S(5,5,i);
C(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,6,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,6,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=1;
T(4,4,i)=m;
T(4,5,i)=-n;
T(5,4,i)=n;
T(5,5,i)=m;
T(6,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(6,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(6,6,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
% Compute stiffness and compliance transformed matrices
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Cb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
end;
% Compute apparent stiffness and compliance matrices
t
_
lam=0;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
t
_
lam=t
_
lam+L(i,3);
end;
C
_
lam=zeros(6,6);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
C
_
lam=C
_
lam+L(i,3)/t
_
lam
*
Cb(:,:,i);
end;
S
_
lam=inv(C
_
lam)
C
_
lam
% Obtain apparent engineering properties
Exx=1/S
_
lam(1,1)
Eyy=1/S
_
lam(2,2)
Ezz=1/S
_
lam(3,3)
Gyz=1/S
_
lam(4,4)
Gzx=1/S
_
lam(5,5)
Gxy=1/S
_
lam(6,6)
nuxy=-S
_
lam(1,2)/S
_
lam(1,1)
nuyz=-S
_
lam(2,3)/S
_
lam(2,2)
nuzx=-S
_
lam(3,1)/S
_
lam(3,3)
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex202.m
Example 2.3. Based on the procedure employed in Ex. 2.2, write a computer program to evalu-
ate the transformed compliance and stiffness matrices of the two transversely isotropic laminae
of a laminate. Both laminae are made of unidirectional T300/5208 CFRP (the elastic properties
of the material are listed in Ex. 2.2). The top layer is 1 mm thick and oriented at 45
. The bottom
layer is 2 mm thick and oriented at 0
. Make the program general enough so it can be used with

different laminates. Considerer plane stress analysis.
Solution to Example 2.3. The plane stress 33 stiffness and compliance matrices for a com-
posite laminate can have 9 non-zero terms and need to be dened by 4 independent properties:
E
11
, E
22
,
12
and G
12
per lamina material.
[Q]
1
=
_
_
181810 2900 0
2900 10350 0
0 0 7170
_
_
MPa, [S]
1
=
_
_
5.5 1.5 0
1.5 97.1 0
0 0 139.5
_
_
10
6
GPa
1
[Q]
2
=
_
_
56658 42318 42866
42318 56658 42866
42866 42866 46591
_
_
MPa, [S]
2
=
_
_
59.7 10 45.8
10 59.7 45.8
45.8 45.8 105.7
_
_
10
6
GPa
1
Next, we present the solution implemented using the symbolic calculation capabilities of
MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% E1, E2, nu12, G12 (MPa)
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 2];
L(2,:)=[1, 45, 1];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,3,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,4);
Q(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,3,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,3,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Qb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
end;
Qb,Sb
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex203.m
Example 2.4. Extend the computer program generated in Ex. 2.3 to calculate the constitutive
matrix of the laminate considered in the same example. Make the program general enough so it
can be used with different laminates.
Solution to Example 2.4. The constitutive matrix of a laminate is determined as a function of
the in-plane stiffness matrix [A], the coupling matrix [B] and the bending stiffness matrix [D]. For
the calculation of the [A], [B] and [D] matrices, the transformed stiffness matrix of each lamina of
the laminate have to be rst evaluated. The [A], [B] and [D] matrices for the considered laminate
are
[A] =
_
_
420.3 48.11 42.87
48.11 77.35 42.87
42.87 42.87 60.93
_
_
10
3
N/mm
[B] =
_
_
125.2 39.42 42.87
39.42 46.31 42.87
42.87 42.87 39.42
_
_
10
3
N
[D] =
_
_
273.5 49.22 46.44
49.22 73.45 46.44
46.44 46.44 58.84
_
_
10
3
Nmm
MATLAB
TM
.
%
% DACFE. Solution of Example 2.4
%
% E1, E2, nu12, G12 (MPa)
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 2];
L(2,:)=[1, 45, 1];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,3,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,4);
Q(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,3,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,3,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Qb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
end;
% Laminate constitutive matrix (ABD)
% Location of the bounds of the laminae and laminates midplane
TH=0;
Z=zeros(n
_
lam+1,1);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
end;
th=TH/2;
TH=0;
Z(1)=-th;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
Z(i+1)=TH-th;
end;
% Compute A matrix
A=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
A(j,k)=A(j,k)+Qb(j,k,i)
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
end;
end;
end;
% Compute B matrix
B=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
B(j,k)=B(j,k)+Qb(j,k,i)
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
end;
end;
end;
% Compute D matrix
D=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
D(j,k)=D(j,k)+Qb(j,k,i)
*
(Z(i+1)^3-Z(i)^3)
*
(1/3);
end;
end;
end;
A,B,D
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex204.m
Example 2.5. Use the computer program generated in Ex. 2.4 to compare the [A], [B] and [D]
matrices of the following cross-ply laminates: [90/0
2
/90]
s
, [0/90
2
/0]
s
, [0/90/0/90]
s
, [90
2
/0
2
]
s
and
[0
2
/90
2
]
s
. Consider the same material as in Ex. 2.2 and a ply thickness of 0.125 mm.
Solution to Example 2.5. Taking into account that the ve laminates considered are cross-ply
laminates, only the transformed stiffness matrices for laminae at 0 and 90
are required:
[Q]
0
=
_
_
181.81 2.90 0
2.90 10.35 0
0 0 7.17
_
_
GPa
[Q]
90
=
_
_
10.35 2.90 0
2.90 181.81 0
0 0 7.17
_
_
GPa
The ve cross-ply laminates have the same number of 0 and 90
plies with the same proper-

ties. Therefore, the in-plane behaviour will be the same for the ve laminates and the in-plane
stiffness matrix [A] will be exactly the same for the ve laminates
[A] =
_
_
96079 2897 0
2897 96079 0
0 0 7170
_
_
N/mm
The ve stacking sequences considered are symmetric. Therefore, the coupling matrix [B]
will be zero for the ve laminates.
[B] = [0] N
As the ve laminates are cross-ply laminates, the terms D
16
= D
61
and D
26
= D
62
of the
[D] matrix are zero. Thus, there is no coupling between bending moments and plate twisting or
torque and plate curvatures. The resulting [D] matrices for the ve laminates are
[90/0
2
/90]
s
=[D] =
_
_
6667 241.4 0
241.4 9346 0
0 0 597.5
_
_
Nmm
[0/90
2
/0]
s
=[D] =
_
_
9346 241.4 0
241.4 6667 0
0 0 597.5
_
_
Nmm
[0/90/0/90]
s
=[D] =
_
_
10686 241.4 0
241.4 5327 0
0 0 597.5
_
_
Nmm
[90
2
/0
2
]
s
=[D] =
_
_
2648 241.4 0
241.4 13365 0
0 0 597.5
_
_
Nmm
[0
2
/90
2
]
s
=[D] =
_
_
13365 241.4 0
241.4 2648 0
0 0 597.5
_
_
Nmm
Example 2.6. Consider a simply supported composite plate 1000 mm long, 1000 mm wide and 5
mm thick. The plate is made of unidirectional T300/5208 plies (0.125 mm thick) with a cross-ply
stacking sequence and is loaded in compression with an edge load N
xx
= -1 N/mm (N
yy
= N
xy
=
M
xx
= M
yy
= M
xy
= V
yz
= V
xz
= 0). Generate the [A], [B], [D] and [H] matrices to simulate and
calculate the centre deection of the plate with ANSYS
TM
for [0
20
/90
20
], [0
4
/90
4
]
5
and [0
2
/90
2
]
10
stacking sequences.
Solution to Example 2.6. For the three stacking sequences considered, the total thickness of
material with the reinforcement oriented at 0 and 90
is always the same. Thus, the [A] matrix

does not vary.
[A] =
_
_
480.4 14.48 0
14.48 480.4 0
0 0 35.85
_
_
10
3
N/mm
The three cross-ply laminates considered are not symmetric. Therefore, the [B] matrices
are not zero and different for every stacking sequence. The coupling between moments and
in-plane deformation, and vice versa, is less important when differently oriented plies are more
distributed.
[0
20
/90
20
] =[B] =
_
_
535.8 0 0
0 535.8 0
0 0 0
_
_
10
3
N
[0
4
/90
4
]
5
=[B] =
_
_
107.2 0 0
0 107.2 0
0 0 0
_
_
10
3
N
[0
2
/90
2
]
10
=[B] =
_
_
53.58 0 0
0 53.58 0
0 0 0
_
_
10
3
N
For the three stacking sequences, the thickness of material with the reinforcement oriented
at 0 and 90
is the same. Thus, the [D] matrix does not vary.

