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Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from NaKATPase)
Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase
(also known as the
Na
+
/K
+
pump
,
sodium-potassium pump
, or simply
NAKA
, for short) is anenzyme (EC 3.6.3.9 (http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/nicezyme.pl?3.6.3.9)) located in the plasma membrane (specificallyan electrogenic transmembrane ATPase). It is found in the human cell and is common to all cellular life.
Function
The Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, avail transport and regulate cellular volume.
Resting potential
See also: Resting potential
In order to maintain the cell potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassiumions within the cell (intracellular). Outside of the cells (extracellular), there are high concentrations of sodium and lowconcentrations of potassium, so diffusion occurs through ion channels in the plasma membrane. In order to keep theappropriate concentrations, the sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium out and potassium in through active transport.As the plasma membrane is far less permeable to sodium than it is to potassium ions, an electric potential (negativeintracellularly) is the eventual result.
Contents
1 Function
1.1 Resting potential
1.2 Transport
2 Mechanism
3 Regulation
3.1 Endogenous
3.2 Exogenous
4 Discovery
5 Genes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Flow of ions.Alpha and beta units.
Page 1 of 12Na+/K+-ATPase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia2/17/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaKATPase
The resting potential avails action potentials of nerves and muscles.
Transport
Export of sodium from the cell provides the driving force for several facilitated membrane transport proteins, which import glucose, amino acids and othernutrients into the cell. Translocation of sodium from one side of an epithelium to the other side creates an osmotic gradient that drives the absorption of water.Another important task of the Na
+
-K
+
pump is to provide a Na
+
gradient that is used by certain carrier processes. In the gut, for example, sodium istransported out of the resorbing cell on the blood side via the Na
+
-K
+
pump, whereas, on the resorbing side, the Na
+
-Glucose symporter uses the created Na
+
gradient as a source of energy to import both Na
+
and Glucose, which is far more efficient than simple diffusion. Similar processes are located in the renaltubular system.
Mechanism
The pump, with bound ATP, binds 3 intracellular Na
+
ions.
ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conservedaspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP.
A conformational change in the pump exposes the Na
+
ions to the outside. Thephosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na
+
ions, so they arereleased.
The pump binds 2 extracellular K
+
ions. This causes the dephosphorylation of thepump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the K
+
ionsinto the cell.
The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na
+
ions than K
+
ions, so the two bound K
+
ions are released. ATP binds, and the process startsagain.
Regulation
Endogenous
The Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase is thought to be downregulated by cAMP.
[1]
Thus, substances causing an increase in cAMP downregulates Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase. These include the ligands of the G
s
-coupled GPCRs. In contrast, substances causing a decrease in cAMP upregulates Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase. These include the ligands of the G
i
-coupled GPCRs. It should be noted thatcAMP also acts as a second messenger causing an increase in protein abundance of Na-K-ATPase.
Page 2 of 12Na+/K+-ATPase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia2/17/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaKATPase
Exogenous
The Na
+
-K
+
-ATPase can be pharmacologically modified by administrating drugs exogenously. For instance, Na
+
-K
+
-ATPase found in the membrane of heart cells is an important target of cardiac glycosides (for example digoxin and ouabain), inotropicdrugs used to improve heart performance by increasing its force of contraction.Contraction of any muscle is dependent on a 100- to 10,000-times higher-than-resting intracellular Ca
2+
concentration, which, as soon as it is put back againon its normal level by a carrier enzyme in the plasma membrane, and a calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle relaxes.Since this carrier enzyme (Na
+
-Ca
2+
translocator) uses the Na gradient generated by the Na
+
-K
+
pump to remove Ca
2+
from the intracellular space, slowingdown the Na
+
-K
+
pump results in a permanently-higher Ca
2+
level in the muscle, which will eventually lead to stronger contractions.
Discovery
Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase was discovered by Jens Christian Skou in 1957 while working as assistant professor at the Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus,Denmark. He published his work in 1957.
[2]
In 1997, he received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na
+
, K
+
-ATPase."
[3]
Genes
Alpha: ATP1A1
[1] (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1A1)
, ATP1A2
[2](http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1A2)
, ATP1A3
[3] (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1A3)
, ATP1A4
[4] (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1A4)
. #1 predominates in kidney. #2 is also known as"alpha(+)"
Beta: ATP1B1
[5] (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1B1)
,
ATP1B2 (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?match=ATP1B2)
, ATP1B3
[6] (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=ATP1B3)
,
ATP1B4(http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?match=ATP1B4)
See also
V-ATPase
active transport
References
1.
^
Regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase anchored on membrane via its anchoring protein(http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/279/5/C1516) Kinji Kurihara, Nobuo Nakanishi, and Takao Ueha. Departments of 1 Oral PhysiologyPage 3 of 12Na+/K+-ATPase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia2/17/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaKATPase
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