Lien Ket Mang Ip Qua He Thong Ve Tin The He Sau WWW - Vieteboo VAeIj1NG1a 20130322013925 4

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K o an tot nghiep
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !
THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt 3DES AD ADSL AES AH API ATM ARIN BGP BICC ISDN B-ISDN CA CCP CIR CHAP
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T y Triple Data Encryption Standard Analog to Digital Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Advanced Encryption Standard Authentication Header Application Programming Interface Asynchronous Tranfer Mode American Registry for Internet Number Border Gateway Protocol Bearer Independent Call Control Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network Certificate Authority Compression Control Protocol Committed Information Rate Challenge Handshake
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ngha Thut ton mt m 3DES Chuyn i tng t sang s Cng ngh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s bt i xng Chun mt m cao cp Giao thc tiu xc thc Giao din chng trnh ng dng Cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b Tiu chun M cho a ch Internet Giao thc nh tuyn cng min Giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp vi knh mang Mng s a dch v tch hp Mng s a dch v tch hp bng rng Nh phn phi chng thc s Giao thc iu khin nn Tc thng tin cam kt Giao thc xc thc bt tay
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! ! K o an tot nghiep
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Authentication Protocol. thch thc Cng ngh chuyn tip t bo n v dch v knh Thit b truyn thng d liu Thut ton mt m DES Giao thc cu hnh host ng h thng tn min ng dy thu bao s B x l tn hiu s n v dch v d liu Giao thc xc thc m rng Giao thc ti trng bo mt ng gi Chui kim tra khung Giao thc truyn tp Chuyn tip khung d liu Dch v VPN ton cu ng gi nh tuyn chung Giao thc truyn siu vn bn Giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet Gi tr kim tra tnh ton vn C quan chun Internet
CR CSU DCE DES DHCP DNS DSL DSP DSU EAP ESP FCS FTP FR GVPNS GRE HTTP ICMP ICV IETF
Cell Relay Channel Service Unit Data Communication Equipment Data Encryption Standard Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Domain Name System Digital Subcriber Line Digital Signal Processors Data Service Unit Extensible Authentication Protocol Encapsulating Security Payload Frame Check Sequence File Tranfer Protocol Frame Relay Global VPN Service Generic Routing Encapsulation Hypertext Tranfer Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Integrity Check Value Internet Engineering Task Force
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! ! K o an tot nghiep IKE IGP IN IP IP-Sec ISAKMP
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Internet Key Exchange Interior Gateway Protocol Intelligent Network Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Security Internet Security Asociasion and Key Management Protocol Integrated Service Digital Network International Standard Organization Internet Service Provider Layer 2 Forwarding Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP Access Concentrator Local Area Network Link Control Protocol L2TP Network Server Giao thc trao i kho Internet Giao thc nh tuyn trong min Mng thng minh Giao thc Internet Giao thc an ninh Internet Giao thc qun l kho v kt hp an ninh Internet Mng s a dch v T chc chun quc t Nh cung cp dch v internet Giao thc chuyn tip lp 2 Giao thc ng ngm lp 2 B tp trung truy cp L2TP Mng cc b Giao thc iu khin lin kt My ch mng L2TP M xc thc bn tin Thut ton MD5 Cng kt ni phng tin Thit b iu khin truy nhp Giao thc iu khin cng kt ni phng tin C s d liu thng tin qun l
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ISDN ISO ISP L2F L2TP LAC LAN LCP LNS MAC MD5 MG MGC MGCP MIB
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Message Authentication Code Message Digest 5 Media Gateway Media Gateway Controller Media Gateway Control Protocol Management Information Base
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! ! K o an tot nghiep MPLS MPPE MTU NAS NAT NCP NDIS NFS NGN NSA PAP PDU PKI POP PPP PPTP PVC QoS RAS RADIUS RRAS
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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Multi Protocol Laber Switching Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption Maximum Transfer Unit Network Access Server B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn M ho im-im ca Microsoft n v truyn ti ln nht My ch truy nhp mng Bin dch a ch mng Giao thc iu khin mng Xc nh giao din mng H thng tp mng Mng th h sau C quan an ninh quc gia M Giao thc xc thc mt khu. n v d liu giao thc C s h tng kho cng khai im truy cp truyn thng. Giao thc im ti im Giao thc ng ngm im ti i m Mng o c nh Cht lng dch v Dch v truy nhp t xa Dch v xc thc ngi dng quay s t xa My ch truy cp nh hng v truy cp t xa.
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Network Address Translation Network Control Protocol Network Driver Interface Specification Network File System Next Generation Network National Security Agency Passwork Authentication Protocol Protocol Data Unit Public Key Infrastructure Point of presence Point to Point Protocol Point to Point Tunneling Protocol Permanrnent Virtual Circuit Quality of Service Remote Access Service Remote Authentication DialIn User Service Routing and Remote Access Server
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! ! K o an tot nghiep RTP SA SAD SDH SG SIG SNMP SMTP SONET SPD SPI SVC TACACS TCP TE UNI UDP VC VCI VNS VPI
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Real-time Tranport Protocol Securty Association Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc Kt hp an ninh C s d liu kt hp an ninh Phn cp s ng b Cng kt ni bo hiu Giao thc khi to phin Giao thc qun l mng n gin Giao thc truyn th n gin Mng quang ng b C s d liu chnh sch an ninh Ch s thng s an ninh Mch o chuyn mch H thng iu khin truy nhp u cui Giao thc iu khin truyn thng Thit b u cui Giao din mng ngi s dng Giao thc gi d liu ngi dng Knh o Nhn dng knh o Dch v mng o Nhn dng ng o
Security Association Database Synchronous Digital Hierachy Signling Gateway Session Initiation Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol Synchronous Optical Network Security Policy Database Sercurity Parameter Index Switched Virtual Circuit Terminal Access Control System Transmission Control Protocol Terminal Equipment User Network Interface User Datagram Protocol Virtual Circuit Virtual Circuit Identifier Virtual Network Service Virtual Path Identifier
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! ! K o an tot nghiep VPN WAN
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Virtual Private Network Wide Area Network Mng ring o Mng din rng
LI NI U
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc-cng ngh th nhu cu trao i d liu v cc dch v tin ch ca con ngi cng tng theo. Cc phng thc truyn dn hin nay nh l ADSL, leased-line, Frame-Relay tuy phn no p ng c nhu cu nhng hn ch ca mng ny l tnh di ng khng cao v trin khai nhng ni a hnh phc tp vn cn l mt tr ngi ln. V mng v tinh thc s l mt gii php ti u gii quyt c c 2 vn trn vi vic cung cp mng bng rng th h mi cung cp a dch v trn mt thit b u cui vi nn IP tc cao, vi cc dch v c cung cp trc tip n khch hng qua v tinh trnh c xy ra tc nghn ng truyn lm gim tc kt ni chi ph ,ko mc hn cc dch v truyn thng qu nhiu , v tinh trong tng lai khng ch hng ti hot ng cng ch m l cung cp dch v cho khch hng vng su vng xa kh khn v a hnh, vi nhng u th trn th v tinh ngy cng c trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii ,mt trong nhng cng ngh hin nay ang c s dng kh ph bin l truyn thng IP qua mng v tinh. Vi n lin kt mng IP qua h thng v tinh th h sau em hi vng s gp phn lm r nhng c im chnh v cng ngh ang c ng dng rng ri ny. Ni dung n gm 6 chng: Chng 1: Lch s pht trin ca v tinh. gii thiu s lc v lch s pht trin ca dch v v tinh, ng dng ca dch v v tinh cng nh cc nh ngha ca ITU-R v cc dch v mng. Chng 2:Mng v tinh v cc c im. gii thiu v mng v tinh nh phn khng gian ca v tinh, trm mt t, qu o, di tn cng nh cc c im ca mng v tinh. Chng 3:Khi nim mng v qu o v tinh trong chng ny ta tm hiu v qu o, tham s qu o, c im lin kt v tinh cc phng thc iu ch cng nh k thut a truy nhp trong v tinh. Chng 4: Lin kt mng v tinh vi mng tri t. cc thnh phn v kt ni mng, bo hiu , lu lng, chuyn tip, truy nhp mng. mng in thoi k thut s, mng s tch hp a dch v qua v tinh s c trnh by chng 4. Chng 5: Giao thc internet (IP) qua v tinh. Trong chng ny ta s tm hiu v vic ng gi IP, ni mng v tinh IP, pht a im IP qua mng v tinh.
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Chng 6: Bo mt. Mt vn chnh trong tt c cc mng l vn bo mt, do trong chng ny ta s tm hiu v cc giao thc cng nh cch thc bo mt trong mng v tinh. Mc d c gng trong khi lm n nhng vi kh nng v kin thc cn hn ch do khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, em mong nhn c s gp sa cha ca cc thy c v cc bn Em xin cm n cc thy c trng i Hc Giao Thng Vn Ti dy bo v truyn cho chng em nhng kin thc qu bu trong sut 5 nm qua. c bit em xin chn thnh cm n thy V Trng Sn v cc thy c trong lin b mn in-in t tn tnh gip em hon thnh n ny. TP.HCM Thng 12 nm 2008 Sinh vin thc hin V Vn Trc
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CHNG 1.
1.1. Lch s pht trin ca v tinh
GII THIU
V tinh c mi lin h cht ch vi vin thng v truyn hnh ngay t khi n mi hnh thnh, nhng ch vi ngi ch iu ny. Ngy nay,v tinh truyn nhng chng trnh truyn hnh trc tip ti tng nh v cho php chng ta truyn nhng tin nhn v truy cp Internet. Sau y s cho ta mt tng quan nhanh lch s ca v tinh. 1.1.1. S khi u ca k nguyn v tinh v khng gian Cng ngh v tinh tin b mt cch ng k t khi v tinh nhn to u tin Sputnick c phng ln bi Lin X vo 4/10/1957 v Courier-1B c th nghim u tin ti M vo Thng tm 1960. Hp tc quc t u tin nghin cu v tinh cho dch v truyn hnh v ghp knh thoi c nh du bi th nghim truyn thng bn kia b i ty dng gia M, Nc Php, c v Vng quc Anh vo 1962 1.1.2. Truyn thng v tinh u tin: TV v in thoi T chc Intelsat c thnh lp ban u vi 19 quc gia v cc bn k kt ban u vo Thng tm 1964. Vic gii thiu REARLY BIRD (Intelsat-1) nh du v tinh thng tin a tnh thng mi u tin. N cung cp 240 mch in thoi v mt knh Ti vi gia M, Nc Php, c v Vng quc Anh trong Thng t 1965. Vo 1967, v tinh Intelsat- II cung cp dch v tng ng qua i ty dng v nhng vng Thi Bnh Dng. T 1968 n 1970, Intelsat- III t c hot ng ton th gii vi 1500 mch in thoi v bn knh Ti vi. Ln u tin v tinh IntelsatIV cung cp 4000 mch in thoi v hai knh Ti vi trong Thng ging 1971 v Intelsat- IVa cung cp 20 b pht-p (ca) 6000 mch v hai knh Ti vi vi vic s dng phn tch chm tia s dng li tn s 1.1.3. S pht trin ca truyn dn v tinh s Vo nm 1981, ln u tin v tinh Intelsat V t c dung lng 12000 mch vi hot ng FDMA v TDMA, b pht-p bng rng 6/4 GHz v 14/11 GHz, v s dng li tn s bng cch tch ra chm tia v phn cc kp. Vo nm 1989, V tinh Intelsat VI cung cp chuyn mch TDMA trong v tinh ln n 120000 mch. Vo nm 1998, Intelsat VII, VIIa v v tinh Intelsat VIII c phng. Vo 2000, v tinh Intelsat- IX t c 160000 mch 1.1.4. S pht trin ca truyn hnh k thut s qua v tinh(Direct To Home-DTH) Trong nm 1999 ln u tin V tinh K-Ti vi cung cp 30 b pht p 14/ 1112 GHz cho 210 chng trnh truyn hnh c kh nng truyn hnh trc tip n tng h dn v dch v VSAT.
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1.1.5. S pht trin ca truyn thng v tinh bin Trong Thng su 1979, t chc V tinh Bin Quc t (Inmarsat) c thit lp cung cp thng tin v tinh Bin ton cu vi 26 bn k kt ban u. N m ra c tnh di ng ca thng tin v tinh. 1.1.6. Thng tin v tinh trong vng v trong nc Ti cp khu vc,t chc vin thng v tinh Chu u(Eutelsat) c thnh lp vi 17 quc gia v c k kt vo thng 6/1977.Nhiu nc cng pht trin h thng truyn thng v tinh ni a ca ring mnh, bao gm M, Lin X, Canada, Nc Php, c, Vng quc Anh, Nht bn, Trung quc v mt s nc khc 1.1.7. Mng v tinh bng thng rng v mng di ng K t nm 1990, nhng pht trin quan trng c thc hin trn nhng mng bng thng bao gm k thut chuyn mch trong v tinh. Nhng v tinh khng a tnh khc nhau c pht trin cho dch v v tinh di ng (MSSs) v dch v v tinh bng thng rng c nh (FSSs) 1.1.8. Internet qua mng v tinh T cui nhng nm 1990 v u th k 20, chng ta thy mt s gia tng 1 cch kch tnh trong lu lng Internet qua truyn thng mng. Mng V tinh c s dng truyn dn lu lng Internet ti in thoi v truyn hnh cho truy cp v chuyn tip mng.v iu ny mang li nhng c hi ln cng nh nhng thch thc ti nn cng nghip v tinh.
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! ! K o an tot nghiep 1.2.
Cc ng dng v cc dch v mng v tinh
Hnh1.1 cc ng dng v dch v ca mng v tinh V tinh nhn to hay cn c gi l cc ngi sao do con ngi ch to ra trn bu tri, v i khi thng b nhm vi nhng ngi sao tht. i vi nhiu ngi th n y b n. Nhng nh khoa hc v k s th li hay v von, thng gi chng l cc con chim hay tng t chim, cc v tinh c th ti nhng ni rt xa m cc sinh vt khng tn ti . Chng c th quan st tri t t bu tri, chng gip chng ta tm thy ng trn khp th gii, mang n cho chng ta cc cuc in thoi, emails, duyt web ,chuyn tip cc chng trnh tivi qua bu tri. Tht s cao ca v tinh xa bn ngoi kh nng ca bt k loi chim tht no. Khi nhng v tinh c s dng cho ni mng, cao ca n cho php thc hin mt vai tr duy nht trong c s h tng mng ton cu (GNI). Ni mng v tinh l 1 lnh vc m rng ,v pht trin mt cch c ngha t ln u tin ra i ca h thng thng tin v tinh, t dch v pht qung b in thoi v truyn hnh truyn thng ti mng internet v bng thng rng hin i v truyn qung b v tinh s. Nhiu tin b k thut trong vng ni mng da trn ni mng v tinh. Vi vic yu cu gia tng bng thng v s di ng ti chn tri th v tinh l mt la chn hp l cung cp di thng ln hn vi phm vi ton cu ,bn ngoi mng qu t, v ha hn 1 bui trnh din n tng trong tng lai. Vi s pht trin ca k thut ni mng, mng v tinh ang tr nn ngy cng tch hp vo trong GNI . V vy, nhng mng tri t v nhng giao thc lm vic vi Internet l mt phn quan trng ca ni mng v tinh. Mc ch cui cng ca ni mng v tinh l cung cp nhng dch v v nhng ng dng.cung cp nhng dch v u cui ngi s dng v cc ng dng trc tip n ngi s dng. Mng Cung cp dch v truyn ti mang thng tin gia nhng ngi dng vi mt khong cch nht nh. Hnh 1.1 minh ha mt cu hnh mng v tinh tiu biu gm c nhng mng tri t, nhng v tinh vi mt mi lin kt lin
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v tinh (ISL), nhng trm mt t c nh, nhng trm mt t di ng, nhng thit b u cui xch tay v cm tay, v nhng thit b u cui ngi dng kt ni ti v tinh 1 cch trc tip hay thng qua nhng mng tri t. 1.2.1. Vai tr mng v tinh Trong mng tri t, cc nt v mi lin kt c cn t n nhng khong cch xa v nhng vng bao ph rng. Chng c t chc t c s bo tr v vn hnh mng 1 cch kinh t. Bn cht ca v tinh lm cho chng tr nn v khc nhau v cn bn vi nhng mng tri t di dng nhng khong cch, chia s ti nguyn bng thng, k thut truyn dn, thit k, s pht trin v hot ng, v nhng chi ph v nhu cu ca nhng ngi s dng. V chc nng, mng v tinh c th cung cp kt ni trc tip gia u cui ngi dng, kt ni cho nhng thit b u cui truy nhp vo mng tri t v nhng kt ni gia cc mng tri t. u cui ngi dng cung cp cung cp nhng dch v v ng dng ti mi ngi thng c lp t mng v tinh v d cng mt thit b u cui c th dng truy nhp mng v tinh cng nh truy cp mng tri t Nhng thit b u cui v tinh, cng c gi l trm mt t, v l phm vi tri t ca mng v tinh, cung cp nhng im truy nhp ti mng v tinh cho u cui ngi dng thng qua trm mt t ngi dng(USE) V cho nhng mng tri t qua trm cng tri t(GES). V tinh l ht nhn ca mng v tinh v trung tm ca cc mng di dng c nhng chc nng ln nhng kt ni vt l . Hnh 1.2 minh ha mi quan h gia u cui ngi dng, mng mt t v mng v tinh in hnh,mng v tinh gm c cc v tinh lin kt vi GES ln v nhiu UES nh. Nhng GES nh c s dng truy nhp trc tip bi u cui ngi dng v GES ln dng cho kt ni mng tri t . Nhng v tinh UES v GES c nh ngha l ranh gii ca mng v tinh., i vi u cui xch tay v di ng, chc nng u cui ngi dng v v tinh USE c tch hp trong cng 1 n v, nhng i vi u cui xch tay anten ca chng c th phn bit c. Vai tr quan trng nht ca mng v tinh l cung cp s truy nhp bi u cui ngi dng v lin kt ti mng tri t m cc ng dng v dch v cung cp bi mng tri t l in thoi, truyn hnh ,truy cp bng thng rng v kt ni internet c th m rng n nhng ni m cp v sng mt t khng th lp t v bo tr. Thm vo , mng v tinh cng mang n cc dch v v ng dng cho cc tu b, my bay,xe c, khng gian v nhng ni ngoi tm ca mng mt t nhng v tinh cng ng vai tr quan trng trong qun i, kh tng thy vn h thng nh v ton cu(GPS), quan st mi trng, dch v truyn thng tin v nhng d liu ring t v s pht trin trong tng lai ca cc ng dng v dch v mi cho phm vi ton cu chng hn mng bng thng rng, th h mi ca mng di ng v dch v pht qung b s trn ton th gii.
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Hnh 1.2 Mi quan h chc nng u cui ngi dng,mng v tinh v mng mt t 1.2.2. Phn mm v phn cng mng Di dng x l,u cui ngi dng bao gm phn mm v phn cng mng v cc phn mm ng dng. phn mm v phn cng mng cung cp cc chc nng v c ch truyn gi thng tin trong 1 khun dng ng v s dng ng cc giao thc ti im truy nhp mng tng ng, chng cng c th nhn cc thng tin t im truy nhp. Phn cng Mng cung cp nhng s truyn tn hiu s dng c hiu qu v chi ph thp ti nguyn bng thng v nhng k thut truyn. D nhin , mt lin kt v tuyn thng c lm lin kt u cui ngi s dng cn cp quang dung lng ln c dng lin kt vi trc chnh. Vi s tin b ca x l tn hiu s (DSP), vic s dng phn cng truyn thng ang c cng ngy cng thay th bi phn mm tng tnh linh hot ca cu hnh li, t y gim bt nhng chi ph. Bi vy t l ca s thc hin cng ngy cng cao trong phn mm v t trong phn cng. Nhiu s thc hin phn cng ln u tin c thc hin v m phng trong phn mm, Phn cng l nn tng ca bt k vic thc hin h thng no. Chng hn, nhng h thng in thoi truyn thng ch yu l phn cng; v nhng h thng in thoi hin i v nhng mng d liu ,my tnh v Internet hin ch yu l phn mm 1.2.3. Giao din mng v tinh in hnh,mng v tinh c hai kiu giao din ngoi: mt gia v tinh USE v u cui ngi dng; v mt khc l gia v tinh GES v mng tri t. Hin ti, c ba kiu giao din: gia UES v h thng trng ti ti a thng tin v tinh; Gia GES v h thng trng ti ti a thng tin v tinh; lin kt (ISL) gia nhng v tinh. Tt c
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s dng nhng lin kt v tuyn, ngoi tr ISL ch c th s dng nhng mi lin kt quang hc . Cng nh cp vt l,bng tn v tuyn l nhng mt trong s nhiu ti nguyn quan trng v khan him nht cho s truyn thng tin qua mng v tinh. Khng ging nhng cp, di thng khng th l sn xut, n ch c th dng chung v s dng n ti u. Ti nguyn quan trng khc l cng sut truyn. Ni ring, cng sut b gii hn cho u cui ngi dng yu cu s di ng Bng thng v cng sut truyn cng nhau trong iu kin truyn dn v mi trng xc nh kh nng ca mng v tinh. Ni mng v tinh chia s nhiu khi nim vi ni mng chung .Trong cu trc lin kt n c th cu hnh trong cu trc hnh sao hoc hnh li. Trong k thut truyn dn n c th thit lp kt ni im im, im a im,a im- a im. Di dng giao din, chng ta c th d dng v s mng v tinh Trong iu kin khi qut nh giao din ngi s dng mng ( UNI) v giao din nt mng (NNI). Khi hai mng cn c ni cng nhau, mt giao din t mng ti mng c thit lp, m n chnh l giao din ca mt nt mng trong mt mng vi mt nt mng trong mng khc. Chng c nhng chc nng tng t nh NNI. Bi vy, NNI cng c th c dng biu th mt giao din t mng ti mng. 1.2.4. Dch v mng USE v GSE cung cp cc dch v mng, trong mng truyn thng chng hn dch v c phn lm 2 loi l dch v thoi v dch v vn chuyn, dch v thoi l 1 dch v cp cao c th c s dng trc tip bi ngi dng nh: in thoi, dch v Fax, dch v video v d liu .cht lng ca dch v (QoS) ti mc ny l ngi dng trung tm, v d QoS ch cho ngi s dng thy c cht lng dch v chng hn im s trung bnh khch quan(MOS), dch v truyn ti l dch v mc thp hn cung cp bi mng h tr cho dch v thoi,QoS ti mc ny l mng trung tm, v d: tr truyn dn, mo tr , truyn dn li v tc truyn dn. C cc phng php nh x gia 2 mc ca dch v. mng cn cp pht ti nguyn yu cu QoS v ti u ho cc hot ng ca mng, QoS mng v QoS ngi dng c mu thun vi iu chnh khch quan lu lng mng v d :chng ta c th tng QoS bng cch gim lu lng trong mng hoc gia tng ngun mng tuy nhin iu ny c th lm gim cc dch v mng cho ngi khai thc mng, ngi khai thc mng cng c th lm tng cc dch v mng bng cch gia tng lu lng mng nhng iu ny c th lm nh hng ti QoS ngi dng 1.2.5. ng dng ng dng l s kt hp ca mt hoc nhiu dch v mng. Chng hn,nhng ng dng gio dc t xa v iu tr t xa l nhng ng dng c xy dng da trn vic kt hp dch v thoi, hnh nh v d liu. S kt hp ca thoi, hnh nh v d liu cn c gi l nhng dch v a phng tin. Mt s ng dng c th s dng
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vi nhng dch v mng to ra nhng ng dng mi.Dch v l mt thnh phn c bn do mng cung cp. Nhng ng dng c xy dng t nhng thnh phn c bn ny .Thng thng thut ng ng dng v dch v c th thay th cho nhau c trong cu vn ,nhng i khi phn bit chng cng tt. 1.3. ITU-R s nh ngha dch v mng Nhng ng dng ca v tinh c da trn nhng dch v c bn ca v tinh. Do bn cht ca truyn thng v tuyn,cc dch v ca v tinh b gii hn bi tn s v tuyn sn c . Nhng dch v v tinh khc nhau c nh ngha, bao gm: dch v v tinh c nh (FSS) ,dch v v tinh di ng (MSS) v dch v v tinh qung b do ITU- R lp k hoch cp pht v qun l bng thng. 1.3.1. Dch v v tinh c nh FSS c nh ngha l mt dch v thng tin v tuyn gia mt v tr cho trn b mt tri t vi mt hoc nhiu v tinh c s dng. Nhng trm ti mt t c gi l trm mt t FSS, trm c t trn nhng v tinh , ch yu gm c b pht-p v tinh v nhng anten, c gi l nhng trm khng gian FSS. Tuy nhin, nhng v tinh th h mi c c nhng h thng thng tin lin lc phc tp onboard bao gm c chuyn mch onboard. Truyn thng gia nhng trm mt t l kt ni mt v tinh hay nhiu v tinh thng qua ISL(inter-satellite link). Cng c th hai v tinh c ni thng qua mt trm mt t chung m khng c mt ISL. FSS cng bao gm nhng lin kt fi chng hn lin kt gia trm mt t c nh v v tinh cho dch v pht thanh v tinh (BSS) v dch v v tinh di ng (MSS). FSS h tr tt c mi loi dch v k thut vin thng v d liu mng nh in thoi, Fax, d liu, video, Tivi, Internet v rai. 1.3.2. Dch v v tinh di ng MSS c nh ngha nh mt dch v thng tin v tuyn gia nhng trm mt t di ng vi mt hoc nhiu v tinh, bao gm MSS bin, hng khng v t lin. V nhng yu cu di ng, nn cc thit b u cui mt t di ng thng nh, v thm ch l nhng thit b u cui cm tay. 1.3.3. Dch v pht thanh v tinh BSS l mt dch v thng tin v tuyn m trong nhng tn hiu truyn i hay truyn ngc li bng v tinh nhm mc ch l thu trc tip bi ngi dng s dng anten truyn hnh ch thu (TVRO).V tinh thc hin cho BSS thng c gi l nhng v tinh pht thanh trc tip ( DBS). Thu trc tip bao gm trc tip ti tng h dn (DTH) v truyn hnh cp(CATV). Th h mi ca BSS c th truyn ngc li thng qua v tinh. 1.3.4. Cc dch v v tinh khc Mt s dch v v tinh khc c thit k cho nhng ng dng c bit nh qun i, xc nh bng v tuyn, nh v, kh tng hc, nghin cu tri t v thm d khng gian. Mt b gm nhng trm khng gian v nhng trm mt t lm vic
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
cng nhau cung cp thng tin v tuyn c gi l mt h thng v tinh. tin hn, i khi 1 h thng v tinh hay mt phn ca n c gi l mt mng v tinh. Chng ta thy rng trong phm vi ca giao thc mng, h thng v tinh c th khng cn h tr tt c cc lp chc nng ca ngn xp giao thc(lp vt l,lp lin kt, lp mng).
CHNG 2.
2.1. Mng v tinh
MNG V TINH V CC C IM
C hai loi k thut truyn: truyn broadcast v truyn im-im. Mng v tinh c th h tr c broadcast v kt ni t im ti im. Mng v tinh thc s hu ch nht nhng ni c c im phm vi rng quan trng. Thc hin ni mng v tinh ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cung cp ph sng ton cu. C ba loi vai tr m nhng v tinh c th c trong mng thng tin: mng truy nhp , mng chuyn tip v broadcast 2.1.1. Mng truy nhp Truy nhp mng cung cp s truy nhp cho u cui ngi dng hay nhng mng ring t. Trong lch s mng in thoi, n cung cp nhng kt ni t in thoi hay tng i ni b (PBX) n nhng mng in thoi. thit b u cui ngi dng kt ni ti thit b u cui tri t v tinh dng truy nhp kt ni trc tip v tinh. Ngy nay, ngoi mng truy nhp in thoi, truy nhp mng cng c th l truy nhp ISDN, truy nhp B-ISDN v truy nhp Internet 2.1.2. Mng chuyn tip Mng chuyn tip cung cp kt ni gia nhng mng hay chuyn mch mng. N thng c dung lng ln h tr mt s lng ln kt ni cho lu lng mng. Nhng ngi s dng khng s truy nhp trc tip ti n. Bi vy n thng trong sut i vi ngi s dng. Mt v d v tinh lm nhim v mng chuyn tip
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
bao gm ni mng in thoi quc t,ISDN,B-ISDN,mng trc chnh internet.Bng thng chia s thng s dng k thut a truy nhp gn c nh. 2.1.3. Mng qung b V tinh h tr c dch v vin thng ln dch v pht thanh. V tinh c th cung cp nhng dch v truyn thng rt hiu qu bao gm pht qung b thoi v video s ( DVB- S) V DVB vi knh tr v thng qua v tinh (DVB- RCS). 2.1.4. Phn khng gian ca h thng v tinh Thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng v tinh thng tin gm c phm vi khng gian:v tinh, v phm vi tri t: trm mt t. Thit k ca mng v tinh lin quan ti nhng yu cu dch v, qu o,vng ph sng v s chn lc di tn s. V tinh l li ca mng v tinh gm c mt h thng con v nn h thng truyn thng. Nn h thng, cn gi l bus cung cp cu trc h tr v cp ngun cho h thng con truyn thng,v cng bao gm iu chnh cao, iu khin qu o, iu khin nhit, theo di, o lng v iu khin t xa (TT & T) bo dng nhng hot ng bnh thng ca h thng v tinh.
Hnh 2.1 Minh ho phm vi khng gian v phm vi mt t H thng con vin thng gm c nhng b pht-p v anten.Anten c ghp vi nhng b pht-p c thit k c bit cung cp vng ph sng cho mng v tinh. V tinh th h mi c th c b x l onboard (OBP) v b chuyn mch onboard (OBS). Cc loi b pht p khc nhau:
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Nhng b pht-p Trong sut cung cp chc nng chuyn tip nhng tn hiu v tuyn , (s) tip sc. Chng nhn tn hiu truyn t trm mt t v truyn ngc li t chng ti cc trm mt t sau khi khuch i v bin i tn .Nhng v tinh vi nhng b pht-p trong sut c gi l nhng v tinh trong sut. B pht-p OBP cung cp nhng chc nng b sung bao gm x l tn hiu s (DSP), khi phc v x l tn hiu bng tn c s trc khi truyn li tn hiu t v tinh.ti trm mt t. Nhng v tinh vi b phtp OBP c gi l v tinh OBP. B pht-p OBS c nhng chc nng b sung so vi nhng b pht-p OBP, cung cp chc nng chuyn mch. Tng t nh vy ,v tinh vi b pht-p OBS c gi l v tinhOBS. Ngoi ra, trung tm iu khin v tinh (SCC) v trung tm iu khin mng (NCC) hay trung tm qun l mng (NMC)l mt phn ca phm vi khng gian c t ti mt t: Trung tm iu khin V tinh (SCC): n l h thng t mt t chi trch nhim v hot ng ca v tinh. N theo di tnh trng ca h thng con v tinh khc nhau thng qua lin kt o t xa,iu khin v tinh hot ng theo qu o danh nh ca n thng qua mi lin kt iu khin t xa. N (SCC) lin kt vi v tinh thng qua nhng lin kt dnh ring, khc vi nhng mi lin kt truyn thng.N thng bao gm mt trm mt t v h thng v tinh GEO hay khng GEO, nhn o lng t xa t trm v tinh v gi lnh iu khin t xa cho v tinh. i khi, mt trung tm sao lu c xy dng ti mt v tr khc ci thin tin cy v tnh sn sng Trung tm iu khin mng (NCC) hay trung tm qun l mng (NMC): c cc chc nng khc vi SCC. Nhng chc nng chnh ca n l qun l lu lng mng v lin kt ti nguyn trong v tinh v trn mt t t c hiu qu s dng mng v tinh cho truyn thng.
Chi tit v phn khng gian ca h thng thng tin v tinh
B PHT P T chc knh ca b pht p B pht p bao gm tp hp cc khi ni vi nhau to nn mt knh thng tin duy nht gia anten thu v anten pht trn v tinh thng tin. Mt s khi trong b pht p c th c dng chung cho nhiu b pht p khc.Trc khi trnh by chi tit cc khi khc nhau cu b pht p, ta s xt ngn gn t chc tn s cho thng tin v tinh bng C. Bng thng n nh cho dch v bng C l 500 MHz v bng thng ny c chia thnh cc bng con, mi bng con dnh cho mt b pht p. rng bng tn thng thng ca b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v gia cc b pht p l 4MHz.V th bng tn 500 MHz c th m bo cho
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
12 b pht p. Bng cch ly phn cc, ta c th tng s b pht p ln hai ln. Cch ly phn cc cho php s dng cng mt tn s nhng vi phn cc ngc chiu nhau cho hai b pht p. thu c knh ca mnh, cc anten thu phi c phn cc trng vi phn cc pht ca knh tng ng. i vi phn cc tuyn tnh, ta c th cch ly phn cc bng phn cc ng v phn cc ngang. i vi phn cc trn, cch l phn cc nhn c bng cch s dng phn cc trn tay phi v phn cc trn tay tri. V cc sng mang vi phn cc i nhau c th chng ln ln nhau, nn k thut ny c gi l ti s dng tn s. Hnh 2.2 cho thy quy hoch tn s v phn cc cho v tinh thng tin bng C
Hnh 2.2 Quy hoch tn s v phn cc(tn s trn hnh tnh bng MHz) Cng c th ti s dng tn s bng cc anten bp hp, v phng thc ny c th kt hp vi ti s dng theo phn cc cung cp rng bng tn hiu dng 2000 MHz trn c s rng thc t 500 MHz. i vi mt trong s cc nhm phn cc, hnh 2.3 cho thy chi tit hn s phn knh cho 12 b pht p. Di tn thu hay di tn ng ln l 5,925 n 6,425 GHz. Cc sng mang c th c thu trn mt hay nhiu anten ng phn cc. B lc vo cho qua ton b bng tn 500 MHz n my thu chung v loi b tp m cng vi nhiu ngoi bng (nhiu ny c th gy ra do cc tn hiu nh). Trong di thng 500 MHz ny c th c rt nhiu sng mang c iu ch v tt cc cc sng mang ny u c khuych i, bin i tn s trong my thu chung. Bin i tn s chuyn cc sng mang ny vo bng tn s ng xung 3,7 n 4,2 MHz vi rng 500 MHz. Sau cc tn hiu c phn knh vo cc rng bng tn ca tng b pht p. Thng thng rng bng tn cp cho mi b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v 4 MHz, v th 500MHz c th m bo knh cho 12 b pht p. B pht p c th x l mt sng mang c iu ch nh tn hiu TV
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
chng hn hay c th x l nhiu sng mang ng thi vi mi sng mang c iu ch bi tn hiu in thoi hay knh bng gc no .
Hnh 2.3 Cc knh ca b pht p v tinh Cc thit b ca b pht p bao gm: my thu bng rng, b phn knh, b khuch i v b ghp knh. Phn h anten Anten trn v tinh thc hin chc nng kp: thu ng ln v pht ng xung. Chng c nhiu loi: t cc anten dipole c c tnh v hng n cc anten tnh hng cao phc v cho vin thng, chuyn tip truyn hnh v pht qung b. Bp sng ca anten thng c to ra bi cc anten kiu phn x, thng l b phn x parabol trn xoay. H s khuch i ca anten phn x parabol so vi b pht x ng hng c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
G = 1 (
D 2 )
trong l bc sng ca tn hiu, D l ng knh b phn x v I l hiu sut mt m (thng c gi tr bng 0,55). rng bp sng -3dB c xc nh gn ng nh sau:
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
3dB 70
T s D/ c coi l h s ch cht ca cc phng trnh trn: h s khuch i t l thun vi (D/)2 v rng bp sng t l nghch vi D/. V th h s khuch i s tng khi rng bp sng hp hn bng cc tng kch thc b phn x v gim bc sng. Cc b phn x kch thc ln l cc b phn x bng 6/4GHz. Cc b phn x trong bng tn 14/12GHz vi cng hiu nng s c kch thc nh hn nhiu Phn h thng tin Hnh 2.4 cho thy phn h thng tin v tinh Morelos ca Mexico lm th d. Ti trng trn Morelos c gi l ti trng lai ghp hay lng bng v n mang cc b pht p bng C v bng K. Trong bng C n cung cp 12 knh mi knh rng 36 MHz v su knh bng rng vi mi knh rng 72 MHz. Trong bng K, n cung cp bn knh vi mi knh rng 108 MHz. Cc knh 36 MHz s dng cc TWTA 7-W vi d phng 12:14. Ngha l 12 b d phng cho 14 b hot ng. Cc knh 72 MHz s dng cc TWTA 10,5 W vi d phng 6:8. Cc my thu c thit k bng linh kin bn dn v vi d phng 2:4cho bng C v 1:2 cho bng K. Anten vi b phn x trn ng knh 180 cm c s dng cho bng C. y l anten hai phn cc vi tip sng ring bng C cho cc phn cc ngang v ng. Anten bng K c b phn x Elip. N c dn tip sng ring to ra vng ph sng trn Mexico.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
20
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Bn cu 6/4GHz Vng rng 6/4GHz phn cc vung gc Vng hp 14/11GHz phn cc n Hnh 2.4 Cc kh nng ph sng ca v tinh Atlantic INTELSAT VI (lu : cc bp sng hp 14/11GHz c th khai thc v chuyn dch theo yu cu) Phn h o bm v iu khin t xa (TT&C) Phn h TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking and Command: o t xa, bm v iu khin) thc hin mt s chc nng thng xuyn trn v tinh. Chc nng o t xa c th hiu nh l o trn mt c ly xa. Chng hn to ra mt tn hiu in t l vi cht lng c o, m ho n v pht n n trm xa (trm mt t). D liu trong tn hiu o t xa c c thng tin cao nhn c t cc b cm bin mt tri v tri t, thng tin mi trng nh cng t trng v phng, tn sut nh hng ca thin thch.... v cc thng tin v tu v tr nh: nhit , in p ngun, p sut nhin liu. Mt s tn s c quc t quy nh pht tn hiu o t xa cho v tinh. Trong giai on phng v tinh, mt knh c bit c s dng cng vi anten v hng. Khi v tinh vo qu o n nh, mt trong s cc b pht p thng c s dng cng vi anten c hng, khi xy ra trnh trng khn cp knh ny s c chuyn mch tr v knh c bit khi phng v tinh. C th coi o t xa v iu khin l cc chc nng b ln cho nhau. Phn h o t xa pht thng tin v v tinh n trm mt t, cn phn h iu khin thu cc tn hiu, thng l tr li cho thng tin o t xa. Phn h iu khin gii iu ch v khi
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
21
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
cn thit gii m cc tn hiu iu khin ri chuyn chng n thit b thch hp thc hin hnh ng cn thit. V th c th thay i cao, u thm hoc ct bt cc knh, nh hng li anten hoc duy tr qu o (maneuvers) theo lnh t mt t. trnh thu v gii m cc lnh gi, cc tn hiu iu khin c mt m ho. Bm v tinh c thc hin bng cc tn hiu hi ng c pht i t v tinh. Cc tn hiu ny c TT&C trm mt t thu. Bm c bit quan trong trong cc giai on chuyn v dch qu o ca qu trnh phng v tinh. Khi v tinh n nh, v tr ca v tinh a tnh c xu th b dch do cc lc nhiu khc nhau. V th phi c kh nng bm theo s x dch ca v tinh v pht i cc tn hiu hiu chnh tng ng. Cc hi ng bm c th c pht trong knh o t xa hay bng cc sng mang hoa tiu ti cc tn s trong mt trong s cc knh thng tin chnh hay bi cc anten bm c bit. nh k cng cn c thng tin v khong cch t v tinh n trm mt t. Thng tin ny c xc nh bng cch o tr truyn cc tn hiu pht ring cho mc ch o c ly. Ta thy rng cc chc nng o t xa, bm v iu khin l cc khai thc phc tp i hi cc phng tin c bit di t ngoi cc phn h TT&C trn v tinh. Hnh 2.5 cho thy s khi cho cc phng tin TT&C h thng v tinh Telesat ca Canada.
Hnh 2.5 H thng iu khin v tinh
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
22
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
! ! K o an tot nghiep 2.1.5. Phm vi mt t
Trm mt t l mt phn ca mng v tinh. N cung cp nhng chc nng pht v nhn cc tn hiu lu lng t v ti nhng v tinh. N cng trc tip cung cp nhng giao din cho mng tri t hay ti nhng u cui ngi dng. Trm mt t c th gm c nhng phn sau y: Anten pht v thu l nhng phn r rng nht ca trm mt t. C nhiu kch thc khc nm trong phm vi t 0,5m ti 16 mt v hn na. B khuch i tp m thp ca h thng thu vi n nm trong khong t 30 K ti vi trm K B khuch i cng sut cao (HPA) ca my pht vi cng sut t vi ot n vi kiloat ph thuc vo dung lng iu ch,gii iu ch v dch tn X l tn hiu Giao din mng mt t hoc u cui ngi dng
Chi tit v phn mt t ca h thng thng tin v tinh.
CC H THNG TV GIA NH, TVRO S khi tng qut ca TVRO Theo quy nh truyn hnh qung b trc tip n my thu TV gia nh c thc hin trong bng tn Ku (12 GHz). Dch v ny c gi l dch v v tinh qung b trc tip (DBS: direct broadcast satellite). Tu thuc vo vng a l n nh bng tn c th hi thay i. M, bng tn ng xung l 12,2 n 12,7GHz. Tuy nhin, hin ny nhiu gia nh s dng cc cho kh to (ng knh khong 3m) thu cc tn hiu TV ng xung trong bng C (GHz). Cc tn hiu ng xung ny khng ch nh thu gia nh m dnh cho vic chuyn i mng n cc mng phn phi truyn hnh (cc i pht VHF, UHF v cp truyn hnh). Mc d c v nh thc t thu cc tn hiu TV hin nay c thit lp rt tt, nhng nhiu nhn t k thut, thng mi v php lt ngn cn vic thu ny. Cc khc bit chnh gia cc h thng TVRO (TV recieve only: ch thu TV) bng Ku v bng C l tn s cng tc ca khi ngoi tri v cc v tinh dnh cho DBS bng Ku c EIRP (cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng) cao hn nhiu so vi bng C. Hnh 2.6 cho thy cc khi chnh trong mt h thng thu DBS ca u cui gia nh. Tt nhin cu trc ny s thay i trong cc h thng khc nhau, nhng s ny s cung cp cc khi nim c s v my thu TV tng t (FM). Hin nay TV s trc tip n gia nh ang dn thay th cc h thng tng t, nhng cc khi ngoi tri vn ging nhau cho c hai h thng.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
23
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 2.6 S khi u cui thu DBS-TV/FM gia nh Khi ngoi tri Khi ny bao gm mt anten thu tip sng trc tip cho t hp khuch i tp m nh/ bin i h tn. Thng thng b phn x parabol c s dng vi loa thu t tiu im. Bnh thng thit k c tiu im t ngay trc b phn x, nhng trong mt s trng hp loi b nhiu tt hn, b tip sng (Feed) c th c t lch nh thy trn hnh v. Kinh nghim cho thy rng c th thu cht lng m bo bng cc b phn x c ng knh t 0,6 n 1,6m (1,97-5,25 ft) v kch thc ch dn thng thng l 0,9m (2,95ft) v 1,2m (3,94 ft). Tri li ng knh b phn x bng C (4GHz) thng vo khong 3m (9,84 ft). Lu rng h s khuch i anten t l thun vi (D/ )2. So snh khuch i ca cho 3m ti 4GHz vi cho 1m ti 12 GHz, ta thy trong c hai trng hp t s D/ =40, v th khuch i ca chng bng nhau. Tuy nhin mc d suy hao truyn sng ti 12 GHz cao hn nhiu so vi 4GHz, nhng ta khng cn anten thu c khuch i cao hn v cc v tinh qung b trc tip lm vic cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng cao hn nhiu. Bng tn ng xung di 12,2 n 12,7 GHz c rng 500 MHz cho php 32 knh TV vi mi knh c rng l 24 MHz. Tt nhin cc knh cnh nhau s phn no chng ln ln nhau, nhng cc knh ny c phn cc LHC v RHC an xen gim nhiu n cc mc cho php. S phn b tn s nh vy c gi l
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
24
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
an xen phn cc. Loa thu c th c b lc phn cc c chuyn mch n phn cc mong mun di s iu khin ca khi trong nh. Loa thu tip sng cho khi bin i tp m nh (LNC: low noise converter) hay khi kt hp khuch i tp m nh (LNA: low noise amplifier) v bin i (gi chung l LNA/C). Khi kt hp ny c gi l LNB (Low Noise Block: khi tp m nh). LNB m bo khuch i tn hiu bng 12 GHz v bin i n vo di tn s thp hn c th s dng cp ng trc gi r ni n khi trong nh. Di tn tn hiu sau h tn l 950-1450 MHz (xem hnh 2.6). Cp ng trc hoc cp i dy c s dng truyn cng sut mt chiu cho khi ngoi tri. Ngoi ra cng c cc dy iu khin chuyn mch phn cc. Khuch i tp m nh cn c thc hin trc u vo khi trong nh m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m yu cu. t khi b khuch i tp m nh c t ti pha u vo khi trong nh v n c th khuch i c tp m ca cp ng trc. Tt nhin khi s dng LNA ngoi tri cn m bo n hot ng c trong iu kin thi tit thay i v c th b ph hoi hoc nh cp Khi trong nh cho TV tng t (FM) Tn hiu cp cho khi trong nh thng c bng tn rng t 950 n 1450 MHz. Trc ht n c khuch i ri chuyn n b lc bm chn knh cn thit (xem hnh 2.6). Nh ni, an xen phn cc c s dng v th khi thit lp mt b lc phn cc ta ch c th thu c mt na s knh 32 MHz. iu ny gim nh hot ng ca b lc bm v by gi cc knh an xen c t cch xa nhau hn. Sau knh c chn c bin i h tn: thng t di 950 MHz vo 70 MHz, tuy nhin cng c th chn cc tn s khc trong di VHF. B khuch i 70 MHz khuch i tn hiu n mc cn thit cho gii iu ch. S khc bit chnh gia DBS v TV thng thng ch DBS s dng iu tn cn TV thng thng s dng iu bin (AM) dng n bin c nn (VSSB: Vestigal Single Sideband). V th cn gii iu ch sng mang 70 MHz v sau ti iu ch AM to ra tn hiu VSSB trc khi tip sng cho cc knh VHF/UHF ca my TV tiu chun. My thu DBS cn cung cp nhiu chc nng khng c th hin trn hnh 2.6. Chng hn cc tn hiu Video v Audio sau gii iu ch u ra V/A c th cung cp trc tip cho cc u V/A ca my thu hnh. Ngoi ra gim nhiu ngi ta cn b sung vo sng mang v tinh mt dng sng phn tn nng lng v my thu DBS c nhim v loi b tn hiu ny. Cc u cui cng c th c trang b cc b lc IF gim nhiu t cc mng TV mt t v c th phi s dng b gii ngu nhin ho (gii m) thu mt s chng trnh. H thng anten ch H thng TV anten ch (MATV: Master- Antena TV) m bo thu cc knh DBS/TV cho mt nhm ngi s dng, chng hn cho cc ngi thu cn h trong to nh. H thng ny gm mt khi ngoi tri (anten v LNA/C) tip sng cho
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
25
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
nhiu khi trong nh (xem hnh 2.7). H thng ny cn bn ging nh h thng gia nh trnh by trn nhng cho php tng ngi s dng truy nhp c lp n tt c cc knh. u im ca h thng ny l ch cn mt khi ngoi tri, nhng phi c cc LNA/C v cp tip sng ring cho tng phn cc. So vi h thng mt ngi s dng, cn c anten ln hn (ng knh 2 n 3 m) m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m cho tt c cc khi trong nh.
Nhm knh phn cc LHC
Diplexer phn cc
LNA/C B phn x parabol
LNA/C
Nhm knh phn cc RHC Khi ngoi tri B chia cng sut Khi trong nh B chn nhm knh B iu ch 1
My thu 1
Hnh 2.7 H thng anten ch H thng anten tp th H thng TV anten tp th (CATV: Community Atenna TV) s dng mt khi ngoi tri vi cc tip sng ring cho tng phng phn cc ging nh h thng MTAV c th cung cp tt c cc knh ng thi ti my thu trong nh. Thay v s dng mt my thu ring cho tng ngi s dng, tt c cc sng mang u c gii iu ch ti mt h thng lc-thu chung nh hnh 2.8. Sau tt c cc knh c kt hp vo mt tn hiu ghp chung truyn dn theo cp n cc thu bao. i vi cc vng xa, thay v dng cp phn phi, ngi ta c th pht li qung b tin hiu bng mt i pht TV xa vi s dung anten ng knh 8m (26,2 ft) thu tn hiu v tinh trong bng C.
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Cng c th phn phi chng trnh thu t v tinh bng h thng CATV.
950-1450 t cc khi ngoi tri
My thu bng rng
My thu bng rng
Cc b lc knh
5
Cc b gii iu ch
B kt hp
Cp phn phi
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc khi trong nh cho h thng TV anten tp th(CATV) Cc trm mt t pht thu Trong cc phn trc ta xt cc trm TV ch thu. Tt nhin, mt ni no ta cn c mt tram pht hon thin ng truyn. Trong mt s trng hp ch cn trm ch pht, chng hn khi chuyn tip tn hiu truyn hnh n cc trm ch thu TV xa.. Cc trm pht thu m bo c hai chc nng v thng c s dng cho vin thng vi lu lng bao hm c mng TV. Cc phn t c bn ca mt trm mt t c d phng c cho trn hnh 2.9. Nhc li rng d phng c ngha mt s khi c nhn i. Mt khi c d phng kp ny khi b s c s t ng chuyn mch n khi d phng. Cc khi d phng c v trn hnh 2.9 dng ng ngt qung.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 2.9 Cc phn t cn bn ca mt trm mt t c d phng S khi chi tit ca trm pht thu mt t c cho hnh 2.10, trong d nhn ta khng trnh by cc khi d phng.
Hnh 2.10 S chi tit mt trm thu pht Nhn t pha di s , trc ht ta thy thit b kt ni trm v tinh mt t vi mng vin thng mt t. gii thch ta s xt lu lng in thoi. Lu lng ny c th gm nhiu knh in thoi c ghp vi nhau theo tn s, hoc thi gian. Ghp knh ny c th khc vi ghp knh cn thit truyn dn v tinh, v th khi tip theo l thit b ghp knh thc hin lp khun dng li cho lu lng. Sau
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
lung ghp c iu ch trung tn (IF), thng l 70 MHz. Nhiu tng trung tn song song c s dng cho tng sng mang c pht. Sau khuych i IF 70 MHz, tn hiu sau iu ch c bin i nng tn n tn s sng mang cn thit. Nhiu sng mang c th c pht cng mt lc v mc d y l cc tn s khc nhau, cc sng mang c c t theo tn s: cc sng mang 6GHz hay cc sng mang 14 GHz. Cn lu rng mi sng mang c th c s dng cho nhiu im nhn. Ngha l chng mang lu lng n cc trm khc nhau. Chng hn mt sng mang vi ba c th mang lu lng n Boston v New York. Cng mt sng mang c thu ti hai im, c lc ra bi cc b lc ti trm mt t thu. Sau khi i qua b bin i nng tn, cc sng mang c kt hp v tn hiu tng bng rng c khuch i. Tn hiu bng rng sau khuch i c tip sng n anten qua b ghp song cng: Diplexer. Diplexer cho php anten x l ng thi nhiu tn hiu pht v thu. Anten trm lm vic c hai ch pht thu ng thi nhng ti cc tn s khc nhau. Trong bng C, ng ln danh nh hay tn s pht l 6GHz v ng xung hay tn s thu l 4GHz. Trong bng Ku, tn s ng ln danh nh l 14 GHz v ng xung l 12 GHz. Do cc anten khuch i cao c s dng cho c hai ng, nn chng c cc bp sng rt hp. Bp sng hp ny cn thit ngn chn nhiu gia cc ng v tinh ln cn. Trong trng hp bng C, cng cn trnh nhiu n t cc tuyn vi ba mt t . Cc tuyn vi ba mt t khng hot ng ti cc tn s bng Ku. Trong nhnh thu (pha phi ca hnh 2.10), tn hiu thu c khuch i trong b khuch i tp m nh sau c chuyn n b chia tch thnh cc sng mang khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny c bin i h tn n bng IF ri c chuyn n khi ghp knh c chnh li khun dng cn thit cho mng mt t. Cn lu rng dng lu lng pha thu khc vi dng ny pha pht. S lng sng mang, khi lng lu lng c mang s khc nhau v lung ghp u ra khng nht thit phi mang cc knh in thoi c mang pha pht. Tn ti nhiu loi trm mt t khc nhau ph thuc vo cc yu cu dch v. Theo ngha rng c th phn loi lu lng thnh: tuyn lu lng cao, tuyn lu lng trung bnh v tuyn lu lng thp. Trong knh tuyn lu lng thp, mt knh pht p (36 MHz) c th mang nhiu sng mang v mi sng mang lin kt vi mt knh thoi ring. Ch hot ng ny c gi l mt sng mang trn mt knh (SCPC: Single Carrier per Channel). Ngoi ra cn c ch a truy nhp. C th v cc ch ny s c xt chng cc h thng thng tin v tinh FDMA v TDMA. Kch thc anten thay i t 3,6 m (11,8ft) i vi cc trm di ng trn xe n 30 m (98,4ft) i vi u cui chnh.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Knh tuyn lu lng trung bnh cng m bo a truy nhp hoc theo FDMA hoc theo TDMA. Cc ch a truy nhp ny cng c xt trong chng tng ng. Kch thc anten t 30 m (89,4ft) cho trm chnh n 10 m (32,8 ft) cho cc trm xa. Trong h thng tuyn lu lng cao, mi knh v tinh ( rng bng tn 36 MHz) c th mang 960 knh thoi cho mt ng hoc mt knh TV kt hp vi knh ting. Nh vy knh pht p cho knh tuyn lu lng ln mang mt tn hiu bng rng: c th l TV hay lung ghp cc knh thoi. ng knh anten ca h thng ny t nht l 30 m (98,4ft) c thit k cho trm mt t tiu chun A ca INTELSAT. Cc anten ln ny c trng lng n 250 tn v th phi c nn rt chc chn v n nh. Cc anten ng knh ln ny m bo cc bp sng rt hp v v th phi trnh x dch khng lm lch hng anten. i vi vng c bng v tuyt ri cn c l si bn trong. Mc d cc anten ny c s dng cho cc v tinh a tnh, nhng vn xy ra tri v tinh. nh hng ny cng vi bp sng anten rt hp v th cn m bo mt gii hn nht nh v bm. iu chnh tng nc theo phng v v gc ngng c thc hin di s iu khin ca my tnh t c tn hiu thu cc i. Vic m bo lin tc ngun nui cng l mt vn quan trng khi thit k cc trm mt t pht thu. Tr cc trm nh nht, cn th s dng ngun d phng t in mng hoc acquy v cc my pht in. Nu in li b s c, cc acquy lp tc thay th. ng thi my n c v nhanh chng thay th cc acqui. 2.1.6. Qu o v tinh Qu o l mt trong nhng ti nguyn quan trng cho v tinh trong khng gian. C nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi qu o v tinh ( xem hnh 2.6) Theo cao ca nhng v tinh, qu o v tinh c th c phn loi theo nhng kiu sau y: Qu o (v tinh) thp (LEO) c mt phm vi cao nh hn 5000 km. Nhng v tinh nm trong qu o ny c gi l nhng v tinh LEO. Chu k ca v tinh l khong 2-4 gi Qu o (v tinh) trung bnh (MEO) c phm vi cao nm trong khong t 5000-20.000Km .nhng v tinh nm trong qu o ny gi l v tinh MEO. Chu k ca v tinh l khong 4-12 gi Qu o Elip cao (HEO) c cao ln hn 20.000Km ,nhng v tinh nm trong qu o ny gi l v tinh HEO,chu k ca v tinh ln hn 12h GSO (Geostationary Orbit) hay GEO (Geostatinary Earth Orbit): qu o a tnh
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 2.11 Qu o ca v tinh 2.1.7. Di tn s pht ca v tinh Di tn s l ti nguyn quan trng khc ca lin kt mng v tinh v cng l mt ti nguyn khan him. Phn b tn s cho cc dch v v tinh l mt qu trnh rt phc tp i hi s cng tc quc t v c quy hoch. Phn b tn c thc hin di s bo tr ca Lin on vin thng quc t (ITU). tin cho vic quy hoch tn s, ton th gii c chia thnh ba vng: Vng 1: Chu u, Chu Phi, Lin x c v Mng C Vng 2: Bc M, Nam M v o Xanh Vng 3: Chu (tr vng 1), c v Ty nam Thi Bnh Dng Trong cc vng ny bng tn c phn b cho cc dch v v tinh khc nhau, mc d mt dch v c th c cp pht cc bng tn khc nhau cc vng khc nhau. Cc dch v do v tinh cung cp bao gm: Cc dch v v tinh c nh (FSS) Cc dch v v tinh qung b (BSS) Cc dch v v tinh di ng (MSS) Cc dch v v tinh o hng Cc dch v v tinh kh tng
Tng phn loi trn li c chia thnh cc phn nhm dch v; chng hn dch v v tinh c nh cung cp cc ng truyn cho cc mng in thoi hin c cng
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
nh cc tn hiu truyn hnh cho cc hng TV cp phn phi trn cc h thng cp. Cc dch v v tinh qung b c mc ch ch yu pht qung b trc tip n gia nh v i khi c gi l v tinh qung b trc tip (DBS:direct broadcast setellite), Chu u gi l dch v trc tip n nh (DTH: direct to home). Cc dch v v tinh di ng bao gm: di ng mt t, di ng trn bin v di ng trn my bay. Cc dch v v tinh o hng bao gm cc h thng nh v ton cu v cc v tinh cho cc dch v kh tng thng cung cp c dch v tm kim v cu h Phm vi tn s v tuyn nm trong khong t 3 kHz n 300 GHz, truyn thng trn 60 GHz ni chung khng thc hin c v yu cu cng sut cao v chi ph tn km cho thit b. Phn bng thng ny c s dng cho nhng mi lin kt truyn thng sng cc ngn (vi ba) mt t v cho truyn thng di ng mt t nh mng GSM v 3G v mng LAN khng dy ngy nay Ngoi ra, mi trng truyn dn gia v tinh v trm mt t nh ma ,tuyt,kh v cc nhn t khc gii hn n cng sut v tinh cng nh bng tn trong qu trnh truyn thng v tinh.Hnh sau cho ta thy s suy hao ca cc bng tn khc nhau do do ma, sng m v kh.
Hnh 2.12 s suy hao ca cc bng tn khc nhau do A:ma,B:sng m,C: kh Lin kt cng sut hn ch bi bng thng v cng sut truyn c dng cho truyn dn.Di thng tn s c cp pht bi ITU. C vi bng tn c cp pht cho truyn thng v tinh. Bng 1.1 cho thy cc bng thng khc nhau dnh cho truyn thng v tinh.
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
! ! K o an tot nghiep Cc loi bng tn VHF UHF L band S band C band X band Ku band K band Ka band V W mm m
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Gi tr(GHz) 0,1-0,3 0.31.12 1.122.6 2.63.95 3.958.2 8.212.4 12.418 18.026.5 26.540 40,0-75 75-110 110-300 300-3000
Bng 2.1 Cc loi bng tn ca truyn thng v tinh Bng Ku l bng nm di bng K cn bng Ka l bng nm trn K. Ku l bng hin nay c s dng cho cc v tinh qung b trc tip v n cng c s dng cho mt s dch v v tinh c nh. Bng C c s dng cho cc dch v v tinh c nh v cc dch v qung b trc tip khng c s dng bng ny. Bng VHF c s dng cho mt s dch v di ng v o hng v truyn s liu t cc v tinh thi tit. Bng L c s dng cho cc dch v di ng v cc h thng o hng. i vi cc dch v v tinh c nh trong bng C, phn bng c s dng rng ri nht l vo khong t 4 n 6 GHz. Hu nh cc tn s cao hn c s dng cho ng ln v thng bng C c k hiu l 6/4 GHz trong con s vit trc l tn s ng ln. i vi dch v qung b trc tip trong bng Ku, di thng c s dng l vo khong t 12 n 14 GHz v c k hiu l 14/12 GHz. Mc d cc n nh tn s c thc hin c th hn v chng c th nm ngoi cc gi tr c trch dn y (chng hn cc n nh tn s bng Ku c th l 14,030 GHz v 11,730 GHz), cc gi tr gn ng c a ra trn hon ton tho mn cho cc tnh ton c lin quan n tn s
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
! ! K o an tot nghiep 2.2. c im ca mng v tinh
Hu ht hin nay truyn thng v tinh s dng b lp tn s v tuyn(RF) hay v tinh ng cong.Hot ng ca 1 v tinh ti thiu l khi phc li tn hiu s nhn ,n c th m ho hoc gii m cc chui bit , n cng c th c mt s khi chuyn mch ln v ng truyn gia cc v tinh(ISL) ng truyn v tuyn (s dng sng cc ngn LOS) Cung cp ng truyn thc cho cc bit v byte ti lp vt l ca m hnh quy chiu phn lp. C ba vn k thut c bn trong ng truyn v tuyn v tinh ti v tinh c nh v khong cch rt xa t nhng trm u cui mt t .
Denomination Uplink (bandwith) 5.540-6.425 (575MHz) 7.925-8.425 (500MHz) Downlink (bandwith) Typical utilisation in FSS for GEO International domestic satellite: 3.625-4.2MHz intelsat,USA,canada,china,france Japan, indonesia 7.257.75(500MHz) 10.95-11.2 11.45-11.7 12.2-12.75 (1000MHz) 13-14/11-12 Ku band 13.7514.5(750MHz) 10.95-11.2 Govermental ,military satellites International domestic satellite: Intelsat in region 1 and 3 Intelsat, Eutelsat, France,German,Spain,Russia International domestic satellite Intelsat in region 2 11.45-11.7 12.5-12.75 (700MHz) 18/12 30/20 Ka band 17.318.1(800MHz) 27.5-30.0 (2500MHz) 42.5-45.5 (3000MHz) BSS band 17.720.2(2500MHz) 18.2-21.2 (3000MHz) Feeder link for BSS International domestic satellite Intelsat EUROPE,USA,Japan Govermental ,military satellites Intelsat, USA,Canada, Spain
6/4C band
8/7 X band
40/20 Ka band
Bng 2.2 v d v s dng di bng tn trong GEO