[D] =
_
_
1001 30.2 0
30.2 1001 0
0 0 74.7
_
_
10
3
Nmm
Similarly, the [H] matrix does not vary and is the same for the three laminates considered.
[H] =
_
22.5 0
0 22.5
_
10
3
N/mm
As the geometry, the load and the material conguration are symmetric with respect the x
and y axis, only a quarter of the plate is simulated. The ANSYS
TM
command sequence for the
cross-ply plate is listed below. You can either type these commands on the command window, or
you can type them on a le, then, on the command window enter /input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Composite plate
!3D composite laminate ABDH
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=1 !applied load in N/mm
l=1000 !length
w=1000 !width
h=5 !thickness
ET,1,SHELL99,,2 !element type: 8-node laminated shell
!keyopt(2)=2 to enter ABDH matrices 6x6
!Material properties through ABDH matrices [0
_
20/90
_
20]
R,1,480400,14480,0,0,0,0 !mat1,A11,A12,0,A16,0,0
RMODIF,1,7,480400,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc7,A22,0,A26,0,0
RMODIF,1,16,35850,0,0 !mat1,loc16,A66,0,0
RMODIF,1,19,22500,0 !mat1,loc19,H44,0
RMODIF,1,21,22500 !mat1,loc21,H55
RMODIF,1,22,-535.8e+3,0,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc22,B11,B12,0,B16,0,0
RMODIF,1,28,535.8e+3,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc28,B22,0,B26,0,0
RMODIF,1,37,0,0,0 !mat1,loc37,B66,0,0
RMODIF,1,43,1001e+3,30.2e+3,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc43,D11,D12,0,D16,0,0
RMODIF,1,49,1001e+3,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc49,D22,0,D26,0,0
RMODIF,1,58,74.7e+3,0,0 !mat1,loc58,D66,0,0
RMODIF,1,77,h !mat1,loc77,average thickness
!Uncomment for laminate [0
_
4/90
_
4]
_
5
!RMODIF,1,22,-107.2e+3,0,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc22,B11,B12,0,B16,0,0
!RMODIF,1,28,107.2e+3,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc28,B22,0,B26,0,0
!Uncomment for laminate [0
_
2/90
_
2]
_
10
!RMODIF,1,22,-53.58e+3,0,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc22,B11,B12,0,B16,0,0
!RMODIF,1,28,53.58e+3,0,0,0,0 !mat1,loc28,B22,0,B26,0,0
!Geometry
RECTNG,0,l/2,0,w/2 !rectangle x1,x2,y1,y2
!Mesh
LESIZE,ALL,h
*
5 !element size
AMESH,ALL !mesh geometry
FINISH
/SOLU
DL,2,1,UZ,0 !simply supported
DL,3,1,UZ,0
DL,1,1,SYMM !symmetry
DL,4,1,SYMM
!Apply load
SFL,2,PRES,P !apply pressure on line 2 in N/mm
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSOL,U,Z,2,1 !vertical displacement
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex206.dat
After the simulation, the resulting centre deection for the [0
20
/90
20
] plate is 154.7 m, 15.2
m for the [0
4
/90
4
]
5
case and 7.5 m for the [0
2
/90
2
]
10
plate. As the bending-extension coupling
diminishes when the plies are more distributed, as the terms of matrix [B] do, the resulting
deection is smaller for the later case, even if the thickness of the plate is the same. Actually,
changing from [0
20
/90
20
] to [0
4
/90
4
]
5
reduces the deection to one tenth.
Observe that if the plate is simulated in this way (dening the [A], [B], [D] and [H] matrices),
the stress-state in the material cannot be obtained.
Example 2.7. Consider the same simply supported composite plate as in Ex. 2.6 with the same
load. Generate the ANSYS
TM
program to simulate and calculate the centre deection of the plate
for the same three stacking sequences but dening the ply sequence into the program.
Solution to Example 2.7. In order to simplify the denition of the laminates in ANSYS
TM
, all
groups of plies with the same orientation are modelled as one ply with the total thickness of
the group. Thus, the [0
20
/90
20
] stacking sequence with 0.125 mm plies is modelled as a [0/90]
stacking sequence with 0.125 20 mm plies and similarly for the other two stacking sequences.
As in the previous example, the geometry, the load and the material conguration are sym-
metric with respect the x and y axis and only a quarter of the plate is simulated. The ANSYS
TM
command sequence for the cross-ply plate is listed below. You can either type these commands
on the command window, or you can type them on a le, then, on the command window enter
/input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
!3D composite plate ABDH-LSS
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=1 !applied load in N/mm
l=1000 !length
w=1000 !width
h=5 !thickness
lt=0.125 !layer thickness
ET,1,SHELL181 !element type: 8-node laminated shell
!Material properties for the T300/5208 UD lamina
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
!Section properties for the laminate (up to 250 layers)
!Laminate #1: [0
_
20/90
_
20]
SECTYPE,1,SHELL !section type: shell
SECDATA,lt
*
20,1,0 !layer thickness, material and orientation
SECDATA,lt
*
20,1,90
SECOFFSET,MID !nodes on mid-thickness of elements
!Laminate #2: [0
_
4/90
_
4]
_
5
SECDATA,lt
*
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
4,1,90
!Laminate #3: [0
_
2/90
_
2]
_
10
SECDATA,lt
*
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,0
SECDATA,lt
*
2,1,90
!Geometry
RECTNG,0,l/2,0,w/2 !rectangle x1,x2,y1,y2
!Mesh
SECNUM,1 !section type #1
!SECNUM,2 !uncomment for laminate #2
!SECNUM,3 !uncomment for laminate #3
LESIZE,ALL,l/50 !element size
FINISH
/SOLU
DL,2,1,UZ,0 !simply supported
DL,3,1,UZ,0
DL,1,1,SYMM !symmetry
DL,4,1,SYMM
!Apply load
SFL,2,PRES,P !apply pressure on line 2 in N/mm
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSOL,U,Z,2,1 !vertical displacement
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex207.dat
After the simulation, the resulting centre deection for the [0
20
/90
20
] plate is 154.4 m, 15.2
m for the [0
4
/90
4
]
5
case and 7.5 m for the [0
2
/90
2
]
10
plate. As it happened in the previous
example, the deection of the plate decreases if the plies are more distributed. In fact, the
calculated deections are the same in both cases. However, when the stacking sequence of the
laminate is specied, the stress-state in the material can be obtained.
Example 2.8. Consider an encastred composite plate subjected to
xx
= 10 MPa. The plate is
1000 mm long, 200 mm wide and is made of 0.125 mm T300/5208 unidirectional laminae with
the following stacking sequence [0/90/60/75]
2
. Generate the ANSYS
TM
program to simulate and
analyse the plate. Obtain the maximum displacements and the in-plane stress components of the
third and fourth plies (60 and 75
) at top and bottom locations according to the laminate (xyz)

