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8 European Standard EN 12175. Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human
consumption - Hexafiuorosiiicic acid. July 2006.
9 European Standard EN 12173. Chemicals used for treatment o f water intended for human
consumption - Sodium fluoride. June 2005.
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community water fluoridation. Engineering:
Water Fluoridation Additives Fact Sheet.
httD://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/factsheets/engineering/wfadditives.htm
15
"Types of Fluoride Additives

Community water systems in the United States use one of three additives
for water fluoridation. Decisions on which additive to use are based on cost
of product, product-handling requirements, space availability, and
equipment.
T he three additives are:
Fluorosilicic acid: a w ater-based solution used by m ost w ater fluoridation

program s in the United States. Fluorosilicic acid is also referred to as
) ( hydrofluorosilicate, FSA , or HF S .
Sodium fluorosilicate: a dry additive, dissolved into a solution before being

added to water.
Sodium fluoride: a dry additive, typically used in small water systems,
"dissolved into a solution before being added to water.
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18
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18 Finney WF, Wilson E, Callender A et al, Reexamination of hexafluorosilicate hydrolysis by 19F

NMR and pH measurement. Environmental Science & Technology, 40:2572-2577, 2006.
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24 EPA. Fluoride: Exposure and relative source contribution analysis. 820-R-10-015. December 2010.
http://water.epa gov/action/ad visories/drinking/upload/Fluoridereport.pdf
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1 12
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60
50
40
30
Ni
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10
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Cu
1200
1000
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800
600
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PHFD unit

----

----
116
:79 -
pH
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PHFD unit

-----

#
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c
P
cr
#
q
T
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cr
cr
pH
pH

----

----
20/ 12/2012
20/ 12/2011
20 / 12/2010
20/12/2009
:81 - pH
pH unit
9 < .......
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7 -
4 -
U 1
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117
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10 98 -
PHFD unit
*

>U
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6_ ;
....
3 -
2
1 -

.....
... .....
.......
rS?5
:83 -
pH
10
PHFD unit

8
6
......
>
:84 -
118
:85 -
:86 -
:87 -
cnn
M n !1g /l
500
- 4
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aV
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aV
'o
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119
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:89 -
600
Mn n g /l
-
500
400
300
200
10020/ 12/2012
20/ 12/2010
20/ 12/2011
0
'20/12
m
:90 -
6000
Zn n g /l
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
&
&
120
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500 4nnqnn
jUU

600
n ir .
n^ n
^
^
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n^ n
^
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6
Zn ng/l
5000 4
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&
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121
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200
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01
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122
: 96 ,
, 0.1/
0.8/ , (
,23% ) , 1:260,000
:
79.11%
:
) ( w/ w
)(gr/m ol

)(gr/m ol
( )%
1.01
2.02
1.40
Si
28.09
28.09
19.49
19
114.00
79.11
144.11
100.00
H2SiF6
= 230 = 23% .
= 182 (.)230 * 79.11/100

= 0.7 () 0.8-0.1
1:260,000 :
(.) 182* 1000/0.7
( ,) worst-case scenario:
, (
) . ,:
1.3 .
( ) 23%:
.) 182* 1000/1.3( 1:140,000

, ,
,14%
1:158,000 . 1:85,000
123
:97
> 25
500 - ,
0.67/ , 3 . ,
:
.
( Paraiba ,
).
, ,
8 ( 5.45/).
( 3 ) 8
, 6 .
.
3 :
.
()Cmax
()Tmax
)(AUC0-6
/ 102 2/102.
02/ 3
:
)(absorption
).(distribution
) ,(elimination :
.
Whitford GM, Sampaio FC, Pinto CS et al. Pharmacokinetics of ingested fluoride: lake o f effect of5
chemical compound. Archives of Oral Biology 53:1037-1041, 2008.
124
' :1/97

Minutes Alter Dose
"
if
* M2$ig S45 pprs
E
2
CL
Minutes after dose

Fig. 2 - Time courses of n e t plasm a fluoride concentrations
)after ingestion of 500 mL of w ater containing 0.67 ppm (A
or 5.45 ppm (B) fluoride which w as p resen t from natural
sources or added as sodium fluoride or fluorosilicic add.
1/102:
.

. :
,
(
A . , B
).