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2.2.1. tr truyn sng Vn u tin cn gii quyt l i vi khong cch xa. i vi v tinh GEO, thi gian yu cu truyn gia nhng khong cch _ chng hn, t trm mt t ny ti trm mt t khc l 250 ms. Thi gian truyn i v s l 2 x 250 hay 500 ms.Thi gian truyn sng ny ln hn nhiu so vi tiu chun h thng mt t . Mt trong nhng vn chnh l thi gian truyn sng v kt qu ting vng trn mch in thoi. p ng tr ca nhng mch d liu no cho cc h thng truyn khi hay gi v yu cu la chn cn thn ca h thng bo hiu in thoi hoc tr do ni c th tr nn tha 2.2.2. Suy hao ng truyn v gii hn cng sut Vn th hai l vi khong cch cng xa th suy hao cng nhiu. Vi sng ngn LOS ta c s suy hao trong khng gian t do vo khong 145 dB. Trong trng hp v tinh nm cao 22 300 miles hot ng trong tn s 4.2 GHz, th suy hao trong khng gian t do l 196 dB v ti 6 GHz l 199 dB v ti 14 GHz th suy hao khong 207 dB. Vn ny hin nay khng th khc phc c t tri t n v tinh,Trong trng hp ny th vic truyn vi cng sut cao v cc anten c li cao s l mt gii php tt ng truyn t v tinh ti tri t b gii hn cng sut v hai l do sau: Trong bng tn chia s vi nhng dch v ti mt t, ph bin nht l di tn 4- GHz, bo m khng giao thoa vi nhng dch v khc; V. Trong bn thn v tinh, chng c th thu c nng lng ch t pin mt tri. V tinh nhn c mt ngun nng lng rt ln t mt tri iu ch ra nng lng cn thit RF ; nh vy, ng truyn xung, t v tinh n tri t, mc tn hiu nhn c s l thp hn nhiu so vi trn nhng ng truyn v tuyn tng ng, v c th l thp hn khong 150 dBW 2.2.3. Khng gian qu o v bng thng gii hn i vi vng bao ph ca v tinh Vn th ba l s tp trung nhiu v tinh . Qu o xch o ca chng ta b lp y bi nhng v tinh a tnh. Giao thoa tn s sng v tuyn ca h thng v tinh ny sang h thng v tinh khc ang ngy cng gia tng. iu ny th cng ng hn i vi nhng h thng dng anten nh ti trm t vi vic m rng rng chm tia sn c ca n. Chnh iu ny lm bng n s tc nghn tn s t nhng trm pht. 2.2.4. Hot ng phc tp ca v tinh tm thp(LEO) Ngoi v tinh GEO, chng ta cng thy hot ng ca h thng v tinh qu o tm thp, n c th m ra tim nng ca nhng v tinh. Nhng v tinh loi ny c qu o c cao thp nht trn tri t. Chnh iu ny c th gim bt vn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
tr v suy hao ng truyn , nhng pht sinh nhiu s phc tp hn trong vic bo tr nhng ng truyn d liu gia nhng thit b u cui mt t v v tinh v s chuyn ng nhanh ca tp hp cc v tinh LEO.
CHNG 3.
3.1.
KHI NIM MNG V QU O V TINH
Cc nh lut vt l
Cng nh cc trm mt t di ng c s, h thng nhng thng tin v tinh cng phi c t trn mt nn tng hay knh truyn. Nhng nh lut vt l cho php chng ta xc nh t cc trm c s trn bu tri hnh thnh mt phn ca mng ch no v nh th no. 3.1.1. Ba nh lut vt l ca Kepler a. nh lut Kepler th nht: qu o v tinh nh lut Kepler th nht pht biu rng ng chuyn ng ca mt v tinh xung quang vt th s cp s l mt hnh elip. Mt hnh elip c hai tiu im F1 v F2 nh thy hnh 3.1. Tm khi lng ca h thng hai vt th ny c gi l tm bary lun lun nm ti mt trong hai tiu im. Trong trng hp c xt do s khc bit rt ln gia khi lng ca qu t v v tinh, tm khi lng trng vi tm ca tri t v v th tm tri t lun nm trong mt tiu im.
Trc ph Trc chnh Tm elip
Hnh 3.1 Cc tiu im F1,F2 bn trc chnh a v bn trc ph b ca elip Bn trc chnh ca Elip c k hiu l a v bn trc ph c k hiu l b. lch tm e c xc nh nh sau: e=
a b2 a
lch tm (tm sai) v bn trc chnh l hai thng s xc nh cc v tinh quay quanh tri t. 0<e<1 i vi mt qu o v tinh. Khi e=0 qu o tr thnh ng trn.
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b. nh lut Kepler th hai: vng c qut bi vect v tinh. nh lut Kepler th hai pht biu rng trong cc khong thi gian bng nhau, v tinh s qut cc din tch bng nhau trong mt phng qu o ca n vi tiu im ti tm bary (hnh 3.2)
A2 S2 A2
S2 Hnh 3.2 nh lut kepler th 2
v tinh
T hnh 2.2 ta thy n coi rng v tich chuyn dch cc qung ng l S1 v S2 mt trong 1 giy th cc din tch A1 v A2 bng nhau. Do S1 v S2 l tc bay ca v tinh nn t nh lut din tch bng nhau ny, ta rt ra rng tc S2 thp hn tc S1. T y ta suy ra rng v tinh phi mt nhiu thi gian hn bay ht mt qung ng cho trc khi n cch xa qu t hn. Thuc tnh ny c s dng tng khong thi gian m mt v tinh c th nhn thy cc vng quy nh ca qu t. c. nh lut Kepler th ba: chu k qu o nh lut Kepler th ba pht biu rng bnh phng chu k qu o t l m ba vi khong cch trung bnh gia hai vt th. Khong cch trung bnh bng bn trc chnh a. i vi cc v tinh nhn to bay quanh qu t, ta c th trnh by nh lut Kepler th ba nh sau:
u A= n
3
trong n l chuyn ng trung bnh ca v tinh o bng radian trn giy v l hng s hp dn a tm qu t. Vi a o bng mt, gi tr ny l:
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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! = 3,9860051014m3/sec2
Phng trnh 2.2 ch p dng cho trng hp l tng khi mt v tinh quay quanh mt qu t cu l tng c khi lng ng u v khng b tc ng nhiu chng hn s ko tri ca kh quyn. Vi n o bng radian trn giy, chu k qu o o bng giy c xc nh nh sau: p=
2 n
ngha ca nh lut Kepler th ba l n cho thy quan h c nh gia chu k v kch thc. Mt dang qu o quan trng l qu o a tnh chu k ca qu o ny c xc nh bi chu k quay ca qu t. Th d di y cho thy s xc nh bn knh gn ng ca qu o a tnh. 3.1.2. Ba nh lut ca Newton v chuyn ng v nh lut hp dn a. Mt vt th trong trng thi tnh s ch chuyn ng khi chu nh hng ca lc. N s chuyn ng mi theo chiu thng vi vn tc khng i (tc l chuyn ng thng u) chng no khng c mt lc khc tc ng vo n v lm thay i ng b. Khi mt lc tc ng vo mt vt th, n s thay i ng nng ca vt theo ng hng m n tc dng. Gia tc (vn tc tng theo thi gian khi vt chuyn ng) s t l thun vi ln ca lc tc ng.
d2r F =m 2 dt
Hay
F = m.a
c. Khi mt vt th tc dng mt lc vo mt vt th khc th vt b tc dng ny cng s tc dng li mt lc theo chiu ngc li.
FAB = FBA
Quan trng hn Newton cn a ra chng minh ton hc v lc ht ca tri t v tr thnh nh lut trng lc ph bin:
F = gm1 m2 1 r r2 r
r r
Vect F l vect lc ca vt m1 tc dng ln vt m2 theo hng t m1 ti m2, g=6,672.10-11m3/kg/s2 l hng s gia tc trng lc , r l khong cch gia 2 vt, v l vect n v biu din hng t m1 n m2, chng ta cng c th s dng cng
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
thc ny biu din lc gia mt tri v tri t bng cch cho m1 l khi lng ca mt tri v m2 l khi lng ca tri t. 3.2. Tham s qu o ca v tinh. nh ngha qu o ca mt v tinh trong khng gian, yu cu tham s qu o. Hnh dng ca mt qu o c m t bi hai tham s: na trc chnh (a) v lch tm (E). v tr ca mt phng qu o trong khng gian c xc nh bng nhng tham s khc: nghing (i), xch kinh ca nt ( ) v i s im cn im ( ). Na trc chnh (a) cng xc nh chu k (T) ca qu o v tinh mt t. 3.2.1. Na trc chnh (a) Tham s ny xc nh kch thc ca qu o (Km). N c nh ngha l mt na ca trc chnh, vi chiu di ca dy cung l qua 2 tiu im ca qu o ellipse .i vi qu o vng trn, na trc chnh (a) n gin l bn knh ca vng trn. Hnh 2.2 minh ha na trc chnh v nhng tham s qu o khc. 3.2.2. lch tm (e) lch tm (e) xc nh hnh dng ca qu o.L mt hng s hnh hc khng c n v vi mt gi tr l 0 v 1.Qu o vng trn thun tu c lch tm bng 0. Nhng gi tr sau y ca E nh ngha nhng kiu qu o v tinh: i vi e=0 =>qu o l hnh trn i vi e<1 =>qu o l ellipse i vi e=1=> qu o l parabol i vi e>1=>Qu o l hiperbol
3.2.3. nghing ca qu o(i) nghing (i) xc nh nghing ca mt phng qu o i vi mt phng xch o tri t v l mt gc c o bng . N c nh ngha l 1 gc gia hai mt phng xem hnh 2.3. Mt qu o vi nghing bng 0 c gi l qu o xch o , qu o vi nghing bng 900 c gi l qu o cc. nghing ca qu o nh hn 90 th cng chiu quay vi thin th ch v vi nghing (i) nm trong khong 900-1800 th ngc chiu vi thin th ch . nghing gii hn cc i l 180 . Theo gc nghing (i) ca mt phng qu o, gc nghing gia mt phng tri t v mt phng qu o v tinh, qu o v tinh trnh by hnh 2.4 c th phn loi thnh cc loi sau: Qu o xch o vi iu kin i=0 chng hn xch o tri td Qu o nghing vi iu kin 0<i<900 .Mt phng qu o v mt phng xch o tri t nghing vi nhau 1 gc l i Qu o cc nu I = 900 . Mt phng qu o cha cc ca tri t.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
39
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
mt phng qu o trng mt phng xch o mt phng qu o nghing 1 gc i (0<i<900) Hnh 3.3 nghing ca qu o(i)
Qu o cc Qu o nghing
Qu o xch o
Hnh 3.4 Qu o cc,nghing v xch o 3.2.4. xch kinh ca im () v i s cn im () xch kinh ca im () l vic xc nh quay ca mt phng qu o, v n l mt gc c o bng . N c nh ngha l mt gc trong mt phng xch o , l gc giao ca 2 ng thng nm trong mt phng xch o v mt phng qu o xem Hnh 3.5
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
40
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.5 xch kinh ca im(0 360) im(0 360)
Hnh 3.6 i s cn
i s cn im () xc nh quay ca cn im trn mt phng qu o xem hnh 3.6 v n v c tnh bng 3.3. Qu o hu ch Theo nh lut Kepler th 3, chu k quay ca qu o v tinh l t l vi khong cch t n n tri t.Nhng v tinh nm trong qu o thp, cao ca n nm khong vi trm ti mt nghn Km c chu k qu o nh hn 2 gi, t ta thy rng mt trng c cao 380.000Km v chu k quay ca n khong 27 ngy y chnh l c s tnh ton lch ca ngi Trung Quc v tri t c chu k qu o khong 365 ngy y l c s tnh ton 1 nm. 3.3.1. Qu o a tnh tri t Qu o a tnh l qu o trn ngay pha trn xch o Tri t (v 0). Bt k im no trn mt phng xch o u quay trn xung quanh Tri t theo cng mt hng v vi cng mt chu k (vn tc gc) ging nh s t quay ca Tri t. N l trng hp c bit ca qu o a ng b, v l qu o c nhng ngi khai thc hot ng ca v tinh nhn to a thch (bao gm cc v tinh vin thng v truyn hnh). Cc v tr v tinh ch c th khc nhau theo kinh . Cc qu o a tnh l hu ch do chng lm cho v tinh dng nh l tnh i vi im c nh no trn Tri t. Kt qu l cc ng ten c th hng ti theo mt phng c nh m vn duy tr c kt ni vi v tinh. V tinh quay trn qu o theo hng t quay ca Tri t cao khong 35.786 km (22.240 dm) pha trn mt t. cao ny l ng ch do n to ra chu k qu o bng vi chu k t quay ca Tri t, cn c bit n nh l ngy thin vn Nu mt phng qu o ca mt v tinh khng trng vi mt phng xch o ca tri t, th qu o c gi l nghing, v gc gia mt phng qu o v mt phng xch o c gi l gc nghing.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
41
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
tr lan truyn gia trm mt t v v tinh vo khong 0.125ms, mt nhc im ln ca qu o a tnh l lc ht ca mt trng v mt tri nh hng n qu o lm cho nghing qu o ngy cng tng ,sc y ca v tinh c th lm gim s xo trn ny,nhng k t khi v tinh ch c th mang s lng nhin liu gii hn th vic gia tng nghing ca qu o l mt vn cn c lu tm n trong mt s d n. Dung lng hn ch ca qu o a tnh l mt nhc im khc ,cc v tinh s dng cng tn s phi c tch bit vi nhau nhm trnh nh hng ln nhau. bao ph cao ln (ln hn 750) l khng kh quan v vy bao ph ton b tri t khng th thc hin c vi 1 chm im a tnh m theo tnh ton c th bao ph c ton b tri t cn 3 chm im a tnh. 3.3.2. Qu o ellipse cao Qu o hnh ellipse cao (HEO) khc vi nhng qu o vng trn. N ch c th ph sng khi v tinh chuyn ng rt chm so vi b mt tri t iu c ngha l khi n nm ti vin im, im xa nht so vi b mt tri t . Hnh 3.7 minh ha mt qu o ellipse tiu biu: Nhng qu o ny ni chung nghing mt gc 63.40 v vy qu o ny gn nh ng yn so i vi b mt ca tri t. nghing ny cao cho php b rng bao ph cao v Nga s dng nhng qu o ellipse Molnya v Tundra cho truyn hnh v tinh ti nhng vng cao ca Nga rt tt. Nhng qu o ellipse l mt ngoi l so vi nguyn tc chung, ni chung n ch nhm ti cung cp c chn lc hn l phm vi chung ton th gii.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
42
SVTH: Vu Van Trc