and ply (1-2-3) coordinate systems.
TM
command sequence to simulate the [0/90/60/75]
2
laminated plate is listed below. You can either type these commands on the command window, or
FINISH
/CLEAR
!3D composite laminate LSS
/PREP7
!Parameters
P=10 !applied stress
l=1000 !length
w=200 !width
nl=8 !number of layers
h=lt
*
nl !plate thickness
KEYOPT,1,8,2 !store bottom, mid and top data for all layers
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
!Laminate #1: [0/90/60/75]2
SECDATA,lt,1,0 !layer thickness, material and orientation
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
SECDATA,lt,1,0
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
!Geometry
RECTNG,0,l,0,w !rectangle x1,x2,y1,y2
!Mesh
LESIZE,ALL,w/10 !element size
FINISH
/SOLU
DL,4,1,ALL !encastred line 4
!Apply load
SFL,2,PRES,-P
*
h !apply pressure on line 2 in N/mm
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
RSYS,SOLU !lamina coordinate system
LAYER,1 !specify layer 1 results
MID !specify midthickness results
PLNSOL,S,X,2,1 !vertical displacement
!Obtain results selecting layer and coordinate system
ESEL,,,,250 !select element #250
LAYER,3
RSYS,SOLU
TOP
ETABLE,TSXXloc,S,X !write X-stress in table TSXX
ETABLE,TSYYloc,S,Y
ETABLE,TSXYloc,S,XY
BOT
ETABLE,BSXXloc,S,X
ETABLE,BSYYloc,S,Y
ETABLE,BSXYloc,S,XY
PRETAB,BSXXloc,BSYYloc,BSXYloc,TSXXloc,TSYYloc,TSXYloc !print results table
RSYS,0
TOP
ETABLE,TSXXglb,S,X !write X-stress in table TSXX
ETABLE,TSYYglb,S,Y
ETABLE,TSXYglb,S,XY
BOT
ETABLE,BSXXglb,S,X
ETABLE,BSYYglb,S,Y
ETABLE,BSXYglb,S,XY
PRETAB,BSXXglb,BSYYglb,BSXYglb,TSXXglb,TSYYglb,TSXYglb !print results table
_
files/T2/DACFE
_
Ex208.dat
To specify a particular layer in which the results should be plotted, type LAYER,layer
_
number
in the command window, where layer
_
number should be replaced by desired the number of
layer. If layer
_
number is replaced by 0 (default), the bottom surface of the bottom layer and the
top surface of the top layer are shown. To specify a particular position in the layer where the
results should be plotted, in the command window type TOP for the top location (default), MID
for the midthickness location or BOT for the bottom location. To specify the coordinate system in
which the results should be plotted, in the command window type RSYS,0 (default) for the global
coordinate system or RSYS,SOLU for the lamina coordinate system. If the selected coordinate
systemis the global, the results shown on either side of the shell correspond to the top and bottom
locations. The desired stress component can be selected typing PLNSL,S,stress
_
component in
the command window, where stress
_
component should be replaced by the desired component
of stress (x, y, z, xy, yz or xz). Note that all the specied options are shown on the top-left corner.
After the simulation, the resulting maximum displacements are
x
= 0.237 mm,
y
=-0.066
mm and
z
= -186.6 mm. It is observed that even if the applied load is an in-plane load, the
higher displacement is out-of-plane. This due to the fact that the laminate is not symmetric and
the [B] matrix is not zero, existing a high couplement between in-plane and out-of-plane strains-
curvatures and forces-moments. The calculated stress components in the plate can be obtained
for every lamina, location in the lamina and coordinate system. Table 3.1 summarises the stress
components for plies 3 and 4.
Table 2.1: Resulting stress-components for the third and fourth plies at top and bottom locations
in the laminate and ply coordinate systems.
Coordinate System
Laminate Lamina
xx

yy

xy

11

22

12
Lamina (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
4 top 2.38 -1.55 -0.63 -1.60 2.43 -0.44
bottom 1.92 -1.34 -0.51 -1.38 1.95 -0.37
3 top 3.07 2.06 1.22 2.6 1.32 -0.82
bottom 2.35 1.57 0.96 3.36 1.76 -1.05
Observe that, as expected, there is no continuity in stresses in the laminate coordinate system.
If strains are obtained instead of stresses, there will be continuity and strains at the top of layer
3 will be coincident with strains at the bottom of layer 4. It should be also mentioned that even
if the layers are only 0.125 mm thick, there is a variation of stress in the thickness direction. We
could also obtain the stress at the midthickness location or simply obtain it as the mean value
between the top and bottom stresses.
2.2 Problems
Problem 2.1. A quasi-isotropic laminate is a composite laminate that is isotropic in the plane
of the laminae. Use the computer program generated in Ex. 2.4 to evaluate the [A], [B] and
[D] matrices and justify which of the following laminates can be considered as quasi-isotropic:
[0/90
2
/0]
s
, [0/60/-60]
s
, [90/45/0]
s
, [0/45/-45/90]
s
, [90/60/-60/30/-30/0]
s
and [0/45/-45/90].
Consider the material properties used in Ex. 2.2 with a ply thickness of 0.125 mm. Show all
work in a report.
Problem 2.2. Using a similar procedure as in Ex. 2.4, write a computer program to evaluate
the [A], [B], [D] and [H] matrices of the laminate considered in the same example. Consider the
transverse-transverse Poisson ratio of the material as
23
= 0.42. Make the program general
enough so it can be used with different laminates and show all work in a report.
Problem 2.3. Based on the procedure of Ex. 2.4, write a computer program to calculate the
laminae strains of the laminate in the same example according to the xy z coordinate system
when the following forces and moments are applied:
N
xx
= 1 N/mm N
yy
= 10 N/mm N
xy
= 20 N/mm
M
xx
= 60 N M
yy
= 20 N M
xy
= 5 N
Problem 2.4. Combine the computer program generated in Pb. 2.2 and 2.3 to calculate the
laminae strains according to the x y z coordinate system of the same laminate when the
following forces and moments are applied:
N
xx
= 1 N/mm N
yy
= 0 N/mm N
xy
= 0 N/mm
M
xx
= 0 N M
yy
= 0 N M
xy
= 0 N
V
xz
= 1 N/mm V
yz
= 1 N/mm
Problem 2.5. Extend the computer program generated in Pb. 2.3 to calculate the laminae
strains according to the lamina coordinate system in the laminate of Ex. 2.4 when the loads and
moments of Pb. 2.3 are applied. Calculate the strains in the bottom, middle and top locations of
each layer. Show all work in a report.
Problem 2.6. Extend the computer program generated in the previous problem to obtain the
stresses in the lamina coordinate system of the previously calculated strains. Show all work in a
report.
Problem2.7. Modify the computer programgenerated in Ex. 2.8 to simulate the same plate with
a stacking sequence [0/90/60/75]
s
. Calculate the maximum displacements and the in-plane stress
components of the third and fourth plies (60 and 75
) at top and bottom locations according to

the laminate (x y z) and ply (1-2-3) coordinate systems. Show all work in a report.
Problem 2.8. Modify the computer program generated in Ex. 2.7 to simulate the same plate
with stacking sequences [0/0/90/90/45/45/-45/-45] and [0/90/45/-45/0/90/45/-45]. Comment on
the results and justify the deformed shape analysing the matrices you can obtain with MATLAB
using the code created for Pb. 2.2.
Chapter 3
Hygro-thermal effects
3.1 Examples
Example 3.1. Write a computer program to evaluate the transformed thermal and hygroscopic
expansion coefcients of an orthotropic lamina rotated an angle around the z-axis.
Solution to Example 3.1. The thermal and hygroscopic coefcients can be written in the form
of 1 6 vectors. When expressed in the coordinate system of the lamina, the last three therms
of each vector are zero and only the thermal and hygroscopic coefcients of the material in the
1-2-3 directions are required. After rotating the coordinate system using matrices [T] and [T
],
the last three terms of each vector might not be zero. Next, we present the solution implemented
using the symbolic calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% An orthotropic material needs 3 thermal and hygroscopic expansion coefficients
syms alfa
_
1 alfa
_
2 alfa
_
3 beta
_
1 beta
_
2 beta
_
3
% The angle for the lamina is
syms theta
alfa=[alfa
_
1; alfa
_
2; alfa
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
beta=[beta
_
1; beta
_
2; beta
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=[m^2, n^2, 0, 0, 0, 2
*
m
*
n;
n^2, m^2, 0, 0, 0, -2
*
m
*
n;
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, m, -n, 0;
0, 0, 0, -n, m, 0;
-m
*
n, m
*
n, 0, 0, 0, m^2-n^2];
Tg = simplify((inv(T)).);
% Compute transformed expansion coefficients
alfa
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
alfa
beta
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
beta
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex301.m
33
Example 3.2. Based on the procedure employed in Ex. 3.1, write a computer program to
evaluate the transformed thermal and hygroscopic expansion coefcients of an unidirectional
T300/5208 CFRP lamina when the reinforcement is oriented at = 30
around the z-axis. The

expansion coefcients of the material in the lamina directions are given by:
11
= 0.02 10
6
K
1
,
22
=
33
= 22.5 10
6
K
1
,
11
= 0.0 and
22
=
33
= 0.5.
Solution to Example 3.2. As in the previous example, the thermal and hygroscopic coefcients
can be written in the form of 1 6 vectors. After rotating the coordinate system using matrices
[T] and [T
], the last three terms of each vector might not be zero. In fact, the resulting thermal
and hygroscopic coefcients for a T300/5208 lamina rotated at 30
are:
30
=
_
_
5.64
16.89
22.5
0
0
19.47
_
_
10
6
K
1
,
30
=
_
_
125
375
500
0
0
433
_
_
10
3
Next is the solution implemented using the calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% A transversally isotropic material needs 2
% thermal and hygroscopic expansion coefficients
% alfa
_
1, alfa
_
2, beta
_
1, beta
_
2
prop=[0.02e-6, 22.5e-6, 0.0, 0.5];
% The angle of the reinforcement is also defined
theta=30;
theta=theta
*
pi/180;
alfa
_
1=prop(1,1);
alfa
_
2=prop(1,2);
alfa
_
3=alfa
_
2;
beta
_
1=prop(1,3);
beta
_
2=prop(1,4);
beta
_
3=beta
_
2;
alfa=[alfa
_
1; alfa
_
2; alfa
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
beta=[beta
_
1; beta
_
2; beta
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=[m^2, n^2, 0, 0, 0, 2
*
m
*
n;
n^2, m^2, 0, 0, 0, -2
*
m
*
n;
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, m, -n, 0;
0, 0, 0, -n, m, 0;
-m
*
n, m
*
n, 0, 0, 0, m^2-n^2];
Tg=(inv(T));
alfa
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
alfa
beta
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
beta
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex302.m
Chapter 3. Hygro-thermal effects 35
Example 3.3. Extend the computer program generated in Ex. 3.2 to calculate the hygro-thermal
strains of the lamina in the x y z coordinate system at room temperature (22