, 0.67-5.45 .
:
,
( A .)B
125
/ 02
.2/102 ,) ( Cmax, Tmax, AUC0.6 : ,
.
. :2/97
. .
Table 2 - Maximum fluoride concentrations (C ). tim e to reach C__ (Tmm1) and areas under the tim e-plasm a fluoride
concentration curves (AUC)
W ater [FI
(mg/L)
0.67
; 5.45
moVL)
Natural
0.58 0.06
617 034
AUC (iimol h L { 1 JUDSlilt
( h)
Artificial
NaF
HjSiF*
0.53 0 0 8
7.07 0.35
0.61 0.03
6.67 0 .4 4
Natural
0.80 0.08
0.67 0 .0 0
Artificial
NaF
HjSiFt
0.93 0.07
0.74 0.07
0.74 0.07
0.74 0.07
Natural
1.01 0.22
13.98 0.58
Artificial
NaF
HjSiFj
1.07 0.23
13.94 1.07
L08 0.22
13.50 0.59
Data expressed as m ean S.L (n = 5). There w ere n o statistically significant differences for any o f th ree variables w hen th e 0.67 m gL o r the
5.45 mg/L w ater w as ingested.
126
:98 .

worst case scenario - ,

, 40,000: .
9 1/103.
:1/98
( , )
1
(/
FSA
100%
0)
( ) w/w
%
(/)
01

(/)
2013
(/)

()%
Sb
80
23
18
1/140,000
0.00013
0.0022
As
400
23
92
1/140,000
0.00066
10
0.0066
Cd
40
23
1/140,000
0.00007
0.0013
Cr
400
23
92
1/140,000
0.00066
50
0.0013
Pb
400
23
92
1/140,000
0.00066
10
0.0066
Hg
10
23
1/140,000
0.00002
0.00164
Ni
400
23
92
1/140,000
0.00066
20
0.0033
Se
80
23
18
1/140,000
0.00013
10
0.0013
(
) , . .2-3/103
127
:2/98

( , )
7
2013
(/
)
.!
()%
0.0012
("/"
aFSA
100%
0)
( )w/w
%
(/
)
(/)
Sb
80
14
11
1/158,257
0.00007
0.0035
As
400
14
56
1/158,257
0.00035
10
Cd
40
14
1/158,257
0.00004
0.0007
Cr
400
14
56
1/158,257
0.00035
50
0.0007
Pb
400
14
56
1/158,257
0.00035
10
0.0035
Hg
10
14
1/158,257
0.00001
0.0009
Ni
400
14
56
1/158,257
0.00035
20
0.0018
Se
80
14
11
1/158,257
0.00007
10
0.0007
:3/98

( , )
3

(/
FSA
100%
)
( )w/w
%
(/)
(/)
2013
(/)

()%
14
11
1/85,217
0.00013
0.0022
56
1/85,217
0.00066
10
0.0066
1/85,217
0.00007
0.0013
0.00066
50
0.0013
10
0.0066
0.0016
Sb
80
As
400
14
Cd
40
14
Cr
400
14
56
1/85,217
Pb
400
14
56
1/85,217
0.00066
Hg
10
14
1/85,217
0.00002
Ni
400
14
56
1/85,217
0.00066
20
0.0033
Se
80
14
11
1/85,217
0.00013
10
0.0013
128
:99 pH -
,
6 ( -) ,
:
H2SiF6 + 2H20 = Si02 + 6F +6ET

:
23%
( . ) molar 1.596 , 1:140,000-1:260,000
molar 65-6.14 * 10. 1.14* 10

, mol 1/5 -6.84 * 10'5 - 3.68 * 10
, ([ ,) pH = -log [HT pH 5.83 - 5.56 -.
:
14%
( . ) molar 0.971 , 1:85,000 , 1:158,000
molar 65-6.14 * 10. 1.14* 10

, mol 5'10* 3.68 - 5'10* 1/6.84 -
, ([ ,) pH = -log [H1 pH 5.83 - 5.56 -.
129
:100!
.

(
)
.
, ,
, , .
( ) RfD , ,
( ) ( ).
, RfD e pa 0.06
.26
( European Food Safety Authority (EFSA Adequate Intake
( RfD -) 0.05
.27
.2

: :
.
:
. ,
, 0.5/ .
, * 8/
. ,
0.84-0.95/; 0.75-0.86 :/
( ) 90th percentile * . 50. 40- / .,
, 0.8/.
:
.

.
, ( 0.007-0.011/) . ,
.2-7
26 EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Fluorine (soluble fluoride).

http://www. epa.go v/iri s/sub st/0053. htm
27 Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fluoride. EFSA Journal 11(8):3332, 2013.
http://www.efsa.eur0pa.eu/en/efsair0umal/d0c/3332.pdf
130
( ) USDA , ,
.28
1/106 .
:1/100 USDA -

( , )
(-
)

(/)
0.01-0.33
0.04-2.10
0.06-0.72
0.01-0.55
0.01-0.13
0.14-0.84
0.44-2.02
0.08-1.09
0.52-0.91
95% . ,
.1.00-1.25% -
, . 2*4
, 0.3
( 0.13 0.07 ;5*7 11-13 0.04
.)20-35
.
: *
13-14 .
300*400/( 10-70,000 :/) . ,
28 US Department of Agriculture. USDA national fluoride database o f selected