Qu o Ellipse V tinh di chuyn chm nht ti im ny
Qu o a tnh
V tinh di chuyn nhanh nht ti im ny
a)
b)
Hnh 3.7 Qu o ellipse cao 3.3.3. Qu o thp (LEO) V tinh LEO di chuyn nhanh hn vng quay ca tri t, v vy chng xut hin 1 cch lin tc trong vng quay ca tri t. Hnh 3.8 minh ho qu o v vng ph sng ca v tinh LEO. Chm v tinh l s lng v tinh cn thit bao ph ht ton b tri t Mt phng qu o v tinh v im trn qu o c th xc nh v tr ca v tinh. i vi chm v tinh, c cc k hiu v quy tc n gin miu t vng bao ph tri t. c 2 dng k hiu c dng m t chm v tinh l: K hiu Walker (N/P/p): k hiu ny ch: (s lng v tinh trn mi mt phng /s mt phng/s pha ring bit ca mt phng iu khin). K hiu Ballard (NP,P,m): k hiu ny ch (tng s v tinh NP ,s mt phng P, h s iu ho m m t s dch pha gia cc mt phng)
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
43
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.8 ng di chuyn ca v tinh LEO 3.3.4. Cc lc gy nhiu qu o. C nhiu tc ng ph gy ra nhiu qu o v tinh tri t. Mt s nhn t gy nhiu qu o : nh hng ca tri t khng phi hnh cu. i vi mt mt t hnh cu, nh lut Kepler th ba xc nh chuyn ng trung bnh nh sau: n0=
a3
Ch s 0 biu th rng kt qu c p dng cho tri t cu c khi lng ng u l tng. Tuy nhin ta bit rng tri t khng hon ton hnh cu, xch o hi phnh ra cn cc th hi dt vo v v th n c dng hnh cu dt. Khi xt n c im ny ca tri t, chuyn ng trung bnh b thay i v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 i ) n=n0 1 + K 1 (1 1.5 sin (a) 2 1.5
a 1 e
trong hng s K1 = 66063,1704 km2. S dt ca qu t gn nh khng nh hng ln bn trc chnh a v nu bit c a ta d dng tnh c chuyn ng trung bnh. Chu k qu o khi c xt n tnh dt ca tri t c gi l chu k d thng (t cn im n cn im). Chuyn dng trung bnh c c t trong cng b ca NASA l nghch o ca chu k d thng. Chu k d thng c xc nh nh sau: pA=
2 sec n
trong n o bng c o bng radian trn giy.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
44
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Nu ta bit c n (nh cho thng bo ca NASA) ta c th gii phng trnh (a) vi lu rng n0 cng ph thuc vo a. Ta c th gii phng trnh (a) tm a bng cch tm nghim ca phng trnh sau: n
a
3
K 1 1 1.5 sin 2 i 1 + =0 2 1.5 1 a e
S dt ca qu t gy ra hai s quay ca mt phng qu o. Quay th nht c gi l s dch li (regression of nodes) cc nt, trong dng nh cc nt trt dc xch o. Kt qu l ng cc im nt trong mt xch o b quay xung quanh tm tri t. Nh vy gc ln ng nt ln b dch. Nu qu o l ng hng th cc nt trt sang ty v nu qu o l ngc hng th chng trt sang ng. Nu nhn t nt ln, v tinh trong qu o ng hng bay sang ng v trong qu o ngc hng bay sang ty. Nh vy cc nt di chuyn ngc chiu chuyn ng v tinh, v th ta c thut ng dch li. i vi qu o cc (i=900) dch li bng khng. nh hng th hai l s quay ca ng gia cc im cc trong mt phng qu o di y ta s xt nh hng ny. C hai nh hng u ph thuc vo chuyn ng trung bnh n,bn trc chnh a v lch tm e. Cc thng s ny c nhm chung v mt h s K xc nh nh sau: K=
a2 1 e2
nK 1
K s c cng n v nh n. Vy vi n o bng rad/ngy, K s o bng rad/ngy v vi n o bng 0/ngy K cng o bng 0/ngy. Biu thc gn ng cho s thay i theo thi gian c xc nh nh sau:
d = K cos i (b) dt
trong i l gc nghing Tc dch li cc nt s c cng n v nh n. Khi tc thay i xc nh theo phng trnh (b) c gi tr m, dch li v pha ty cn khi tc ny dng dch li v pha ng. V th i vi dch li v pha ng, i phi ln hn 900 hay qu o phi ngc hng. Ta c th chn gi tr a, e v i sao cho tc quay l 0,98560/ngy v pha ng. Qu o ny c gi l qu o ng b mt tri. Mt trong s cc nh hng gy ra do s phnh xch o l s quay ng cc im cc, dn n s thay i agumen cn im xc nh theo cng thc sau:
d = K (2 2.5 sin 2 i ) (c) dt
y n v cho tc quay ca ng cc im cc cng l n v cho n

GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
45
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Khi gc nghing i bng 63,4350; thnh phn trong ngoc bng khng v s khng xy ra quay. Gc nghing ny c la chn cho qu o v tinh Molnya ca Nga. Nu ta k hiu thi gian k nguyn l t0, gc ln ng ca nt ln l 0 v agumen cn im l 0 ti k nguyn, ta c cc gi tr mi cho v ti t nh sau:
= 0
d (t t 0 ) dt d = 0 (t t 0 ) dt
Cn nh rng qu o khng phi l mt thc th vt l v chnh cc lc do qu t dt gy ra tc dng ln v tinh lm thay i cc thng s qu o. Vy khc vi vic bay theo mt qu o elip khp kn trong mt mt phng c nh, v tinh b tri do dch li cc im nt v v ca im gn nht (cn im) thay i do s quay ca ng cc im cc. Hiu c iu ny cho php ta nhn nhn v tinh bay theo mt qu o elip khp kn nhng vi qu o chuyn ng tng i so vi mt t do s thay i ca v . Nh ni trn, chu k PA l thi gian cn thit v tinh bay t cn im n cn im mc d cn im dch chuyn so vi qu t. lm th d, gi thit rng gc nghing bng 900 sao cho dch li cc nt bng khng (t phng trnh b) v tc quay ca ng cc im cc l -K/2 (t phng trnh c) ngoi ra xt trng hp cn im ti thi im quan trc ban u nm ngay trn nt ln. Mt chu k sau, cn im s gc -KPA/2 so vi nt ln hay ni mt cch khc n s pha Nam so vi xch o. Thi gian gia hai ln i qua nt ln s l PA(1+K/2n), y s l chu k c quan st t tri t. Nhc li rng K s c cng n v nh n, ngha l radian trn giy. Ngoi vic phnh ra ca xch o, trong mt phng xch o tri t khng hon ton l hnh trn, n c mt lch tm rt nh bc 10-5. lch ny c gi l tnh elip xch o (equatorial ellipcity). nh hng ca tnh elip xch o l n s to ra mt gradien hp dn gy nh hng ng k ln cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh. Ni mt cc ngn gn, l tng v tinh trn qu o a tnh phi c nh so vi tri t. Gradien hp dn gy ra do tnh elip xch o s lm cho cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh tri n mt im n nh, im ny trng vi trc ph ca elip xch o. Hai im ny phn cch nhau bi mt gc 1800 trn xch o nm vo khong kinh 750E v 1050W. trnh cho cc v tinh ang phc v b tri cc thao tc gi trm c thc hin (Station Keeping Maneuvers). V cc v tinh c dn dn b tri vo cc im ny nn chng c gi l "ngha trang v tinh". Lu rng nh hng tnh elip xch o l khng ng k i vi hu ht cc qu o v tinh khc. S ko kh quyn
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
46
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
i vi cc v tinh nm gn tri t th nh hng ca s ko kh quyn (Atmospheric Drag) l ng k . Do lc ko ln nht ti cn im v s ko ny lm gim tc ca v tinh ti im ny nn v tinh khng t n cng cao vin im cc vng tip theo. Kt qu l bn trc chnh v lch tm gim. S ko hu nh khng thay i cc thng s khc ca qu o bao gm c cao cn im. Biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i bn trc chnh nh sau:
n0 a=a 0 ' n 0 + n 0 (t t 0 )
2 3
d thng trung bnh cng thay i biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i ny nh sau :

=
n0 (t t 0 ) 2 2
'
S v tinh: 25338 Nm k nguyn (hai ch s cui cng ca nm): 00 Ngy k nguyn (ngy v ngy phn on ca nm): 223,79688452 o hm thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh(vng quay trung bnh/ngy2): 0,000000307 Gc nghing (): 98,6328 Gc ln ng ca nt ln (): 251,5324 lch tm: 0,0011501 Agumen cn im () : 113,5534 d thng trung bnh (): 246,6853 Chuyn ng trung bnh (vng/ngy): 14,23304826 S vng quay ti k nguyn (vng quay/ngy): 11663 T bng trn ta thy o hm theo thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh (n0') l mt s rt nh bng 0,00000307 vng/ngy. Nh vy s thay i gy ra do s ko ch ng k i vi khong thi gian di v v th i vi mc ch hin thi ta c th b qua n. nh hng ca mt trng v mt tri Lc hp dn chnh l nh hng ln nht ca mt trng v mt tri ln v tinh tri t bn cnh nhng chc nng ca chnh n. p sut bc x mt tri p sut bc x mt tri chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng s chm gia v tinh v nhng phtn bc x t Mt tri, m chng ht c hay phn x.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
47
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
3.3.5. cao ca qu o v vng bao ph cao ca v tinh cng cao th vng bao ph cng ln ng ngha vi vic th khong cch cng xa th i hi cng sut truyn cng ln Hnh 3.9 s minh ho mi lin h n gin ny:
Hnh 3.9 Mi lin h gia cao v vng bao ph T y ta c th thy c v tinh GEO c cao cao nht nn c vng bao ph rng nht, v tinh LEO c cao thp nht nn c vng bao l nh nht v v tinh MEO nm gia. V tinh GEO c vng bao ph l c nh v lin tc, nhng v tinh LEO v MEO s dn dn di chuyn ra xa khi vng bao ph. iu ny chng minh rng v tinh LEO v MEO thun li trong vic cung cp cho thit b u cui nh v thp ca h thng v tinh nhng iu ny cng lm xut hin chi ph cao trong vic pht trin v vn hnh. Tuy nhin nhng nghin cu v pht trin ca nhng chm v tinh trong nm gn y t c tin b vt bc trong kha cnh k thut, kinh t . S phi mt mt thi gian c th khai thc y li ch ca chm sao bng vic gim gi thnh ca h thng tng thm doanh thu t cc dch v v ng dng mi. Ni mng v tinh s cung cp vng ph sng cho tri t, c bit l nhng vng bn ngoi phm vi ph sng ca mng mt t. Bi vy, trong mc ny chng ta cn phi ly quan im tri t l trung tm xem xt mi quan h gia ni mng v tinh v tri t 3.3.6. li ca anten v rng ca chm tia Trong thng tin v tuyn, anten l mt phn rt quan trng ca lin kt truyn dn. N gip tp trung nng lng bc x v pha anten thu, nhng thit b thu nhn ch nhn c mt phn cng sut. Hu ht cng sut tri u ln trn mt vng rng.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
48
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.10 minh ha mt th bc x anten tiu biu c xc nh bi kch thc ca anten v tn s truyn c dng. tng ch cc i ca anten c biu th nh sau: G= Trong =
4 A 2
c v vn tc ca nh sng l 3.108m/s v f l tn s sng in t , f
din tch anten l A= D 2 vi D l ng knh Theo phng ca q ,gi tr ca li l: (tng i i vi anten ng hng)
G ( )dBi = Gmax,dBi 12( 3dB )
rng chm tia ca th bc x l:

3dB = 70
D
= 70
c fD
Hnh 3.10 th ng hng ca anten 3.3.7. Tnh ton vng bao ph cao ca v tinh xc nh vng bao ph ca anten tri t v khong cch ca trm mt t t mp vng bao ph n v tinh:
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
49
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
RE
RE
Hnh 3.11 Mi quan h gia gc ngng v cao Trong hnh 3.11 OPS l tam gic vung gc, ta c th tnh ton nh sau:
S p = (hE + RE ) sin
O p = (hE + R E ) cos
(a) (b)
Ap = S p tan
AS = S p
Nh vy ta cng c Ap=ASsin vi phng trnh (a) v (b) ta c c:

tan sin = (hE + R E ) sin cos
i vi trng hp c bit khi = 0 ,AS=(hE + RE)sin ta cng c th tnh

1 RE RE sau tnh sin a = (1 cos 2 a) = cos = h + R hE + R E E E v vy
2
(AS)2 = (hE+RE)2 - RE2
(c)
Ta c th tnh trc tip ,OAS tr thnh tam gic vung khi = 0 (AS)2 + RE2= (hE + RE)2 T cng thc ny a n kt qu ging nh cng thc (c). Vng bao ph cc i c th tnh nh sau: Vng bao ph = 2 R E H = 2R E 2
1 RE hE + R E
3.3.8. Khong cch v tr lan truyn t trm mt t n v tinh Hai gc c dng nh v v tinh t bt k im no trn b mt ca tri t.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
50
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Gc ngng ( ): Gc ngng l gc gia 1 im c xem xt l v cng v v tinh, c o trong mt phng cha im c xt l v tinh v trung tm ca tri t. Gc phng v( ):Gc phng v l gc c o trong mt phng ngang c xc nh l gc gia hng bc a l v giao ca mt phng cha im c xem xt, v tinh v trung tm ca tri t
N
sattelite
R P T
O
RE
L A
Hnh 3.12 Khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh Khong cch t trung tm tri t ti v tinh l : r = h + RE Khong cch gia trung tm tri t v v tinh c th tnh nh sau:
R 2 = R E + r 2 2 R E r cos R cos E r tan = sin sin L cos sin = sin
2
vi cos = cos L cos cos l = sin sin l cho GEO ta c = 0 th cos = 1 v sin = 0 tr do truyn t trm mt t n v tinh c th tnh nh sau:
TP = R c
vi C l vn tc nh sng v bng 3.108m/s v vy tr truyn theo 1 hng t mt trm ny n trm khc l:

TP = R1 + R 2 c
vi R1 v R2 l khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh

GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
51
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
c im lin kt v tinh v iu ch cho truyn dn
Thnh phn tn hiu truyn dn c bn bao gm sng mang v tn hiu iu ch. Sng mang l mt sng hnh sin lin tc, khng cha ng thng tin. Tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu mang thng tin v s c truyn qua sng mang. N c th iu ch (thay i) Bin , tn s hay pha ca sng mang dn ti nhng s iu ch khc nhau: iu ch bin (AM), iu ch tn s(FM) v iu ch pha (PM). Ti u thu b gii iu ch c th tch tn hiu mang thng tin ra t sng mang bng cch x l gii iu ch v iu ny ph thuc vo s m ho c s dng trong qu trnh truyn, hnh 3.13 minh ho cc qu trnh iu ch khc nhau . Qu trnh iu ch cho php truyn cc tn hiu mang thng tin trn cc tn s mang , ngi ta c th s dng phng php a truy nhp ti tn s v tuyn trong min tn s. Bn cnh tn hiu iu ch, nhng iu kin knh truyn v tinh cng c th gy ra nhng s thay i ti bin , tn s hay pha ca sng mang v vy n c th l nguyn nhn gy ra li truyn dn do cn phi c nhng m sa li khi phc li ni dung c th b sai trong qu trnh truyn dn. 3.4.1. c im lin kt v tinh Khng ging vi truyn bng cp, cht lng ca lin lc v tinh khng th iu khin. Lin lc v tinh c th l nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao truyn sng ,iu ny ph thuc vo nhng nhn t sau y: Tn s lm vic: suy hao ca tn hiu bi s hp th kh, s khc nghit ca tng i lu cng lm tng suy hao i vi tn s. Gc ngng ca Anten v s phn cc: chiu di ca ng truyn sng qua tng i lu bin i t l nghch vi gc ngng. Tng ng, suy hao truyn dn, ting n cng tng khi gc ngng gim. cao ca trm mt t:ng truyn gia trm mt t v v tinh s ngn hn nu chiu cao ca trm mt t cng cao , do s cng t suy hao hn Nhit tp m trm mt t: y l mc nh hng ca nhit tp m kh quyn ti nhit tp m h thng v vy nh hng ca tp m kh quyn ln ng xung gi l t s tn hiu/nhiu. V tr a l :Lng ma v thi tit gn trm mt t l nhng nhn t ban u trong vic xc nh tn s v suy hao ng truyn. H s phm cht
G :h s tng ch biu th hiu sut ca u thu G; G T
l thnh phn khuch i tnh bng dexiben (dB) v T l nhit tp m ca h thng. T s ny dng biu th cht lng ca trm mt t cn gi l h s phm cht trm mt t. Suy hao trong khng gian t do l suy hao cng sut chnh do truyn lan xa ca lin kt v tinh. Tuy nhin l suy hao ln hn so vi mi suy hao khc, nhng suy hao khc cng ch thm vo suy hao chnh vi dB. Ti nhng tn s 10 GHz v ln
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
52
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
hn, suy hao v s hp th kh quyn v ma c bit rt ng quan tm. Ti nhng tn s ny, sng in t tng tc v va di vi nhng phn t kh ca kh quyn nn gy ra suy hao tn hiu. Quan trng nht l cng hng suy hao xut hin ti tn s 22,235 GHz do s bc hi nc v gia tn s 53-65 GHz l kh oxy . Suy hao ti nhng tn s khc thng thng rt nh (nh hn 1 dB). Nhng suy hao kh quyn ny c th c tnh ton v c trong phng trnh lin kt xc nh tc ng ca n trn ton b cht lng ca h thng. Ti nhng tn s thp hn , nh hn 1 GHz,suy hao do fading a ng c kh nng xy ra cao nht. S quay Faraday do tng s lng in tch trong kh quyn tr nn ng k hn, nhng vi vic s dng s phn cc thch hp, nhng suy hao ny c th kim sot trong truyn thng. 3.4.2. K thut iu ch Ta c th m t ton hc sng mang nh sau:
C r (t ) = Ac cos(2f c t )
Trong Ac l bin sng mang v fc l tn s sng mang Ta c th biu din sng c iu bin nh sau:
S (t ) = [ Ac + k a m(t )] cos(2f c t )
Trong m(t) l tn hiu v ka l nhy bin ca b iu ch Ta c th biu din sng c iu tn nh sau:

S (t ) = Ac cos[2 ( f c + k f m(t ))t ]
Trong fc l nhy tn s ca b iu ch Ta c th biu din sng c iu pha nh sau:

S (t ) = Ac cos[2ft c + k p m(t )]
Trong kp l nhy tn ca b iu ch Trong sng c iu tn t f (t ) = 2 ( f c + k f m(t ))t c th xem m(t) l nguyn nhn gy ra s thay i tn s f = k f m(t )t , m n tng ng vi s thay i pha f = ( f c + f )t = 2 [ f c + k f m(t )]t do :
d f (t ) dt = 2f c + 2k f m(t ) v f (t ) = 2f c t + 2k f m(t )dt
0
Sng c iu tn c to ra bng cch s dng tn s mang kt hp vi tn hiu mang thng tin Trong sng c iu pha p (t ) = 2f c t + k p m(t ) v d sng iu pha c to ra bng cch s dng tn s mang v tn hiu thng tin v vy sng iu pha c th suy ra t sng iu tn v ngc li. iu pha v iu tn cng c th gi l iu ch gc.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
53
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
3.4.3. S iu ch kho dch pha (PSK) cho truyn dn v tinh Nhng iu kin lin kt qua v tinh c th thay i trong sut qu trnh truyn dn i vi truyn dn s, cao ca truyn dn cng c th thay i vi iu kin lin kt. AM(Amplitude modulation) th kh s dng. FM (Frequency modulation) kh trong vic thc thi v khng hiu qu trong tn dng di thng. So snh vi s AM v FM, PM(Phase modulation) c nhng li th ca FM v d dng thc hin v vy i vi truyn dn v tinh th PM c s dng v c nhiu s PM khc nhau c pht trin cn bng cc yu t nh cng sut ,tn s v thc hin hiu qu. iu ch PSK l mt phng php hiu qu nht truyn tn hiu s, c th ni phng php iu ch PSK l phng php iu ch trit sng mang do bng thng ca tn hiu PSK nh hn bng thng ca tn hiu FSK nu dng cng mt tn hiu di nn nhng pha thu phi c mch dao ng to sng mang thc hin vic gii iu ch ; tn hiu dao ng ny phi c cng tn s v pha ca sng mang my pht. Cc iu ni trn c th thc hin nh mt vng kho pha bin th gi l vng Costas Bng thng Ta xt trng hp n gin nht l PSK nh phn (Biphase PSK) c minh ho trong hnh 3.13 a) nu l PSK a pha th thay tc bit bng tc baud) Trong PSK pha ca sng mang thay i gia 2 tr s 00 v 1800 hiu in th tc thi c th vit:
V PSK = Vb sin( 2f c t ) + Vb sin( 2f c t )
biu thc VPSK tng t nh VFSK nhng tn s fm v fs c thay bng fc nn bng thng l BW=(fc+2ff)-(fc-2ff)=4ff BW=2br Nh vy BWPSK <BWFSK nu iu ch cng tn hiu di nn hnh 3.13 b) cho ph tn hiu PSK
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
54
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
sin( 2f ct )
sin(2f ct + )

VPSK = Vb sin( 2f ct ) + Vb sin( 2f ct + )
Tb
Hnh 3.13 a) PSK nh phn
fc 2 f
BWPSK = 4 f f = 2br
fc
fc + 2 f
Hnh 3.13 b) Bng thng PSK 3.4.4. PSK 2 pha (BPSK-Binary phase shift keying) Trong BPSK, ng vi tn hiu vo l cc in th biu din cc logic 1, 0 ta c tn hiu ra l cc sng mang hnh sin c pha lch nhau 180 (Hnh 3.14) l s khi mch iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK
+ cos wc t
cos wct
cos wc t
Hnh 3.14 a)iu ch BPSK v b) Gii iu ch BPSK Gi s logic 1 c c trng bi in th +Vdc v logic 0 c c trng bi Vdc b phn chnh ca mch iu ch gm mt mch nhn v mt mch to dao ng sng mang cos c t . Tn hiu logic v sng mang c a n mch nhn v ta c tn hiu +cos c t hoc -cos c t ng ra ca mch ny.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
55
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
my thu, sng mang c tch t tn hiu vo, sau trn vi tn hiu vo cho ra tn hiu dng cos 2 c t hoc - cos 2 c t . Phn tch tn hiu ny ta thy chng gm thnh phn mt chiu v ho tn bc hai:
1 + cos 2 c t 2 1 + cos 2 c t cos 2 c t = ( ) 2 cos 2 c t =
Cho vo mch lc h thng, ta c ng ra cc thnh phn dc c cng cc tnh vi d liu vo. Mch iu ch vng (ring modulator) l mt kiu mu ca mch nhn c m t (Hnh 3.15) Cc diod A, B, C, D dn hay ngng ty thuc hiu th t vo ng X,Y trong lc tn hiu vo ng RS ch khin cc diod dn mnh hay yu m thi. Sng mang c a vo ng RS, d liu c a vo ng XY. Gi s bit 1 khin X dng hn Y v ngc li cho bit 0 Khi d liu l bit 1 diod A v D dn in, ng vi bn k dng ca sng mang diod A dn mnh hn diod D, dng in chy trong na trn ca bin th ra ln hn, ta c tn hiu ra cng pha sng mang vo. Khi d liu l bit 0 diod B v C dn in, ng vi bn k dng ca sng mang diod B dn mnh hn diod C, dng in chy trong na trn ca bin th ra ln hn nhng c chiu ngc li (t di ln), ta c tn hiu ra ngc pha sng mang vo. Khi khng c sng mang hoc khng c d liu vo s khng c dng in ng ra.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
56
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.15 Mch iu ch vng 3.4.5. PSK 4 pha PSK cu phng (4 PSK hay QPSK) PSK 4 pha cn gi l PSK cu phng (QPSK : Quadrature PSK) l mch iu ch cho tn hiu ra c 1 trong 4 pha ty theo trng thi ca mt cp bit (dibit) d liu vo, lch pha ca cc tn hiu ra l 900. (Hnh 3.16) l s khi mch iu ch PSK 4 pha
fb 2
f c = 1600 Hz sin wc t
fb 2
Hnh 3.16 S khi mch iu ch PSK cu phng Mch chia bit (bit splitter) : chuyn dng d liu vo theo hai ng I (Inphase) v Q (Quadrature). Nhng bit vo ng I s iu ch sng mang c pha ban u v nhng bit vo ng Q s iu ch sng mang c lm lch pha 900 V cc d liu vo c th l bit 1 hoc 0, nn tn hiu ng ra mch nhn I c th l sinwct hoc sinwct v ng ra Q c th l coswct hoc -coswct, cc tn hiu ny c tng hp mch tng cho ra 1 trong 4 tn hiu m t (Hnh 3.17)
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
57
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Th d, vi cc bit ng vo ab=01, tn hiu ng ra l - sinwct + coswct, tn hiu ny c th thay th bi tn hiu duy nht c pha l 1350.
sin wc t
sin wct + cos wct
cos wct sin wc t + cos wc t
sin wc t
sin wc t cos wc t
sin wc t
cos wc t
Gii m PSK 4 pha:
sin wct cos wct cos wc t sin wct cos wct

Hnh 3.17 Cc tn hiu u ra
cos c t sin c t
sin c t
Hnh 3.18 Mch gii m PSK 4 pha Mch phc hi sng mang s cho li 1 sng mang sin c t t tn hiu nhn c, tn hiu ny c cho thng vo mch nhn ng I v c lm lch 900 trc khi c a vo mch nhn ng Q, tn hiu ra cc mch nhn c a vo mch lc h thng loi b thnh phn tn s cao, cc thnh phn DC s c tng hp mch tng cho li dng d liu. Gi s tn hiu vo l tn hiu nhn c trong v d trn cos c t sin c t Tn hiu ra mch nhn ng I l
sin c t (cos c t sin c t ) = 1 1 sin 2 c t (1 cos 2 c t ) 2 2
Tn hiu ra sau mch lc l in th dc -,tng ng bit 0 Tn hiu ra mch nhn ng Q l:

1 1 cos c t (cos c t sin c t ) = sin 2 c t + (1 + cos 2 c t ) 2 2
Tn hiu ra sau mch lc l in th dc + ,tng ng bit 1, mch t hp bit s cho li d liu nh pht : 01 (vit theo th t ab)
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
58
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Tc truyn thng thng ca QPSK l 2400 bps v vy mch iu ch tc ca knh I v Q l 1200 bps. Tc bin i ln nht ca tn hiu tng ng vi chui lin tip cc bit 1 v 0, chui ny c biu din bi tn hiu hnh vung tn s 600 Hz, tn hiu hnh vung bao gm tn s c bn v cc ha tn bc l. Trong qu trnh iu ch xut hin cc bng cnh cha cc ha tn ny, mch lc BPF c nhim v loi b thnh phn tn s ny. 3.4.6. iu ch dch pha cc tiu dng b lc Gauss (GMSK) L k thut iu ch tn hiu s cho php s thay i pha (phase) l ti thiu gia cc k t lin tip nhau. GMSK c c tnh tng t nh iu ch MSK, tuy nhin dng xung (pulse shape) tn hiu l hm Gausian thay v l hm Sinuss nh MSK. nng cao hiu qu s dng bng thng v thc hin sa li, c hai k thut c th c p dng l:dch pha ti thiu v to xung vung thng qua mt b lc Gauss. t W biu th di thng bng gc 3 dB ca b lc to xung. Hm truyn H(f) v p ng xung h(t) p tuyn xung ca b lc xung c nh ngha tng ng nh sau:
log 2 f 2 H ( f ) = exp 2 w 2 2 2 V h( f ) = exp w2t 2 log 2 log 2
p ng ca b lc cho n v bin v thi gian xung Tb ca xung vung c cho bi cng thc:
2 2 2 2 2 g (t ) = (t )d = w exp w (t ) 2 d log 2 Tb Tb log 2
2
TTb
Tb
p ng xung g(t) to thnh tn s to dng xung ca b iu ch GMSK, vi WTb l b rng di thi gian khng th nguyn thc hin vai tr ca mt tham s thit k. Chng hn ,khi WTb gim th thi gian tri ra ca tn s to xung tng ng tng ln. iu kin gii hn WTb = tng ng vi trng hp MSK bnh thng, v khi WTb nh hn phn t n v th vic gia tng hn na ca cng sut truyn tp trung vo bn trong di thng ca tn hiu GMSK. 3.4.7. T l li bit (BER) :tham s nh gi cht lng ca s m ho Li bit xut hin trong knh v tinh trong qu trnh truyn dn. T l li bit (BER) ph thuc vo t s tn hiu/tp m (S/N) ti thit b thu. Nh vy mc chp nhn c ca t l li bit, t s tn hiu/tp m ti thiu nht nh phi c bo m ti thit b thu v t bo tr trong chuyn pht.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
59
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Mi quan h gia C/N v t l li bit ca knh l mt bin php thc hin cho mi lin kt s. N c tnh ton t t s sng mang trn mt tp m, t s C/N0, i vi s iu ch c bit bng:
C E b N 0 10 log10 (datarate) = N 0 C 10 log (datarate / bandwidth) 10 N
T s tc bit (data rate) trn bng thng, R/B, c gi l hiu sut ph hay hiu sut bng thng ca iu ch. i vi mt bng thng cho, gi tr Eb/N0 phi ln t c tc truyn bit vi hiu sut li tt nm trong gii hn t l li bit hay xc sut li bit. C nhng hm sai s dng tnh ton t l li symbol. S bit trn symbol l log2M, trong M l mc ca s iu ch. T l li bit Pp th lin h vi t l li symbol Ps bng cng thc:
Pb = Ps log ( M )
Trn l thuyt, hiu sut li c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng xc sut Gauss nh sau:
P ( X > x + x ) = Q( y ) =
y
1 2
dz
Q(0) = 1 / 2, Q( y ) = 1 y , khi y 0 erfc( y ) 2
e
y
z 2 dz
= 2Q 2 y
Bng 3.1 cho ta hiu sut li chung cho mt s s iu ch thng dng v hnh 3.19 cho ta mt s kt qu tnh ton s dng thng s trong bng S iu ch QPSK nht qun BPSK nht qun MPSK nht qun MSK
Eb 1 ) erfc( 2 N0 Eb 1 ) erfc( 2 N0
PE symbol
GMSK
E b 1 ) vi l hng s ph erfc( 2 2N 0
thuc vo b rng di thi gian WTb

GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
60
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
! ! K o an tot nghiep BFSK nht qun

Eb 1 ) erfc( 2 2N 0 Eb 1 exp N 2 0 Eb 1 exp N 2 0
DPSK khng nht qun
BFSK khng nht qun
Bng 3.1 Hiu sut li cho 1 s s iu ch thng dng QPSK: Quaternary Phase Shift Keying- iu ch pha trc giao hay iu ch pha cu phng .QPSK l 1 k thut iu ch tn hiu s, m ha 2 bit thnh 1 symbols. BPSK: Binary phase shift keying-iu ch pha nh phn, l k thut iu ch tn hiu s vi bit 0 tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = -90 v bit 1 tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li). MPSK: multiple phase shift keying MSK: Minimum Shift Keying iu ch dch pha ti thiu , l k thut iu ch tn hiu s cho php s thay i pha (phase) l ti thiu gia cc k t lin tip nhau. u im ca MSK chnh l bin tn hiu t thay i do ti thiu s dch pha, v vy s ti u hiu qu ca b khuch i cng sut pha sau. MSK c c im gn ging vi iu ch OQPSK l tr hon thnh phn trc giao ca tn hiu i 1/2 chu k . im khc bit vi OQPSK l MSK s dng xung (pulse shape) iu ch l tn hiu sinus thay v l tn hiu raised cosinus nh OQPSK. GMSK: Gausian Minimum Shift Keying BFSK: Binary frenquency shift keying s dng 2 tn s sng mang, tn s cao tng ng mc 1 tn s thp tng ng mc 0
A cos(2f 1t + c ) Binary1 S (t ) = A cos(2f 2 t + c ) Binary 0
t li hn so vi ASK c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn mng in thoi
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
61
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
c th dng tn s cao 3-3MHz truyn trn sng radio hoc ng trc DPSK: Differential Phase Shift Keying iu ch di pha vi phn, l k thut iu ch khng ng b (khng cn xc nh pha sng n). gi bit 0 cng thm pha 180 vo dng sng, gi 1 ta gi dng sng khng i. B thu do vy phi c nh c th gii iu ch.
Eb
N0
Hnh 3.19 Hiu sut tp m ca s iu ch 3.4.8. Ni mng v tinh trong lp vt l Trong phm vi xem xt m hnh giao thc, ni mng v tinh c bt u t lp vt l. Lp vt l tip nhn cc khung t lp lin kt , sau truyn cc khung ny di dng mt chui bit ti cc thc th ngang hng vi n qua h thng v tinh. Ph thuc vo s thc thi ca trng ti ti a trong truyn thng v tinh, m c th c mt v tinh n gin trong sut chuyn tip tn hiu v tuyn t ng xung ti ng ln hoc c th c b x l onboard (OBP) x l cc tn hiu s sau chuyn tip ti ng xung thm ch n cn cho php nhng ti trng phc tp hn bao gm chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch. y tp trung vo xem xt lp vt l vi vic truyn v nhn nhng chui bit v tn hiu v tuyn thng qua h thng v tinh. Hnh 3.20 cho thy nhng chc nng lp vt l ca ni mng v tinh trong phm vi xem xt m hnh giao thc. N c th c xem l gia u cui ngi dng pht sinh mt chui bit. X l m ho chui vi chc nng m ho sa sai v m ho knh. B iu ch s dng cc tn hiu c m ho iu ch sng mang truyn cc tn hiu thng qua lin kt v tinh. Trong mt khc ca mng v tinh, mt x l nghch o s c thc hin trc khi a cc chui bit ti u cui ngi dng khc. Trong mng v tinh th qu
62
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
trnh x l l trong sut i vi ngi dng m c th bao gm chc nng OBP khc hay thm ch l cc ng truyn gia cc v tinh. Trong mng c dy, chui bit s c th c m ha trong nhng tn hiu bng gc v c truyn trc tip dc theo dy. Tuy nhin, v tinh s dng lin kt v tuyn cho truyn dn, do i hi cn phi iu ch tn hiu c th c truyn qua mt knh v tuyn hay sng mang Thm vo , m sa li c s dng trc m ho knh sa cha nhng li truyn c th xy ra, t ci thin cht lng truyn dn bng vic gim bt xc sut li.
Hnh 3.20 S khi chc nng lp vt l ca mng v tinh 3.5. FEC-Sa li hng ti Sa li hng ti trc, l mt h thng qun l v sa li trong truyn thng k thut s. Nguyn tc ca FEC l ngi gi thm thng tin trng lp vo trong thng ip gi i, iu cho php ngi nhn c th t kim tra v sa li (nu c) gy ra do knh truyn. Li im ca FEC l khng yu cu gi li thng tin. FEC c hai loi chnh: m ha khi v m ha chp. K thut FEC l a cc on d vo thng tin truyn i, sau khi u thu khi nhn c d liu s s dng cc thng tin d ny kim tra li v sa li nu c li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu c minh ho trong hnh 3.21 M FEC l mt lp rt rng nn ta ch gii thiu tm tt v mt s loi ca m FEC bao gm m khi tuyn tnh,m tun hon, m chp v mt li v m turbo(M Turbo (hay m lc) , l mt k thut m ha sa sai (FEC). Turbo Codes thuc h m li (m ha theo Trellis) v c xy dng da trn 1 m chp (Convolution Codes) S d gi l m Turbo (lc xoy) v cu trc gii m c thc hin theo gii thut
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
63
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
vng lp (iteration) v sau mi vng lp, t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR s c tng dn)
d1 , d 2 ,...., d k
c1 , c 2 ,...., c n
d1 , d 2 ,...., d k
c1 , c 2 ,...., c n
Hnh 3.21 M ho sa li hng ti trc 3.5.1. M ho khi tuyn tnh M khi tuyn tnh l mt lp m c dng rt ph bin trong vic chng nhiu ,loi m ny c xy dng da trn cc kt qu ca i s tuyn tnh , y ta ch nghin cu v m nh phn. nh ngha Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2k t m c gi l m tuyn tnh c(n,k) nu v ch nu 2k t m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu ca khng gian vect n chiu gm tt c cc vect n thnh phn trn trng GF(2) Trng GF(2) (galois field(2)) l trng nh phn ng thi php cng l php cng modul 2 ( hiu l ) cn php nhn l php v (AND)
0 0=0 0.0=0
0 1=1 0.1=0
1 0=1 1.0=0
1 1=1 1.1=1
M tuyn tnh C(n,k) c mc ch m ho nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit thnh nhng t m n bit. Hay ni cch khc trong n bit ca t m c cha k bit thng tin. M khi l m m khng nh M nh x k tn hiu nh phn vo ti n tn hiu nh phn ra vi n > k i vi phn d.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
64
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
t m=[m0,m1,m2,.,mk-1] thnh bit d liu, b=[b0,b1,.,bn-k-1] v P thnh k (n k ) h s ma trn thit b pht v thit b thu . ta c th to ra cc bit parity nh sau: B=mP (*) Nu t m c truyn l c=[b:m] ta s c th kim tra mt s li hoc thm ch sa mt s li bng cch s dng phng trnh (*) Mt v d ca m tuyn tnh l m Harming (n,k) vi chiu di m l n=2r-1 s bit thng tin l k = 2 r r 1 (hoc k + r 1 = 2 r ) v s bit parity l r = n k . M Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem(BCH) l mt loi ca m khi tuyn tnh vi cc tham s sau:chiu di khi n = 2 m 1 s bit thng tin l k (n mt ) v khong cch ti thiu l d min 2t + 1 vi m l cc s nguyn v t = th pht hin c. M Reed-Solomon(RS) l mt lp ph ca m BCH khng nh phn. M RS (n,k) c s dng m ho m bit symbol trong khi gm c n = (2 m 1) symbol = m(2 m 1) bit .M sa li RS c cc tham s sau :chiu di khi l n = (2 m 1) symbol, ln thng tin l k symbol , ln kim tra parity l (n k ) = 2t symbol v khong cch ti thiu l d min 2t + 1 symbol. 3.5.2. M tun hon t g(X) l a thc c bc nh nht ca (n-k) v cng c gi l a thc sinh ca m tun hon v c nh ngha nh sau:
g( X ) = 1 +
n k 1 i =1
2m 1 l s li ln nht c 2
g X
i
+ X nk
t m( X ) = m0 X 1 + m1 X 2 + ..... + m k 1 X k 1 , v b( X ) = b0 X 1 + b1 X 2 + ..... + bn k 1 X n k 1 ta c th chia X n k m( X ) bng a thc sinh g ( X ) nhn c phn d b( X ) v cng b( X ) vo X n k m( X ) nhn c c( X ) . M tun hon thng c s dng cho mc ch kim tra li v n c kh nng pht hin nhm li v cng c gi l m kim tra d vng (CRC) Bng 3.2 cho ta mt s m CRC hu ch. Code M CRC-12 M CRC-12(USA) M CRC-ITU
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
Generator polynomial g ( X )
1 + X + X 2 + X 3 + X 12 + X 12 1 + X 2 + X 15 + X 16 1 + X 5 + X 12 + X 16
65
nk
12 16 16
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Bng 3.2 Mt s m CRC hu ch
M CRC nh phn (n,k) c kh nng pht hin cc mu li sau y: Tt c cc li khi c chiu di (n k ) hoc nh hn. Mt phn ca li khi c chiu di bng n k + 1 m ln hn hoc bng
1 2 ( n k 1)
Kt hp ca tt c (d min 1) hoc 1 vi li, trong dmin l khong cch nh nht ca m khi tuyn tnh. khong cch ny c nh ngha l s cc v tr bit khc nhau gia 2 chui m v c gi l m hamming. Tt c cc mu li vi s l ca li nu a thc sinh g ( X ) cho cc m c s chn vi h s khc 0. 3.5.3. M ho li mt co v m chp M li mt co s dng b nh bng cch nh k-1 tn hiu vo ngay pha trc khi ch ca tn hiu vo L. nhng tn hiu nh phn u vo ( K 1) + L = (K + L 1) c s dng to ra n[( K 1) + L ] tn hiu nh phn u ra tng ng vi tn hiu vo L. v vy chu k m l
L . [n( K + L 1)]
M chp l 1 tp hp con ca m tuyn tnh Trellis( m li mt co). M chp c th c ghp vi my trng thi hu hn lu tr (K 1) bit thng tin, vo thi im j, phn cha chui thng tin gn bit k nht (m j k +1 , m j K + 2 ,..., m j 1 , m j ) vi m j l bit hin ti. b gii m m chp tnh nh l b nh khi th nh gi chui d liu thch hp nht m cung cp cho chui m bit nhn v c gi l phng php ti u cho gii m m chp. vo nm 1967 Andrew Viterbi pht trin k thut gii m m chp s dng phng php ny m k t tr thnh tiu chun cho vic gii m m chp. 3.5.4. M ghp Nhng m khi Tuyn tnh hiu qu hn trong vic sa nhng chui li v m chp c hiu qu hn trong nhng li ngu nhin, tuy nhin,ta c th gy ra cc chui li nu nh xut hin qu nhiu li ngu nhin. Vo nm 1974, Joseph Odenwalder kt hp hai k thut ny hnh thnh m ghp. Theo th t sp xp th m khi c s dng u tin nh l m trong, sau l m chp c s dng nh m ngoi m ho, i vi vic gii m th u tin l m chp ngoi sau l m khi trong. Hiu qu c th nng cao hn na nu c s an xen k thut gia hai giai on m ho lm gim bt k nhm no m c th qu di i vi m khi gii quyt mt cch c hiu qu. K thut ghp xen l nhng hm nh x vo ra m hon v v tr ca cc bit hay symbol trong bn tin v vy v tr ca chui bit ghp xen c lp i vi chui bit gc, v cc li khi c th c lm ngu nhin tr thnh cc li
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
66
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
n ngu nhin phn b vo trong chui bit khi gii ghp xen.Mt thit b hay mt khi chc nng ca k thut ghp xen thng c gi l interleaver. 3.5.5. M Turbo Vo nm 1993 Berrou, Glavieux v Thitimajashima a ra mt s m ha mi cho cc m chp c gi l m Turbo (Hnh 3.22). Trong s ny dng thng tin vo c m ha hai ln vi mt b xo trn t gia hai b m ha nhm to ra hai dng d liu c m ha c th xem l c lp thng k vi nhau.
Hnh 3.22 B m ho Turbo Trong s ny cc b m ha thng c s dng l cc b m ha cho m chp c tc R = 1/2 . Cc m ny c s dng rt hiu qu trn cc knh phainh. Ngi ta chng t rng hiu nng ca m Turbo s tng khi tng kch thc ca b xo trn. Tuy nhin trong nhiu ng dng quan trng (chng hn khi truyn ting ni), kch thc b xo trn qu ln khng s dng c do kt qu gii m b gi chm. V d: Xt s d m ha Turbo c hm truyn sau: (Hnh 3.23)
G(x ) =
1 1+ x2
vi b xo trn c m t bi php hon v
C (1) ( x)
= {8,3,7,6,9,0,2,5,1,4}
C
m
(2 )
(x )
(2 )
(x )
(3 )
(x )
Hnh 3.23 gi s dy vo l m(x ) = [1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1] = C (1) (x ) Khi dy ra ca b m ho th nht l :

GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
67
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
C
(2 )
(x ) = [1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0]
Dy bit c hon v a vo b m ho th 2 l :
m(x ) = [1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1]
Dy ra ca b m ho th 2 l :
C
(3 )
(x ) = [1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1]
(2 )
B trch chn s chn a ra cc bt c gch di ln lt cc u C (x ) v C (x ) Dy bt c m ha u ra c gi tr R =