C), a moisture
content of 0.5 % and a cure temperature of 122

C.
Solution to Example 3.3. Once the rotated thermal and hygroscopic coefcients have been
obtained, the resulting strains in the x y z coordinate system can be obtained multiplying
these by the temperature and moisture variations. The same result can be achieved calculating
the strains in the lamina coordinate system as
123
T and
123
M and rotating them afterwards.
The resulting thermal, hygroscopic and total strains for a T300/5208 lamina rotated at 30
with
T = -100

C and M = 0.5 % are:
T
xyz
=
_
_
564
1688
2250
0
0
1947
_
_
,
H
xyz
=
_
_
625
1875
2500
0
0
2165
_
_
,
xyz
=
_
_
61
187
250
0
0
218
_
Next, we present the solution implemented using the numeric calculation capabilities of
MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% A transversally isotropic material needs 2
% alfa
_
1, alfa
_
2, beta
_
1, beta
_
2
prop=[0.02e-6, 22.5e-6, 0.0, 0.5];
theta=30;
theta=theta
*
pi/180;
% Variation of temperature and moisture
Tc=122;
Tr=22;
hr=0.005;
DeltaT=Tr-Tc;
alfa
_
1=prop(1,1);
alfa
_
2=prop(1,2);
alfa
_
3=alfa
_
2;
beta
_
1=prop(1,3);
beta
_
2=prop(1,4);
beta
_
3=beta
_
2;
alfa=[alfa
_
1; alfa
_
2; alfa
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
beta=[beta
_
1; beta
_
2; beta
_
3; 0; 0; 0];
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=[m^2, n^2, 0, 0, 0, 2
*
m
*
n;
n^2, m^2, 0, 0, 0, -2
*
m
*
n;
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, m, -n, 0;
0, 0, 0, -n, m, 0;
-m
*
n, m
*
n, 0, 0, 0, m^2-n^2];
Tg=(inv(T));
alfa
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
alfa;
beta
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
beta;
% Compute the resulting strains
eps
_
T=alfa
_
xyz
*
DeltaT
eps
_
H=beta
_
xyz
*
hr
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex303.m
Example 3.4. Extend the computer program generated in Ex. 3.3 to calculate the total strains
of the lamina in the x y z coordinate system at room temperature (22

C), a moisture content
of 0.5 % and a cure temperature of 122

C when the following stresses are applied:
xx
= 25
MPa,
yy
= 50 MPa and
xy
= 20 MPa. Assume plane-stress analysis.
Solution to Example 3.4. The resulting in-plain strains of the lamina in the xy z coordinate
system are:
xyz
=
_
_
_
403
3370
726
_
_
_

TM
.
%
%
% A transversally isotropic material needs 4 elastic and 2
% E11, E22, nu12, G12, alfa
_
1, alfa
_
2, beta
_
1, beta
_
2
prop=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, 0.02e-6, 22.5e-6, 0.0, 0.5];
theta=30;
theta=theta
*
pi/180;
Tc=122;
Tr=22;
hr=0.005;
DeltaT=Tr-Tc;
% Applied stresses
sigma=[25, 50, 20];
E11=prop(1,1);
E22=prop(1,2);
nu12=prop(1,3);
G12=prop(1,4);
alfa
_
1=prop(1,5);
alfa
_
2=prop(1,6);
beta
_
1=prop(1,7);
beta
_
2=prop(1,8);
alfa=[alfa
_
1; alfa
_
2; 0];
beta=[beta
_
1; beta
_
2; 0];
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T=[m^2, n^2, 2
*
m
*
n;
n^2, m^2, -2
*
m
*
n;
-m
*
n, m
*
n, m^2-n^2];
Tg=(inv(T));
alfa
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
alfa;
beta
_
xyz=inv(Tg)
*
beta;
% Compute the hygro-thermal strains
eps
_
T=alfa
_
xyz
*
DeltaT
eps
_
H=beta
_
xyz
*
hr
% Compute compliance matrices and mechanical strains
S(1,1)=1/E11;
S(1,2)=-nu12/E11;
S(2,1)=S(1,2);
S(2,2)=1/E22;
S(3,3)=1/G12;
Sb=inv(Tg)
*
S
*
T;
eps=Sb
*
sigma
eps
_
tot=eps+eps
_
T+eps
_
H
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex304.m
Example 3.5. Consider the laminate in Ex. 2.3 with the same material properties as in Ex. 3.3.
The laminate has been cured at 122

C and it is at room temperature (22

C) with a moisture
content of 0.5 %. Write a computer program to determine the applied in-plane unit forces and
unit moments that result in the following total strains at the mid-plane of the laminate:
0
xx
= 0.5
%,
0
yy
= 0.25 % and
0
xy
= 0.1 %.
Solution to Example 3.5. To obtain the previous mid-plane strains (curvatures are assumed to
be zero) in the laminate under the considered conditions, the applied in-plane unit forces and
unit moments must be:
N =
_
_
_
2262
470
384
_
_
_
N/mm, M =
_
_
_
485
357
362
_
_
_
N
TM
.
%
%
% A transversally isotropic material needs 4 elastic and 2
% E11, E22, nu12, G12, alfa
_
1, alfa
_
2, beta
_
1, beta
_
2
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, 0.02e-6, 22.5e-6, 0.0, 0.5];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 2];
L(2,:)=[1, 45, 1];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
Tc=122;
Tr=22;
hr=0.005;
DeltaT=Tr-Tc;
% Resulting strains
% Only in-plane strains for the whole laminate
% the curvatures are assumed to be zero
eps=[0.005; 0.0025; 0.001];
kappa=[0; 0; 0];
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,3,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,4);
Q(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,3,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,3,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Qb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
end;
TH=0;
Z=zeros(n
_
lam+1,1);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
end;
th=TH/2;
TH=0;
Z(1)=-th;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
Z(i+1)=TH-th;
end;
% Compute A matrix
A=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
end;
end;
end;
% Compute B matrix
B=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
end;
end;
end;
% Compute D matrix
D=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^3-Z(i)^3)
*
(1/3);
end;
end;
end;
ABD=[A,B;B,D];
NM
_
tot=ABD
*
[eps;kappa];
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
alfa
_
123(:,:,i)=[Mat(i
_
mat,5); Mat(i
_
mat,6); 0];
beta
_
123(:,:,i)=[Mat(i
_
mat,7); Mat(i
_
mat,8); 0];
alfa
_
xyz(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
alfa
_
123(:,:,i);
beta
_
xyz(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
beta
_
123(:,:,i);
end;
% Compute unit hygro-thermal forces and moments
N
_
T=zeros(3,1);
N
_
H=zeros(3,1);
M
_
T=zeros(3,1);
M
_
H=zeros(3,1);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
N
_
T=N
_
T+Qb(:,:,i)
*
alfa
_
xyz(:,:,i)
*
DeltaT
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
N
_
H=N
_
H+Qb(:,:,i)
*
beta
_
xyz(:,:,i)
*
hr
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
M
_
T=M
_
T+Qb(:,:,i)
*
alfa
_
xyz(:,:,i)
*
DeltaT
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
M
_
H=M
_
H+Qb(:,:,i)
*
beta
_
xyz(:,:,i)
*
hr
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
end;
% Compute unit mechanical forces and moments
N=NM
_
tot(1:3)-N
_
T-N
_
H
M=NM
_
tot(4:6)-M
_
T-M
_
H
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex305.m
Example 3.6. Consider an encastred composite plate 1000 mm long and 100 mm. The plate
is made of 0.125 mm thick T300/5208 unidirectional laminae according to a [0
16
/45
8
] stacking
sequence. The laminate has been cured at 122