Beverages and food, Release 2. December 2005.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/Fluoride/F02.pdf
131
60 , 100 - .
0.02-0.04 - .
: 0.8 .
: sulfuryl fluoride
(.) fumigant
: .
: ,
.
.
.3
:
, . ,
, , . 2/106

.
:2/100
(/)
DI
SI
SuF

(/)
0.07
0.02
0.03
1.21
69
0.34
0.04
0.05
1.58
40
0.04
0.06
2.03
40
0.07
2.16
40
2.41
51
2.91
60
DWI
FI
> 1 0.5
0.84
0.25
>4 1
0.63
0.16
0.36
>7 4
0.82
0.35
0.54
0.22
>11 7
0.86
0.41
0.60
0.18
0.04
11 - 14
1.23
0.47
0.38
0.2
0.04
0.09
>14
1.74
0.38
0.59
0.1
0.02
0.08
BI

()%
RSCwater
( ) RSCwater :
( R SC water ( % ) = D W I * 1 0 0 / (D W I + F I + B I + D I + S I + S u F
90 :
132

40-69% .
( ,)69% , , .
.4
? -:
D O SE water = RfD * R SC water
:
DOSEwater ( ) RSCwater '( ) RfD
.
( ) Cwater:
D O S E waIer / V water
Cwater
:
Vwater .
:
( ) BW 70.
4.2 .
RfD * BW = 0.06 * 70 = 4.2 mg Fluoride

60% ( ) 2/106 2.52
.
DOSEwater = 4.2 * 60 / 100 = 2.52 mg Fluoride

2 .
1.26"/.
Cwater= 2.52 / 2 = 1.26 mg/liter

: 1.26/
.
133
:101 ( )
&
2009
8
:
..........
:
134
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1. 1
3 .........................
4 .............
1.2 ( ) 4
( , , )
1. 3
1. 4
6 . . . ...................................
8 .........................................
1. 5
8 .................. ...................
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2.1
13 ...............................................................
2.2
14 ......................................................
2.3
1 5 ............................................
2.4
1 6 ............................................
3 1 7 . . . . . ..............................
. 1. 3
18 ......................................
. 2.3 20 .....................
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5
5.1
2 2 ............................ ........
2 4 . . ................
2 5 ................................................... , ...............
135
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6. 1
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6. 2
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6. 6
4 1 .....................
6. 7
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6. 9
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3
7.29
0.05
0.03
5
547
1
2
97
0.2
3
0.7
0.1
3
2
2
36
61.8
3
>
5
286.9
5.6
32.2
3
99
30
200 <
>
5000

CO
COBALT
AS
CO
MQ/I
|jmho/cm SP COND MICROMHOS/CM/25C EC
|jmho/cm SP COND FIELD DET.pMOHS/CIV ECFD
LI
LITHIUM AS LI
M9/I
MOLYBDENUM
MO
Mg/i
PHFD
PH
MEASURED
INFIELD
unit
DISS ORTHO PHOSPHATE AS P<P 04
mg/l
PTOT
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS AS P
mg/l
SN
TIN AS SN
Mg/i
SR
STRONTIUM
AS
SR
Mg/i
AG
SILVER
Mg/i
AS
ARSENIC AS AS
Mg/i
BA
BARIUM
AS
BA
Mg/i
CD
CADMIUM AS CD
Mg/i
CHROMIUM
TOTAL
AS
CR
CR
Mg/i
FLUORIDE ASF
F
mg/l
MERCURY AS HG
HG
Mg/i
Nl
NICKEL
AS
Nl
Mg/i
PB
LEAD AS PB
Mg/i
SE
SELENIUM
AS
SE
Mg/i
AL
ALUMINUM AS AL
Mg/i
CA
CALCIUM AS CA
mg/l
COPPER
AS
CU
CU
Mg/i
FE
IRON TOTAL
Mg/i
HARDNESS computed AS CAC03 HARD
mg/l
K
POTASSIUM AS K
mg/l
MG
MAGNESIUM AS MG
mg/l
MN
MANGANESE
TOTAL
AS
MN
Mg/i
NA
SODIUM AS NA
mg/l
ZN
ZINC
AS
ZN
Mg/i
COBALT AS CO
CO
3 Mg/i
SP
COND
MICROMHOS/CM/25C
EC
|j
mho/cm
940
932 |jmho/cm SP COND FIELD DET.!jMOHS/CIV ECFD