1 l: 2
(3 )
v( x ) = [1,1,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0, 0, 0,1,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1]
Khi khng dng b trch chn dy bt ra s c tc R =
1 v s c dng: 3
v( x ) = [1,1,1,1,1, 0, 0,1,1, 0,1,1,1, 0, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1, 0,1,1, 0,1]
Dy ra v(x) c iu ch v pht qua knh, u ra knh tn hiu nhn c gii iu ch to ra vect r (1) (x ) (tng ng vi C (1) (x ) ) v r (2 ) (x ) (tng ng vi C (2 ) ( x ) ) v r (1) ( x ) (tng ng vi C (3) ( x ) ),. Hot ng chung ca thut ton gii m Turbo c th m t nh sau (xem hnh 3.24). D liu ( r (1) (x ), r (2 ) (x ) ) c a ti b gii m 1. trc tin b gii m ny s dng thng tin tin nghim trn cc bit pht v to ra cc bt c xc sut xut hin ph thuc vo d liu quan st c. u ra nh gi ny ca b gii m 1 c xo trn theo lut hon v v c a ti b gii m 2 v c lm thng tin tin nghim. Cng a ti b gii m 2 l d liu nhn c ( r (1) (x ), r (3) (x ) ) , cn ch rng r (1) (x ) cn phi a n b xo trn . u ra nh gi ca b gii m 2 c gii xo trn bng lut hon v ngc 1 v c a tr li lm thng tin tin nghim cho b gii m 1. Qu trnh chuyn thng tin tin nghim s c tip tc cho n khi b gii m quyt nh rng qu trnh hi t (hoc cho ti khi t c mt s ln lp nht nh) Phn quan trng nht ca thut ton gii m ny l mt thut ton gii m quyt nh mm, thut ton ny s cung cp cc nh gi ca cc xc sut hiu nghim cho mi bt vo.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
68
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
r (2 ) (x )
r (1) ( x )
r (1) ( x )
r (3 ) ( x )
Hnh 3.24 S khi chc nng ca b gii m Turbo 3.5.6. Hot ng ca FEC Thit b thu c th gii m ho d liu trong hu ht cc trng hp ngay c khi d liu b h hng trong sut qu trnh truyn, bng cch s dng k thut FEC . Thit b thu c th khng c kh nng khi phc d liu nu c qu nhiu mu bit b h hng, t ta ch c th cho php mt mc nht nh ca li. Ta thy rng t s
Eb l tham s nh hng ti hiu sut li ca truyn dn v tinh i vi m ho v N0
ti nguyn bng thng cho. FEC cho php lin kt qua v tinh c php truyn dn vi li cao hn gii m d liu trong iu kin hiu sut li. y l iu rt hu ch khi truyn dn v tinh c lp kh c th t c mc nht nh ca hiu sut v s gii hn ca cng sut truyn ti nhng iu kin lin kt nht nh. Ly mt v d : Gi thit R L tc truyn thng tin, tc m ho d liu Rc , nh c nh ngha i vi m khi (n,k) vi n bit c gi cho k bit thng tin l Rc =
Rn . Mi quan h ca yu cu cng sut gia m ha v gii m d liu cho k
cng t l li bit l:
C k C R c n R k E b = = N0 No n N0
Nhng m ny phi tr mt gi l yu cu bng thng ln hay tng chi ph ln (gim lu lng thng tin) nhm cung cp m ho c li duy tr cht lng ng truyn mong mun c th s dng cng
Eb . Khng i su vo cc phn tch N0
ton hc chi tit ,ta ch a ra m t ngn gn s dng hnh 3.25.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
69
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Eb (dB ) N0
Hnh 3.25 So snh ca m FEC 3.6. K thut a truy nhp Thy rng truyn dn v tinh s dng m hnh a truy nhp trong mi trng dng chung. C 3 dng chnh ca m hnh a truy nhp c trnh by Hnh 3.26: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA)
Hnh 3.26 K thut a truy nhp FDMA,TDMA v CDMA Ghp knh khc vi a truy nhp , n l chc nng tp trung vi vic chia s ti nguyn bng thng t cng mt v tr trong khi a truy nhp chia s cng mt ti nguyn t cc v tr khc nhau xem Hnh 3.27
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
70
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.27 So snh gia khi nim ghp knh v a truy nhp 3.6.1. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) Trong phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), bng thng ca knh trm lp c chia thnh cc bng con v c n nh cho tng sng mang pht i t trm mt t. i vi kiu truy nhp ny cc trm mt t pht lin tc mt s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau v cc sng mang ny to nn cc knh ring. trnh nhiu gia cc knh ln cn gy ra do phng thc iu ch, s khng hon thin ca cc b dao ng v cc b lc, cn m bo khong bo v gia cc bng tn ca cc knh cnh nhau. Ph thuc vo cc k thut ghp knh v iu ch ta c th chia cc s truyn dn FDMA thnh cc s khc nhau. Phn di y ta s xt cc s ny. a. Cc s truyn dn Cc s truyn dn khc nhau tng ng vi cc t hp ghp knh v iu ch khc nhau. Hnh 3.28 cho ta thy cc trng hp chung nht. FDM/FM/FDMA cu hnh ghp knh theo tn s, iu tn (FM) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDM/FM/FDMA trn hnh 3.28a) cc tn hiu bng tn gc ca ngi s dng l tn hiu tng t. Chng c kt hp to thnh mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM). Tn s tn hiu tng t c ghp knh ni trn s iu ch tn s (FM) cho mt sng mang, sng mang ny s truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc tn s khc t cc trm khc. gim thiu iu ch giao thoa, s lng ca cc sng mang nh tuyn lu lng c thc hin theo nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh FDM bao gm tt c cc tn s dnh cho cc trm khc. Hnh 3.29 cho ta thy th d v mt mng c ba trm. TDM/PSK/FDMA
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
71
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
cu hnh ghp knh theo thi gian, iu ch kho chuyn pha (PSK) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (TDM/PSK/FDMA hnh 3.28b) tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s dng l tn hiu s. Chng c kt hp to ra mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Lung bit th hin tn hiu c ghp ny iu ch mt sng mang theo phng php iu ch pha PSK , tn hiu ny truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc sng mang t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. gim ti thiu cc sn phm ca iu ch giao thoa s lng cc tn s mang nh tuyn lu lng c thc hin theo phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh TDM bao gm tt c cc tn hiu ph thuc thi gian cho cc trm khc. Hnh 3.29 cho thy v d ca mt mng c ba trm. SCPC/FDMA cu hnh mt knh trn mt sng mang (SCPC: Single Channel per Carrier) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (SCPC/FDMA hnh 3.28c) tng tn tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s s iu ch trc tip mt sng mang dng s (PSK) hoc tng t (FM) tu theo tn hiu c s dng. Mi sng mang truy nhp n v tinh tn s ring ca mnh ng thi vi cc sng mang t cng trm ny hay t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. Nh vy nh tuyn c thc hin trn nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn'.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
72
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 3.28 Cc cu hnh truyn dn FDMA. a)FDM/FM/FDMA;b)TDM/PSK/FDMA;c)SCPC/FDMA
b) Ghp knh tn hiu bng gc
c) S khi trm mt t a Hnh 3.29 V d v mt h thng FDMA ba trm s dng nh tuyn mt sng mang trn mt trm 3.6.2. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA)
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
73
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Trong TDMA mi trm mt t c phn b 1 khe thi gian ca bng thng cho vic truyn thng tin. mi khe thi gian c th c dng ng b ho qu trnh truyn, iu khin v thng tin ngi dng. TDMA thun li hn trong vic truyn v x l cc tn hiu s. Hnh 3.30 cho ta 1 v d ca TDMA . i vi TDMA th ch c 1 sng mang c truy cp vo b thu pht v tinh ti mt thi im v ton b cng sut ng xung sn sng cho vic truy nhp .TDMA c th t c hiu sut cao trong vic tn dng cng sut cng nh tn dng bng thng nu thi gian bo v b mt c gi mc ti thiu khi s dng k thut iu chnh thi gian chnh xc hn. Tht vy cc khi TDMA truyn bi trm u cui mt t phi khng c giao thoa vi nhau bi vy mi trm mt t phi c b tr thch hp v sau iu khin khi thi gian trong sut qu trnh truyn. Mi khi phi n trm thu pht v tinh ng thi gian tiu chun tng xng vi thi gian tham kho .iu ny m bo rng khng c 2 khi chng ln nhau v khong thi gian bo v gia 2 khi bt k l nh t c hiu qu truyn l cao nht nhng ln trnh nhng chng ln gia 2 khe thi gian. ng b ho l qu trnh x l ca vic cung cp cc thng tin nh gi ti tt c cc trm v iu khin cc khi TDMA do chng ch cn li trong khe quy nh tt c iu ny phi hot ng thm ch thng qua mi trm mt t l c nh trong mi quan h vi v tinh GEO bi v v tinh GEO c t ti kinh tuyn danh nh v c xc nh c trng di chuyn trong 1 ca s vi mi cnh 0.002 nh thy t trung tm ca trm mt t. hn na cao ca v tinh bin thin l kt qu ca d lch tm qu o do v tinh c th mi ni trong 1 hp c phm vi l 75*75*85 Km3 Hin tng thu triu ca v tinh l nguyn nhn lm cho cao ca v tinh bin thin khong 85Km dn n kt qu l quay 1 vng tr thay i khong 500s v s thay i tn s ca tn hiu c bit nh hiu ng Doppler 3.6.3. a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) CDMA l mt k thut truy cp s dng cc k thut tri ph, ni m mi trm mt t ch s dng duy nht s tri m truy cp bng thng chia s. Tt c cc m ny trc giao vi nhau. phc v mt s lng ln ngi dng, cc m phi bao gm mt s lng ln cc bit dn n kt qu l t c tn hiu bng thng rng t tt c ngi dng. N cng c bit n nh a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA) c im ca tri ph l hot ng ny l c th xy ra trong mc cao ca giao thoa khng tng quan v y l c tnh quan trng chng nhiu trong truyn thng qun i. Hm tri bng thng rng c suy ra t chui m gi ngu nhin v kt qu l tn hiu c truyn dn khi chim gi tng t bng thng rng . Ti pha thu, nhng tn hiu u vo l tng quan vi cng mt hm tri , ng b cho cc tn hiu, khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Ti u thu tn hiu ra, mt phn nh sn
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
74
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
phm tng quan d khng mong mun t tn hiu ngi dng a n kt qu l ting n c coi l t giao thoa. Nh vy khi s lng ngi s dng trong h thng tng ln, mc ting n s tng ln v lm suy hao hiu sut t l li bit . iu ny s gy ra mt gii hn vi s lng knh ti a cng lc c th c cung cp trong cng mt tng th tn s phn b. CDMA cho php gim dn dn hiu sut vi vic tng s lng kt ni. 3.7. Phn b di tn S a truy nhp cung cp k thut phn chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn thch hp p ng yu cu ca cc ng dng v dch v. S phn b di tn cung cp k thut phn b bng thng trong iu kin truyn dn bng thng v thi gian S phn b di tn c th phn chia thnh 3 lp c trng l :truy cp theo n nh trc, truy cp theo yu cu a truy nhp a thch ng v truy nhp ngu nhin .Nhng phng php ny c th c s dng p ng cc yu cu ca lu lng ngi s dng khc nhau trong iu kin ca khong thi gian v tc truyn. Nhng chng trnh c th c s dng ring r hoc kt hp, ty thuc vo cc ng dng. 3.7.1. Phn phi truy cp theo n nh trc Vi phn phi c nh, kt ni u cui l 1 kt ni thng xuyn vi mt lng ln ngun bng thng khng i cho ton b chu k sng ca thit b u cui hoc cho mt chu k thi gian di (nh nm.thng,tun hoc ngy). iu c ngha l khi kt ni ny rnh ri th cc khe khng c s dng (dn n lng ph) 3.7.2. Phn phi theo yu cu Phn phi theo yu cu ch phn b ngun bng thng khi c nhu cu, n c 2 bin l :khong thi gian v tc d liu ,thi gian c th c nh hoc thay i. Cho 1 khong thi gian, tc d liu c th c nh hoc thay i.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
75
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
CHNG 4.
4.1.
LIN KT MNG V TINH VI MNG TRI T
Khi nim ni mng
Mng li vin thng ban u c thit k, pht trin v ti u ha i vi truyn cht lng thoi bng hp 3,1 kHz trong dch v in thoi thi gian thc. Trong th h u ca mng d liu din rng, con ngi c gng s dng y bng tn 3,1 kHz cho thng tin lin lc d liu m khng c thm chi ph ca mt c s h tng mng li. Vo thi gian ny tc truyn dn d liu cn tng i chm, thm vo dch v in thoi, mng cng ch c th h tr truyn tn hiu khng thoi chng hn Fax ,truyn dn iu ch v truyn ton b d liu s. Vi mt s phm vi, mng li bu chnh, vin thng c th p ng cc nhu cu truyn d liu, thng tin lin lc. V s pht trin ca my vi tnh nh thit b u cui mng, mng li d liu tc cao c pht trin p ng nhu cu thng tin lin lc ca d liu. iu ny dn n s pht trin ca cc loi mng khc nhau cho cc dch v khc nhau.Lu lng trong mng liu ngy cng tr nn ln hn. Vic tng lu lng mng dn n vic to ra c hi cho truyn dn dch v thoi thng qua mng d liu. u cui ngi dng dung lng ln v k thut mng c kh nng hi t dch v thoi v dch v d liu v cng nh dch v pht thanh. Mt loi mi ca mng, mng li bng thng rng c pht trin h tr hi t cc dch v v cc mng. Tt c nhng bc pht trin ny l rt to ln i vi cc dch v v ng dng mi nhng cng l nhng thch thc to ln i vi lin kt mng gia cc loi mng khc nhau. Mt trong nhng vn ln trong mng in thoi l cc thit b u cui v cc mng c thit k qu k n ni bt k s thay i no bn ny u dn n s hn ch t bn kia . Cc mng mi th tch ring chc nng ca u cui ngi dng ra khi mng li v vy cc thit b u cui ngi dng cung cp cc dch v m khng c quan h qu nhiu n vic lm th no lu lng c truyn qua mng v h thng mng cung cp cc loi m hnh truyn dn khc nhau c mi quan h t v vic lm th no cc thit b u cui phi x l lu lng. Chng ta s theo cc nguyn tc tng t tho lun v vn ni mng v tinh vi mng tri t v d nhng yu cu no t trm mt t v lm th no mng v tinh s c kh nng p ng nhng yu cu cho mc ch ni mng. Mt mng ring ln v trung bnh bao gm mt vi h thng lin kt thoi a ng (MTLS). T ng mng cng ty hoc mng doanh nghip i khi c s dng m t mt mng ring ln, ti mt s nc trn th gii nhng khi nim ny c dng khi nim cho mt nhm ca lin kt gia cc mng ring vi nhau.T quan im ca ni mng , khng c s khc nhau gia mng ring ln v mt vi
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
76
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
mng lin kt nh v vy ch c thut ng mng ring s c s dng xm xt cc loi mng ny. Mng ring c th l mng u cui (trong nhng mng thit b u cui c kt ni). N cng c th cung cp cc kt ni truyn dn gia cc mng khc, ta s nhn mnh i vi trng hp ca nhng mng c kt cui chng hn trng hp truyn dn mng l hon ton tng t ti mng cng cng. Chng ta s tp trung hn vo nguyn tc ca tt c cc loi kt ni trong mng hoc ngoi mng hn l i su vo chi tit v cch thc hot ng bt k s lng ca mng cng cng hay mng ring c lin quan hoc cu hnh c trng trong mng m n lin kt n v vy s khng c hn ch trong h thng mng i vi kch thc,cu hnh, phn cp, k thut c s dng cng nh khng phi trn thit b mng. Mc d tt c cc mng truyn thng hin nay u l k thut s (hu ht ton b chu u) qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn trong min tn s vn cn s dng nh l trong mng tng t. D nhin ta s tp trung hn vo vic tho lun mng k thut s do s ph bin ca vic truyn dn tn hiu s a phng tin v x l tn hiu s trong cc thit b chuyn mch. 4.2. Thut ng ni mng Trc khi i su vo chi tit chng ta s gii thch mt s thut ng c lin quan n khi nim: + im chun(tham chiu): l mt nhm khi nim ti giao 2 nhm chc nng khng chng cho ln nhau. Hai nhm chc nng trao i thng tin thng qua im chun s dng cng nhm khi nim c nh ngha. + Ni mng : l mt thut ng chung m t 2 h thng hoc phn h trao i thng tin v bao gm c hai kha cnh lin kt v dch v ni mng. + Lin mng: m t cc khi nim ca vic lin kt gia cc mng khc nhau vi nhau cung cp cc dch v tng thch thng qua cc mng . + Dch v ni mng :m t cc khi nim m ton b hay gii hn dch v ca mt mng c chuyn i hoc lm cho c gi tr trong dch v khc (tng t) ca mng tng t hoc mng khc. + n v ni mng (IWU): l mt thc th vt l c xc nh gia im tham chiu bao gm mt hoc nhiu chc nng ni mng, n c dng kt ni 2 nhm chc nng. Nu n khng c cc im tham chiu chung ,nh x ,bin i th yu cu 2 nhm chc nng truyn thng vi nhau
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
77
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
! ! K o an tot nghiep 4.2.1. Mng ring
Thut ng 'mng ring' c s dng m t mt mng li cung cp cc tnh nng m ch gii hn n mt thnh vin trong nhm i lp l mng cng cng (PSTN) c sn cho mi ngi ni chung. Ni chung, mng ring l mt mng u cui v bao gm mt vi nt lin kt vi nhau (v d nh PBXs, routers, gateway), vi cc lin kt n cc mng khc thng qua ch yu mng li cng cng. Mt mng ring c cc c im sau: + N thng bao gm nhiu hn mt yu t nt mng kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng cng cng hoc mng leased line hoc mng ring o (VPN) + N cung cp chc nng mng v tt c cc c im khc ch ti mt ngi dng hoc mt nhm ngi dng v n khng th truy cp vo mng chung + N khng b gii hn bi kch thc a l hoc mt vng,min quc gia ring bit no, hu ht mng ring s dng k thut LAN trong mng n. + N cng khng gii hn trong vic ch n s lng m rng v im truy nhp ti cc mng khc 4.2.2. Mng cng cng Thut ng mng cng cng cp n mng cung cp chc nng truyn dn, chuyn mch v nh tuyn cng nh cc c im m mng cng cng sn c v n cng khng gii hn n nhm ngi dng c th no. Trong phm vi ny, t cng cng khng bao hm bt k mi lin h no ti tnh trng hp php ca nh iu hnh mng Trong mt s trng hp, mng cng cng c th ch cung cp gii hn mt s tnh nng. Trong mi trng cnh tranh mng cng cng c th c gii hn phc v c gii hn ngi dng hoc gii hn cc c im ring bit hoc cc chc nng. Ni chung mng cng cng cung cp im truy cp n cc mng khc hoc cc thit b u cui ch trong mt khu vc a l c th. T quan im kt ni end-to-end ,mng cng cng hoc c th l mt mng chuyn tip (lin kt gia 2 mng khc nhau vi nhau) hoc nh l kt hp ca mng chuyn tip v mng u cui trong trng hp mng cng cng cung cp cc kt ni ti cc thit b u cui chng hn nh in thoi ,PBXs,router v gateway. 4.2.3. Mt cht lng ca dch v in thoi Trong mng li in thoi, mt cht lng c i vo xem xt c 2 mt l my in thoi v cc thnh phn khc nhau trong mng, s nhn thc ca cht lng truyn ging ni trong sut qu trnh hi thoi l ch yu l nh gi ch quan. Khi nim cht lng c th khng c coi l i lng ri rc duy nht nhng c
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th thay i ph thuc vo k vng ca ngi dng cht lng truyn thoi cho cuc in thoi 3.1KHz i vi dng u cui (v d my cm tay) cng nh cc dch v c bit (v d khng dy). S xem xt t end-to-end th c tnh n t ming ca ngi ny n tai ngi kia. i vi vic nh gi cht lng trong mt cu hnh v hiu qu hot ng ca s th nghim ch quan ITU-T pht trin mt vi phng php. Mt trong nhng phng php ph bin nht l kim tra hot ng trong phng th nghim (v d ch kim tra nghe) v vy nhng i tng kim tra c yu cu phn loi nm c cht lng trong bng lit k, v d nh gi cht lng c th chia lm 5 cp l :t, km ,kh, tt v xut sc. Cc im s ny c dng tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca vic nh gi th nghim ca mt s i tng cho kim tra cng mt cu hnh. Kt qu cng c gi l im nh gi trung bnh (MOS) trong c th v mt l thuyt l khong gia 1 v 5. Vic nh gi v cht lng truyn thoi cng c th t c bng vic tnh ton % ca tt c c nhn c kim nh nh gi cu hnh chng hn tt hoc rt tt d hoc rt d. i vi mt kt ni nhng kt qu ny c th hin nh phn trm tt hoc rt tt (%GoB) hoc phn trm xu hoc rt xu (%PoW), v vy l mt cng vic phc tp nh gi cht lng ca cc dch v trong mng in thoi, v lin quan n vic thu thp cc thng tin cn thit trong cc thnh phn mng khc nhau trong vic kho st cu hnh. ITU-T pht trin mt s phng php v cng c nh gi QoS thng qua mng in thoi Trong mng k thut s, s h hng ca bt c thnh phn no trong mng khng lm nh hng t thnh phn n cc thnh phn khc v vy cht lng ca dch v c th nh gi cho mi yu t ring r. V d cc thit b u cui mng hin i c kh nng m tn hiu thoi c s ho hoc a m thanh vo b nh trc khi xut ra ngoi, cc thit b u cui cng nn to ra s t do ca thi gian gi l bao nhiu lu cng nh m tn hiu thoi l bao nhiu, tng t trong cc mng hin i vic x l cc tn hiu thoi c s ho trong cc khung hoc cc gi cng nn cho s t do ca thi gian x l l bao nhiu v kch thc ca khung hay ca gi l bao nhiu. 4.2.4. H thng mng IP H thng mng IP c pht trin da trn giao thc truyn dn internet thng qua cc loi k thut mng khc nhau bao gm mng LAN,WAN,mng khng dy v mng v tinh. T giao thc cng nh tuyn im quan st,th gii bao gm h thng t qun (AS) v cc ng kt ni gia chng vi nhau. Hai h thng t qun c th c coi l lin kt vi nhau nu nh tn ti mt ng gia bng nh tuyn trong mi mng. Mng c th c phn loi thnh 3 loi: loi u tin l mng nhnh r, vi ch mt BGP nh tuyn kt ni ra bn ngoi v vy khng th s dng cho lu lng chuyn tip. Loi th 2 l mng a kt ni c th s dng cho lu lng chuyn tip ngoi tr chng t chi vn chuyn lu lng chuyn tip, v cui cng l mng
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chuyn tip. Mi AS c cu trc tng t. Mng r nhnh truyn lu lng i v nhn lu lng t mng xng sng, v mng xng sng truyn lu lng gia AS Cc loi mng bao gm: + Mng ring ni b doanh nghip (LANs) + Nh cung cp dch v internet (ISP) thng qua mng WAN + Lin mng cng cng (kt ni vi WAN) Chng bao gm router ni b v router bin (v d gia mng LAN v WAN). Mng in thoi c th c dng lin kt b nh tuyn vi nhau v lin kt gia cc thit b u cui IP ti ISPs. H thng mng IP da vo giao thc internet (IP) v cung cp truyn gi c bn ca d liu v vy s ho tn hiu thoi s c chia thnh cc segment(on) nh cho giao thc turyn thi gian thc (RTP) trong lp ng dng, giao thc d liu ngi dng ti giao thc lp truyn dn v sau l giao thc lin mng (IP) ti lp mng. Mo u ca nhng lp giao thc ni chung bao gm nhng d liu sau: + + + + Thng tin c trng phn chia ng dng vi thi gian thc. S cng nhn dng x l cc ng dng thi gian thc a ch IP phn phi cc gi a ch vt l mng v cc khung truyn dn cc gi IP
Cui cng bn nhn cc on tn hiu thoi c dng khi phc li chui tn hiu thoi s lin tc. i vi dch v d liu phi thi gian thc giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) c s dng ti lp truyn dn. 4.3. Cc thnh phn v kt ni mng Cc thnh phn mng trong kt ni end-to-end c th phn loi thnh 3 nhm chnh l :trm u cui mng, cc kt ni mng v cc nt mng. 4.3.1. Trm u cui mng Vi kha cnh truyn dn thoi, thit b u cui l tt c cc loi my in thoi, s hoc tng t ,c dy ,v tuyn hoc di ng bao gm c giao din m thanh t tai v ming ngi dng, cc thnh phn ny c c trng bng mc m lng thu (SLR) v mc m lng pht (RLR) ca chng m gp phn vo nh mc m lng tng th ca kt ni (OLR). Mt thng s khc , chng hn mc m lng kh trc m (STMR), cng sut ph m ngi nghe (LSTR), thit k ca thit b cm tay, p ng tn s trong gi v nhn trc tip v mc nhiu cng nh gp phn nh gi kt ni end-to-end ca cht lng truyn dn tn hiu thoi. Trong trng hp khng dy hoc h thng da trn IP, c th b tng thm s bin dng v tr ph thuc vo thut ton m ho v iu ch c s dng trong cc giao din, tuy nhin vi mng gi th c mt li th ln trong thit b u cui vi cng sut v cng sut x l vt qua cc vn ca mng in thoi.
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! ! K o an tot nghiep 4.3.2. Nt mng
Nt mng l tt c cc loi thit b chuyn mch v d nh PBXs ni b v chuyn mch trong mng in thoi v cc router trong mng internet. Cc nt mng ny c th s dng cng ngh chuyn mch s hoc tng t hoc da trn chuyn mch gi ,gp phn chnh trong suy hao ca h thng tng t l mt v ting n trong mng vin thng ni cuc hi thoi din ra trong vng 2 dy hoc 4 dy hoc gia cc giao din thit b chuyn mch, tn hiu phn x cng gp phn vo vic lm suy hao nh l ngun cho hiu ng di vang. h thng chuyn mch s gp phn vo tr ca u cui ti u cui do x l tn hiu v cng nh s lng mo lng t ho kt hp vi b m s v chuyn i m. 4.3.3. Nt kt ni Kt ni mng s dng tt c cc loi phng tin nh cc b phn gia cc nt mng v gia cc nt vi cc thit b u cui mng . Phng tin vt l ca nhng kt ni ny c th l kim loi (ng), cp quang hoc v tuyn. Dng ca tn hiu hoc l mt tn hiu tng t hoc k thut s. S suy hao kt hp vi truyn dn tn hiu tng t bao gm truyn thi gian (ni chung t l vi khong cch),suy hao, p ng tn s v ting n (ch yu do can nhiu theo kinh tuyn). S suy hao do p ng tn s v ting n thng thng c th b qua khi di ng truyn l nh hoc trung bnh. i vi truyn dn tn hiu s, s suy hao ch yu l nguyn nhn ca thi gian truyn thng qua kim loi, quang v truyn thng v tuyn, i vi phn khng dy tr c a ra thm, ph thuc vo vic s dng thut ton m ho v iu ch. Ni kt ni bao gm chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s, tn hao v mo l cc nhn t suy gim thm vo. Ghp knh ni chung c dng truyn nhiu knh thng qua mt mi trng vt l. a dng ca cc h thng ghp knh c s dng trong cc mng li hin nay nh: + Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian(TDM) + Thit b nhn mch s(DCME) + Cc mng gi ,hng kt ni (ATM), v khng kt ni (Ethernet,LAN,IP) Trong mng in thoi, cc kt ni h tr hoc iu ch xung m 64Kbit/s hoc gn y hn gii thiu cng ngh nn da trn m ho tc bit thp. Trong mng bng thng rng, cc kt ni s c kh nng h tr lu lng ca d liu v hnh nh ti tc cao hn c bit l i vi cc dch v thoi qua in thoi. 4.3.4. Kt ni end-to-end Cc kt ni end-to-end gia 2 u cui ngi dng c th gn nh trc mt nhng cng c th xa tn chn tri, cc kt ni ny c th ch bao hm mt mng
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ring hoc tng i ni ht hoc mng ring v tng i ni b kt ni vi khong cch xa trong trong mng cng cng v kt ni quc t. Trong mng in thoi,u im ca cuc gi n v cuc gi i l khi u hoc kt thc ch bn trong vng cuc gi ni ht. Chng ta c th phn chia lu lng thnh vng gi,cuc gi ni ht khong cch xa v cuc gi quc t v vy s lng ln ca u cui ngi dng c th c h tr bi mt s lng nh kt ni ni ht khong cch xa ,tng t ta c th s dng cc kt ni quc t nh hn h tr cho cc cuc gi trong nc. Kt ni end-to-end cng c th bao gm cc loi k thut mng khc nhau bao gm cp,quang, mng khng dy hoc mng v tinh tri t, tt c cc k thut ny gp phn vo cc cch thc hot ng khc nhau ca mng v cht lng ca dch v kt ni. nh i c th to ra s khc nhau gia cc k thut v vy cht lng kt ni end-to-end c th c chp nhn bi ngi dng. V d i vi mc ca cht lng in thoi c th chp nhn c, mt mong ch hp l c th l s suy hao ca kt ni khng nn lm nh hng hoc mo qu trnh truyn thng bnh thng bi tr ,ting n, ting vang hoc cc nhn t h hng khc,tuy nhin cng mt mc cht lng c th khng c chp nhn cho nghe nhc. Mc cht lng c th chp nhn c bin i cng ph thuc vo vic xem xt n vn kinh t. 4.3.5. Cu hnh tham kho Cu hnh tham kho cho ta mt ci nhn tng qut v kt ni u cui-u cui v xem xt tt c cc thit b u cui, nt v cc kt ni m gy ra suy hao ca hot ng v cht lng dch v ca kt ni end-to end. Do tnh a dng ca phn cp, cu trc, routing ,s lng v loi k thut khc nhau trong h thng mng. Cc k thut mng khc nhau (nh khng dy,cp v v tinh) c th ng cc vai tr khc nhau trong cu hnh tham kho. y chng ta ch xem xt mt s cu hnh tham kho tiu biu m c th s dng trong vic nh gi hot ng cng nh cht lng dch v ca mng vi cc k thut khc nhau v vai tr ca chng trong vic cung cp cc dch v mng.
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Hnh 4.1 Cu hnh c bn ca truy cp v truyn dn mng Hnh 4.1 cho ta thy cu hnh tham kho c bn ca mng in thoi. Ni chung bao gm m hnh quc t ,mng cng cng , mng ring v ton b kt ni , Gi nh l cho php suy hao gia cc im truy nhp i vi cuc gi nm trong mng cng cng quc gia c phn b mt cch i xng vi s tham chiu t kt ni quc t m c th xem nh trung tm o ca mng cng cng cho cuc gi quc t. i vi cc kt ni khng gm kt ni quc t cc trung tm o tong ng c th gi nh l nm trong phn ca mt mng c phm vi ln nh l mng cng cng trong hnh 4.1 Mng ring bnh thng kt ni vi tng i ni b (v d LEC) thng phn cp thp v im kt ni chung vo mng cng cng . N cng c th kt ni trc tip vi mng cng cng thng qua mc phn cp cp cao v d mt kt ni quc t , phn nhnh tng i ni b .Trong mt s trng hp, c bit l cc mng ring ln nhnh r c th cho php s phn b cc tham s truyn dn c trng nhiu hn v d tr . Mng ring o (VPN) mc d c cung cp bi nh iu hnh mng cng cng nn c th c coi l mt phn ring ca mng ring, tng t i vi knh thu ring lin kt mng ring thng cung cp bi mng cng cng. Mng ring vi kt ni VPN v ng dy thu ring c mt s quan h mt thit n cht lng dch v v hot ng ca end-to-end. 4.4. Bo hiu v lu lng mng Lin mng bao gm cc loi lu lng sau: lu lng ngi dng ,lu lng bo hiu v lu lng qun l . lu lng ngi dng th c to ra v dng trc tip ti u cui ngi dng . Lu lng bo hiu c truyn cho cc thu bao kt ni vi cc thu bao khc thng qua mng. Lu lng qun l cung cp thng tin trong mng cho vic iu khin c hiu qu ca lu lng ngi dng v ngun ti nguyn mng p ng yu cu cht lng dch v mng ca lu lng ngi dng. Lu lng ngi dng ph thuc vo lp ng dng ci m tiu th chnh mt lng ln ngun ti nguyn mng (chng hn bng thng). Lu lng qun l cng
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tiu th mt lng ng k ti nguyn. Hnh 4.2 minh ho mi quan h gia chc nng ngi dng ,bo hiu v qun l
Qun l mng Lu lng qun l Cc chc nng ca h thng khai thc(OSF) Chc nng trung gian(MF) Qun l mng
Lu lng bo hiu iu khin cuc gi Bo hiu v iu khin mng
Lu lng ngi dng
Khi chuyn mch
Mng truyn dn lu lng ngi dng
Chuyn mch
Hnh 4.2:Mi quan h gia chc nng ngi dng,bo hiu v qun l 4.4.1. Lu lng ngi dng v cc dch v mng Lu lng ngi dng c to ra bi mt lot cc dch v ca ngi s dng. Mng v tinh c kh nng h tr phm vi rng ca dch v vin thng bao gm in thoi ,Fax,d liu, ISDN,B-ISDN . Hnh 4.3 m t mt s loi kt ni v giao din mng. in thoi, Fax v cc dch v truyn d liu tc thp khc nhau thng da trn truyn dn tng t ngy nay chng c trin khai thc hin v pht trin da trn cng ngh k thut s . Trong truyn dn tng t bng thng ca mng th c phn phi trong vng tn s trong sut thi gian kt ni mng ,trong lnh vc k thut s bng thng mng c phn b trong min thi gian.
Hnh 4.3: v d ca kt ni v giao din mng. Vic s dng sng mang ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian k thut s, c bit khi kt hp vi k thut chng hn iu xung m vi sai thch ng (ADPCM), m ho bit tc thp v ni suy ting ni k thut s (DSI) vi thit b nhn mch s (DCME) c th lm tng lu lng truyn dn trong iu kin mt s lng ln knh trn cng sng mang. i vi dch v ISDN truy cp ngi dng c bn gm 2 knh l knh B 64kbps v knh D 16kbps n c th h tr dch v thoi k thut s ,d liu 64kbps trong ch chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch mch ,in bo,Fax v video qut
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chm . Truy cp chnh vi tc 2.048Mbps chu u v 1.544Mbps ti bc m v Nht Bn n c th h tr Fax nhanh, hi ngh truyn hnh ,truyn dn d liu tc cao v m thanh cht lng cao hoc cc knh chng trnh m thanh v dch v chuyn mch gi d liu ,n cng c th h tr ghp lung d liu thp hn 64kbps. i vi dch v bng rng ISDN ngi dng c th truy cp tc cao 155.520Mbps hoc cao hn, n c th h tr tch hp thoi, hnh nh v d liu hoc kt hp tt c cc iu ny nh l dch v a phng tin. S dng v tinh phi i n mt tnh ton yu cu ca thu bao end-to-end cng nh lin kt bo hiu/nh tuyn ca cu hnh mng c trng .Cc yu cu ca cc dch v ny cng c th khc nhau tu thuc vo vic hoc chng c mang i trn cc mch ring trong mng chnh hoc kt ni chuyn mch 4.4.2. H thng tn hiu v bo hiu lu lng Theo truyn thng, ni chung mng in thoi c phn loi thnh bo hiu thu bao v bo hiu lin chuyn mch v v mt chc nng phn thnh bo hiu m hiu ,bo hiu gim st v bo hiu a ch. Bo hiu thu bao ni chuyn mch ni b rng thu bao mun kt ni ti thu bao khc bng cch bm s xc nh thu bao xa. Bo hiu lin chuyn mch cung cp thng tin cho php chuyn mch nh tuyn ng cuc gi, n cng cung cp gim st cuc gi trong sut ng i, bo hiu cung cp thng tin cho nh iu hnh mng tnh ph cho vic s dng cc dch v mng Bo hiu m hiu cung cp cc cnh bo (nh chung, tin nhn, tn hiu gc my) v x l cuc gi (nh tn hiu quay s, m bn v chung hi bo ). Bo hiu gim st cung cp iu khin hng ti t u cui ngi dng ti chuyn mch ni b chim ,gi hoc gii phng kt ni v trng thi ngc li bao gm ri ,bn v ngt kt ni. Bo hiu a ch c to ra t u cui ngi dng bng cch quay s hoc quay s k thut s v c dng bi mng nh tuyn cuc gi. Hai yu t cn c cn bng l tr tn hiu sau khi ngi dng quay s v bo hiu tnh cc cho thit lp cuc gi nh mng cn m bo nhu cu lin kt cho n khi cuc gi c thit lp thnh cng hay tht bi 4.4.3. Bo hiu trong di Trong mng in thoi, bo hiu trong di cp n h thng bo hiu s dng trong m thoi ,hoc m trong knh m tiu chun truyn thng tin bo hiu. N cng c chia thnh 3 loi :mt tn s (SF),hai tn s (TF) v a tn s (MF). Nh knh thoi tiu chun chim bng tn s t 300-3400Hz, h thng tn hiu SF v TF s dng bng tn tp trung nng lng thoi thp . Tn hiu SF th hu ht c s dng cho gim st. Thng thng hu ht s dng tn s 2600Hz c bit l Bc M. Trong truyn dn 2 dy tn s 2600Hz c s dng cho mt hng v 2400Hz theo hng khc v hnh 4.4 a m t khi nim bo hiu trong bng ca tn s 2600Hz, hnh 4.4b minh ho 2 bo hiu ngoi di
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3700Hz s dng Bc M hoc 3825Hz dng cho ITU .Tng t trong mng s cng c bo hiu trong di v bo hiu ngoi di nh hnh 4.5.
Hnh 4.4 Bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng mng tng t
Hnh 4.5 Bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng mng k thut s Bo hiu 2 tn s th c s dng cho c gim st (ng tn hiu) v bo hiu a ch. H thng bo hiu SF v TF th thng lin kt vi hot ng sng mang (FDM). Dng bo hiu gim st ri cp n iu kin gc my trong khi trng thi bn cp n iu kin nhc my v vy i vi bo hiu ng dy c 2 tn hiu m chung l tn hiu m khi rnh v tn hiu m khi bn. Ta c th nhn thy rng mt vn ln vi bo hiu trong di l kh nng ni t ,iu ny cp n s kch hot sm hoc l mt tc dng ca thit b gim st do mt chui m thanh khng mong mun thng qua vic s dng knh thng dng. m thanh nh vy c th m phng theo m SF (thit b gim st s chuyn knh tr v trng thi ri) trnh kh nng ni t trong mch SF mch tr thi gian hoc b lc khe c th c s dng b qua m tn hiu, chng hn b lc c
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th l nguyn nhn lm gim thoi tr khi chng c tt trong cuc m thoi, chng phi c tt nu mch dng cho truyn d liu . V vy h thng tn hiu TF hoc MF c kh nng gii quyt c cc vn m h thng SF mc phi.Tn hiu TF c s dng rng ri cho bo hiu a ch . Bo hiu a tn MF c s dng rng ri trong bo hiu a ch gia cc chuyn mch, n l mt phng php trong bng s dng 5 hay 6 m tn, 2 ln cng mt thi im vi mi thi im c 4 tn s khc nhau to ra tn hiu c trng ca 16 nt bm ca in thoi 4.4.4. Bo hiu ngoi di Vi bo hiu ngoi di th thng tin gim st c truyn trn 3400Hz ca di thoi thng thng . Trong tt c cc trng hp n l h thng bo hiu n tn. Thun li ca bo hiu ngoi di l h thng c th s dng hoc m m hoc m tt khi rnh. talk-down c th khng xy ra v tt c cc thng tin gim st vt ra xa khi di t on thng tin thoi ca knh. Tn s ngoi di c u tin l 3825Hz trong khi tn s 3700Hz th c s dng rng ri ti US (xem hnh 4.4b). Bo hiu ngoi di th c a chung hn nhng hn ch l khi c yu cu ni knh th tn hiu u ra cng phi c ni theo. 4.4.5. Bo hiu knh lin kt v khng lin kt Thng thng, bo hiu thng i cng vi lu lng trn cng mt knh. N c lin kt vi cng mt mi trng, tn hiu ny c th i cng hoc khng i cng trn mt ng truyn hoc mt mi trng . Thng thng loi tn hiu ny thng c truyn trn knh ring iu khin mt nhm knh. Mt v d in hnh l lung PCM E1 Chu u trong mt knh truyn s ring bit h tr tt c bo hiu gim st cho 30 knh lu lng . N cng lin kt bo hiu knh nu n truyn chung mt mi trng v ng truyn nh l lin kt vi knh lu lng . Nu tn hiu knh ring i theo con ng khc s dng mi trng khc th n c gi l bo hiu khng lin kt. Xem hnh 4.6 h thng bo hiu s 7 (ITU-T SS7) thng s dng knh ring nhng c th lin kt hoc khng lin kt. Bo hiu knh khng lin kt cn c gi l bo hiu knh khng kt hp.
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Tng i A