C and it is at room temperature (22

C). Consid-
ering the mechanical and thermal properties of the material used in previous examples, generate
the ANSYS
TM
program to simulate the plate and determine the residual stresses present in the
plate.
Solution to Example 3.6. As no mechanical loads are applied to the laminate, the resulting
stresses after the simulation of the plate correspond to the residual stresses generated during
the manufacturing process when cooling the part from the curing temperature to the room tem-
perature.
The ANSYS
TM
command sequence to simulate the [0
16
/45
8
] laminated plate is listed below.
You can either type these commands on the command window, or you can type them on a le,
then, on the command window enter /input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Residual stress composite plate
!Thermal residual stress composite laminate
/PREP7
!Parameters
l=1000 !length
w=100 !width
h=lt
*
nl !plate thickness
Tc=122 !curing temperature
Tr=22 !room temperature
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
MP,ALPX,1,0.02E-6 !thermal expansion coefficients
MP,ALPY,1,22.5E-6
MP,ALPZ,1,22.5E-6
!Laminate #1: [0
_
16/45
_
8]
SECDATA,lt
*
SECDATA,lt
*
8,1,45
!Geometry
!Mesh
FINISH
/SOLU
!Apply load
TUNIF,Tr-Tc !apply constant temperature to nodes
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
RSYS,SOLU !lamina coordinate system
LAYER,1 !specify layer 1 results
MID !specify midthickness results
PLNSOL,S,X,2,1 !vertical displacement
!Obtain results selecting layer and coordinate system
ESEL,,,,500 !select element #250
LAYER,1
RSYS,SOLU
TOP
ETABLE,TSXXloc,S,X !write X-stress in table TSXX
ETABLE,TSYYloc,S,Y
ETABLE,TSXYloc,S,XY
BOT
ETABLE,BSXXloc,S,X
ETABLE,BSYYloc,S,Y
ETABLE,BSXYloc,S,XY
PRETAB,BSXXloc,BSYYloc,BSXYloc,TSXXloc,TSYYloc,TSXYloc !print results table
RSYS,0
TOP
ETABLE,TSXXglb,S,X !write X-stress in table TSXX
ETABLE,TSYYglb,S,Y
ETABLE,TSXYglb,S,XY
BOT
ETABLE,BSXXglb,S,X
ETABLE,BSYYglb,S,Y
ETABLE,BSXYglb,S,XY
PRETAB,BSXXglb,BSYYglb,BSXYglb,TSXXglb,TSYYglb,TSXYglb !print results table
_
files/T3/DACFE
_
Ex306.dat
After the simulation, the resulting maximum displacements are
x
= -0.119 mm,
y
= 0.658
mm and
z
= 94.4 mm. It is observed that even if thermal expansion is an in-plane effect, the
higher displacement is out-of-plane. This due to the fact that the laminate is not symmetric and
the [B] matrix is not zero, existing a high couplement between in-plane and out-of-plane strains-
curvatures and forces-moments. Table 3.1 summarises the stress components for every lamina,
location in the lamina and coordinate system.
Table 3.1: Resulting thermal stress components at top and bottom locations in the laminate and
ply coordinate systems.
Coordinate System
Laminate Lamina
xx

yy

xy

11

22

12
Lamina (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
45
top 31.5 21.5 19.4 45.9 7.12 -5

bottom -12.3 -31.4 -29.7 -51.5 7.8 -9.56
0
top -31.9 6.99 7.99 -31.9 6.99 7.99

bottom 22.3 -2.04 -2.85 22.3 -2.04 -2.85
Observe that although there is no mechanical load applied, the continuity between different
laminae does not allow these to expand/constrain according to the corresponding thermal expan-
sion. Therefore, a residual stress-state is present in the plies from the manufacturing process.
The higher the curing temperature, the higher these residual stresses are. Actually, in some
cases the resulting residual stresses can be higher than the strength of the material, resulting in
matrix cracking from the manufacturing process.
3.2 Problems
Problem 3.1. Adapt the computer program of Ex. 3.5 to calculate the in-plane deformations and
curvatures of the following laminates: [0/90
2
/0]
s
, [0/45/-45/90]
s
, [0/45/90]
s
and [0/45/-45/90].
Consider all the laminae made of unidirectional T300/5208 CFRP with a ply thickness of 0.125
mm. There are no external forces or moments applied to the laminates, all of them are at room
temperature (22

C) after being cured at 125

C and their moisture content is neglegible.
Make the program general enough so it can be used with different laminates. Show all work
in a report and obtain some conclusions after comparing the results.
Problem 3.2. Repeat the same calculations as in Pb. 3.1 but considering a moisture content of
0.5 %. Calculate the stresses in the global coordinate system generated at the bottom and top
faces of every layer in this case. Repeat the calculations for a moisture content of 1.5 %. Show
all work in a report and obtain some conclusions after comparing the results.
Problem 3.3. Modify the ANSYS
TM
program generated in Ex. 3.6 to take into account a mois-
ture content in the laminate of 0.5 %. Calculate the stresses in the global and local coordinate
systems generated at the bottom and top faces of every layer in this case. Repeat the calculations
but considering that the plate is subjected to
xx
= 10 MPa. Show all work in a report.
Chapter 4
Failure criteria
4.1 Examples
Example 4.1. Write a computer program to evaluate the failure index according to the maximum
strain criterion for a composite laminate made of two unidirectional T300/5208 CFRP laminae.
The top layer is 1 mmthick and oriented at 45
. The bottomlayer is 2 mmthick and oriented at 0
.
The elastic properties of the material are E
11
= 181 GPa, E
22
= 10.3 GPa, G
12
= 7.17 GPa and
12
= 0.28. The ultimate strain properties of the material are
u
11T
= 8.29 10
3
,
u
11C
= 8.29 10
3
,
u
22T
= 3.88 10
3
,
u
22C
= 23.88 10
3
and
u
12
= 9.48 10
3
. The laminate is sustaining the
following unit loads and moments:
N
xx
= 20 N/mm N
yy
= 50 N/mm N
xy
= 20 N/mm
M
xx
= 60 N M
yy
= 100 N M
xy
= 30 N
Make the program general enough so it can be used with different laminates and consider
plane stress analysis. Evaluate the failure index at the top and bottom locations of both laminae.
Solution to Example 4.1. The maximum strain failure indexes for the considered laminate and
unit loads and moments are summarised in Figure 4.1. As expected, there is continuity in the
failure index in each lamina but not in the laminate. This is due to the fact that the failure
indexes are calculated with the strains in the laminae directions. In the gure it can be observed
that the matrix of the second layer, 45
, would fail under this load conditions because of the

matrix. In fact, the tensile strain at the top of the lamina, 410
3
, is higher the ultimate value
u
22T
= 3.88 10
3
.
MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% E1, E2, nu12, G12 (MPa)
% Plane stress condition need 5 ultimate values
% x11t, x11c, x22t, x22c, x12 (microstrains)
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, 8.29e-3, 8.29e-3, 3.88e-3, 23.88e-3, 9.48e-3];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 2];
43
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Maximum strain Failure Index
L
a
m
i
n
a
t
e