30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3
30/07/20 3

mn 0
mn 0
mn 0
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn

mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
06/08/20 3 mn
06/08/20 3 mn
06/08/20 3 mn
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5
89
6.5
0
76
<
70 <
9.5
<
<
<
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
11
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
80
50
0
0
0
100
200
0
0
0
0
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
10
1000
5
50
1.7
1
20
10
10
200
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
1400 <
1000 <
200 <
5000
<
8.5
74
6.5
0
86
70 <
9.5
<
3
3
7.22
0.03
0.03
5
458
1
2
113
0.2
3
0.43
0.1
3
2
2
22
65
3
5
279.7
4.6
28.5
3
77
26
3
1116
1103
4
3
8.2
0.03
M9/I
Mg/i
unit
mg/l
mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/i
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Mg/i
mg/l
Mg/i
LI
LITHIUM AS LI
MO
MOLYBDENUM
PHFD
PH MEASURED IN FIELD
DISS ORTHO PHOSPHATE AS P< P 04
PTOT
SN
TIN AS SN
SR
STRONTIUM AS SR
AG
SILVER
AS
ARSENIC AS AS
BA
BARIUM AS BA
CD
CADMIUM AS CD
CR
CHROMIUM TOTAL AS CR
F
FLUORIDE AS F
HG
MERCURY AS HG
NI
NICKEL AS NI
PB
LEAD AS PB
SE
SELENIUM AS SE
AL
ALUMINUM AS AL
CA
CALCIUM AS CA
CU
COPPER AS CU
FE
IRON TOTAL
K
POTASSIUM AS K
MG
MAGNESIUM AS MG
MN
MANGANESE TOTAL AS MN
NA
SODIUM AS NA
ZN
ZINC AS ZN
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
06/08/20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
mn 0
mn 0
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
Mg/i
|jmho/cm
|jmho/cm
Mg/i
Mg/l
unit
mg/l
CO
COBALT AS CO
SP COND MICROMHOS/CM/25C EC
SP COND FIELD DET.mMOHS/CIV ECFD
LI
LITHIUM AS LI
MO
MOLYBDENUM
PHFD
PH MEASURED IN FIELD
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<
<
0
0
100 <
10 <
5
0
0
47
1000
5 <
50 <
1.7
0
0
0
0
1<
20 <
0
0
0
0
10 <
10 <
0
0
0
0.8
25
200
80
50
1400 <
100
1000 <
200
0
200 <
0
0
0
0
0
50
50
5000
<
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5
83
6.5
0
80
70 <
9.5
<
<
<
100
<
0.03
5
597
1
2
54
0.2
3
0.8
0.1
3
2
2
50
44.6
3
5
237
6.8
30.5
3
133
14
mg/l
M9/I
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
M9/1
M9/1
mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/i
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Mg/i
mg/l
M9/I
PTOT
SN
TIN AS SN
SR
STRONTIUM AS SR
AG
SILVER
AS
ARSENIC AS AS
BA
BARIUM AS BA
CD
CADMIUM AS CD
CR
F
FLUORIDE AS F
HG
MERCURY AS HG
Nl
NICKEL AS Nl
PB
LEAD AS PB
SE
SELENIUM AS SE
AL
ALUMINUM AS AL
CA
CALCIUM AS CA
CU
COPPER AS CU
FE
IRON TOTAL
K
POTASSIUM AS K
MG
MAGNESIUM AS MG
MN
NA
SODIUM AS NA
ZN
ZINC AS ZN
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
11/08/20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1146
1194
5
3
7.63
0.03
0.03
5
586
1
Mg/i
|jmho/cm
pmho/cm
Mg/i
Mg/i
unit
mg/l
mg/l
Mg/i
Mg/i
Mg/i
CO
COBALT AS CO
SP COND MICROMHOS/CM/25C EC
SP COND FIELD DET.|jMOHS/CIV ECFD
LI
LITHIUM AS LI
MO
MOLYBDENUM
PHFD
PH MEASURED INFIELD
PTOT
SN
TIN AS SN
SR
STRONTIUM AS SR
AG
SILVER
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
18/08/20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
80
50
100
200
50
50
0
5
0
0
47
0
0
0
0
24
10
1000
5
50
1.7
1
20
10
10
200
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
0
0
1400 <
1000 <
200 <
5000
2
46
0.2
3
0.8
0.1
3
2
2
48
43.3
3
5
233.3
6.2
30.4
3
135
24
Mg/l
pg/l
pg/i
pg/l
mg/l
pg/l
pg/l
pg/l
pg/l
pg/l
mg/l
pg/l
pg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
pg/l
mg/l
pg/l
AS
ARSENIC AS AS
BA
BARIUM AS BA
CD
CADMIUM AS CD
CR
F
FLUORIDE AS F
HG
MERCURY AS HG
NI
NICKEL AS NI
PB
LEAD AS PB
SE
SELENIUM AS SE
AL
ALUMINUM AS AL
CA
CALCIUM AS CA
CU
COPPER AS CU
FE
IRON TOTAL
K
POTASSIUM AS K
MG
MAGNESIUM AS MG
MN
NA
SODIUM AS NA
ZN
ZINC AS ZN
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
18/08/2013
4

26.6.2013
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