Tng di B Trung k Tn hiu SF SF SF SF sender Chuyn mch mng
Chuyn mch mng
Tn hiu SF SF SF SF sender
X l
X l
a)Tiu chun lin quan bo hiu knh Tng i A Trung k Chuyn mch mng Chuyn mch mng Tng di B
X l
u cui CCS
u cui CCS
X l
b)Bo hiu knh ring vi bo hiu knh chung (CCS)
Hnh 4.6 Bo hiu lin kt v ring 4.4.6. H thng bo hiu s by ITU-T( ITU-T SS7) ITU-T pht trin p ng nhu cu nng cao bo hiu ca tt c cc mng k thut s da trn knh 74kb/s n c phng thc hot ng hon ton khc vi h thng bo hiu thng thng, tuy nhin n phi cung cp mch gim st, bo hiu a ch , x l cuc gi v tn hiu cnh bo. N l mt mng d liu dnh ring bo hiu gia lin chuyn mch c th c tm tt nh sau: + N c ti u ho cho hot ng mng s ni chuyn mch c s dng lu tr cc chng trnh iu khin (SPC) + N p ng yu cu truyn thng tin cho thc hin lin x l ca mng s a truyn thng nh l iu khin cuc gi, iu khin t xa , truy cp v qun l mng c s d liu v bo tr bo hiu + N cung cp vic truyn thng tin tin cy trong chui chnh xc m khng b mt hoc b lp
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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T nm 1980 n c bit n nh l h thng bo hiu cho ISDN . M hnh h thng mng bo hiu s 7 bao gm cc nt mng , im bo hiu gii hn m c ni lin vi nhau thng qua lin kt bo hiu im -im vi tt c cc lin kt gia 2 SP (signalling point) th c gi l tp lin kt . Bn tin gia 2 SP c th c nh tuyn thng qua tp lin kt lin kt trc tip gia 2 im, iu ny c xem nh l ch lin kt ca bo hiu. Bn tin cng c th c nh tuyn thng qua mt hoc nhiu im chuyn tip tin nhn trung gian ti lp mng ,c gi l ch bo hiu khng lin kt , n h tr trng hp ca nh tuyn tnh c gi l ch ta lin kt, trong nh tuyn ch thay i p ng ti s vic nh l li lin kt hoc thm SP mi. Chc nng chuyn tip bn tin ca lp mng c gi l im chuyn giao bo hiu. C mt s cc mi quan h gia bo hiu s 7 v m hnh tham chiu OSI/ISO minh ho nh hnh 4.7:
Hnh 4.7 Mi quan h gia bo hiu s 7 v m hnh tham chiu OSI C th thy rng h thng bo hiu s 7 c 3 lp tng ng vi lp 1 n lp 3 ca m hnh tham chiu OSI trong mng truyn thng . X l ng dng trong mng truyn thng gi chc nng giao thc giao tip cc mng vi nhau trong nhiu phng thc nh l end users. H thng bo hiu cng bao gm hot ng vn hnh ,qun l v bo dng lin quan n qu trnh truyn thng, lp ph s 4 ca h thng bo hiu s 7 tng ng vi 4 lp trn ca m hnh OSI v bao gm c nhm ngi dng v nhm iu khin kt ni bo hiu (SCCP). C 3 nhm ngi dng :nhm ngi dng in thoi(TUP), nhm ngi dng d liu(DUP) v nhm ngi dng ISDN (ISDN). Lp 1 n lp 3 cng to thnh nhm truyn bn tin (MTP). SCCP cung cp cc chc nng b sung ti MTP cho c 2 dch v hng kt ni v khng kt ni truyn thng tin bo hiu mch lin quan v khng lin quan gia cc chuyn mch v cc trung tm chuyn dng trong mng
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truyn thng thng qua mng bo hiu s 7, n trn MTP trong mc 4 cng vi phn ngi dng 4.4.7. Qun l mng Trong m hnh tham chiu OSI c 5 loi chc nng qun l mng c nh ngha nh sau: + + + + + Qun l tn v cu hnh. Qun l hot ng. Qun l bo tr. Qun l tnh cc v Qun l bo mt.
Qun l tn v cu hnh bao gm mt b cc chc nng v cng c xc nh v qun l cc thnh phn mng. Chc nng bao gm kh nng thay i cu hnh ca i tng, ch nh tn cho i tng , thu thp thng tin trng thi t cc i tng (thng xuyn v trong khi khn cp) v iu khin trng thi ca i tng. Hot ng bo tr bao gm mt b chc nng v cng c h tr hot ng lp k hoch v ci tin ca h thng bao gm c ch theo di v phn tch hot ng, tham s QoS ,iu chnh v iu khin h thng mng. Qun l bo tr bao gm mt b cc chc nng v cng c xc nh v i ph vi cc hot ng khng bnh thng ca h thng mng bao gm chc nng v c ch thu thp cc bo co li ,chun on ,xc nh ngun li v c nhng hnh ng kp thi. Qun l tnh cc bao gm mt b cc chc nng v cng c h tr tnh cc cho vic s dng ti nguyn mng bao gm chc nng v c ch thng bo cho ngi dng nhng chi ph pht sinh ,gii hn vic s dng ti nguyn bng cch thit lp mt gii hn chi ph kt hp vi gi cc khi c nhiu ti nguyn mng c s dng v tnh ton cc ph cho khch hng. Qun l bo mt bao gm mt b cc chc nng v cng c h tr cho chc nng qun l v qun l bo v cc i tng bao gm chng thc, cho php ,iu khin truy nhp, m ho v gii m ha v ng nhp bo mt. Ch rng qun l bo mt th c dng cho cung cp bo mt cho mng hn l cho ngi dng. 4.4.8. Chc nng iu chnh v hot ng ca h thng mng Qun l mng c thc hin trong h thng khai thc mng bao gm chc nng c bit v chc nng chung ngi dng , sau c chia thnh chc nng c s h tng v chc nng ngi dng chung . Chc nng c s h tng cung cp c s lin quan n my tnh c kh nng x l mt vng rng ln bao gm cc dch v nh l truyn thng vt l ,truyn thng bo, lu tr v phc hi d liu v giao din gia ngi v my (chng hn my tnh trm vi h iu hnh windows).
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Chc nng ngi dng chung l cc dch v chung trong h iu hnh mng, chng c th h tr mt s chc nng ngi dng c th . Mt s chc nng chung c th c lit k trong cc v d sau : + Gim st: dng theo di h thng v cc thng s h thng c bn ti mt v tr t xa. + Thng k,phn phi d liu v thu thp d liu: thng k vic to v v cp nht, thu thp cc d liu h thng v cung cp cc chc nng khc vi d liu h thng + Thc hin kim tra v iu khin kim tra :ph thuc vo mc ch ca vic kim tra ,cho d n c thc hin pht hin li hoc th li hot ng ng ca mt yu t hay mt n v , kim tra c thc hin tng t nh vy . Kim tra c s dng bi thit lp bo dng cho cc thit b hoc cc tnh nng mi thc hin qun l v vn hnh bnh thng. Hot ng bo v iu khin cu hnh c th tr nn phc tp nu vic kim tra s dng ti nguyn mng b sung lm gim thiu ngun ti nguyn s dng cho vic kim tra v s dng ti a h thng sn c trong sut qu trnh kim tra. + Qun l cu hnh : Dng theo di cu hnh thc t ca cc mng v cng nh bit v mng hp l hoc cu hnh cc yu t mng cu hnh li mng hoc thnh phn mng hoc h tr cu hnh li nu cn thit. + H iu hnh mng: bao gm 4 lp chc nng qun l :qun l kinh doanh, qun l dch v qun l mng v qun l cc yu t vi kinh doanh nm ti nh ca lp v thnh phn nm ti y nh hnh 4.8
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Hnh 4.8 Cc lp ca chc nng qun l trong h thng vn hnh mng(NOS) Qun l kinh doanh :bao gm chc nng cn thit trin khai thc hin chnh sch v chin lc vi cc t chc s hu v iu hnh cc dch v v cng c th l mng. Cc chc nng ny vn cn b nh hng cao ca iu khin chng hn nh lut php hay yu t kinh t v m v c th bao gm chnh sch thu v chin lc qun l cht lng m a ra nhng hng dn v hot ng ca dch v khi m thit b hoc mng hot ng b suy gim. Qun l dch v: bao gm cc dch v c bit nh :in thoi, d liu, internet hoc cc dch v bng thng rng , cc dch v ny c th c trin khai thc hin trn mt s mng . Chc nng c th bao gm chc nng lin quan ngi dng (nh l : h s ng k, quyn truy cp, h s s dng v ti khon) ci t v bo tr cc thit b cung cp cc dch v do n b sung vo thit b mng Qun l mng :cung cp cc chc nng qun l cc vn trong mng bao gm cu hnh mng , phn tch hot ng v thng k gim st. Qun l thnh phn mng : cung cp chc nng qun l s lng thnh phn mng trong mt vng , nhng tnh nng ny hu ht thng tp trung vo bo tr nhng cng c th bao gm kh nng cu hnh v mt s thng k gim st cc thnh phn mng, n khng cung cp cho mng phng din ln. Chc nng trung gian (MF) hot ng trn nhng thng tin chuyn gia chc nng thnh phn mng v chc nng h thng khai thc t c s thun li v hiu qu trong truyn thng. N c chc nng bao gm iu khin truyn thng, chuyn i giao thc, x l d liu v chc nng truyn thng ban u, n cng bao gm vic lu tr v x l d liu.
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Truy nhp v truyn chuyn tip mng
Theo khuyn ngh UTU-T Y.101 truy nhp mng c nh ngha nh l thc hin bao gm cc i tng (chng hn nh thit b cp , phng tin truyn dn) m cung cp theo yu cu kh nng truyn dn cho vic cung cp dch v truyn thng gia mng v thit b ngi dng. Chuyn tip mng c th xem nh l mt b cc nt v cc lin kt nhm cung cp kt ni gia hai hoc nhiu im xc nh to ra lin lc gia chng , giao din cng c xc nh trong iu kin cng sut v chc nng cho php pht trin c lp ca thit b ngi dng v mng v c mt giao din mi c pht trin ph hp vi thit b ngi dng mi vi dung lng ln v chc nng mi. S pht trin ca truy nhp v chuyn tip mng c th thy l t truyn tng t t mng in thoi sang mng in thoi truyn s, ch truyn ng b trong mng chuyn tip, tch hp ca mng in thoi v d liu ISDN ,mng internet , cc mng bng thng rng trong B-ISDN. 4.5.1. Mng in thoi tng t Hu ht tt c cc mng ngy nay u l k thut s , nhng cc kt ni t nhiu khu dn c n cc tng i ni b vn l truyn dn tng t . H ang dn dn lm gim ht bng cch thit lp mng bng thng rng nh ng dy thu bao s bt i (ADSL). ADSL l mt k thut iu ch v gii iu ch m bin i i dy xon in thoi thnh ng truy nhp cho truyn thng a phng tin v d liu tc cao, tc bit truyn trong c 2 hng khc nhau vi t l l t 1 ti 8 gia u cui ngi dng v chuyn mch ni b. Chng ta xem xt mng in thoi tng t khng phi v bn thn n l mt cng ngh hin i cho tng lai m bi v cc nguyn tc thit k, trin khai thc hin, iu khin , bo tr v ci tin hot ng vi mng li c s dng trong nhiu nm v vn cn rt quan trng i vi chng ta ngy nay v vn s quan trng trong tng lai ,tt nhin l c nhng nguyn tc c s dng v ci thin trong bi cnh mng li mi. Mng in thoi c thit k tt, c thit k v ti u tt cho dch v in thoi, trong bi cnh kin thc v cng ngh sn c, cc dch v ngi dng l in thoi, ngun ti nguyn mng l knh v bng thng 4Khz c phn phi cho mi knh h tr cht lng tt chp nhn c ca dch v. 4.5.2. Khi nim k thut lu lng mng in thoi Cc mng c tnh ton kch thc sao cho cung cp dch v n mt s lng ln ngi dn (hu ht h dn v vn phng ngy nay) vi knh 4Khz c tnh n yu t kinh t nh l nhu cu ngi dng v gi thnh ca mng p ng nhu cu . C s pht trin tt v l thuyt ti ch lu lng ngi dng , ti nguyn mng ,hot ng ca mng v loi mng. + Lu lng c m t l cc mu ca thi gian n v thi gian gi . Lu lng c o bng Erlang, tn ca mt nh ton hc ngi an Mch cho nhng ng gp ca ng i vi k thut lu lng mng
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in thoi , Erlang l mt n v khng c th nguyn ,Erlang c nh ngha l s lng cuc gi A v thi gian gi trung bnh trong gi H ca nhng cuc gi A*H Erlang. Mt Erlang c trng cho mt cuc gi ko di trong mt gi hoc mt mch b chim trong mt gi. + Mng c th sn sng cung cp y ngun ti nguyn p ng yu cu ca tt c lu lng nhng tn km hoc c nhng gii hn p ng hu ht cc yu cu v kinh t. Mng cng cho php lu lng xp hng ch cho ti khi ti nguyn mng c th sn sng hoc cho mc u tin hoc mt s loi gii php cho mt phn ca lu lng. + Tiu chun ca hiu sut cho php o nh lng hiu sut ca mng vi bao gm cc tham s :xc sut tr, tr trung bnh, xc sut ca tr vt qu mt khong gi tr thi gian, s lng tr cuc gi v s lng cuc gi b chn. + Lp dch v l mt trong cc tham s c s dng tnh ton xc sut mt cuc gi c thc hin do mng v k vng ca ngi dng nh cht lng dch v c th chp nhn c. C cc cng thc ton hc c xy dng gii quyt nhng yu t ny trong cc m hnh c in trong iu kin phn phi cuc gi n v thi gian gi ,s lng ti nguyn lu lng sn c cho cc mch v x l cc cuc gi mt. Mt s cng thc ton hc hu ch v n gin v c th c tm tt nh sau: Cng thc Erlang B tnh lp dch v EB l:
EB = A
n x =0 n N x X!
(A
Trong N l s mch c sn v A c ngha l lu lng c cung cp trong Erlang. Cng thc gi thit s lng ngun l v hn, bng mt lu lng trn mi ngun v lu lng ca cuc gi mt b xo. Cng thc Poisson dng tnh ton xc sut cuc gi b mt hoc b tr (P) do khng s lng knh (n) vi lu lng c cung cp (A) l :
P = eA
x=n
Ax x!
Cng thc gi thit s lng ngun l v tn, bng mt lu lng trn mi ngun v cuc gi mt b chim. Cng thc Erlang C l:
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An n n! n A x A An n + x! n! n A
P=
x =0
n 1
Cng thc gi thit s lng ngun l v hn, cuc gi mt b tr, thi gian nm gi v cuc gi c cung cp trong yu cu ca hng n theo hm m. Cng thc nh thc l :
s A P= s
s 1 s 1
s 1 A x s A x=n
Cng thc gi thit s lng ngun(s) l v tn , bng mt lu lng trn mi ngun v cuc gi mt b chim gi. 4.5.3. Truy cp mng v tinh trong min tn s Trong min tn s, ta c th thy mi tn hiu knh thoi th c phn b mt bng thng 4Khz truy nhp vo tng i ni b hoc nhiu knh n c ghp cng nhau to thnh truyn dn phn cp . truyn dn knh thoai thng qua v tinh,sng mang phi c to ra m ph hp cho truyn dn v tuyn v tinh trong vic phn b bng tn tn s v tn hiu knh iu ch sao cho sng mang c th truyn thng qua v tinh. Ti bn nhn b x l gii iu ch c th tch tn hiu knh t sng mang do ngi nhn c th nhn li c tn hiu thoi ban u c gi ti u cui ngi dng hoc ti mng m c th nh tuyn tn hiu ti u cui ngi dng. Nu iu ch tn hiu sng mang n knh ta gi l mi knh mt sng mang(SCPC) v d vi mi sng mang ch mang mt knh thng tin, n thng c s dng cho ngi dng c th kt ni ti mng hoc cc u cui khc nh l truy nhp mng. N cng c th c s dng lm vic nh l nh tuyn kt ni cc tng i ni b ti cc mng ni c mt lu lng thp. Nu iu ch sng mang mt nhm knh ta gi l a knh trn mi sng mang (MCPC). N thng c dng cho lin kt gia mng nh l mng chuyn tip hoc tng i ni b ti mng truy nhp. 4.5.4. Chuyn mch mch onboard Nu tt c cc kt ni gia cc trm mt t s dng chm tia n bao ph ton b tri t , th khng cn c bt c chc nng chuyn mch no trn v tinh. Nu s dng chm tia a im, c mt thun li ln s dng chuyn mch onboard, t khi n cho php trm mt t truyn a knh ti nhiu chm im ti cng mt thi im m khng cn phn knh trn trm truyn dn mt t, do chuyn mch onboard s mang li cho mng v tinh tim lc v tnh linh hot cao tit kim ti nguyn bng thng.
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Hnh 4.9 m t khi nim chuyn mch onboard vi 2 chm im, nu nh khng c chc nng chuyn mch th 2 qu trnh truyn dn phi c tch ra ti trm truyn dn mt t s dng 2 ng un cong khc nhau mt cho kt ni bn trong chm im v mt ng khc th dng cho kt ni gia cc chm im, nu cc tn hiu ging nhau th c truyn trong c hai chm im, n s yu cu tch ng truyn ca tn hiu ging nhau lm 2 do n cn 2 ln bng thng ti ng truyn ln, n cng c th ti s dng cng mt bng tn trong chm im khc nhau. Bng cch s dng chuyn mch onboard, tt c cc knh c th c truyn vi nhau v s c chuyn mch trn v tinh ti cc ch trm mt t ca chng trong cc chm im khc nhau. Nu cc tn hiu tng t nhau m c truyn trong cc chm im khc nhau , chuyn mch onboard c th c kh nng nhn i tn hiu ging nhau truyn ti cc chm im m cn nhiu truyn dn ti trm truyn mt t, bng thng tn s ging nhau c th c s dng trong 2 chm im bng cch s dng cc bin php thch hp trnh nhiu c th xy ra.
Hnh 4.9 Minh ho ca chuyn mch onboard. 4.6. Mng in thoi k thut s Trong u nhng nm 1970 h thng truyn dn k thut s bt u xut hin, ln u tin xut s dng phng php iu ch xung m vo nm 1937. PCM cho php dng sng tng t chng hn ting ni con ngi c th biu din thnh dng nh phn (dng s). N c kh nng biu din tn hiu thoi tng t chun 4Khz di dng chui bit s 64kbit/s. Tim nng ca x l k thut s cho php h thng truyn dn mang li li nhun nhiu hn bng cch kt hp nhiu knh PCM v truyn chng xung cng cp cp ng trc ging nh trc y tng s dng bi tn hiu tng t n
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! ! K o an tot nghiep 4.6.1. Ghp knh phn cp s
chu u v sau nhiu phn trn th gii, s tiu chun TDM c thng qua ,nh 30 knh 64kbps c kt hp cng vi 2 knh sng mang iu khin thng tin bao gm bo hiu v ng b to ra knh vi tc bit 2,048Mbit/s. Nh yu cu ca in thoi ting tng ln , v mc lu lng ca mng cng tng ln cao hn bao gi ht, iu tr nn r rng rng chun tn hiu 2,048Mbit/s khng p ng vi lu lng ti xut hin trong mng trung k. trnh vic phi s dng s lng qu ln lin kt 2,048Mbit/s, ngi ta quyt nh to ra thm mt cp ghp knh. Cc chun tham gia Chu u thng qua vic kt hp 4 knh 2.048Kbit/s to thnh mt knh tc 8.448Kbit/s. Mc ghp knh ny hi c mt cht khc so vi trc trong tn hiu n c kt hp mt bit ti mt thi im thay v mt byte ti mt thi im v d s xen k bit th c s dng ngc vi xen k byte, nh nu cn pht sinh mt mc mi ca ghp knh ta c th thm vo chun 34.368Mbit/s, 139.246Kbit/s v thm ch tc cao hn na to ra phn cp ghp knh nh hnh 4.10. Ti khu vc bc M v Nht Bn s dng cc phng thc ghp knh phn cp khc nhng cng da trn nguyn tc ging nhau 4.6.2. Truyn dn k thut s v chuyn mch onboard v tinh Tn hiu s c th c x l trong min tn s do bn cnh vic chia s ti nguyn bng thng trong min tn s trm mt t cng c th chia s bng thng trong min thi gian ,ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c th s dng cho truyn dn v tinh ti nhiu mc phn cp truyn dn nh hnh 4.10. V chuyn mch onboard, k thut chuyn mch thi gian c th c thng xuyn s dng lm vic vi chuyn mch mch (hoc chuyn mch khng gian).
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Hnh 4.10 V d ca ghp knh lu lng v yu cu cng sut ca lin kt v tinh 4.6.3. Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) Phn cp ghp knh xut hin trong nguyn tc n gin nhng li c nhng phc tp. V cc lung 2Mbit/s c to ra t cc thit b ghp knh khc nhau, nn tc bit c khc nhau mt cht. Do , trc khi ghp cc lung ny thnh mt lung tc cao hn phi hiu chnh cho tc bit ca chng bng nhau, tc l phi chn thm cc bit gi. Mc d tc cc lung u vo l nh nhau, nhng pha thu khng th nhn bit c v tr ca cc lung u vo trong lung u ra. Cc bit hiu chnh c tha nhn nh l vic phn knh v hu, loi tr cc tn hiu gc. Qu trnh x l ny c bit nh l hot ng cn ng b ngha trong ting Hi lp l gn nh ng b minh ha trong hnh 4.11.
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Chn bit iu chnh t
Bit vo nhanh ti knh 2Mbit/s 1 0 1 0
B thch ng tc bit
0 1 0 Chui bit ghp knh tc cao 1 1 0
Bit vo chm ti knh 2Mbit/s 1 1 0
My to dao ng ch B thch ng tc bit J J J
Chn bit iu chnh nhiu
Hnh 4.11 Minh ho ca khi nim phn cp s cn ng b(PDH) Cng mt vn vi ng b , nh m t trn xut hin ti mi mc ca phn cp ghp knh v vy cc bit iu chnh c thm vo ti mi tng, s dng hot ng cn ng b trong sut phn cp dn n ra i thut ng phn cp s cn ng b. 4.6.4. Hn ch ca PDH Ghp knh v phn knh lung bit tc thp thnh lung bit tc cao dng nh c v on gin v d dng nhng trn thc t th ko d dng cng nh n gin. S dng bit diu chnh ti mi mc trong PDH c ngha l nhn dng chnh xc v tr ca lung bit tc thp trong lung bit tc cao l iu khng th v d truy nhp vo lung E1 2.048Mbit/s trong lung E4 139.246Mbit/s th lung E4 phi c phn knh thnh lung E3 34.368 v lung E2 8.448Mbit/s nh trong hnh 4.12 khi yu cu v ng E1 c xc nh v c tch ra, knh phi c ghp tr li thnh lung E4. Do vn tch v chn knh khng to nn m hnh kt ni linh hot hoc dch v kt ni tc cao, trong khi ni ghp knh yu cu rt tn km v chi ph.
Hnh 4.12 Ghp knh v phn knh chn nt mng vo mng PDH Mt vn khc lin quan n mt s lng khng l thit b ghp knh trong mng l iu khin. Trn ng mng lung E1 c th c chuyn thng qua
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
mt s switch. ch c mt cch chc chn rng n i ng ng gi an ton cho bn tin ca cc kt ni ca thit b. Chng hn nh s lng kch hot kt ni li tng ln n s tr nn kh khn hn trong vic gi cc bn tin hin ti v kh nng li cng tng. Cc li c th khng ch gy nh hng ti cc kt ni c thit lp m cn lm hng cc kt ni ang mang lu lng thc. Tc bit ca PDH khng cao (tc bit cao nht c chun ho l 140Mbit/s trn mng vin thng quc t) khng th p ng cho nhu cu pht trin cc dch v bng rng hin ti v trong tng lai. Thit b PDH cng knh, cc thit b ghp knh v thit b u cui thng c lp nhau. Trn mng vin thng tn ti 2 tiu chun phn cp khc nhau: chun Chu u v Chu M, gy kh khn v phc tp khi nng cp, m rng v kt ni cc mng vi nhau. Mt hn ch khc ca PDH l thiu kh nng gim st hiu sut. Nh cung cp ang chu p lc ngy cng gia tng cung cp cho cc khch hng l doanh nghip vi vic ci tin hiu sut v hot ng li.Cc mt hn ch trn ca PDH s c khc phc khi s dng phn cp truyn dn ng b SDH. 4.7. Phn cp mng s ng b (SDH) hiu ng khi nim v SDH/SONET, trc ht ta cn hiu ng th no l ng b, khng ng b v cn ng b. Trong tp cc tn hiu ng b, vic chuyn tip s liu trong tn hiu xy ra chnh xc cng mt tc . Tuy nhin vn c s lch pha gia nhng ln chuyn giao ca hai tn hiu, v s lch pha ny nm trong gii hn cho php. S lch pha ny c th do suy hao, tr thi gian hay jitter trong mng truyn dn. Trong mng ng b, tt c cc ng h u tham chiu n mt ng h chun c s PRC. chnh xc ca PRC l 10-12 - 10-11 v c ly t ng h nguyn t Cesium.Hai tn hiu s l cn ng b nu s chuyn tip xy ra gn nh cng tc , v bt k s thay i no cng c cng bc trong mt gii hn nh. V d nu c hai mng tng tc vi nhau, xung ng h ca chng c th ly t hai PRC khc nhau. Mc d cc PRC ny v cng chnh xc, nhng vn c s khc nhau gia hai loi. iu ny gi l s sai khc cn ng b.Trong trng hp mng khng ng b, s chuyn giao tn hiu khng nht thit phi xy ra cng tc . Trong trng hp ny, khng ng b c ngha l sai khc gia hai ng h ln hn sai khc cn ng b. V d, nu hai ng h ly t dao ng thch anh t do, chng c gi l khng ng b. Phn cp s cn ng b SDH v mng quang ng b SONET ch mt tp hp cc tc truyn dn bng cp si quang c th truyn ti tn hiu s vi dung lng khc nhau. Ngi ta chp nhn rng ri rng mt phng thc ghp knh mi c th c ng b v khng ch da trn vic chn bit, gi l PDH, m cn da trn vic chn byte, l cc cu trc ghp knh t 64kbit/s n tc c s 1,544kbit/s (1,5Mbit/s) v 2,048kbit/s (2Mbit/s).SDH c nh ngha bi Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
100
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
(ETSI), c s dng rt nhiu nc trn th gii. Nht Bn v Bc M cng xy dng cc tiu chun v SDH ring. SONET do Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K pht trin v c ng dng Bc M. 4.7.1. Cc chun SDH Tiu chun mi xut hin ln u tin l SONET do cng ty Bellcore (M) a ra, c chnh sa nhiu ln trc khi tr thnh tiu chn SDH quc t. C SDH v SONET c gii thiu rng ri gia nhng nm 1988 v 1992. SDH c nh ngha bi Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI), c s dng rt nhiu nc trn th gii. Nht Bn v Bc M cng xy dng cc tiu chun v SDH ring. SONET do Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K pht trin v c ng dng Bc M. Bng di y th hin cc tc tiu chun ca SDH v SONET.Mc d SONET v SDH c a ra ban u cho truyn dn cp quang, nhng cc h thng SDH hin ti vn tng thch cao vi c SDH v SONET.
Tn hiu SONET STS-1, OC-1 STS-3, OC-3 STS-12, OC-12 STS-48, OC-48 STS-192, OC192 tc bit Mbt/s 51,840 155,520 622,080 2488,320 9953,280 Tn hiu SDH STM-0 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 Dung lng SONET 28DS1,hoc 1 DS-3 84DS-1, hoc 3DS-3 336DS-1, hoc12DS-3 1344DS-1, hoc 48DS-3 5376DS-1, hoc 192DS-3 Dung lng SDH 21E1 63E1, hoc 1E4 252E1, hoc 4E4 1008E1, hoc 16E4 4032E1, hoc 64E4
Bng : phn cp ng b SDH/SONET