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

(
m
m
)
direction 11
direction 22
direction 12
Figure 4.1: Maximum strain Failure Index
L(2,:)=[1, 45, 1];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
%Applied unit forces (N/mm) and moments (N)
NM=[20; 50; -20; 60; 100; 30];
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,3,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,4);
Q(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,3,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,3,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Qb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
Chapter 4. Failure criteria 45
end;
TH=0;
Z=zeros(n
_
lam+1,1);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
end;
th=TH/2;
TH=0;
Z(1)=-th;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
Z(i+1)=TH-th;
end;
% Compute A matrix
A=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
end;
end;
end;
% Compute B matrix
B=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
end;
end;
end;
% Compute D matrix
D=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^3-Z(i)^3)
*
(1/3);
end;
end;
end;
ABD=[A,B;B,D];
% Compute in-plane strains and curvatures
eps
_
kappa=inv(ABD)
*
NM;
% Compute lamina strains at bottom and top surfaces
for i=1:n
_
lam;
eps
_
xyz(:,1,i)=eps
_
kappa(1:3)+Z(i)
*
eps
_
kappa(4:6);
eps
_
xyz(:,2,i)=eps
_
kappa(1:3)+Z(i+1)
*
eps
_
kappa(4:6);
eps
_
123(:,:,i)=Tg(:,:,i)
*
eps
_
xyz(:,:,i);
end;
% Compute failure index according to maximum strain criterion
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
for j=1:2;
if eps
_
123(1,j,i)>=0;
fi(1,j,i)=eps
_
123(1,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,5);
else;
fi(1,j,i)=abs(eps
_
123(1,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,6));
end;
if eps
_
123(2,j,i)>=0;
fi(2,j,i)=eps
_
123(2,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,7);
else;
fi(2,j,i)=abs(eps
_
123(2,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,8));
end;
fi(3,j,i)=abs(eps
_
123(3,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,9));
end;
end;
fi
% Plot the Failure Indexes
for i=1:n
_
lam;
j=2
*
(i-1)+1;
fi
_
1(j,1)=fi(1,1,i);
fi
_
1(j+1,1)=fi(1,2,i);
fi
_
2(j,1)=fi(2,1,i);
fi
_
2(j+1,1)=fi(2,2,i);
fi
_
3(j,1)=fi(3,1,i);
fi
_
3(j+1,1)=fi(3,2,i);
ZZ(j,1)=Z(i,1);
ZZ(j+1,1)=Z(i+1,1);
end;
plot([fi
_
1,fi
_
2,fi
_
3],ZZ);legend(direction 11,direction 22,direction 12,0);
xlabel(Maximum strain Failure Index);
ylabel(Laminate thickness (mm));
_
files/T4/DACFE
_
Ex401.m
Example 4.2. Modify the program written in Ex. 4.1 to evaluate the failure index of the same
laminate according to the maximum stress criterion when the same unit loads and moments are
applied. The ultimate strength properties of the material are
u
11T
= 1500 MPa,
u
11C
= 1500 MPa,
u
22T
= 40 MPa,
u
22C
= 246 MPa and
u
12
= 68 MPa. Make the program general enough so it can
be used with different laminates and consider plane stress analysis. Evaluate the failure index at
the top and bottom locations of both laminae.
Solution to Example 4.2. The maximum strain failure indexes for the considered laminate
and unit loads and moments are summarised in Figure 4.2. As expected, there is continuity
in the failure index in each lamina but not in the laminate. As in the previous example, it can
be observed in the gure that the matrix of the second layer, 45
, would fail under this load

conditions because of the matrix. In fact, the tensile stress at the top of the lamina, 43.74 MPa,
is higher the ultimate value
u
22T
= 40 MPa.
Next is the solution implemented using the calculation capabilities of MATLAB
TM
.
%
%
% E1, E2, nu12, G12 (MPa)
% Plane stress condition need 5 strength values
% X11t, X11c, X22t, X22c, X12 (MPa)
Mat(1,:)=[181000, 10300, 0.28, 7170, 1500, 1500, 40, 246, 68];
[n
_
mat,n
_
prop]=size(Mat);
% mat, theta, t
L(1,:)=[1, 0, 2];
L(2,:)=[1, 45, 1];
n
_
lam=size(L,1);
%Applied unit forces (N/mm) and moments (N)
NM=[20; 50; -20; 60; 100; 30];
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Maximum stress Failure Index
L
a
m
i
n
a
t
e

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

(
m
m
)
direction 11
direction 22
direction 12
Figure 4.2: Maximum strain Failure Index
% Compute S and Q
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
S(1,1,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(1,2,i)=-Mat(i
_
mat,3)/Mat(i
_
mat,1);
S(2,1,i)=S(1,2,i);
S(2,2,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,2);
S(3,3,i)=1/Mat(i
_
mat,4);
Q(:,:,i)=inv(S(:,:,i));
end;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
theta=L(i,2)
*
pi/180;
m=cos(theta);
n=sin(theta);
T(1,1,i)=m^2;
T(1,2,i)=n^2;
T(1,3,i)=2
*
m
*
n;
T(2,1,i)=n^2;
T(2,2,i)=m^2;
T(2,3,i)=-2
*
m
*
n;
T(3,1,i)=-m
*
n;
T(3,2,i)=m
*
n;
T(3,3,i)=m^2-n^2;
Tg(:,:,i)=(inv(T(:,:,i)));
Sb(:,:,i)=inv(Tg(:,:,i))
*
S(:,:,i)
*
T(:,:,i);
Qb(:,:,i)=inv(Sb(:,:,i));
end;
TH=0;
Z=zeros(n
_
lam+1,1);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
end;
th=TH/2;
TH=0;
Z(1)=-th;
for i=1:n
_
lam;
TH=TH+L(i,3);
Z(i+1)=TH-th;
end;
% Compute A matrix
A=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)-Z(i));
end;
end;
end;
% Compute B matrix
B=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^2-Z(i)^2)
*
(1/2);
end;
end;
end;
% Compute D matrix
D=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:n
_
lam;
for j=1:3;
for k=1:3;
*
(Z(i+1)^3-Z(i)^3)
*
(1/3);
end;
end;
end;
ABD=[A,B;B,D];
% Compute in-plane strains and curvatures
eps
_
kappa=inv(ABD)
*
NM;
% Compute lamina strains at bottom and top surfaces
for i=1:n
_
lam;
eps
_
xyz(:,1,i)=eps
_
kappa(1:3)+Z(i)
*
eps
_
kappa(4:6);
eps
_
xyz(:,2,i)=eps
_
kappa(1:3)+Z(i+1)
*
eps
_
kappa(4:6);
eps
_
123(:,:,i)=Tg(:,:,i)
*
eps
_
xyz(:,:,i);
end;
% Compute lamina stresses at bottom and top surfaces
for i=1:n
_
lam;
sigma
_
123(:,:,i)=Q(:,:,i)
*
eps
_
123(:,:,i);
end;
% Compute failure index according to maximum stress criterion
for i=1:n
_
lam;
i
_
mat=L(i,1);
for j=1:2;
if sigma
_
123(1,j,i)>=0;
fi(1,j,i)=sigma
_
123(1,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,5);
else;
fi(1,j,i)=abs(sigma
_
123(1,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,6));
end;
if sigma
_
123(2,j,i)>=0;
fi(2,j,i)=sigma
_
123(2,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,7);
else;
fi(2,j,i)=abs(sigma
_
123(2,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,8));
end;
fi(3,j,i)=abs(sigma
_
123(3,j,i)/Mat(i
_
mat,9));
end;
end;
fi
% Plot the Failure Indexes
for i=1:n
_
lam;
j=2
*
(i-1)+1;
fi
_
1(j,1)=fi(1,1,i);
fi
_
1(j+1,1)=fi(1,2,i);
fi
_
2(j,1)=fi(2,1,i);
fi
_
2(j+1,1)=fi(2,2,i);
fi
_
3(j,1)=fi(3,1,i);
fi
_
3(j+1,1)=fi(3,2,i);
ZZ(j,1)=Z(i,1);
ZZ(j+1,1)=Z(i+1,1);
end;
plot([fi
_
1,fi
_
2,fi
_
3],ZZ);legend(direction 11,direction 22,direction 12,0);
xlabel(Maximum stress Failure Index);
ylabel(Laminate thickness (mm));
_
files/T4/DACFE
_
Ex402.m
Example 4.3. Compute with ANSYS
TM
the failure index FI in plies 3 and 4 of the plate in Pb.
2.8 using the maximum stress and Tsai-Wu failure criteria. The plate is loaded with F
x
= 1500 N
and F
y
= 1500 N at the free end. The lamina strengths are summarised in Ex. 4.2.
Solution to Example 4.3. There are different ways in ANSYS
TM
to consider failure criteria.
One of the options uses FC (failure criteria) commands and it can be applied on any shell element
type. Another option uses TB (data table) commands with the FAIL option and can be only used
with shell element types SHELL91 and SHELL99. and there is also the possibility to program the
failure criteria with the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL) or user subroutines. In this
example the FC commands are used.
In ANSYS
TM
the Tsai-Wu failure criterion index is dened as
FI =
1
R
=
_
_
B
2A
+
_
B
2A
_
2
+
1
A
_
_
1
with
A =

