Running head: SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Social Netwo ! Site" and Thei A##lication" to Seconda $ Cla"" oo%": A Lite atu e Re&iew Dani!a 'a !e (ni&e "it$ o) Onta io In"titute o) Technolog$

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Social Netwo ! Site" and Thei A##lication" to Seconda $ Cla"" oo%": A Lite atu e Re&iew Introduction The )ocu" o) thi" e&iew i" the e+i"tent lite atu e on online "ocial netwo ! "ite" ,SNS"- and thei a##lication to the "econda $ cla"" oo% "etting. /o$d and Elli"on ,*001de)ine SNS" a" 2we/3/a"ed "e &ice" that allow indi&idual" to ,1- con"t uct a #u/lic o "e%i3#u/lic # o)ile within a /ounded "$"te%4 ,*0- a ticulate a li"t o) othe u"e " with who% the$ "ha e a connection4 and ,5- &iew and t a&e "e thei li"t o) connection" and tho"e %ade /$ othe " within the "$"te%6 ,#a a. 7-. Since *0084 SNS" li!e 9$S#ace and :ace/oo! ha&e /een #o#ula %ediu%" )o co%%unication and "ociali;ation )o $oung #eo#le ,/o$d *001-. A" "uch4 e"ea che " ha&e ta!en inte e"t in anal$;ing the wa$" in which $oung #eo#le u"e the"e "ite". The notion o) 2educational #otential6 i" a t end in the lite atu e e&iewed he e. Howe&e 4 while %an$ e"ea che " cite the #otential o) SNS"4 co%#a ati&el$ little e"ea ch ha" /een conducted anal$;ing the wa$" in which "econda $ teache " and "tudent" ha&e u"ed "ocial netwo !ing "ite" in )o %al lea ning en&i on%ent". 9uch o) the e"ea ch )ocu"e" on u"e o) SNS" in #o"t3"econda $ education4 which i" #e ha#" not "u # i"ing gi&en that 9$S#ace and :ace/oo! ha&e thei o igin" in highe education. 9a<o t end" include the ac!nowledge%ent o) the #otential o) SNS" eithe a" #a t o) o a" a co%#li%ent to )o %al "econda $ education4 while highlighting a need )o %o e e"ea ch. At the "a%e ti%e4 %uch o) the e"ea ch unde "co e" a need to teach "tudent" the "!ill" nece""a $ to c iticall$ e&aluate and na&igate thi" #o#ula %ediu%. Participatory Culture Social netwo ! "ite" a e an e+a%#le o) the wa$" in which $outh engage in what Hen $ =en!in" call" #a tici#ato $ cultu e. In hi" white #a#e 4 2Con) onting the Challenge" o) Pa tici#ato $ Cultu e: 9edia Education )o the *1"t Centu $64 =en!in" ,*00>- de)ine" #a tici#ato $ cultu e a" 2a cultu e with low /a ie " to a ti"tic e+# e""ion and ci&ic

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS engage%ent4 "t ong "u##o t )o c eating and "ha ing one?" c eation"4 and "o%e t$#e o) in)o %al %ento "hi# whe e/$ what i" !now /$ the %o"t e+#e ienced i" #a""ed along to no&ice"6 ,#. 5-. He goe" on to identi)$ "#eci)ic "!ill" that will /e nece""a $ in o de to engage e))ecti&el$ in thi" #a tici#ato $ cultu e4 na%el$: Pla$ Pe )o %ance Si%ulation A## o# iation 9ultita"!ing Di"t i/uted Cognition Collecti&e Intelligence =udg%ent T an"%edia Na&igation Netwo !ing Negotiation ,#. 7-