ANSI Tn hiu DS-0 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 Tc bit 64 Kbit/s 1,544 Mbit/s 6,312 Mbit/s 44,7 Mbit/s S knh 1 DS-0 24 DS-0 96 DS-0 28 DS-1 ITU-T Tn hiu 64 Kbit/s E1 E2 E3 E4 Tc bit 64 Kbit/s 2,048 Mbit/s 8,450 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 144 Mbit/s S knh 1 64 Kbit/s 1 E1 4 E1 16 E1 64 E1
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
101
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK ! Bng phn cp khng ng b ANSI/ITU-T
4.7.2. Nguyn tc ghp knh H thng s ng b c hnh thnh t cc h thng cn ng b khc nhau, cc h thng cn ng b ny c th thuc h Chu u hoc Bc M. u vo ca cc h thng ng b c s l cc lung cn ng b c tc bt khc nhau, c ghp li thnh nhiu bc, mi bc li c a vo cc bit iu khin, qun l v phi hp tc . Khi , u ra c mt lung ng b c s. Cc lung ng b c s c nng ln N ln thnh cc lung ng b cp N. Cu trc b ghp SDH nh hnh 4.12
C c ch s trong hnh ny lin quan n cc tc truyn dn cn ng b nh sau: 11Tng ng vi 1554 Kbit/s 12 Tng ng vi 2048 Kbit/s 21 Tng ng vi 6312 Kbit/s 22 Tng ng vi 8448 Kbit/s 31 Tng ng vi 34368 Kbit/s 32 Tng ng vi 44736 Kbit/s 4 Tng ng vi 139264 Kbit/s Ch s u tin i din cho mc phn cp truyn dn nh quy nh trong G702-"Tc bit ca cc cp truyn dn s", v ch s th hai c trng cho tc thp hn (1) v cao hn (2). Cn ch s 4 l mc th 4, bng 140 Mbit/s c trong tiu chun Chu u v Bc M. Cc khi c k hiu v chc nng sau y: C-n: (n = 1-->4) l cc contener: Phn t ny c kch thc cha cc byte ti trng thuc mt trong cc lung cn ng b. VC-n: l cc contener o: Contener o c s (n = 1,2): gm mt C-n (n = 1,2) n cng thm cc byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni hai VC-n ny v gi l POH.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
102
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Contener o bc cao hn VC-n (n = 3,4): gm mt C-n (n = 3,4) n v tp hp cc nhm khi nhnh (TUG-2S) hoc mt tp ca TU-3S cng vi cc byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni hai VC-n v c gi l POH. Con tr c s dng tm cc phn khc nhau ca AU v TU gi l container o VC. Con tr AU xc nh VC bc cao hn v con tr TU xc nh VC bc thp hn. V d AU-3 gm VC-3 cng vi mt con tr, TU-2 gm VC-2 cng vi mt con tr. Mt VC l mt thc th ti chy trn mng c to ra v hy i im kt cui dch v hoc gn im . Cc tn hiu lu lng PDH c nh x ti cc container vi kch thc ph hp vi yu cu bng thng, s dng cc bit n bm tc ng h khi cn thit. Cc POH c thm vo sau cho mc ch qun l, to mt VC. Phn mo u ny c b i sau khi VC b hy v tn hiu gc ban u c ti to li. Mi tn hiu PDH c nh x vi VC ca n, v cc VC vi cng kch thc khng ng k c ghp li bng cch chn byte to thnh ti SDH. TU-n (n = 1,2,3) l khi nhnh: gm mt VC cng thm mt con tr khi nhnh. Con tr khi nhnh ch th s ng b pha ca VC-n i vi POH ca VC mc cao hn tip theo. Con tr khi nhnh c v tr c nh so vi POH mc cao hn. AU-3S (S = 1 hoc 2) v AU-N (N=4): gm mt VC bc cao cng thm con tr khi qun l. Con tr khi qun l c v tr c nh trong khung STM-1 v th hin quan h v pha ca VC bc cao hn 4.7.3. Cu trc khung STM-1 Khung STM-1 bao gm 2430 bytes v thng c chia lm hai vng, tng ng vi 9 hng x 270 ct. di khung l 125 ms, tng ng vi tn s ca khung l 8000 Hz. Tc truyn dn ca mt byte trong khung l 64 Kbit/s. Khung STM-1 gm 3 khi: Khi trng ti Payload Khi con tr AU Khi SOH Cc byte trong khung STM-1 c truyn tng hng mt v truyn t tri sang phi, bt u t hng th nht v ct th nht. Nh vy, sau 9 byte SOH (tr hng 4 l 9 byte AU) l 261 byte ti trng c truyn xen k. + Phn iu khin SOH: gm c 8x9 byte, gm cc byte cn thit cho dch v nh t m ng b khung, cc byte b sung gim st, iu khin v qun l. + Phn trng ti : cc tn hiu phn nhnh, cc tn hiu POH trong khuyn ngh G.703 ca CCITT t 2 Mbit/s n 140 Mbit/s c truyn ti trong cng ti trng gm c 9x261 byte.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
103
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
+ Phn con tr: Quan h thi gian gia trng ti v khung STM-1 c ghi li nh con tr, ngoi ra n cn nh v cc tn hiu phn nhnh trong khi ti trng. Do , sau khi din gii con tr mt cch thch hp th c kh nng truy nhp ti tng knh ca ngi s dng c lp bt k thi im no, m khng cn tch lung STM-1. Con tr hng th t, ct t 1 --> 9 gi l con tr vng A, cn con tr hng 1-->3 v ct 11-->14 gi l con tr vng B. Khung STM-1 c di 125ms, c tn s l 8000 Hz, nh vy c truyn 8000 ln/s. Do , tc bit ca tn hiu STM-1 l : 8000 x 9 x 270 x 8 = 155520 kbit/s
9 Byte (9 hng)
Hnh 4.13 Cu trc khung STM-1 Cc mc cao hn STM-N ca phn cp ng b c hnh thnh bi cch chn byte vo phn ti ca N tn hiu STM-1, thm cc mo u gp N ln mo u ca STM-1 v lp y vi d liu qun l v gi tr con tr ph hp.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
104
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 4.14: cu trc khung STM-4 4.7.4. nh x t PDH ln SDH Khuyn ngh cng nh ngha cu trc ghp knh nh tn hiu STM-1 c th mang mt s lng bit tc thp nh l ti trng v vy cho php tn hiu PDH ang c c mang i thng qua mng ng b nh trong hnh 4.15
Hnh 4.15 nh x t PDH ln SDH Tt c cc tn hiu cn gia 1,5Mbit/s v 140Mbit/s l ph hp vi cch m h c th kt hp t dng tn hiu STM-1 c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh G.709. SDH nh ngha s lng container tng ng vi mi tc cn ng b. Thng tin t tn hiu cn ng b s c gn vo cc container tng ng. sau mi container s c mt s thng tin iu khin c bit n nh l mo u ng (POH) c gn vo n. Container cng vi POH hnh thnh nn container o (VC).
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
105
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Trong mng ng b tt c cc thit b u c ng b vi ton th ng h mng l mt ch quan trng. Tuy nhin, nhng tr lin quan ti lin kt truyn th thi gian c th khc mt cht, kt qu l v tr ca container o trong khung c th khng c nh. Nhng thay i ny c th c iu chnh bng cch lin kt con tr vi mi VC con tr s cho bit v tr u ca VC trong quan h ca khung STM-1 n cng c th c tng hoc gim ph thuc vo cn thit lm thch ng v tr ca VC.G709 nh ngha cc kt hp khc nhau ca container o m c th s dng lm y vng ti trng ca khung STM-1. Qu trnh ti container v gn mo u c lp li trong nhiu mc ca SDH kt qu l container nh c cha vo container ln hn, qu trnh x l ny c lp li cho ti khi kch thc ln nht ca VC c lm y v sau n s c a vo trong ti trong ca khung STM1(gii thiu trong hnh 4.15) Khi phn ti trng ca khung STM-1 y, mt s byte thng tin iu khin s c thm vo khung to thnh dng vng mo u. Mc ch ca chng l cung cp knh truyn thng cho cc chc nng chng hn nh OAM ,phng tin v iu chnh. Khi c yu cu tc truyn ln hn 155Mbit/s trong mng ng b, n t c bng cch s dng m hnh ghp knh xen byte tng i n gin, theo cch ny c th t c tc 622Mbit/s (STM-4) v 2.4Gbit/s (STM-16). 4.7.5. Li ch ca SDH SDH mang li nhu li ch to ln cho nh cung cp mng: Tc truyn dn cao: Tc truyn dn c th t ti 10Gbit/s, do ph hp vi cc mng ng trc, mng li. Chc nng xen/r knh n gin: so vi PDH, SDH d dng chn cc lung tc thp vo lung tc cao, v cng nh ly cc lung tc thp hn ra khi cc lung tc cao hn. Kh nng p ng cao v dung lng ph hp: vi SDH, nh cung cp d dng v nhanh chng p ng yu cu ca khch hng. Cc phn t mng c qun l v iu khin t trung tm, s dng h thng TNM. tin cy cao: mng SDH hin i c nhiu c ch bo v v d phng khc nhau. Li mt phn t trong mng khng th gy li ton b h thng. Lm nn tng ca nhiu dch v tng lai: Ngay by gi, mng SDH l nn tng cho cc dch v POTS, ISDN, di ng...N cng d dng p ng c cc dch v video theo yu cu, truyn hnh s qung b... Kt ni d dng vi cc h thng khc: Giao din SDH c tiu chun ha ton cu, c th kt hp nhiu phn t khc nhau trong cng mt mng v tng tc vi cc mng khc d dng. Sp ti, cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng DWDM sn sng c s dng thay th cho SDH. Cng ngh ny c th truyn nhiu bc sng trong cng
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
106
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
si quang n mode. Hin ti c th truyn 16 bc sng, t 1520nm n 1580nm, do tc truyn dn c th t ti 40Gbit/s v cao hn na trn mt si quang. Do , c th ni rng DWDM l cng ngh truyn dn quang ca tng lai. 4.7.6. Mng quang ng b Ti bc m ANSI cng b chun SONET m c pht trin trong cng khong thi gian s dng cng nguyn tc nh SDH v c th coi nh mt nhm ca chun SDH trn ton th gii, tuy nhin cng c mt vi khc bit khi c bn trong SONET l tn hiu truyn dn ng b mc 1(STS-1) m nh hn ba ln STM-1 trong iu kin tc bit v kch thc khung n c cng tc bit 51,840Mbit/s vi sng mang quang mc 1(OC-1). Khung STS-1 bao gm 9*90 byte vi khong thi gian ca khung l 125 micro giy trong 3 ct c s dng nh l mo u truyn dn v 87 ct nh ti trng STS-1 c gi l bao th dung lng 4.7.7. SDH qua mng v tinh-m hnh intelsat Cc chun ITU-T v ITU-R cng vi intelsat k kt pht trin mt lot cc cu hnh mng SDH tng thch vi v tinh hnh thnh nn phn ca lin kt truyn dn. Nhm nghin cu s 4 ITU-R chu trch nhim nghin cu tnh ng dng ca cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-R ti mng truyn dn v tinh.SDH khng c thit k cho truyn dn cc tn hiu tc c bn bi v s gp phi mt thch thc ln thc hin v vn hnh mt h thng mng v tinh ti tc bit 155.520Kbit/s, cc cu hnh mng khc s c nghin cu cho php cc thnh phn SDH lin quan hot ng c ti tc bit thp bt k khi no cn truyn tn hiu SDH thng qua mng v tinh nhng cu hnh ny c gi tt l cc m hnh Nhng m hnh sau nh ngha cc la chn khc nhau h tr SDH thng qua v tinh, c tm tt nh sau: Truyn dn y STM-1 (im-im) thng qua b pht p chun 70MHz, iu ny yu cu phi c 1 b iu ch chuyn i tn hiu s STM-1 thnh dng tn hiu tng t truyn thng qua b pht p chun 70Mhz. Lin kt v tinh IDR PDH tc bit cao th thng c s dng cho khi phc cp ngm (mc d i khi c mt s ngoi l) nhng pht trin hon thin ln thnh mt h thng v tinh dnh cho cp SDH dung lng cao th khng c coi l c hiu qu kinh t cho vic s dng ti nguyn v tinh. Gim tc ca STM(STM-R) ng ln vi STM-1 ng xung (im ti a im) m hnh ny ngh mt h thng a ch v nhng yu cu trn nhng bng x l ca SDH tuy nhin thun li l b pht p s dng linh hot cho vn hnh mng bng cch s dng h thng . Hu ht cc nh iu hnh mng thng thng khng thch cch tip cn ny v l do c tnh v tin cy. Cch tip cn ny c th ngn chn s thay th s dng cc b pht p trong tng lai v thm vo phc tp hn na l kh nng lm gim tin cy v thi gian sng ca v tinh v tng chi ph ban u ca n.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
107
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Tc d liu trung bnh m rng. Phng php ny c ng h nhiu hn bi s lng ch k ln hn t n vn gi c tnh linh hot vn c ca h thng v tinh (c coi nh l mt li th ln i vi h thng cp) v n s yu cu thay i t h thng v tinh v trm mt t rt t, ngoi ra SDH vn gi c li th v qun l bao gm gim st hot ng ng truyn end-to-end, nhn tn hiu v cc phn khc ca mo u. Cng vic pht trin ch trng vo vic xc nh kha cnh no ca knh truyn thng d liu m cng c th c mang i vi IDR. T khi tc bit IDR c kh nng h tr mt khong tn hiu PDH ti tc bit thp hn nhiu STM-1, n c th c trin khai vi s sp xp li mt cch ti thiu s thu pht bng thng vi kh nng trn PDH v SDH tng thch vi sng mang IDR. Cng vic pht trin tin hnh iu chnh cc b iu ch IDR ang c tng thch vi SDH c tc bit thp hn l vic phi tn km cho vic pht trin b gii iu ch mi (v d cho cc tu chn STM-1 v STM-R) la chn ny s c s dng rng ri trong vn hnh mng li v tinh hin nay. Lin kt IDR PDH vi SDH chuyn i PDH ti trm mt t y chnh l mt la chn n gin nht cho tt c cc nh iu hnh tng thch vi bt k SDH no. Tuy nhin tt c cc thun li ca SDH ang mt i thm vo vi chi ph pht sinh trong vic u t cc thit bt chuyn i SDH thnh PDH. Trong nhng ngy u ca vic trin khai SDH, n c th ch c mt vi phng php tuy nhin vi tc pht trin ca nhng k thut mi tt c cc thit b chuyn i tr nn li thi mt cch nhanh chng 4.8. Mng tch hp s a dch v (ISDN) Mng tch hp s a dch v ISDN bao gm mt lot cc khuyn ngh ca ITUT cho cc thu bao dch v, dch v ngi dng/mng li kh nng lin kt mng m bo mc tng thch quc t. ISDN l mt c gng ca ITU-T vi cc chun tch hp mng thoi v d liu cho mt lot cc dch v rng khp vi kt ni trn ton th gii. Cc chun ISDN gii thch mt lot cc khi nim v cc nguyn tc lin quan. H cng m t chi tit kha cnh dch v v mng ca ISDN bao gm c kh nng dch v, v mt tng th mng li v chc nng giao din ngi dng mng (UNI) v giao din lin mng vi hng lot ln cc giao thc ln 4.8.1. Giao din tc c bn Giao din tc c bn c xc nh trong khuyn ngh L.430 ca ITU-T. Khuyn ngh ny nh ngha truyn thng ISDN gia cc thit b u cui . BRI bao gm 2 knh: knh B mi knh tc 64Kbit/s v knh D tc 16Bkit/s (2B+D) Knh B l knh ngi dng c bn v c th phc v ton b cc loi lu lng bao gm thoi k thut s, d liu v hnh nh chm trong ch chuyn mch gi hay chuyn mch mch
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
108
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Knh D ch yu c dng cho bo hiu c yu cu iu khin knh B nhng cng c th dng cho thng ip nh hng gi d liu nh trong hnh 4.16. Knh B s c nh tuyn ti cc im dch v la chn vi bo hiu (thng tin S), o t xa (thng tin t) v chuyn mch gi d liu tc thp ( thng tin P)
>64Kbit/s Chuyn mch/khng chuyn mch
64Kbit/s Chuyn mch/khng chuyn mch TE LE Chuyn mch gi LE TE
Bo hiu ngi dng mng
Bo hiu ngi dng-ngi dng Bo hiu knh chung
Hnh 4.16 c im cu trc c bn ca ISDN Thnh phn ISDN bao gm :thit b u cui (TE), thit b thch ng u cui (TA), thit b kt cui mng (NT), thit b kt cui ng dy (LE) , thit b u cui tng i. Tc truy nhp c bn c th s dng cu hnh im-im hoc im ti a im gia cc LE v TE S lng im tham chiu c xc nh trong ISDN. Nhng im tham chiu ny nh ngha giao din logic cc nhm chc nng chng hn TAs v NT1s. im tham chiu ISDN bao gm R (im tham chiu gia thit b phi ISDN v TA), S (im tham chiu gia u cui ngi dng v NT2), T( im tham chiu gia thit b NT1 v NT2), U (im tham chiu gia thit b NT1 v thit b kt cui ng truyn). im tham chiu U ch c th ph hp ti bc m ni m cc nh cung cp cc dch v mng khng cung cp chc nng NT1 Hnh 4.17 trnh by cc im tham chiu v cc nhm chc nng ca ISDN. C 3 thit b c gia tng chuyn mch ISDN ti vn phng trung tm, 2 trong s thit b l tng thch ISDN m h c th km theo thng qua im tham chiu S ti thit b NT2 . Thit b th 3( in thoi chun phi ISDN) th c km theo thng qua im tham chiu R ti TA. Bt k mt thit b no trong cc thit b cng c th c km theo thit b NT1/2 m c th thay th c NT1 v NT2.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
109
SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 4.17 im tham chiu v nhm chc nng ISDN bng hp (N-ISDN) Ti bc m NT1 l thit b ti sn khch hng (CPE) , NT2 l loi thit b phc tp hn c tm thy trong tng i nhnh ring k thut s m hot ng giao thc lp 2 v 3 v cc dch v tp trung. Thit b NT1/2 cng tn ti n l mt thit b n m kt hp chc nng ca NT1 v NT2 4.8.2. Giao din tc s cp Giao din tc s cp PRI c nh ngha bi giao thc lp vt l v bi nhng giao thc cao hn bao gm LAPD. N c y ni tip im-im song cng,cu hnh ng b. Khuyn ngh G703,G704 ca ITU-T nh ngha giao din in v dng khung c 2 giao din khc nhau: Bc M T1(1.544Mbit/s) ghp 24 knh B. Mt khung PRI c 193bit trong 192 bit bng 24*8bit dnh cho ngi dng. Chu u E1(2.048Mbit/s) ghp 32 knh B mt khung PRI c 256 bit bng 32*8bit bao gm 240bit 30*8 bit dng cho lu lng ,8 bit dng cho nh khung v ng b ,8 bit dng cho bo hiu v iu khin. 4.8.3. Lp vt l ISDN (lp 1) Lp vt l ISDN cung cp kh nng truyn dn cho knh B v knh D di dng chui bit c m ho vi chc nng nh thi v ng b. N cng cung cp kh nng bo hiu cho php cc thit b u cui v thit b mng truy nhp n ti nguyn knh D v s dng knh D iu khin knh B. Lp vt l ISDN(lp 1) c nh dng khung khc nhau tu thuc vo khung l vo (t u cui vo mng) hay ra (t mng ti cc u cui) nh trong hnh 4.19 Cc khung c di 48bit trong c 36 bit l d liu. Bit F cung cp chc nng ng b ,bit L iu chnh gi tr trung bnh bit , bit E c dng gii quyt tranh chp khi mt s u cui trn ng bus th ng tranh chp knh, bit A kch hot thit b, bit S cha c gn. Bit B1,B2,D c s dng cho knh B v knh D. Thit b ngi dng a ISDN c th c gn theo lut t nhin vo mt mch, trong cu hnh ny s va chm c th xut hin nu 2 thit b u cui truyn ng thi, do ISDN cung cp tnh nng xc nh lin kt tranh chp. Khi NT nhn bit D t TE
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
n phn hi n ngc li trong v tr bit E k tip ,TE s ch bit E k tip tng t nh n truyn bit D ln cui. Thit b u cui c th khng truyn trong knh D tr khi chng u tin kim tra s lng bit 1 (biu th khng tn hiu) tng ng vi u tin c thit lp trc, nu TE kim tra bit trong knh phn hi E m n khc bit D qu trnh truyn s b dng ngay lp tc, k thut n gin ny chc chn mt iu rng ch c mt thit b u cui truyn ti mt thi im. Sau khi truyn thnh cng bn tin D, mc u tin ca thit b u cui b gim i do n i hi kim tra thm bit 1 trong hng trc khi truyn .Thit b u cui c th ko cn tng mc u tin ca n tr khi tt c cc thit b trn cng ng truyn u c c hi truyn bn tin D. Kt ni in thoi c mc u tin cao hn tt c cc dch v khc v thng tin bo hiu c u tin cao hn thng tin khng bo hiu.
FA
FA
Hnh 4.18 nh dng khung ti im tham chiu T v S 4.8.4. Lp lin kt ISDN (lp 2) Lp 2 ca giao thc bo hiu l th tc lin kt truy nhp knh D(LAP-D) n da trn h thng LAP-B c s dng trong X-25. LAP-D tng t nh iu khin lin kt d liu mc cao (HDLC) v th tc truy nhp tuyn cn bng (LAP-B). LAPD nh tn vit tt ca n c s dng trn knh D m bo iu khin v lung thng tin bo hiu c nhn mt cch chnh xc. nh dng khung LAP-D trnh by nh hnh 4.19. Ging nh HDLC n c s dng cho khung gim st, thng tin v khng nh s. Giao thc LAP-D c xc nh chnh thc trong ITU-T Q920 v Q921 cho bo hiu ,trng c v trng iu khin trong LAP-D th ging nhau vi HDLC,trng a ch trong LAP-D c th mt byte hoc 2 byte, nu bit a ch m rng ca byte u tin c thit lp th a ch c chiu di l mt byte, nu khng th trng a ch l 2 byte. Byte u tin ca trng a ch cha b nhn dng im
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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truy nhp dch v (SAPI) vi cng nhn dng ti dch v LAP-D c cung cp ti lp 3. C/R cho bit khung c cha yu cu hoc p ng hay khng. B nhn dng dim cui thit b u cui(TEI) xc nh mt hay nhiu thit b u cui. TEI tt c l 1 cho bit l qung b (broadcast).
C 1 01111110 a ch octet 1 2 1 1
bin
SAPI TEI
C/R
EA0 EA1
a ch octet 2 iu khin octet 1 iu khin octet 2
SAPI: phn t nhn dng im truy nhp dch v TEI: b nhn dng im cui ca thit b u cui.
Lp 3 Thng tin
EA0/EA1 : a ch bit m rng C/R : p ng lnh
1 1 1
Khung tng kim tra 1 Khung tng kim tra 1 01111110 C
Hnh 4.19 Cu trc khung LAP-D (lp 2) 4.8.5. Lp mng ISDN (lp 3) Lp 3 c xc nh dng cho bo hiu ISDN : ITU-T I450 (cng c bit nh ITU-T Q930 v ITU-T I451 (c bit nh l ITU-T Q931) nhng giao thc ny h tr ngi dng ti ngi dng, kt ni chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch mch. S a dng ca thit lp, kt thc cuc gi, thng tin v cc bn tin hn hp theo l thuyt th bao gm : setup, connect, release, user information, cancel, status v disconnect. Nhng bn tin ny c chc nng tng t nh c cung cp trong giao thc X25. Hnh 4.20 ch ra cc giai on in hnh ca cuc gi chuyn mch mch ISDN.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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Hnh 4.20 Minh ho bo hiu lp 3 ISDN 4.9. ISDN qua mng v tinh Do mng v tinh c sn nn d dng s dng mng v tinh m rng mng ISDN trn phm vi ton th gii. Mc d mng v tinh khng c gii hn trong vic s dng bt k h thng truyn dn c trng no iu quan trng l t k thut v tuyn v tinh phi xem xt lm th no cc h thng truyn dn v tinh t h thng truyn thng c th h tr ISDN, hiu sut li truyn dn v tinh nh hng ti ISDN v lm th no truyn tr thng qua lin kt v tinh tc ng ti s hot ng ca ISDN. Chc nng ca ITU-R SG4 l xc nh cc yu cu lin quan n iu kin v hiu sut cho cc lin kt v tinh truyn cc knh ISDN v chuyn i cc chun ITU trong iu kin m c ngha i vi v tinh trong tng th kt ni ISDN. 4.9.1. Kt ni chun gi nh ISDN ITU-T (IRX) kt ni chun gi nh ISDN (IRX) c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ITU-T G.821. N c dng xc nh cc yu cu v hiu qu hot ng ca phn truyn dn chnh trong tng th kt ni end-to-end. Khong cch im tham chiu ca tng th kt ni end-to-end l 27500Km m c kh nng kt ni di nht dc theo b mt tri t gia cc thu bao (ti im tham chiu T). Ba phn on c bn c xc nh vi khong cch m c d tnh s tr thnh khong cch tiu biu ca mt phn trong kt ni tng th end-to-end trong bi cnh IRX, m c phn b cho php gim hiu sut ca phn on t 30%, 30% v
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
40% ti mc thp,trung bnh v mc cao. 30% ca phn on cp thp c chia s bi 2 mt ca kt ni t u cui ngi dng ti tng i ni b Tng t c 2 phn on mc trung bnh t tng i ni b ti tng i quc t chia s 30% . Lin kt v tinh ca dch v v tinh c nh tng ng vi mt na ca phn on cp cao l 20% nu s dng trong kt ni ISDN end-to-end. Trong iu kin khong cch phn on cp cao c gi tr 12500Km, phn on thp v trung bnh trong mt mt ca kt ni c gi tr 1250Km v mt khc 1250Km. Lin kt v tinh c gi tr 12500Km nu s dng cho kt ni ISDN end-toend. 4.9.2. ng truyn s chun gi nh ITU-R cho v tinh ITU-R nh ngha ng truyn s chun gi nh trong ITU-R S.521 nghin cu s dng lin kt v tinh c nh trong phn ca ISDN HRX nh ngha bi ITU-T nh trong hnh 4.21 v 4.22 HRDP s bao gm lin kt tri t-v tinh-tri t c th lin kt mt v tinh hay nhiu v tinh trong vng khng gian v giao din vi mng mt t thch hp ti HRDP.
Hnh 4.21 ng truyn s gi nh chun
Hnh 4.22 HRDP trong ITU-T IRX ti tc 64Kbit/s HRDP s iu tit cc loi truy nhp khc nhau nh n knh hoc TDMA v cho php s dng cc k thut nh l ni suy ting ni k thut s (DSI) hoc l m
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
ho tc thp (LRE) trong cc thit b ghp knh s, thm vo trm mt t s bao gm cc thit b b cho cc tc ng ca truyn dn lin kt v tinh trong cc thi gian bin i do chuyn ng ca v tinh m c ngha c bit trong truyn dn s trong min thi gian nh l PDH. ITUR HRDP s dng 12500Km t IRX pht trin hiu qu v mc ch sn c, khong cch c xc nh bng cch da vo cc tnh ton cu hnh mng v tinh khc nhau vi ti a s hop n bao ph tng ng tri t khong cch khong 16000Km. Do trong hu ht cc trng hp ca v tinh c s dng trong phn vng quc t ca kt ni vi 2 im ch thng t hn 1000Km t ngi dng . Trong thc t im ch mng li v tinh nn c thit k gn nht c th ti u cui ngi dng 4.9.3. Mc tiu hiu qu Mng v tinh h tr ISDH nn cho php kt ni end-to-end p ng cc mc tiu hiu qu c xc nh bi ITU-T. ITU-R pht trin cc khuyn ngh cho v tinh t c mc tiu hiu qu trong kt ni end-to-end: ITU-R S.614 v mc tiu cht lng i vi mch ISDN 64Kbit/s cho cc c im lin quan ti ITU-T G.821 (xem bng 4.1 v 4.2). ITU-R S.1062 v hiu sut li i vi hot ng HDRP ti hoc trn tc c bn cho cc c im lin quan ti ITU-T G.826 (xem bng 4.3). Cc iu kin o 20% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 10 pht) 10% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 10 pht) 2% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 10 pht) 0.3% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 1 pht) 0.05% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 1 giy) 0.03% ca mt thng (Gi tr trung bnh 1 giy) T l li bit in thoi s 10-6 10-3 10-4 T l li bit ISDN 64Kbit/s 10-7 10-7 10-3
Bng 4.1 Ch tiu cht lng cho in thoi k thut s v ISDN 64Kbit/s
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Phn loi hiu sut
nh ngha
ch tiu end-to-end
Cc ch tiu HRDP v tinh
khong cch gia cc pht vi Giy suy gim <10% <2% BER>10-6 (nhiu hn 4li/pht) khong cch gia Giy b li nghim <0.2% <0.03% cc pht vi trng -3 BER>10 khong cch gia Giy b li cc pht vi mt <8% <1.6% hoc nhiu li Bng 4.2 Ch tiu hiu sut li tng th end-to-end v HRDP v tinh cho cc kt ni ISDN quc t 4.9.4. M hnh ni mng v tinh vi mng ISDN Ni lin mng v tinh ti ISDN nn c kh nng h tr tt c cc dch v ISDN.Nh mng v tinh ti thiu cn h tr ch mch ISDN mang dch v m i hi phi c kh nng cho cc knh khc nhau t 64Kbit/s cho ti 1920Kbit/s cng thm l knh D 16Kbit/s hoc l 64Kbit/s. Ngoi ra nu mng v tinh c dng cho truyn thng d liu th cng hp l h tr ch gi ISDN mang dch v.Mng v tinh s c th h tr mt s dch v b sung nh l a ch ph, quay s trc tip, s nhiu thu bao v nhm thn thit. Mng v tinh th thng c xem nh l mt phn ca kt ni mng ngi dng ti ISDN thng qua u cui mng NT2. Hnh 4.23 minh ho mt node phn phi mng li ISDN khch hng. ISDN c th tham kho ti im tham chiu giao din tc c bn hay s cp T thng qua u cui mng NT1. NT2 to thnh mt phn ca mng khch hng thng s dng h thng VSAT. NT2 c th c xem nh l nt ca phn phi PABX, trong khi giao din S tiu chun i din cho giao din gia thit b u cui PABX. Hnh 4.24 minh ho a nt phn phi mng ISDN khch hng. v tinh c s dng kt ni mt vi mng ring ISDN(nt) vi mi nt l mt trm mt t, u cui mng NT1 v mt vi u cui ngi dng . Trong c hai m hnh mng ring ISDN(nt) c kt ni ti mng ISDN cng cng thng qua Hub . Trong trng hp ca VSAT cc u cui c th truyn thng vi nhau thng qua Hub nu n c cu hnh l hnh sao v truyn thng trc tip vi nhau nu n c cu hnh li.
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
Hnh 4.23 Mng ISDN khch hng c phn phi n nt
Hnh 4.24 Mng ISDN khch hng c phn phi a nt
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
CHNG 5.
5.1.
GIAO THC INTERNET(IP) QUA MNG V TINH
Cc im nhn khc nhau ca lin kt mng v tinh
Tng t nh mng mt t, mng v tinh lm cho mng internet ngy cng gia tng lu lng .By gi n cn c ng dng trong mng li in thoi. Hin nay mng li internet ch yu c cung cp bi cc ng dung v dch vu internet c in v d nh l www, FTP v emails. Mng li v tinh ch cn h tr nhng tin ch ca mng internet c in c th cung cp cht lng truyn thng tt nht S kt hp ca vin thng v internet l tin pht trin ca cng ngh m thoi qua IP (VoiIP) hi ngh v cc dch v qung co qua IP. V vy cc gi IP c k vng l s ng dng rng ri hn trong cc giai on ca dch v v ng dng thng qua mng v tinh, mun lm c iu ny th i hi cht lng ca dch v (QoS) t mng IP rt nhiu nhng nghin cu v pht trin c ng dng vo mng v tinh h tr a truyn thng thi gian thc kiu mi v a ng dng yu cu QoS. IP c thit k khng ph thuc vo bt k cng ngh mng no v th n c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi tt c cng ngh mng sn c. i vi mng v tinh, th chng ta c 3 cng ngh mng v tinh lin quan n IP v tinh l : Satellite telecommunication networks (mng truyn thng v tinh): cung cp cc dch v v tinh(nh l thoi, Fax, D liu) trong nhiu nm qua v cng cung cp truy cp internet v kt ni mng con internet bng cch s dng lin kt im dim. Khi nim mng mi trng chia s gi v tinh da trn u cui khu rt nh h tr cc loi giao tc ca dch v d liu trong nhiu nm v n cng ph hp vi h tr IP. Truyn hnh qung b k thut s (DVB) IP qua DVB thng qua v tinh c tim nng cung cp truy nhp bng thng rng trn vng rng ln. DVB S cung cp dch v qung b mt chiu u ci ngi dng c th ch nhn nhn d liu thng qua v tinh. i vi cc dch v internet lin kt c cung cp ngc li bng cch s dng cc lin kt quay s thng qua cc mng truyn thng .DVB-RCS cung cp cc lin kt ngc li thng qua v tinh cc u cui ngi dng c th truy nhp internet thng qua v tinh. iu ny loi b tt c cc kh khn do cc lin kt ngc thng qua mng truyn thng tri t v vy cho php u cui ngi dng linh hot hn v di ng hn.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
5.1.1. im nhn giao thc chnh ca mng IP v tinh im nhn giao thc trung tm ca mng v tinh IP nhn mnh giao thc ngn xp v giao thc chc nng trong phm vi m hnh tham chiu. Hnh 5.1 minh ho mi lin quan gia IP v cc k thut mng khc IP cung cp mt mng li ng b xo i cc khc bit gia cc k thut khc nhau, cc mng khc nhau c th truyn cc gi IP vi nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Mng v tinh bao gm cc mng kt ni nh hng, mng mi trng chia s im ti a im phi kt ni, mng qung b cho truyn thng im-im v truyn thng im-a im. Mng tri t bao gm LAN,MAN,WAN, quay s, cc mng mch v mng gi. Mng LAN thng da trn mi trng chia s v mng WAN da trn kt ni im-im.
Hnh 5.1 Mi quan h gia IP v cc k thut mng khc nhau 5.1.2. im nhn v tinh trung tm ca mng mt t v internet im nhn v tinh trung tm nhn mnh bn thn mng v tinh,v d v tinh (GEO hoc phi GEO) c xem nh l c s h tng c nh v tt c cc c s h tng mt t c xem nh lin quan n v tinh. Hnh 5.2 m t im nhn trung tm v tinh ca mng mt t. Hnh 5.3 ch ra s im nhn t trung tm tri t ti trung tm v tinh im nhn ca tri t v v tinh LEO( O G = OOG l vect t O ti v tr ca v tinh GEO OG v r = rG l qu o GEO vi bn knh RG ) m qu o mt tri t v v tinh c th c biu din nh sau:
r O G = 2 RG
2
( RG R E ) 1
Trong RE l bn knh ca tri t v:
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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SVTH: Vu Van Trc
2