2
11
u
11T
u
11C
+

2
22
u
22T
u
22C
+

2
33
u
33T
u
33C
+
_
23
u
23
_
2
+
_
13
u
13
_
2
+
_
12
u
12
_
2
+c
4
22
33
_
u
22T
u
22C
u
33T
u
33C
+c
5
11
33
_
u
11T
u
11C
u
33T
u
33C
+c
6
11
22
_
u
11T
u
11C
u
22T
u
22C
and
B =
_
(
u
11T
)
1
(
u
11C
)
1
_
11
+
_
(
u
22T
)
1
(
u
22C
)
1
_
22
+
_
(
u
33T
)
1
(
u
33C
)
1
_
33
where c
i
, i = 4..6, are the Tsai-Wu coupling coefcients, that by default are taken to be -1. Note
that compression strength in the previous expressions are positive numbers. Note that the Tsai-
Wu failure index in ANSYS
TM
is TWSR. TWSI corresponds to the Tsai-Wu strength index, which
is the addition of value A and B in the previous equations. We recommend to use TWSR and do
not use TWSI.
Using FC commands. Inside the /POST1 module, once the model has been solved, the
FC commands (FC, FCDELE, FCLIST, etc.) can be used to dene the failure criteria parame-
ters. However, before the calculation of the failure index, a particular lamina has to be specied
(LAYER,\#) and the results must be in the coordinate system of the lamina (RSYS,SOLU). Note that
in ANSYS
TM
compression strengths must be introduced using negative numbers. If compression
strengths are not given, they are taken equal to the negative value of the tensile strength.
After the simulation, the resulting maximum values of the maximum stress and Tsai-Wu failure
criteria for layers 3 and 4 in the mid-thickness location are summarised in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Resulting maximum stress and Tsai-Wu failure indexes for the third and fourth plies at
mid location.
Failure Index
Lamina Maximum stress Tsai-Wu
3 0.4368 0.5073
4 0.5293 0.5547
Observe that the failure index obtained with the Tsai-Wu criterion is always higher than the
failure index predicted with the maximum stress criterion. This is due to the fact that the plate
is loaded under a combination of loads and the maximum stress criterion does not take into
account interaction between stresses in different directions. Also observe that although the max-
imum stress criterion can predict different failure indexes for the reinforcement and the matrix,
the way it has been programmed in ANSYS
TM
does not allow to distinguish if the failure is in the
bre or in the matrix.
The ANSYS
TM
2
laminated plate is listed
below. You can either type these commands on the command window, or you can type them on a
le, then, on the command window enter /input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Composite plate - maximum stress & Tsai-Wu
/PREP7
!Parameters
Fx=1500 !applied load x-direction
Fy=1500 !applied load y-direction
l=1000 !length
w=200 !width
h=lt
*
nl !plate thickness
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
!Laminate #1: [0/90/60/75]2
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
SECDATA,lt,1,0
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
!Geometry
!Mesh
FINISH
/SOLU
!Apply load
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.5,w-0.5
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2
*
2)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,w
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2
*
2)
ALLSEL,ALL
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSOL,S,X,2,1 !stress in direction 1
RSYS,SOLU
LAYER,3
MID
!Failure criterion definition and calculation
FC,1,S,XTEN,1500 !mat1,stress,strength 11t
FC,1,S,XCMP,-1500 !mat1,stress,strength 11c(negative)
FC,1,S,YTEN,40 !mat1,stress,strength 11t
FC,1,S,YCMP,-246 !mat1,stress,strength 22c(negative)
FC,1,S,ZTEN,1E12 !mat1,stress,strength 33t(large value, dont compute)
!max stress 33c=-strength 33t
FC,1,S,XY,68 !mat1,stress,strength 12(positive)
FC,1,S,YZ,1E12 !mat1,stress,strength 23(large value, dont compute)
FC,1,S,XZ,1E12 !mat1,stress,strength 13(large value, dont compute)
PRNSOL,S,FAIL !print table with FAIL index
/GRAPHICS,FULL !use full graphic representation
PLNSOL,FAIL,SMAX !maximum stress failure criterion
PLNSOL,FAIL,TWSR !Tsai-WU failure criterion
_
files/T4/DACFE
_
Ex403.dat
Example 4.4. Compute the 2D Tsai-Wu failure index FI in plies 3 and 4 of the plate in Ex. 4.3
using the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL) capabilities of ANSYS
TM
.
TM
2
laminated plate is listed below. You can either type these commands on the command window, or
Note that the APDL macro at the end of the program is only dened but not executed. To
execute the APDL macro you must type
*
use,tsaiwu2d in the command line. To obtain the
results in different layers or locations, use LAYER,\# and
*
use,tsaiwu2d.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Composite plate - maximum stress & Tsai-Wu
/PREP7
!Parameters
Fx=1500 !applied load x-direction
Fy=1500 !applied load y-direction
l=1000 !length
w=200 !width
h=lt
*
nl !plate thickness
MP,EX,1,181000
MP,EY,1,10300
MP,EZ,1,10300
MP,GXY,1,7170
MP,GYZ,1,3627
MP,GXZ,1,7170
MP,PRXY,1,0.28
MP,PRYZ,1,0.42
MP,PRXZ,1,0.28
!Laminate #1: [0/90/60/75]2
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
SECDATA,lt,1,0
SECDATA,lt,1,90
SECDATA,lt,1,60
SECDATA,lt,1,75
!Geometry
!Mesh
FINISH
/SOLU
!Apply load
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.5,w-0.5
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2
*
2)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,l
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,w
F,ALL,FX,Fx/(10
*
2
*
2)
F,ALL,FY,Fy/(10
*
2
*
2)
ALLSEL,ALL
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSOL,S,X,2,1 !longitudinal stress
RSYS,SOLU
LAYER,3
MID
*
create,tsaiwu2d !create macro
!Tsai-Wu 2D failure criterion using APDL macro language
!Failure criterion definition and calculation
Xt=1500 !strength 11t
Xc=1500 !strength 11c
Yt=40 !strength 22t
Yc=246 !strength 22c
S=68 !strength 12
c6=-1 !Tsai-Wu coefficient
!Initiate arrays
*
get,nelem,eleme,,num,max !get number of elements
*
get,nnode,node,,num,max !get number of nodes
*
dim,FI,,nnode !set up arrays for element nodes
*
dim,sel,,nnode !set up array for select vector
NSLE,S,CORNER !select only nodes in the element corners
*
vget,sel(1),node,1,nsel !mask for compute only corners
!Compute Tsai-Wu failure criterion
*
do,i
_
node,1,nnode
*
if,sel(i
_
node),gt,0,then !read only selected nodes
*
get,s
_
1,node,i
_
node,s,x !get stress each node
*
get,s
_
2,node,i
_
node,s,y
*
get,s
_
6,node,i
_
node,s,xy
A1=s
_
1
**
2/(Xt
*
Xc)
A2=s
_
2
**
2/(Yt
*
Yc)
A6=s
_
6
**
2/S
**
2
A12=c6
*
s
_
1
*
s
_
2/(Xt
*
Xc
*
Yt
*
Yc)
**
0.5
A=A1+A2+A6+A12
B=(1/Xt-1/Xc)
*
s
_
1+(1/Yt-1/Yc)
*
s
_
2
R
_
tw=-B/(2
*
A)+((B/2/A)
**
2+1/A)
**
0.5
If
_
tw=1/R
_
tw
FI(i
_
node)=If
_
tw
*
endif
*
enddo
*
VPUT,FI,NODE,1,EPSW !write Failure Index in results database
/GRAPHICS,FULL !use full graphic representation
PRNSOL,EPSW !print Failure Index in a list
PLNSOL,EPSW !contour plot Failure Index
*
end
_
files/T4/DACFE
_
Ex404.dat
Observe that the results obtained in this way are exactly the same to those obtained with the
Tsai-Wu failure criterion in the previous example.
4.2 Problems
Problem 4.1. Modify the program written in the Ex. 4.2 to evaluate the failure index according
to the Tsai-Wu criterion of the same laminate when the same unit loads and moments are applied.
Assume that the laminate is at room temperature (22
C), the moisture content is 0.5 % and has

been cured at 122
C. The expansion coefcients of the material in the lamina directions are given
by:
11
= 0.02 10
6
K
1
,
22
=
33
= 22.5 10
6
K
1
,
11
= 0.0 and
22
=
33
= 0.5.
Compare the obtained results with the results obtained when the hygrothermal effects are not
taken into account. Make the program general enough so it can be used with different laminates
and considerer plane stress analysis. Evaluate the failure index at the top and bottom locations
of both laminae. Show all work in a report.
Problem 4.2. Modify the program written in Ex. 4.2 to evaluate the failure index according to
the Puck criterion of a [0/45/-45/90]
s
laminate made of unidirectional T300/5208 CFRP laminae
with a ply thickness of 0.125 mm. The following unit loads and moments are applied to the
laminate:
N
xx
= 10 N/mm N
yy
= 20 N/mm N
xy
= 10 N/mm
M
xx
= 20 N M
yy
= 30 N M
xy
= 5 N
Make the program general enough so it can be used with different laminates and considerer
plane stress analysis. Evaluate the failure index at the top and bottom locations of both laminae.
Problem 4.3. Modify the program written in Ex. 4.3 to calculate the maximum strain failure in-
dexes in the third and fourth (60 and 75
) plies of the same plate under the same load conditions.

