Chem 120A (4.3) Lets go back to the Mickey simulation again.

Well use the same overall function to build Mickeys: + =

2 ears + 1 head 1 Mickey This time, lets have the following box o parts:

+ box o ears box o heads

box o Mickeys

When we run the simulation, were out of heads but still have ears left over! No biggie, just means we initially had extra ears, or an excess. Additionally, we are limited to producing 4 Mickeys since we ran out of heads. We knew this right away, since 4 heads can only make 4 Mickeys, and 10 ears could make 5 Mickeys!

Chem 120A (4.3) Lets fool around a little more with stoichiometry using an actual reaction:

2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
How much H2 will be produced by the reaction of 20.0 g of Al and 50.0 g of HCl? Using the stoichiometric ratios, we can figure out how much H2 could be produced by each reactant:

20.0 g Al

3 mols H2 1 mol Al = 1.11 mols H2 26.982 g Al 2 mols Al HCl = L.R.

50.0 g HCl

3 mols H2 1 mol HCl = 0.686 mols H2 36.461 g HCl 6 mols HCl

The reaction will end once 0.686 mols of H2 are produced, since the HCl will run out. HCl limits the reaction to a certain amount of product, therefore is called the limiting reactant, or also the limiting reagent (L.R.). The amount of a specific product produced by the L.R. is called the theoretical yield (or expected yield) of the reaction.

Chem 120A (4.3)

If the theoretical yield is achieved, we should be able to determine how many mols of Al and HCl will be present once the reaction is completed:
Since HCl is the limiting reactant: mols HCl = 0 Since Al was not the L.R., it is said to be in excess, and we can calculate how much should be remaining from the amount of HCl that reacts: 50.0 g HCl 20.0 g Al 1 mol HCl 36.461 g HCl 2 mols Al 6 mols HCl = 0.457 mol Al reacts

1 mol Al
26.982 g Al

= 0.741 mol Al present initially

Al in excess = 0.741 mol 0.457 mol = 0.284 mol Al What if we observed that only 0.437 mols of H2 were produced?

% yield =

actual yield 100% = theoretical yield

0.437 100% = 63.7 % 0.686

reaction only 64% complete

Chem 120A (4.3, 5.7) Practice problem #67 Dinitrogen pentoxide gas is observed to spontaneously decompose into dinitrogen tetroxide gas and oxygen gas in a 4.00 L rigid reaction vessel held at 300.0 K. If 0.500 mols of dinitrogen pentoxide decompose with a 45% efficiency in this vessel, what is PT, in atm, at the end of the reaction?

The reaction: N2O5(g) N2O4(g) + O2(g) 2

2 N2O5(g) 2 N2O4(g) + O2(g) The reaction only has 1 reactant, so the L.R. must be N2O5. Since the decomposition is only 45% efficient, we know how many mols of N2O5 actually react: 0.500 mols 0.45 = 0.23 mols N2O5 react Mols of product gas produced: 0.23 mols N2O5 0.23 mols N2O5 2 mols N2O4 2 mols N2O5 1 mol O2 2 mols N2O5 = 0.23 mols N2O4 = 0.12 mols O2

Chem 120A (4.3, 5.7) Practice problem #67 Dinitrogen pentoxide gas is observed to spontaneously decompose into dinitrogen tetroxide gas and oxygen gas in a 4.00 L rigid reaction vessel held at 300.0 K. If 0.500 mols of dinitrogen pentoxide decompose with a 45% efficiency in this vessel, what is PT, in atm, at the end of the reaction?

The reaction: N2O5(g) N2O4(g) + O2(g) 2

2 N2O5(g) 2 N2O4(g) + O2(g)

Since the reaction does not go to completion, we still will have N2O5 floating around in excess. The excess amount is the amount which hasnt decomposed: nN2O5 = 0.500 0.23 = 0.27 mols
From here, nT = nN2O5 + nN2O4 + nO2 = 0.27 + 0.23 + 0.12 = 0.62 mols And:

PT =

(0.62)(0.082057)(300.0) (4.00)

= 3.8 atm

Chem 120A (4.4)

Practice problem #68

25.00 mL of 1.0 M aqueous silver nitrate and 35.00 mL of 1.0 M aqueous potassium carbonate are mixed together in a 400 mL beaker. Determine if a precipitate will form, and if so, how many mols are expected. To determine if a precipitate forms, we check the solubility rules and see the Ag+(aq) and CO32(aq) in the original solutions will not remain soluble. The reaction is:

2 AgNO3(aq) + K2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

So, a precipitate WILL form. To quantify how much, well need to determine which reactant limits the reaction. We can use the volume and molarities given to do this: 1.0 mols AgNO3 1 mol Ag2CO3 = 0.0125 mols Ag2CO3 25.00 mL AgNO3 2 mols AgNO3 1000 mL AgNO3 35.00 mL K2CO3 1.0 mols K2CO3 1000 mL K2CO3 1 mol Ag2CO3 1 mol K2CO3 = 0.035 mols Ag2CO3