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© T Michael W Halcombhttp://www.michaelhalcomb.blogspot.com
 A Linguistic & Grammatical Glossary
(
With An Eye Towards English, German, Koine, Hebrew & French. In Alphabetical Order. The Symbol * marks other terms listed here.)
Accusative (Case)
: The noun *
case
that marks the *
direct object 
of a *
transitive verb
.
Active (Voice)
: When a verb is in active voice, the *
 subject 
of the sentence is carrying out an action.
Adjective
: A term used to *
modify
another part of a sentence, such as a noun.
Adverb
: Used to *
modify
a verb, *
adverb
or *
adjective
.
Affix
: Element added to the *
base
, *
 stem
or *
root 
of a word.
Agent
: Signifies the person/thing that carries out an action.
Anaphoric
: Part of speech that refers back to a previous part of speech.
Anarthous
: Lacking the *
definite article
.
Aorist
: Verb form that expresses action but does not reveal whether it is complete or ongoing. Some-times Aorist denotes *
tense
and *
aspect 
but occasionally, only *
aspect 
.
Apellative
: A referential term, which can also function as the *
 subject 
or *
object 
of a verb or the*
object 
of a *
 preposition, or an *appositive
(a noun in *
apposition
).
Apodosis
: The main clause of a conditional sentence.
Apposition
: When two nouns are placed beside one another and one is explanatory.
Article
: Indicates nouns and their applications (e.g. the word “the”).
Aspect
: The relationship of a verb to time (completion, duration, repetition).
Assimilation
: Process of a sound (e.g. A vowel) being modified (often times replaced) by another letter.
Asyndetic
: When terms or clauses lack *
conjunctions
or connective words.
Attributive (Adj.)
: *
 Adjective
that qualifies or *
modifies
another *
adjective
(& must be related to it).
Aublaut
: Term that refers to vowel gradation (vowel changes).
Base
: *
Morphemes
to which other *
affixes
or bases can be added.
 
Cardinal
: Denoting a part of the sentence that is in the first position (e.g. a word, thought or number).
Case
: The function/role of a noun in a sentence (e.g. *
 Accusative
, *
 Dative
, *
 Nominative
, etc.).
Causal
: Expresses or denotes the cause of an action.
Causative
: Expressed as the *
 subject 
of the verb causing another *
 subject 
to do something.
Clause
: Group or cluster of words with a *
 subject 
and *
 predicate
only.
Cognate
: When words share a similar *
root 
.
Cohortative
: Term, in the *
 first-person
, that denotes a strong wish or desire.
Comparative
: When two or more nouns are compared to one another.
Concessive
: Denotes one action leading to another action.
Conditional
: Hypothetical; discussion of factual implications of an action.
Conjugation
: Parts of the verb that make it *
 person
, *
 gender 
, *
number 
, *
aspect 
and action specific.
Conjunction
: *
 Particle
that joins words or clauses together.
Construct
: A noun that forms *
 genitive
relationships in a sentence.
Coordinate
: 1. When a term expresses equality. 2. Functions to link nouns together. 3. Functions tolink verbs together.
Dative
: *
Case
that marks the *
indirect-object 
of the verb.
Declarative
: Term or phrase that expresses evaluation or judgment.
Declension
: Forms given to nouns and *
adjectives
that give them person and gender functions.
Definite Article
: A referential term that denotes specificity (e.g. the word “the).
Definiteness
: The state of a noun when it is taking the *
 Definite Article
.
Deictic
: See *
 Demonstrative
.
Demonstrative
: Term that specifies something being referred to (e.g. “these” or “that”).
Denominative
: A term such as a verb that is derived from a noun or an *
adjective
.
Dependent Clause
: Also *
 subordinate clause:
a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Desiderative
: Term that expresses a wish or desire.
 
Direct Object
: Term that references the person/thing receiving the action of a *
transitive
verb.
Distributive
: A term that singles persons, things, etc. out (especially from a group/collection).
Elide
/
Elision
: When something is omitted in pronunciation (often the first or last sound of a word).
Ellipses
/
Elliptical
: A *
clause
missing omitting certain parts of speech.
Epexegetical
: When additional explanation or emphasis is given.
Euphonic
: Term/part of speech with no other function than for sound effect.
Explicative
: Term whose purpose is “to explain.”
Factitive
: Verb form that denotes the causing of a state to someone/something.
Feminine
: One of three *
 genders
in language; often refers to female-classified persons/things, etc.
Fientive
: Verb denoting an action or change of state.
Finite
: Form of a verb that can occur on its own in a main clause (expresses person, number, tense,mood and voice).
First-Person
: Part of speech that allows one to refer to him or herself.
Frequentative
: Reference to an action that is repeated.
Future (Tense)
: Tense of a verb that expresses an action that is yet to have taken place, but will.
Gender
: Grammatical category that classifies nouns,*
adjectives
, *
 pronouns
and verbs by animacy or sex (*
male
, *
 female
, *
neuter 
).
Genitive
: *
Case
used of a noun to denote an *
attributive
or possessive state.
Gerund
: Noun derived from a verb having all of the *
case
forms except the *
nominative
.
Governing Verb
: Initial verb in a *
coordinating 
relationship that affects the *
aspect 
of other verbs.
 Hapax Legomenon
: Term that only occurs once in a text.
Hendiadys
: Two terms connected by a *
conjunction
that express a single idea.
Hiphil
/
Hifil
: Form of a Hebrew verb that has a *
causative
meaning.
Hithpael
: Form of a Hebrew verb that expresses the *
reflexive
action of a *
Qal 
or *
 Piel 
.
Hophal
: Form of a Hebrew verb that expresses the *
 passive
action of a *
Qal 
or *
 Piel 
.
Imperative
: *
Mood 
that expresses a command (sometimes as a request).
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