The ultimate strains for the lamina can be found in Ex. 4.1.
Problem 4.4. Modify the program written in Ex. 4.4 to calculate the failure indexes according
to Pucks failure criterion in the third and fourth (60 and 75
) plies of the same plate under the

same load conditions.
Chapter 5
Micromechanics
5.1 Example: Modeling a periodic RVE
Example 5.1. Write a computer program to generate an ANSYS model of a rectangular periodic
unit cell (RVE) of a UD lamina. The material properties are:
UD Laminae, v
f
=0.5
Carbon bre : HTA
E
22
= 28000 MPa
= 0.23
Mean bre diametre = 0.014 mm
Resin: RTM6
E = 2755 MPa = 0.34 Tensile strength,
u
t
= 60 MPa
Compressive strength
u
c
= 200 MPa
TM
command sequence to generate the rectangular RVE
model is listed below. You can either type these commands on the command window, or you can
type them on a le, then, on the command window enter /input, le, ext.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Periodic RVE model
/PREP7
!Parameters
vf=0.5 !fibre volume fraction
fibre
_
rad=7e-3 !fibre radius
pi=3.1415926535897932384626433832795 !number Pi
L=(2
*
pi
*
fibre
_
rad
*
fibre
_
rad/vf)
**
0.5 !length of square RVE
a=L/2 !base of cell
b=L/2 !height of cell
L
_
tol=L/1000 !selection tolerance
epxx=0.0000 !horizontal strain
epyy=0.0000 !vertical strain
epxy=0.0001 !shear strain
ET,1,PLANE182 !element type #1: 4-node plane element
KEYOPT,1,1,3 !element type #1: keyoption 1=3 (simplified enhanced strain formulation)
55
MP,EX,1,2755 !mechanical properties matrix
MP,PRXY,1,0.34
MP,EX,2,28000 !mechanical properties fibre
MP,PRXY,2,0.23
!Geometry
BLC5,0,0,L,L !rectangle: centre-width-height
CYL4,0,0,fibre
_
rad !circle: centre-radius
CYL4,L/2,-L/2,fibre
_
rad,90,fibre
_
rad,180
CYL4,L/2,L/2,fibre
_
rad,180,fibre
_
rad,270
CYL4,-L/2,L/2,fibre
_
rad,270,fibre
_
rad,360
CYL4,-L/2,-L/2,fibre
_
rad,0,fibre
_
rad,90
AOVLAP,ALL !overlap all areas
!Mesh
LESIZE,ALL,1E-3,,,,1,,,1
MAT,2 !fibre
AMESH,2
AMESH,7,10
MAT,1 !matrix
AMESH,11
ALLSEL,ALL
/PNUM,MAT,1
EPLOT
FINISH
/SOLU
NSEL,S,LOC,X,-L/2-L
_
tol,-L/2+L
_
tol
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-L/2-L
_
tol,-L/2+L
_
tol
D,ALL,ALL !left bottom point fixed
!Periodic conditions at corners
CE,1,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)+epxy
*
(b
*
2)),388,UX,-1,278,UX,1
CE,2,(epxx
*
(-a
*
2)+epxy
*
(b
*
2)),223,UX,-1,333,UX,1
CE,3,(epyy
*
(b
*
2)+epxy
*
(a
*
2)),388,UY,-1,278,UY,1
CE,4,(epyy
*
(b
*
2)+epxy
*
(-a
*
2)),223,UY,-1,333,UY,1
!Periodic contitions of vertical sides
*
DO,N,0,5
CE,N+5,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)),407+N,UX,-1,232+N,UX,1 !uniaxial strain xx
*
ENDDO
CE,11,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)),396,UX,-1,231,UX,1 !uniaxial strain xx
*
DO,N,0,9
CE,N+12,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)),482-N,UX,-1,453+N,UX,1 !uniaxial strain xx
*
ENDDO
CE,22,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)),341,UX,-1,279,UX,1 !uniaxial strain xx
*
DO,N,0,5
CE,N+23,(epxx
*
(a
*
2)),347-N,UX,-1,285-N,UX,1 !uniaxial strain xx
*
ENDDO
*
DO,N,0,5
CE,N+29,(epxy
*
(a
*
2)),407+N,UY,-1,232+N,UY,1 !shear strain xy
*
ENDDO
CE,35,(epxy
*
(a
*
2)),396,UY,-1,231,UY,1 !shear strain xy
*
DO,N,0,9
CE,N+36,(epxy
*
(a
*
2)),482-N,UY,-1,453+N,UY,1 !shear strain xy
*
ENDDO
CE,46,(epxy
*
(a
*
2)),341,UY,-1,279,UY,1 !shear strain xy
*
DO,N,0,5
CE,N+47,(epxy
*
(a
*
2)),347-N,UY,-1,285-N,UY,1 !shear strain xy
*
ENDDO
!Periodic contitions of horizontal sides
Chapter 5. Micromechanics 57
*
DO,N,0,6
CE,N+59,(epyy
*
(b
*
2)),389+N,UY,-1,334+N,UY,1
*
ENDDO
*
DO,N,0,9
CE,N+66,(epyy
*
(b
*
2)),452-N,UY,-1,472-N,UY,1
*
ENDDO
*
DO,N,0,6
CE,N+76,(epyy
*
(b
*
2)),224+N,UY,-1,286+N,UY,1
*
ENDDO
!Shear
*
DO,N,0,6
CE,N+83,(epxy
*
(b
*
2)),389+N,UX,-1,334+N,UX,1
*
ENDDO
*
DO,N,0,9
CE,N+94,(epxy
*
(b
*
2)),452-N,UX,-1,472-N,UX,1
*
ENDDO
*
DO,N,0,6
CE,N+105,(epxy
*
(b
*
2)),224+N,UX,-1,286+N,UX,1
*
ENDDO
ALLSEL
/SOLVE
SOLVE
FINISH
/PNUM,MAT,0
/POST1
/DSCALE,,1000
PLDISP,2
_
files/T5/DACFE
_
Ex501.dat
5.2 Problems
Problem 5.1. Compute the Young Modulus in the transverse direction (E
22
) for a Ud lamina with
RTM6 resin and HTA carbon bre and v
f
= 0.5, using the following methods:
1. Analytical formulae
2. Periodic RVE assuming square distribution of bre
3. Periodic RVE assuming hexagonal distribution of bre
4. RVE with a random bre distribution (use 10 - 15 bres)
Compare the results obtained with the different methods.
Problem 5.2. Construct:
1. Periodic RVE assuming square distribution of bre
2. Periodic RVE assuming hexagonal distribution of bre
3. RVE with a random bre distribution (use 10 - 15 bres)
Apply an uniaxial tenisle load of about 50 MPa. Represent the following failure criteria for the
matrix: Max stress, dilatational energy density and Mohr-Coulomb. Perform the same analysis
for a compressive load of about 50 MPa.
Compare the different criteria for both loadcases.
Problem 5.3. Obtain the residual thermal stresses which are produced during the curing pro-
cess in a UD lamina, by using a periodic RVE. Consider the mechanical properties for the matrix
(thermal expansion coefcient, Young modulus, yield stress) as temperature dependent. The
curves for these properties may be obtained from:
T. Hobbiebrunken, B. Fiedler, M. Hojo, S. Ochiai, K. Schulte, Microscopic yielding of CF/epoxy
composites and the effect on the formation of thermal residual stresses, Composites Science and
TechnologyVolume 65, Issue 10, , August 2005, Pages 1626-1635. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.02.003)
Do the same for a RVE with a random distribuition of bres (Use about 10-15 bres).
Problem 5.4. Simulate the debonding phenomena in a periodic RVE and a RVE with a random
distribution of bres by means of cohesive elements. Use about 10 - 15 bres for the randomRVE.
You may assume G
c
= 220 J/m
2
as the strain energy release rate for the matrix/bre interface.

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Universitat de Girona

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITES

around the z-axis. Compute

. Expanding (1.3-1.6) we get

around the z-axis. The data, [C

is equivalent to interchange the matrix terms 11 and 22 and

and the applied stress is

around the z-axis.

Component Displacement Strain Displacement Strain

(see Figure 1.1). Calculate the [S]

. Make the program general enough so it can be used with

plies with the same proper-

is always the same. Thus, the [A] matrix

is the same. Thus, the [D] matrix does not vary.

) at top and bottom locations according to the laminate (xyz)

) at top and bottom locations according to

around the z-axis. The

top 31.5 21.5 19.4 45.9 7.12 -5

top -31.9 6.99 7.99 -31.9 6.99 7.99

. The bottomlayer is 2 mmthick and oriented at 0

, would fail under this load conditions because of the

, would fail under this load

C), the moisture content is 0.5 % and has

) plies of the same plate under the same load conditions.

) plies of the same plate under the

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