Pengkajian Sistem Imun

Immunologi
Studi tentang respon fisiologis tubuh dimana tubuh akan merusak atau menetralisir benda asing, makhluk hidup maupun benda mati, termasuk sel tubuh sendiri yang telah mengalami perubahan.

Lini Pertama Pertahanan Tubuh

The Integumentary System
Skin Mucous membranes Mucous

provides a physical barrier preventing microbial access

The Invader : Mikroba

Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh Lain

Physiological variables
pH of our environment temperature of our environment

chemical defenses
nitric oxide, enzymes, proteins, complement

AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Immune System
The Innate Immune system = nonspesifik
a general response to anything other than recognized self cells

The Adaptive Immune System = spesifik

a specific counter-assault against a known foreign invader (previously recognized)

Organs of immune system: Primer

Thymus: behind sternum (breast bone)
Immature T cells mature here. 90% die because they recognize self proteins

Bone marrow: stem cells divide to produce immune system cells

Organs of immune system: Sekunder

kelenjar limfe limpa tonsil dan kumpulan limfosit yang terdapat pada permukaan saluran pencernaan, saluran pernafasan, saluran genital, dan saluran urinal.

What Happens during an infection?

Innate Immunity = nonspesifik

injury & infection macrophages slip between cells (extravasation) to arrive Macrophages cytokine chemicals attract other troops (chemotaxis)

What are macrophages ?

Phagocytic cells able to ingest small foreign invaders
neutrophils monocyte

they release cytokines that enhance the immune response

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/graphics/mphage2 .gi

 Mast cells/basophils
release histamine that dilates blood vessels causes redness (erythrema), swelling (edema), and heat (fever)

http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/wound.jpg

 Adaptive Immunity: spesifik There are 2 types of lymphocytes:

T lymphocytes ( T cells) B lymphocytes (B cells )

 The first type : T lymphocytes.

begin in the red bone marrow

& migrate to the thymus gland and mature..

T Lymphocytes are sorted into 3 :
Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Supressor T cells

Natural Killer cells (The Third population)

 The second type is: B lymphocytes

B lymphocytes (B cells) - start in the bone marrow and circulate through the body

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

How does immune system know what to attack? Proteins on cell surface define self MHC I: On surface of most cells self MHC II: On B cells, T cells, macrophages: police badge of immune sys.

Macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus (yellow). On top of the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte.

Natural Killer cell: kills cells that do not have Class I MHC on them

B cells
B is for bone, where they mature. Activated B cells produce antibodies to invaders epitopes. Some remain as memory cells, ready for next encounter w/ a similar invader.

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 2)

Antibodies
Y-shaped structure Ig G, Ig M, Ig E, Ig A, Ig D

T cells
Mature in thymus (hence their name) Cytotoxic T cells kill infected self cells Helper T cells activate B & CD8+ cells Suppressor T cells: suppress immune response after infection is over Recognize antigen only if it is presented in combination with MHC protein on another cell

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 3)

Immune system cells

Helper T cells
Recognize MHC II molecules + antigen
MHC II molecules actually hold the antigen

Activate resting B cells to secrete Abs. Also produce interleukins

attracts macrophages proliferation of T cells

Immune system cells

Cytotoxic T cells
Recognize MHC I self molecules + portions of antigen on cell surface. Kills cells by injecting something that forms pores in membrane Dont attack bacteria: No MHC I molecule Dont attack normal self cells: no foreign antigen Function: Kill cells taken over by virus

Proses respon imun

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Penularan Infeksi HIV

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