=en!in" identi)ie" a need )o a new !ind o) %edia lite ac$ education. The lite atu e in thi" e&iew de%o"t ate" that while e"ea che " ha&e e+a%ined the wa$" in which "tudent" engage in #a tici#ato $ cultu e out"ide the cla"" oo%4 the e ha" /een little e"ea ch into the wa$" in which teache " %ight ha ne"" the #a tici#ato $ cultu e o) SNS" in"ide the cla"" oo%. Unrealized Potential or Unwelcome Threats One o) the t end" in thi" a ea o) e"ea ch i" the ac!nowledge%ent o) the educational #o""i/ilitie" o) SNS". Hui<"e ,*00@- identi)ie" that SNS" a" with othe t$#e" o) We/ *.04 a e de)ined in %an$ wa$" /$ thei colla/o ati&e natu e4 a Aualit$ that ha" #otential educational /ene)it". Thi" t$#e o) technolog$ al"o ha" the #otential to e%o&e 2/ounda ie"6 and 2la$e " o) cont ol6 that t aditionall$ e+i"t in )o %al education ,#. 7@-. While in thi" #a ticula #a#e 4 a" with %an$ #a#e " that )ocu" on SNS in education4 )ocu"e" on highe education4 the conclu"ion" hold t ue )o high "chool cla"" oo%" a"

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS well. A" #a tici#ant" in "ocial netwo !ing "ite" engage in %o e authentic lea ning o##o tunitie" out"ide o) the t aditional cla"" oo%4 the teache ?" t aditional ole al"o co%e" into Aue"tion. Hui<"e ecogni;e" thi" a## oach to lea ning call" into Aue"tion the in"t ucto ?" t aditional ole %a$ /e #e cei&ed a" th eatening hi" o he 2"chola l$ autho it$6 ,#. 7>-.

In 2In)o %al lea ning and identit$ )o %ation in online "ocial netwo !"6 B eenhow C Ro/elia ,*00>- conclude that SNS" %a$ /e u"e)ul in "u##le%enting cla"" oo% lea ning e+#e ience" with in)o %al "tudent di ected lea ning and identit$ )o %ation. When loo!ing at the educational #otential o) SNS"4 Selw$n ,*00>aac!nowledge" that the Aualitie" o) "ocial "o)twa e a e a natu al )it with cu ent theo ie" o) lea ning "uch a" "ocial con"t ucti&i"% ,#. @0-. At the "a%e ti%e4 he identi)ie" the ten"ion" that e+i"t /etween the non3t aditional di"t i/uted4 de%oc atic lea ning #a adig% t$#i)ied /$ "ocial "o)twa e and the e+i"ting t aditional autho itati&e educational %odel".

Pedagogical Implications Hui<"e "ugge"t" that in o de to co#e with the 2di" u#ti&e6 ele%ent" o) We/ *.04 educato " need to e%o&e the%"el&e" )o % a 2/ina $ ) a%ewo ! o) Deducato &e "u" "tudent?6 ,*00@4 #. 7>-. He conclude" /$ w iting that We/ *.0 a##lication" "uch a" SNS" 2"hould /e ca e)ull$ con"ide ed in te %" o) o/<ecti&e" and # o<ected lea ning outco%e"6 ,#. 8*-. Thi" "hi)t in cont ol ) o% teache to "tudent" i" al"o ac!nowledged in Eoung?" anal$"i" o) # o)e""o "? u"e o) Twitte to c eate /ac!3channel di"cu""ion" du ing lectu e" ,*010-. While the anon$%ou" natu e o) #a tici#ating in a "ocial netwo ! %ediu% "uch a" Twitte led to %o e #a tici#ation a%ong"t "tudent"4 it al"o led to cla"" oo% %anage%ent i""ue" in the ca"e" "tudied ,#. 11-. With a "hi)t in cont ol ) o% teache to "tudent"4 it "ee%" that %aintaining the t aditional cla"" oo% d$na%ic4 e&en in highe education4 %a$ not /e co%#ati/le with the #hilo"o#hie" inhe ent in We/ *.0 technolog$. Si%ila l$4 athe than )ocu" on the tool it"el)4 9e chant ,*00>- a gue" that We/ *.0 technolog$ %u"t /e "u##o ted /$ a ee+a%ination o) #edagogical # inci#le" in o de to /e t an")o %ati&e. Such #edagogical # inci#le" %ight include the need to )ocu" on highe o de thin!ing

