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CLEAVAGE (PEMBELAHAN)
PRONUCLEI
ZYGOTE
Pembelahan (CLEAVAGE)
Cleavage ?
Ketika zigot telah terbentuk, maka dimulailah pembelahan mitosis pada zigot yang dikenal dengan tahapan pembelahan (cleavage). Dalam fase ini, zygot berubah bentuk dari sel tunggal menjadi sebuah masa sel yang solid/padat disebut morula. Morula berkembang menjadi bola sel yang berrongga (rongga =blastosel), disebut blastula. Sel-sel kecil hasil pembelahan tersebut dikenal dengan istilah blastomer.
Cell cycles of somatic cells and early blastomeres. (A) The simple biphasic cell cycle of the early amphibian blastomeres has only two states, S and M. Cyclin synthesis allows progression to M (mitosis), while cyclin degradation allows cells to pass into S (synthesis) phase. (B) Cell cycle of a typical somatic cell. Mitosis (M) is followed by an interphasestage. This latter period is subdivided into G1, S (synthesis), and G2 phases. Cells that are differentiating are usually taken out of the cell cycle and are in an extended G1 phase called G0. The cyclins and their respective kinases responsible for the progression through the cell cycle are shown at their point of cell cycle regulation. (B after Nigg 1995.) Copyright 2000 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Mekanisme Pembelahan
Sebagian besar hewan (kecuali mamalia) mempunyai sel telur dengan polaritas yang jelas. Polaritas ditentukan oleh mRNA, protein dan kuning telur (yolk). Yolk terkonsentrasi pada satu kutub, disebut kutub vegetal (vegetal pole). Kutub yang berlawanan(konsentrasi yolk rendah) kemudian disebut kutub animal (animal pole)
Comparison of early cleavage in (A) echinoderms and amphibians (radial cleavage) and (B) mammals (rotational cleavage). Nematodes also have a rotational form of cleavage, but they do not form the blastocyst structure characteristic of mammals. (After Gulyas 1975.)
Pembelahan meroblastik (meroblastic cleavage) adalah pembelahan tidak sempurna pada sel telur yang kaya kuning telur. Pada sel telur yang kaya yolk (misal sel telur aves), pembelahan hanya terjadi pada cakram kecil sitoplasma bebas yolk yang terletak dalam satu daerah kecil dari lingkaran besar yolk. Pembelahan holoblastik (holoblastic cleavage) berarti pembelahan sempurna (seluruh bagian sel telur) pada sel telur yang mempunyai yolk sedikit (misal :bulu babi) dan sedang (misal : katak)
Figure 8.1 Rate of formation of new cells during the early development of the frog Rana pipiens. (After Sze 1953.) Copyright 2000 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Development of a human embryo from fertilization to implantation. Compaction of the human embryo occurs on day 4 when it is at the 10-cell stage. The embryo hatches from the zona pellucida upon reaching the uterus. During its migration to the uterus, the zona prevents the embryo from prematurely adhering to the oviduct rather than traveling to the uterus. (After Tuchmann-Duplessis et al. 1972.) Copyright 2000 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
-The cleavage of a single mouse embryo in vitro. (A) 2-cell stage. (B) 4-cell stage. (C) Early 8-cell stage. (D) Compacted 8cell stage. (E) Morula. (F) Blastocyst. (From Mulnard 1967; photographs courtesy of J. G. Mulnard.)
Mouse blastocyst hatching from the zona pellucida. (Photograph from Mark et al. 1985, courtesy of E. Lacy.)
Implantation of the mammalian blastocyst into the uterus. (A Mouse blastocysts entering the uterus. (B) Initial implantation of the blastocyst in a rhesus monkey. (A from Rugh 1967; B courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Chester Reather, photographer.)
Tissue formation in the human embryo between days 7 and 11(expl. of the fig.)
(A, B) Human blastocyst immediately prior to gastrulation. The inner cell mass delaminates hypoblast cells that line the blastocoel, forming the extraembryonic endoderm of the primitive yolk sac and a twolayered (epiblast and hypoblast) blastodisc similar to that seen in avian embryos. The trophoblast in some mammals can be divided into the polar trophoblast, which covers the inner cell mass, and the mural trophoblast, which does not. The trophoblast divides into the cytotrophoblast, which will form the villi, and the syncytiotrophoblast, which will ingress into the uterine tissue. (C) Meanwhile, the epiblast splits into the amnionic ectoderm (which encircles the amnionic cavity) and the embryonic epiblast. The adult mammal forms from the cells of the embryonic epiblast. (D) The extraembryonic endoderm forms the yolk sac. (After Gilbert 1989; Larsen 1993.)