Neuroscience Handout

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT OR PYRAMIDAL TRACT 1ynapse / t& ga!!a !otorneurons n la! na +3 MOTOR CORTEX (Area 3, 1 & 2 of postcentral gyrus) Efferent f "ers e6 t sp nal cor# as 0entral root f "ers Poster or l !" of nternal capsule Efferent !pulses st !ulate !uscle sp n#les M ##le crus of cere"r Muscle contract on $rea%s up nto "un#les for! ng t&e ME'())AR* P*RAM+' 1,- of f "ers #o not cross t&e !e#ulla .,- of f "ers #ecussate to ot&er s #e n t&e lo/er le0els of !e#ulla 'escen#s as )ATERA) CORT+CO1P+2A) TRACT (passes to all cor# le0els n CORT+CO1P+2A) TRACT lateral fun culus) synapse on nterneurons of la! nae +3 t&roug& 3+++ nterneurons synapse / t& !otor neurons n la! nae +X at t&e r le0els of ter! nat on f "ers #ecussate 0 a 3E2TRA) 45+TE COMM+1(RE !otor neurons nner0ate !uscles n # stal parts of e6tre! t es MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEX Tap on !uscle ten#on 1tretc& ng of ntrafusal f "ers (s nce !uscle sp n#les are arrange# parallel to e6trafusal f "ers) 1tretc& ng st !ulates group 1A f "ers (pr !ary afferents) Ascen# to t&ala!us (nucleus 0entral s lateral s) +!pulse tra0els 0 a #orsal root f "ers Motor corte6, frontal lo"e 7 "ers enter posterolateral fasc culus () ssauer8s tract) Pyra! #al tract (!otor pat&/ays) 1ynapse / t& nterneurons
For easy remembrance: Cerebro-Ponto-Cerebello-DentatoThalamo-Cerebro-Spinal Circuit

CORTICOBULBAR TRACT Areas 9 & : of corte6 A6ons acco!pany cort cosp nal tract Ta%es a # 0ergent route at M+'$RA+2 le0el

'escen# n anter or fun culus of cer0 cal & upper t&orac c COR' )E3E)1 (3E2TRA))

7 "ers ter! nate n t&e $RA+21TEM (" laterally), /&ere t&ey nfluence !otor nucle of C2 +++ to X++ (e6cept 3+++) an# sensory ;relay< neurons CEREBELLAR PATHWAY (CEREBRO-CEREBELLO-PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY) Motor corte6 (precentral gyrus, frontal lo"e) T&ala!us (nucleus 0entral s lateral s) 'ecussates at t&e re# nucleus of !esencep&alon Rostral cere"ellar pe#uncle (pons) M ##le cere"ellar pe#uncle (pons) 'entate nucleus at t&e poster or part of t&e cere"ellu! Pur% n=e cell of cere"ellu! M ##le cere"ellar pe#uncle /&ere t #ecussates at t&e "as s pont s

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CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF UMN AND LMN LESIONS UMN Paraly>es !o0e!ents n &e! pleg c, ?ua#r pleg c, parapleg c # str "ut on Atrop&y of # suse 5yperact 0e M1Rs Clasp@%n fe spast c tyA Clonus (C) E6tensor toe s gn B $a" ns%

Neuroscience Handout7orear!

CH@C: CH, CI CH, CI@C: C:, T1 CI@T1 )1@)3 )G@12 )2@)9 )9@11 )G@12

Ra# al Me# an ner0e Ra# al, postK +nterosseous Me# an ner0e 7e!oral ner0e +nfer or gluteal O"turator ner0e 1uper or gluteal ner0e 1c at c ner0e

Tr ceps 7le6or carp ra# al s E6tK carp ra# al s longus E6tK carp ulnar s Opponens poll c s +l opsoas Lluteus !a6 !us A##uctor longus !agnus, "re0 s Lluteus !e# us $ ceps fe!or s, se! @ ten# nosus, se! @ !e!"ranosus Fua#r ceps fe!or s Anter or t " al Lastrocne! us 1oleus T " al s poster or Peroneus longus, "re0 s

LMN Paraly>es n# 0 #ual !uscles or set of !uscles n root or per p&eral ner0e # str "ut ons Atrop&y of #ener0at on 5ypoact 0e or a"sent M1R 5ypoton aB7lacc # ty 7asc culat ons an# f "r llat ons (@) E6tensor toe s gn B $a" ns%

e6tens on Ra# al fle6 on of /r st 4r st e6tens on Oppos t on Lr p 5 p fle6 on T& g& e6tens on A##uct on of t& g& A"#uct on of t& g& Mnee fle6 on

*Lead-pipe rigidity, on the other hand, indicates an extrapyramidal lesion

MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEX , D arefle6 0e 1 D &yporefle6 0e 2 D nor!al 3 D &yperrefle6 0e 9 D &yperrefle6 0e / t& clonus grade !, the median in " to # is the normal $S%& Muscle Stretc Re!le"es Ea/ Eer% $ ceps Tr ceps $rac& ora# al s 7 nger fle6 on B 5off!an8s A"#o! nal M1R Fua#r ceps Tr ceps surae $a" ns% Se#$e%t&l I%%er'&t()% C2G, 33 CG@CH CH@CI CI@C: CI@T1 T:@T12 )2@)9 )G@12 11, 12

Mnee e6tens on 'ors fle6 on of foot Plantarfle6 o n of foot +n0ers on of foot E0ers on of foot

)2@)9 )9, )G 11, 12 )9, )G )G, 11

7e!oral ner0e Peroneal (#eep) T " al ner0e T " al ner0e Peroneal (super or)

MUSCLE STREN*TH TESTIN* , D no t/ tc& 1 D /B t/ tc& "ut no !o0e!ent 2 D /B !o0e!ent, not aga nst gra0 ty 3 D aga nst gra0 ty, not aga nst res stance 9 D aga nst sl g&t res stance G D aga nst !a6 !u! res stance remember, grade " and ' ( no muscle mo)ement* grade !, +, #, , ( -ith muscle mo)ement& ACTIONS TESTED Ele0at on of s&oul#ersJ Antero@ fle6 onJ Turn ng of &ea# Ar! a"#uct on Ar! (fle6e#) a##uct on 7orear! fle6 on ROOT S C211 NER+ES 1p nal Accessory MUSCLES Trape> us, 1CM

CG, CH CH@C: CG@CH

A6 llary ner0e $rac& al ple6us Musculo@ cutaneous ner0e

'elto # )at ss !us 'ors $ ceps, "rac& al s

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