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS "!ill" a" "ugge"ted /$ Luc!in ,*00>-. Limitations

While it i" not unco%%on )o e"ea ch a/out SNS" to )ocu" on #e cei&ed i"!" athe than /ene)it" ,B i))ith C Li$anage4 *00@F 9a anto C 'a ton4 *00>F Selw$n *00>/-. Notle$ ,*00@- identi)ie" #e cei&ed i"!" co%%onl$ cited a" ationale )o /anning SNS" ) o% educational in"titution". The"e i"!" include "e+ual ha a""%ent4 g oo%ing /$ #edo#hile"4 and #otentiall$ encounte ing &iolent o #o nog a#hic %ate ial. While the i"!" ha&e /een docu%ented4 Notel$ "ugge"t" that the /ene)it" "uch a" "el)3e+# e""ion "ocial de&elo#%ent4 a e not a" well docu%ented /ecau"e the$ a e %o e di))icult to %ea"u e ,#. **-. In e+a%ining the wa$" in which "tudent" u"e" SNS" out"ide o) "chool Reich ,*010)ind" that while SNS" do # o&ide "o%e o) the ele%ent" o) a #"$chological "en"e o) co%%unit$4 )o the %o"t #a t4 )ocu" g ou# and "u &e$ data e&eal 2netwo !ed indi&iduali"%6 athe than co%%unit$ ,#. 107-. The "tudent" 9a c P en"!$ ,*001- once te %ed 2digital nati&e"6 %a$ /e &e $ co%)o ta/le na&igating th ough We/ *.04 /ut Selw$n ,*00>a- w ite" a/out the conce n" that educato " ha&e a/out thei "tudent"? c itical thin!ing "!ill" ,#. @*-. B eenhow C Ro/elia ,*00>- co%%ent on the need )o teache " to /eco%e )a%ilia with SNS" and hel# "tudent" lea n how to #a tici#ate in the"e online en&i on%ent" in "a)e and e"#on"i/le wa$" ,#. 15G-.

Conclusion One thing that %an$ e"ea che " "ee% to ag ee on i" the need )o )u the e"ea ch. Selw$n a gue" that while the e i" a g eat deal o) de/ate a/out the /ene)it" and i"!" o) SNS" in education4 the e i" little e%#i ical e&idence to "u##o t eithe "ide o) the de/ate ,#. @*-. 9echant ,*00>- al"o call" )o 2a %o e "$"te%atic anal$"i" o) the wa$" in which We/ *.0 lite acie" # o%ote lea ning and %o e cla it$ a/out the !ind" o) #a tici#ation that it engende "6 ,#. 11>-. B eenhow C Ro/elia ,*00>- call )o %o e e"ea ch into the wa$" in which SNS" 2Hcan "ha#e content a ea lea ning and "ocial # actice"4 and how the"e4 in

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

tu n "ugge"t new lea ning and teaching theo ie"6 ,#. 15G-. (nle"" e"ea che " e+a%ine the wa$" in which teache " a e actuall$ teaching with SNS"4 it "ee%" unli!el$ that we will /e a/le to %o&e /e$ond de/ating #otential.

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Re)e ence" /o$d4 d. %.4 C Elli"on4 N. '. ,*001-. Social netwo ! "ite": De)inition4 hi"to $4 and "chola "hi#. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication4 15,1-4 a ticle 11.
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html

