State v. Johnstone: Crimen Injuria:Notice of Intention3
(III)
[If (II) Refused, an]
An Order to Correct the Record: Withdrawal of Defendants PoliticalNecessity Defence Formal Admissions
(§ 140 & 219A; 220; CPA); and
(IV)
Leave to Apply to the High Court: Western Cape,for an Appeal of Conviction.
[7b] Alternatively, an Order for a writ of
Certiorari
, or relief in the nature of
Certiorari
, quashingthe Guilt Finding of Magistrate Louw, and referring the matter back for re-determination inaccordance with the law, by a different Magistrate; in accordance with §313,
Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal or review.
[7c]An order for a writ of
Mandamus/Certiorari
, or relief in the nature of
Mandamus/Certiorari
,that should any Magistrate, High Court Judge, or State Official, dealing with this matter, onReview, or
De Novo
,
fail to understand the Applicant’s (Defendant’s) Radical Hon(our)sty Religious Cultural language
; that in terms of
§
6(2) of the Magistrates Courts Act 32 of 1944,and/or Rule 61(1) of the Uniform Rules of Court; read in conjunction with the
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996,
§ 15 (Religion, Belief and Opinion), § 16(Expression), § 30 (Language and Culture), § 31 (Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities); andArticle 6 of the London Charter
1
;
a Radical Hon(our)sty interpreter is provided for such Magistrate, Judge, or Prosecutor; at State Expense.
[8]In the event that leave is granted, the application for Judicial Review is to be based on, and inaccordance with, the following Grounds for Review:
(a)§ 24(1)
Supreme Court Act 59
, of 1959:i.Absence of Jurisdiction; read with § 117 CPA,
Special Case
.ii.Interest in the cause; or the commission of an offence referred to in Part 1 to 4,or section17, 20, 21.. of Chapter 2 of the
Prevention and Combatting of Corrupt Activities Act
, 2004, on the part of the presiding judicial officer;iii.Gross Irregularity in the Proceedings
2
;iv.The Admission of Inadmissible or Incompetent Evidence, or the Rejection of Admissible or Competent Evidence(b)§ 8 and 39 of the
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996
readwith § 24 (2) of the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959
3
, and
Civil Disobedience and the Necessity Defence
4
:
among others: (*) the
Nuremberg Principles
of individualaccountability, i.e. Article 6 of the
London Charter
5
; (*) The Zykon B Case
6
; (*) theNuremberg Defence in Pentagon Papers Case
7
, *
Chicago v Streeter
, No. 85-108644 (Cir.Ct., Cook County, Ill. May 17, 1985)
8
; (*) Civil Disobedience:Conscience, Tactics & The
1
Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Charter of the International Tribunal
, Aug.8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S. 279 (known as the London Charter). Article:6(a)–(c). Article 6(b). Crimes against humanity are defined as:[M]urder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhuman acts committed against any civilian population, before or during war; orpersecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether ornot in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated . . . .
2
See also:
Goldfields Investment Ltd and Another v City Council of Johannesburg and Another
1938 TPD 551, at 560: “it is not merely high-handed or arbitrary conduct which is described as a gross irregularity; behaviour which is perfectly well-intentioned and bona fide, though mistaken,may come under that description. The crucial question is whether it prevented a fair trial of the issues.”
3
S.24(1) of the Supreme Court Act sets out the grounds upon which the proceedings of an inferior court may be reviewed before a High Court and S.24(2) stipulates that nothing in subsection 24(1) shall affect the provision of any other law relating to the review of proceedings of inferior courts.
4
Annexure:
Civil Disobedience and the Necessity Defence
, by John Alan Cohan, Pierce Law Review
5
Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Charter of the International Tribunal
, Aug.8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S. 279 (known as the London Charter).Article:6(a)–(c). Article 6(b). Crimes against humanity are defined as:[M]urder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhuman acts committed against any civilian population, before or during war; orpersecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether ornot in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated . . . .
6
R
eprinted in
The Law of War: A Documentary History
1487 (L. Friedman ed., 1972): (in which civilians were charged with providing Zykon B(prussic acid) used to kill prisoners in concentration camps). “[T]he provisions of the laws and customs of war are addressednot only to combatantsand to members of state and other public authorities, but to anybody who is in a position to assist their violation.”
7
Individual responsibility depends “on the extent of complicity as reflected in actions and knowledge. Richard A. Falk,
The Nuremberg Defense in the Pentagon Papers Case
, 13 COLUM. J.TRANSNAT’L L. 208, 231 (1974).
8
In
Chicago v. Streeter
, eight demonstrators were charged with trespass in connection with a protest at the Chicago office of the South AfricanConsulate. The court allowed the jury to hear evidence that theactions of the defendants were necessary to prevent violations of international lawunder the Nuremberg Principles. The accused argued that the government of South Africa had been committing crimes by its policies of racialsegregation and that the defendants acted reasonably in their efforts to prevent the continuation of these crimes. All defendants were acquitted.
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