LIDAR

Raaz Dwivedi Kumar Goutam Abhinav Kumar Rastogi B.Tech 16 B.Tech 23 B.Tech 24

MOTIVATION!

MOTIVATION ? THE FIRST ONE

The first person to measure the distance to the Moon was the 2nd-century-BC astronomer and geographer Hipparchus. He was approximately 26,000 km off the actual distance, an error of about 6.8%. He used simple trigonometry.

MOTIVATION ? THE FIRST ONE

Today we know, the actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the moon, from 356,700 kilometres (221,600 mi) at the perigee and 406,300 kilometres (252,500 mi) at apogee. How do we gather such accurate information?

SECOND - AN EXCITING ONE !

How did we figure out that the topography of Mars is something like this ?
Also, how does a spacecraft ensure that it lands safely on such an unknown terrain ?

THIRD - AN OBVIOUS ONE!

How does this device detect the speed and what is its name?

MOTIVATION - ENOUGH!

And many more thunders and wonders!

Lets explore all of them together .

OVERVIEW

Introduction
Why LiDAR ? Principle Design and Working Classifications

LiDAR in Remote Sensing

Meteorology Terrain Mapping

Other Applications
LiDAR Speed Gun Military Archaeology Geology

Future
News Auto driving NASA Project Country Mapping In Movies

LIDAR MEANING ?

Light Detection And Ranging

An optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser

WHY LIDAR?

We already have RADAR right?

Why develop a new technology? LiDAR has many advantages over RADAR

Though in some applications RADAR wins!

WHY LIDAR ?

Time to Collect 1 Million Points

Conventional Surveying: 15.5 years Photogrammetry: 1.5 years

LiDAR : 6.7 seconds @ 150 kHz (Yo ! )

LIDAR VS RADAR

LiDAR needs much higher processing speed and storage capacity as it collects huge data LiDAR is suited for low level high accuracy surveys
Limitation in navigation accuracy comes due to limitations of the GPS system

MAIN COMPONENTS OF LIDAR

PRINCIPLE ? - SIMPLE !

Similar principle to RADAR pulses of light emitted into the atmosphere and scattered back by some agents Light collected by a telescope(receiver)

PRINCIPLE ? - SIMPLE !

Spectrometers or interference filters isolate wavelength concerned Photon-counting or analogue detection

Time-of-flight gives scattering height

TYPICAL LIDAR EQUATION

Transmitted pulse power Backscatter coefficient of atmosphere

P(,r) = P0 A E (,r) exp-{ 2 0 (,r) dr } r r2

Solid angle subtended by mirror Received power Efficiency of optics and electronics Transmittivity of atmosphere: contributions to from scattering by air and aerosols, absorption by gases

LIDAR GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Use of ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light i.e. wavelength ranging between 250nm to 10um Used for a wide range of targets, including non-metallic objects, rocks, rain, chemical compounds, aerosols, clouds and even single molecules.

PULSE MODELS

Two types of pulse models : Micropulse LiDAR system and High Energy system Micropulse system Less energy Laser order of 1 J Eye-Safe High Energy system Common in atmospheric research Measures temperature, pressure, wind etc

HIGH ENERGY SYSTEM

Typical Pulse Energy 10 400 mJ

Typical Repetition Rate 10 50 s-1 Typical Pulse Length 3 ns

Linearly polarised (Usually fixed wavelength dye lasers and some solid state lasers tuneable)

DETECTION SCHEME

Two kinds of detection schema

Incoherent i.e. direct energy detection
Principally an Amplitude measurement

Coherent detection (best for Doppler)

Phase sensitive measurement

Coherent system more sensitive than direct, operates at a lower power but requires more complex Transceiver

LIDAR CLASSIFICATION

Based on looking 1. Upward looking,

eg. to determine aerosol content in air

2. Downward looking,
eg. to determine the terrain of the region

3. Horizontal looking,
eg. to determine the shape of the near-by buildings

LIDAR ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION

Based on Back-Scattering
1. Rayleigh LiDAR 2. Mie LiDAR

3. Raman LiDAR (Yo INDIA )

4. Fluorescence LiDAR

LIDAR IN REMOTE SENSING

FIRST USE IN METEOROLOGY !

The Upper Atmosphere above Antarctica under LiDAR beams

WHAT CAN WE MEASURE WITH LIDAR ?

Clouds Aerosol Water vapour Minor constituents e.g. ozone, hydrocarbons Temperature Wind

LiDAR can be used from the ground, aircraft or even from space

USES

Differential Absorption LiDAR (DIAL) to measure gas content in atmosphere (on line /off line ? )
Doppler LiDAR and Rayleigh Doppler LiDAR to measure temperature and/or wind speed eg. NASA's HARLIE LiDAR Olympics Yacht Racing

LOOKING THROUGH VEGETATION

In densely forested areas, RADAR tends to hit more tree trunks, producing scattering effect. Commercial systems use Side Looking RADAR.
LiDAR uses a LASER beam pointing straight down. A return is received if there is a hole in the canopy.

ADVANTAGES

Better Height Resolution

Better Time Resolution

Backscattered signals Ready Interpretation May be mounted on trailers or aircraft for mobile operation Easy Operation

DISADVANTAGES

Large data handling capacity needed Systems to observe the stratosphere tend to be large and expensive

Precise alignment must be maintained

OTHER APPLICATIONS

LIDAR SPEED GUN

Device used by the police for speed limit enforcement which uses LiDAR Working?

3D LASER SCANNING

Uses Real-Time 3D imaging and capturing Revolutionized mining industries for mapping underground assets
Ideal for historical documentation and/or rehabilitation

MILITARY

NATO report claimed LiDAR to be the Best option for the near-term (20082010) application of stand-off(?) detection systems from Biological Warfares is Ultraviolet Laser Induced Fluorescence (UV LIF)
Fully Autonomous Flight in June 2010 Boeing 6

Currently a lot of research investment DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency)

GEOLOGY

Mt. St. Helens (2004)

Aircraft-based LiDAR and GPS has evolved into an important tool for detecting faults and for measuring uplift. Also for studying effects of earthquakes

FUTURE

IN NEWS

India BMC plans to use it for Land Surveying in Mumbai (Oct 14 , 2012) 28th October 2012, New York Times Headlines: Yes, Driverless Cars Know the Way to San Jose!
Googles Auto Driving Car

BRIGHT FUTURE

Self Driving Cars is the most important thing that computers are going to do in the next 10 years. And Self Driving is possible because of LiDAR!

BRIGHT FUTURE ?

NASA PROJECT

Currently, NASA is developing novel lidar sensors aimed at needs of future planetary landing missions. These lidar sensors are a 3-Dimensional Imaging Flash LiDAR, a Doppler LiDAR and a Laser Altimeter.

NASA PROJECT

From over 20 km - Laser Altimeter

From 15 - 10 km - Laser Altimeter / Flash LiDAR From over 2 km Doppler LiDAR

From over 1 km 3D Imaging Flash LiDAR

AWESOME DENMARK !

LIDAR SCANNING FOR MOVIES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Prof. Girish Kumar

Wikipedia Prof. G. Vaughan, University of Manchester, UK

NASA