/o$d4 d.%. ,*001- Wh$ Eouth I Social Netwo ! Site": The Role o) Netwo !ed Pu/lic" in Teenage Social Li)e. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning *001 :4 11>317* B eenhow4 C.4 C Ro/elia4 '. ,*00>-. In)o %al lea ning and identit$ )o %ation in online "ocial netwo !". Learning, Media and Technology, !,*-4 11>3170. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@8G@75C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJwww.in)o %awo ld.co%Jo#enu lK gen eLa ticleCidLdoi:10.10@0J1175>@@0>0*>*58@0 B i))ith4 S. and Li$anage4 L. ,*00@-. MAn int oduction to the #otential o) "ocial netwo !ing "ite" in educationM. E%e ging Technologie" Con)e ence *00@. Pa#e >. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ o.uow.edu.auJetc0@J> Hui<"e 4 Hend i! ,*00@- E+#lo ing the educational #otential o) "ocial netwo !ing "ite": the )ine line /etween e+#loiting o##o tunitie" and unwelco%e i%#o"ition. Studies in Learning, "#aluation, $nno#ation and De#elopment4 8 ,5-. ##. 78387. =en!in"4 H. ,*00>-. Confronting the challenges of participatory culture% Media education for the &'st century . Ca%/ idge4 9a"".: 9IT P e"". Ret ie&ed ) o% 'oo!" Luc!in4 R.4 Cla !4 W.4 B a/e 4 R.4 Logan4 K.4 9ee4 A.4 C Oli&e 4 9. ,*00>-. Do we/ *.0 tool" eall$ o#en the doo to lea ningK # actice"4 #e ce#tion" and # o)ile" o) 1131G3 $ea 3old "tudent". Learning, Media and Technology, !,*-4 @13107. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@8G@51C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJwww.in)o %awo ld.co%Jo#enu lK gen eLa ticleCidLdoi:10.10@0J1175>@@0>0*>*1>7>

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 9a anto4 B.4 C 'a ton4 9. ,*010-. Pa ado+ and # o%i"e: 9$S#ace4 )ace/oo!4 and the "ocio#olitic" o) "ocial netwo !ing in the w iting cla"" oo%. Computers and Composition, &(,1-4 5G371. doi:10.101GJ<.co%#co%.*00>.11.005 9e chant4 B. ,*00>-. We/ *.04 new lite acie"4 and the idea o) lea ning th ough #a tici#ation. "nglish Teaching% )ractice and Criti*ue, +,5-4 10131**. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@G>5>1C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"ite Notle$4 T. ,*00@-. Online netwo ! u"e in "chool": Social and educational o##o tunitie". ,outh Studies Australia, &(,5-4 *03*>. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@17551C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJwww.ac$".in)oJ<ou nalJi""ue"J&*13n53 *00@Ja ticleN"u%%a ie"N"e#te%/e N*00@Ja ticleN*

P en"!$4 9. ,*001- .MDigital Nati&e"4 Digital I%%ig ant" Pa t 1M4 On the Ho i;on4 Ool. > I"": 84 ##.1 3 G Reich4 S. 9. ,*010-. Adole"cent"P "en"e o) co%%unit$ on 9$S#ace and )ace/oo!: A %i+ed3%ethod" a## oach. Journal of Community )sychology, +,G-4 G@@3108. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@>8@05C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJd+.doi.o gJ10.100*J<co#.*05@> Selw$n4 N. and B ant4 L. ,*00>a-. Re"ea ching the ealitie" o) "ocial "o)twa e u"e Q an I nt oduction. Learning, Media and Technology4 57,*-:1>Q@G. Selw$n4 N. ,*00>/-. :acewo !ing: E+#lo ing "tudent"P education3 elated u"e o) M)ace/oo!M. Learning, Media and Technology, !,*-4 1813117. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@8G@71C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJwww.in)o %awo ld.co%Jo#enu lK gen eLa ticleCidLdoi:10.10@0J1175>@@0>0*>*5G** -hat is .e/ &.0 - 12reilly media Ret ie&ed 5J1@J*0114 *0114 ) o%

SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS htt#:JJo eill$.co%Jwe/*Ja chi&eJwhat3i"3we/3*0.ht%l Eoung4 =. R. ,*010-. Teaching with twitte : Not )o the )aint o) hea t. "ducation Digest% "ssential 3eadings Condensed for 4uic5 3e#ie., (6,1-4 >31*. Ret ie&ed ) o% htt#:JJ"ea ch.e/"coho"t.co%Jlogin.a"#+K di ectLt ueCd/Le icCANLE=@15G80C"iteLeho"t3li&eC"co#eL"iteF htt#:JJwww.eddige"t.co%Jinde+.#h#

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