r O G = 2 RG
(RG R L ) 1
Trong RL l bn knh ca qu o v tinh LEO h tr mng IP, mng v tinh phi h tr khung d liu mang cc gi IP qua k thut mng. nh tuyn mang cc gi IP t khung ca mt loi mng v m gi gi IP ti khung ca loi mng khc lm cho ph hp vi qu trnh truyn trong cc k thut mng.
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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Hnh 5.2 im nhn trung tm v tinh ca mng tri t
=
2
r = RL
r O G 2 RG
1(RG R E )
RE
OG
r = RE
RL
2
=
RG
r O G 2 RG
1(RG RL )
Hnh 5.3 nh x im nhn t trung tm tri t ti im nhn trung tm GEO 5.1.3. im nhn trung tm mng ca mng v tinh H thng v k thut mng v tinh tp trung vo 2 mt:vng khng gian v vng mt t . Trong vng khng gian (ti trong truyn thng v tinh) nhiu loi k thut c th c s dng bao gm b pht p trong sut(ng cong), x l onboard, chuyn mch mch onboard, chuyn mch gi onboard (cng c th chuyn mch ATM), chuyn mch DVB-S v DVB-RCS hoc nh tuyn IP.
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Tng quan trung tm mng ca h thng v tinh nhn mnh n chc nng mng hn l k thut v tinh, tuy nhin ngi s dng xem cc loi mng v kt ni logic khc nhau hn l cc k thut mng v s trin khai vt l. Hnh 5.4 trnh by tng quan trung tm mng ca mng v tinh.
Hnh 5.4 im nhn trung tm tri t ca mng v tinh Tt c cc chc nng thm vo l gia tng phc tp ca ti trng v tinh trong kh nng h tr cu trc lin kt a chm im sao (im n a im c tm ti gateway trm mt t) v li (a im ti a im) v vy c kh nng tht bi nhng chng cng cung cp nhiu li ch ca vic s dng ti u ho bng thng v ngun cng sut. V tinh trong tng lai vi chc nng chuyn mch DVB onboard s c th tch hp dch v qung b v tng tc bng vic kt hp vi chun DVB-S v DVBRCS . khi phc ti trng DVB-S c th ghp thng tin t cc ngun khc nhau vo mt chun lung DVB-S ng xung. Mt v d khc ca vic s dng chuyn mch onboard DVB l lin kt mng cc LAN s dng IP thng qua ng gi MPEG-2, thng qua khi phc li ti trng v tinh. Thc hin cc chc nng ph thuc vo yu cu ca vic vn hnh v bo mt mng mang li tin cy v hiu qu v gi thnh ca v tinh. 5.2. ng gi IP ng gi gi IP l mt cch lm cho IP c th thng qua bt k k thut mng no. l mt k thut dng ng gi gi IP vo khung d liu do n ph hp cho vic truyn thng qua cc cng ngh mng. cc cng ngh mng khc nhau c th c s dng trong cc nh dng khung, kch thc khung hoc tc bit dng cho truyn dn gi IP khc nhau. Cc IP c ng gi s t cc gi vo trong khung ti trng lp lin kt d liu dng cho truyn dn qua mng. V d mng Ethernet, token ring, LAN khng dy chng c cc nh dng khung tiu chun ng gi cc gi IP 5.2.1. Khi nim cn bn Do nh dng khung khc nhau cho nn k thut dng ng gi cng c th khc nhau, i khi gi IP qu ln khng va vi khung ti trng trong trng hp ny cc gi IP phi c chia ra thnh cc phn nh hn (phn mnh) cc gi IP c th truyn qua nhiu khung. Trong trng hp ny cc mo u c gn thm vo mi on c th i ti ng ch, gi IP gc c th rp tr li t cc mnh. C th nhn thy rng qu trnh x l ng gi c th c mt s tc ng ng k n
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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hiu sut mng do vic phi x l thm cc mo u. Hnh 5.5 m t khi nim ng gi gi IP.
Hnh 5.6 Khi nim c bn ca ng gi IP 5.2.2. Giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu lp cao (HDLC) HDLC l mt giao thc tiu chun quc t ti lp 2(lp lin kt) y l mt giao thc quan trng v c s dng rng ri ti lp 2. N nh ngha 3 loi trm (chun, th cp v hn hp), 2 cu hnh lin kt (cn bng v khng cn bng) v 3 ch truyn d liu( p ng bnh thng (NRM), p ng khng ng b (AMR) v p ng cn bng khng ng b (ABM). Hnh 5.6 m t cu trc khung HDLC.
Hnh 5.7 Cu trc khung HDLC Bit nh hng da trn k thut chn bit v bao gm 2 c mu 8 bit 01111110 nhn dng im u v im cui ca khung v trng 8 bit a ch dng xc nh cc thit b u cui v trng 8 bit iu khin c s dng nh ngha 3 loi khung (khung thng tin,khung gim st v khung khng s). Trng ti trng dng mang d liu (lp lin kt d liu bao gm gi IP) v 16 bit dng kim tra li CRC
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! ! K o an tot nghiep 5.2.3. Giao thc im-im (PPP)
Khung HDLC c lm thch nghi vi giao thc PPP (im-im) l mt chun internet c s dng rng ri trong kt ni bng quay s. PPP c dng cho vic kim tra li, h tr a giao thc thm vo IP, cho php cc a ch c th thng lng thi gian kt ni v cho php chng thc. Hnh 5.7 m t cu trc khung ca PPP.
Mc nh l 2 Mc nh l 1500 Binh thng 2 nhng c th thng lng 4
Byte
1 C 01111110
1 hoc 2
Thay i Ti trng
2 hoc 4
a ch iu khin Giao thc 11111111 00000011
Tng kim C tra 01111110
Mc nh Mc nh hoc khung 0 s
0: net layer protocol 1: khc
Hnh 5.7 Cu trc khung ca giao thc im-im 5.2.4. iu khin truy nhp mi trng HDLC v PPP c thit k cho vic truyn thng qua mi trng kt ni im-im. i vi mng c mi trng chia s, lp b sung c bit n nh l lp ph iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) ca lp lin kt c dng kt ni mt s lng ln trm vo mng m khng a y chi tit. Hnh 5.8 minh ho nh dng ca khung MAC.
Hnh 5.8 nh dng khung ca khung MAC 5.2.5. IP qua v tinh h tr IP qua v tinh th mng v tinh cn phi cung cp cc cu trc khung m cc gi d liu c th ng gi vo trong khung v truyn thng qua v tinh t im truy nhp ny n im truy nhp khc. Trong mi trng mng v tinh khung c th c da trn tiu chun giao thc lp lin kt d liu. ng gi IP cng c nh ngha trn mng ang tn ti nh l lin kt quay s, ATM, DVB-S v DVB-RCS m h tr cc giao thc internet hoc lin mng vi internet. Mng ATM dng lp tng thch ATM loi 5(AAL5) ng gi gi IP
GVHD:Vo Trng Sn
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dng truyn mng ATM v trong DVB-S gi IP bao gm qung b c ng gi trong tiu kiu Ethernet s dng chun c gi l ng gi a giao thc(MPE). N cng c th ng gi gi IP vo mt gi IP khc v d to nn mt ng hm truyn gi IP t mng internet ny ti mt mng internet khc 5.3. Ni mng v tinh IP Mt li ch c bit quan trong m mng v tinh cung cp l m rng phm vi a l trn ton b tri t (bao gm t lin, bin v bu tri),li ch ca chng c a n s lng ln ngi dng trn quy m ln v lm gim cc chi ph ngi dng. Mt v tinh c th thc hin nhiu vai tr khc nhau trong mng internet: Kt ni on cui : (nh trong hnh 5.9) u cui ngi dng kt ni trc tip vi v tinh m cung cp lin kt pha trc hoc pha sau trc tip. Kt ni ngun lu lng ti dy tip sng (feeder) v tinh hoc cc trm Hub thng qua lin kt internet, ng hm hoc quay s. n l on cui tip cn n ngi dng.
Hnh 5.9 im nhn trung tm v tinh ca kt ni on cui Kt ni chuyn tip (nh trong hnh 5.11) v tinh cung cp cc kt ni gia cc gateway internet hoc gia cc gateway ISP. Lu lng c nh tuyn thng qua cc lin kt v tinh ti cc giao thc nh tuyn c xc nh v nh ngha cc metric lin kt trong mng gim thiu chi ph kt ni v p ng cc yu cu kht khe v QoS i vi ngun lu lng.
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Host ISP1 im truy nhp

Mng v tinh ISP4
ISP2
Vng bao ph
ISP5
ISP3
Trm mt t gateway
B mt tri t
Trm mt t gateway
ISP6
Hnh 5.11 im nhn trung tm v tinh vi kt ni chuyn tip ti internet kt ni on u (nh trong hnh 5.10) mng v tinh cung cp kt ni lin kt hng ti v hng ngc ti mt lng ln cc ISP. Cc gi IP bt u t nh cung cp nh on u ca chuyn hnh trnh ca h ti u cui ngi dng. Nh kt ni on cui nh cung cp dch v c th kt ni ti ng dn sng v tinh hoc trm Hub trc tip hoc thng qua ng hm internet hoc lin kt quay s.
Hnh 5.10 im nhn trung tm v tinh vi kt ni on u ti internet 5.3.1. nh tuyn trn v tinh Li ch ca vic nh tuyn IP trong khng gian l n cho php mng v tinh c th tch hp vo mng internet ton cu s dng thut ton nh tuyn tiu chun. Mng internet bao gm nhiu mng con c bit nh l h thng t qun hoc tn min
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Trong mng v tinh GEO thng thng ch c mt v tinh ph mt vng rng ln to thnh cc mng con v khng c nh tuyn trong mng v tinh. Vi mt chm im c nhiu v tinh to nn mng con bao ph ton b tri t v vy nh tuyn trong mng chm im v tinh l bt buc. Mi quan h lin kt gia cc v tinh trong cng mt phng qu o l c nh nhng bin i thnh ng trong cc mt phng khc. K t khi v tr ca cc v tinh c d bo trc th c kh nng s dng nhng d bo ny cp nht ng cc bng nh tuyn trn v tinh v gia tng cc thut ton nh tuyn. 5.3.2. IP di ng trong mng v tinh Do v tinh GEO c vng bao ph rng, nn ta c th coi mng tri t c kt ni vnh vin trong cng mt mng con v tinh v phin u ci ngi dng trong sut qu trnh truyn thng, tuy nhin i vi mng vi chm im v tinh LEO mi quan h gia mng v tinh v u cui ngi dng v mng tri t th thay i lin tc, v vy ny sinh mt s vn lin quan n mng di ng: Thit lp li kt ni vt l vi cc mng v tinh. Thi gian cp nht thng tin v cc bng nh tuyn cc gi IP c th c nh tuyn n ng ch. Tnh di ng trong mng v tinh. Tnh di ng gia mng tri t v mng v tinh. y tho lun da trn cc giao thc chun internet cho IP di ng (RFC 2002) Trong cc gii php tiu chun, cho php cc nt di ng s dng 2 a ch IP: Mt a ch nh c nh(home address) v mt a ch chm sc (care-of address) a ch ny thay i vo mi thi im truy nhp. Chng ta ly im nhn v tinh trung tm ca mng v tinh lm im c nh nhng tt c mi th trn tri t th chuyn ng bao gm c u cui ngi dng v mng mt t nh trong hnh 5.12
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Hnh 5.12 im nhn v tinh trung tm vi tri t l chuyn ng. Trong chun IP ng , s kt ni cc lp truyn ti sn c c duy tr ging nh l mt nt di ng di chuyn t ni ny n ni khc trong ia ch IP vn c gi nguyn. Hu ht cc ng dng internet cc c s dng ngy nay l da trn TCP. Mt kt ni TCP c xc nh bi thng s: a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch, s cng ngun v s cng ch Bt k s thay i no ca bn yu t ny cng s dn n mt v ph v kt ni. Mt khc, s phn phi chnh xc cc gi n cc nt di ng hin hnh th ph thuc vo s mng c nh km trong cc a ch nt IP di ng, s mng ny th thay i ti mi im nh km mi. Trong IP di ng, cc home address l a ch tnh v c s dng, v d, xc nh cc kt ni TCP. Care of address th thay i ti mi im nh km mi v a ch ny c coi l mt a ch quan trong ca nt IP di ng; thng qua a ch ny chng ta xc nh c s mng v nt di ng trong m hnh mng. Cc home address lm cho cc nt di ng c th nhn c d liu mt cch lin tc trong mng ca n, ni lu gi cc yu cu ca IP di ng c gi l home agent. Bt c khi no m nt di ng khng c gn lin vi mng ch (do n gn vi mt mng ngoi no ), home gent nhn tt c cc gi c xc nh trc ca nt di ng v sp xp chng phn phi n cc nt di ng hin thi. Khi nt di ng di chuyn n mt v tr mi chng s ng k mt care-of address mi vi home agent. nhn c gi t home agent ti im di ng, cc home agent s pht gi tin t mng ch n care-of address, hn na n pht yu cu ti care-of address bin i hoc chuyn hng gi IP. Khi cc gi n care-of address s bin i ngc li s c s dng gi mt ln na xut hin trong a ch nt di ng nh l a ch IP ch. Khi gi n im di ng, gi ti home address n s c x l ng theo TCP/IP. Trong IP di ng home agent chuyn hng gi t mng ch ti care-of adddress bng cch xy dng header IP mi m cha cc nt di ng care-of address
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nh a ch ch IP. Header mi ny sau ng gi hoc bo v trong cc gi nguyn thu, v a ch nt di ng khng nh hng n nh tuyn cc gi c ng gi cho n khi n n care-of address, do ng gi cn c tn gi l ng hm m r mch thng do nh hng ca nh tuyn IP. IP di ng th c hiu ng nht l s kt hp ca 3 c ch ring: Pht hin care-of address:chi nhnh advertisement v chi nhnh solicitation (RFC 1256). ng k care-of address: th tc ng k bt u khi nt di ng i vo vng ca mt chi nhnh ngoi, gi mt yu cu ng k vi thng tin care-of address. Khi home agent nhn c yu cu ny n(thng) thm cc thng tin cn thit vo bng nh tuyn, chp nhn yu cu v gi ngc bn tin tr li ng k ti nt di ng. ng k c chng thc bng cch s dng Message Digest 5(MD5) To ng hm care-of address: theo mc nh c ch ng gi phi h tr tt c cc i l di ng l c ch IP lng nhau (tunnelling). ng gi ti thiu th phc tp hn mt cht so vi tunnelling bi v mt s thng tin t tiu tunnel c kt hp vi tiu ng gi ti thiu bn trong thit lp li tiu IP nguyn thu. Mt khc tiu mo u lm gim chi ph. 5.3.3. Xc nh a ch Xc nh a ch IP c gi l nh x v cu hnh a ch. Cc k thut mng khc nhau c th s dng cc m hnh xc nh a ch khc nhau gn a ch c gi l a ch vt l dnh cho cc thit b. Trong LAN IEEE.802 s dng 48 bit a ch nh km vi mi thit b, mng ATM s dng 15 ch s thp phn nh a ch v ISDN s dng s a ch ITU-T E.164. Tng t trong mng v tinh mi nhm trm mt t hoc gateway c a ch vt l cho kt ni mch hoc truyn gi tuy nhin vic nh tuyn lin kt vi nhau bng mng v tinh li ch c th bit c bng a ch IP ca cc nh tuyn khc do yu cu a ch phi c nh x gia mi a ch IP v a ch vt l lin quan v vy vic trao i gi gia cc router c th c thc hin thng qua mng v tinh s dng a ch vt l. Chi tit chnh xc ca vic nh x ny ph thuc vo cc giao thc lin kt d liu lp di c s dng trn cc v tinh. 5.4. IP multicast qua mng v tinh S thnh cng ca vic pht qung b dch v v tinh k thut s (cho TV v v tuyn) v bn cht khng i xng ca lung lu lng IP c kt hp dn n kt qu l h thng v tinh c kh nng h tr truy nhp internet tc cao, t n l mt bc c bn xem xt thm kh nng khai thc qung b ca v tinh: nghin cu pht qung b IP qua v tinh. mng v tinh c th l mt phn ca cy nh tuyn IP multicast ti ngun, trc hoc kt thc ca nhnh nhng gi IP chuyn tip hng v ch chng. Hnh 5.13
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minh ho mt v d v m hnh mng v hnh sao s dng trong d n GEOCAST trn IP multicast ca v tinh GEO c ti tr trong khun kh chng trnh EU th 5
Hnh 5.13 H thng GEOCAST vi m hnh mng hnh sao v li 5.4.1. IP multicast chng ny chng s nghin cu v cng ngh IP multicast. Multicast cho php mt ngun mng truyn thng gi mt d liu n nhiu ni cng mt lc trong khi ch c mt bn sao d liu duy nht c truyn i. Sau mng s to ra mt bn sao v gi n n ngi nhn nu cn thit. Multicast c coi l mt phn ca ba loi truyn thng : Unicast: truyn d liu t 1 im ngun n 1 im ch( v d ti mt trang web t mt server n trnh duyt ca ngi dng hoc copy t server ny n mt server khc Multicast: truyn d liu t mt im ngun n nhiu im ch, nh ngha ny cng bao hm mng truyn thng c nhiu ngun (v d a ima im) mt v d gn y chnh l hi ngh truyn hnh ti cc bn tham gia c th c coi nh l ngun n multicast n cc ngi tham gia khc. Broadcast: truyn d liu t mt mt ngun ti tt c cc ngi nhn trong min (v d nh trong mng LAN hoc t v tinh ti tt c cc ngi nhn trong chm vt v tinh). Cc thun li ca multicast l : Gim bng thng s dng mng: v d nu gi d liu c multicast n 100 ngi nhn th ngun ch gi mt bn sao ca mi gi d liu. Mng s chuyn hng gi ny ti ch khi cn gi gi trn cc lin kt mng khc nhau ti c tt c cc ch th ch cn to nhiu bn sao ca gi d liu do ch c bn sao ca mi gi c truyn i
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thng qua bt k ng no trong mng v tng ti trng ca mng l gim 100 ln so vi kt ni unicast. y l mt li ch v cng quan trng trong h thng v tinh ni m ti nguyn l v cng hn ch v t. Gim ti x l ngun: ngun ch khng cn duy tr trng thi thng tin v lin kt truyn thng gia mi c nhn ngi nhn. Multicast c th c n lc cao nht hoc ng tin cy, n lc cao nht khng c ngha k thut l m bo rng gi d liu truyn t bt k ngun multicast no th c nhn bi tt c hoc bt k ngi nhn no v thng th c thc hin bi truyn gi UDP ngun trn mt a ch multicast. tin cy c ngha k thut l thc hin m bo rng tt c cc gi d liu th c gi t mt ngun : iu ny i hi giao thc multicast ng tin cy. 5.4.2. Xc nh a ch IP multicast Vi mi u cui hoc host trong mng internet th c nhn dng bng mt a ch IP l duy nht. Trong IP version 4 a ch IP c 32 bit c chia thnh s network v s host m tng ng dng xc nh mng v u cui c nh km mi mng. Mt gi d liu IP unicast bnh thng bao gm a ch ngun v a ch ch trong tiu (header) gi IP, router s s dng a ch ch nh tuyn gi tin t ngun ti ch nh vy c ch ny c th khng c s dng cho mc ch multicast t khi u cui ngun c th khng bit khi no, u v u cui no c nhn gi tin do c mt di a ch c thit lp ch dnh cho mc ch multicast, di a ch c gi l lp D t 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255. Khng ging nh lp A, B, C nhng a ch ny khng c lin kt n bt k s mng vt l hoc s host nhng thay vo n lin kt vi nhm multicast ging nh knh v tuyn cc thnh vin ca nhm nhn gi multicast c gi n a ch ny v a ch ny c s dng bi cc router multicast nh tuyn gi IP multicast ti cc ngi dng ng k l thnh vin nhm multicast. C ch m cc u cui ng k cho mt nhm gi l IGMP c m t nh bn di: 5.4.3. Qun l nhm Multicast thc hin hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng, mng ch gi nhng gi multicast ti nhng mng v mng con m cc ngi dng thuc nhm multicast. Giao thc pht a im (multicast) nhm internet cho php cc host hoc u cui thit lp mt kt ni vo nhn truyn multicast. IGMP h tr 3 loi bn tin l: bo co, truy vn v ri khi. u cui no mun nhn truyn multicast phi pht ra bn tin IGMP tham gia m c nhn t router gn nht. Bn bo co ny xc nh a ch IP multicast lp D ca nhm tham gia. Router sau s dng giao thc nh tuyn multicast (c trnh by sau) xc nh ng n ngun. xc nh trng thi ca thit b u cui nhn multicast thnh thong router cng pht mt IGMP truy vn ti thit b u cui trong mng hoc mng con. Khi thit b u cui nhn c chng hn truy vn n s t thi gian ri cho mi thnh vin nhm. Khi thi gian ny ht hn thit b u cui pht bn tin bo co IGMP xc nh rng n vn
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mun nhn vic truyn multicast, tuy nhin xo b bn sao bo co cho cc a ch cng nhm D. Nu u cui nhn c bn bo co t cc nhm u cui khc n s dng qu trnh ca n li v khng gi bo co na. Li ch ca iu ny l trnh lm qu ti mng con v nhng bo co IGMP Khi mt u cui mun kt thc vic nhn s truyn dn multicast n cn c mt bn tin cho php IGMP. Nhng th cho php c h tr trong IGMP phin bn 2. phin bn 1 mt my ch hoc mt u cui bin i mt cch n nh n thng trong tnh trng khng phi l thnh vin v khng c th gi n router. Nu tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm trong mt subnet c li th router s khng chuyn bt k gi multicast no khc n subnet na 5.4.4. nh tuyn IP multicast Trong mt router IP bnh thng c s dng cho unicast, cc bng nh tuyn cha nhng thng tin xc nh ng dn n a ch cc IP ch. Tuy nhin, cc bng nh tuyn ny khng hu ch cho IP multicast t khi cc gi multicast khng cha thng tin v v tr ca cc gi ch. Do giao thc nh tuyn v cc bng nh tuyn khc s c s dng. a ch giao thc nh tuyn multicast gip cho vic ng nht ho router d liu c truyn qua mng t ngun v n tt c cc im ch ca n, iu ny th lm gim ti thiu ngun mng cn thit cho cng vic ny. Trong IP multicast, th bng nh tuyn router t ra c hiu qu hn trong vic nh hng t cc ch n cc ngun hn l t cc ngun n cc ch, tr khi c mt a ch ngun trong gi d liu IP tng ng vi mt a im vt l xc nh. K thut ng ng(tunnelling) cng c th c dng h tr cc multicast qua cc router m khng cn dng n kh nng multicast. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn multicast c pht trin bi IETE. Gm c nhng multicast m rng l : OSPF(M-OSPF)giao thc nh tuyn pht a phng theo vect khong cch(DVMRP)giao thc multicast c lp v ch gim ti(PIM-SM), ch tng cng PIM(PIM-SM) v cy c bn chnh (CBT). y chng ta ch xem xt s lc v nguyn tc hot ng ca 2 giao thc DVMRP v PIM-DM, DVMRP v PIM-DM l thut ton lm y v vt cn; trong giao thc ny, khi mt ngun bt u gi d liu, cc giao thc s lm y mng bng cc d liu. Tt c cc router khng c nh km multicast nhn gi mt s gi mt thng ip bo li v cho ngun(tc l cc router ny bit rng chng khng nhn c v chng khng c bo co gia nhp IGMP). Nhng giao thc ny c mt bt tin l trng thi vt cn chng yu cu tt c cc router (v d chng ta cn vt cn nhng a ch multicast), bao gm lun c nhng router khng c nhn multicast xung. Giao thc lm y v vt cn cn s dng con ng ngc li (RPF) chuyn tip nhng gi multicast t ngun n ngi nhn: giao din RPF cho tt c cc gi l giao din m router s s dng gi gi unicast n gi ngun (hnh 5.14 minh ho nguyn tc ny trong mt mng tri t
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Nu mt gi c trong giao din RPF th n lm y tt c cc giao din khc (tr khi chng vt cn trc ). Nhng nu gi n bt k giao din khc n s khng c g nh hng n h thng c. iu ny m bo hiu qu lm y v ngn nga cc gi lp. DVMRP s dng chnh bng nh tuyn ca n xc nh con ng tt nht dn ti ngun, trong khi PIM-DM th s dng mt c s giao l thc nh tuyn unicast.
Hnh 5.14 V d RPF tri t 5.4.5. Phm vi IP multicast Phm vi l c ch iu khin lp a l ca vic truyn multicast, bng cch s dng thi gian sng (TTL)phn trong IP header. N s cho mng bit khong cch (khong cch gia cc router) bt k gi IP c php truyn i, cho php cc ngun IP multicast xc nh c c nn gi cc gi n mng con, cc domain ln hoc ton internet hay khng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch gim TTL mi router 1 n v. Khi chuyn cc gi n chng k tip v loi ra cc gi nu TTL bng 0. Mi mng con c mt b lc hoc tng la loi ra nhng gi khng hp yu cu, cng vic ny vt ra khi tm iu khin ca ngun multicast. Cng vic ny c th xy ra khi m TTL qu nh( khng ng k). Cc gi IP multicast c th n vi tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm mc d h cc vng khc nhau 5.4.6. Trng thi IGMP trong mi trng v tinh Trong mi trng v tinh, phng thc qun l nhm multicast cng vi phng thc phm vi c th cung cp mt gii php hu hiu h tr IP multicast ti mt lng ln ngi dng nhiu vng min khc nhau. Tuy nhin trn v tinh phi xy dng mt trng thi IGMP tng thch, nh chng ta tng tm hiu, trong quy c mng LAN mt t, mt bo co IGMP c thu bi mt ngi nhn multicast khc trong mng LAN, v iu ny ngn nga mng LAN b cc bo co lm y. Trong h thng v tinh, cc trm mt t c th khng nhn ra nhau, vic cung cp nhiu multicast ngi nhn trong h thng v tinh( khong 105 hoc 106)
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nhiu bo co IGMP c th l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra tc mng v lu lng IGMP. V th cn phi c trin khai mt s IGMP v multicast thch hp C 2 la chn nh sau, v d minh ho v mt multicast t cng mt t lin kt ngc n nhiu u cui ngi dng thng qua mt router nh hnh 5.15 Knh multicast c cu hnh truyn qua lin kt v tinh ri ti xung mi router, vi lu lng IGMP ch hot ng gia router v u cui ngi dng nh trong hnh 5.15(a)th khng c s truyn dn ca lu lng IGMP trong khng kh trong trng hp ny. y l mt gii php n gin nhng tng i hiu qu n cho php tit kim ti nguyn cong sut v tinh. Nu khng c knh multicast c bit trong bt k v tr no.
Hnh 5.15 a) IGMP qua v tinh: Multicast tnh Nhng knh multicast(nh quy c v mng mt t)truyn thng qua lin kt v tinh nu c mt hoc nhiu hn mt ngi dng cui. Thng ip IGMP lc ny c truyn thng qua khng kh. Khi mt router ngi nhn ti xung mt bn bo co IGMP t mt u cui sau IGMP tm kim , hoc router phi truyn thng ip IGMP qua v tinh cho tt c cc trm khc trnh lm y mng, hay nhng ngi nhn khc cng phi truyn thng ip IGMP l mng b y nh trong hnh 5.15(b)
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Hnh 5.15 b)IGMP qua v tinh: Multicast ng Trong k thut khng c router trong vic ti d liu xung, IGMP theo di (IGMP snooping) c s dng chuyn tip lu lng multicast n cc thnh vin trong nhm trnh vic truyn IGMP trong mi trng khng kh. Mt h thng v tinh linh ng cho php multicast t bt k ngi dng no cng tr nn phc tp hn, v d mt v tinh vi manh chuyn i ATM, vi th IGMP c kch hot truyn li, ring tng mch o n nhiu mch o khc nhau(VCs)cn phi c thit lp ngun ti mt t bi mt v tinh c chm tia hp.
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CHNG 6.
6.1. Bo mt mng cn bn
BO MT
Bo mt mng ni chung l nhm bo v ngi dng (bao gm v tr chnh xc ca ngi dng) d liu v lu lng truy cp n t cc thnh vin lu lng tn hiu truy nhp v cng l bo v cc nh iu hnh mng chng li cc thnh vin s dng v ng k khng thch hp. Cng c c bn trong bo mt internet l s dng kho cng khai v kho h thng c bn, h thng bo v bng tng la v mt khu. An ninh internet l rt quan trong v cc k kh trong mnh v tinh, n bao gm cc t chc an ninh kinh t chnh tri khc nhau trn ton th gii. V n cng bao gm vic lm th no khi giao tip ra ngoi ( v d nh l my tnh ngi dng v mng) lm c iu ny th cn hiu r v cc phn cng v cc giao thc trong mng 6.1.1. Tip cn bo mt M ho bo mt c th c tin hnh bi 2 phng php tip cn : Tip cn layer to layer: Trong trng hp ny lp my tnh (thng l lp 3lp IP hoc lp 4 -lp TCP v UDP)nhn mt tp tin gii m t lp trn, ng gi tp tin trong mt n v giao thc d liu (PDU), v m ho ton b khung trc khi gi n n mt phn khc, , lp tng ng ca mi i tng s gii m PDU trc khi gi chng n cc lp cao hn. Tuy nhin lm c iu ny th cc router trong mng phi c cung cp y cch m ho khung. Tip cn end to end: Trong trng hp ny cc tp tin s c m ho trc tip ti lp ng dng bi ngi dng v tp tin c m ho s c gi ti lp thp hn. iu c ngha l ch c phn ti trng d liu ca khung s c m ho (khc vi trng hp trn l c khung c m ho) trng hp th 2, vic m ho ch xy ra mt cch gin tip trn lu lng mng, v iu ny ch xy ra khi m thut ton m ha lm nh hng ln kch thc d liu c truyn i. Trng hp ny th ging nh thut ton bm hoc RSA Trong trng hp u th loi m ho ny bao gm c phn mo u khung, v vy lm gim hiu qu truyn ti trng d liu. y l mt loi c ch c b sung trong Ipv4 v Ipv6, n khc vi cc c ch khc. Trong Ipv4 th m ho l mt tu chn c kch hot trong trng tu chn ca mo u (bit th 6 trong dy 32 bit), trong Ipv6 n bao gm c nhng phn tiu m rng (t trng tu chn c s dng trong Ipv6) ca 64 bit. Mt h qu khc c th ny sinh l khi m thm vo nhng tiu v s thay i kch thc khung lm xut hin cc bn tin cho phin trao i cha kho v iu ny th khng xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng (v d khng c m ho)
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! ! K o an tot nghiep 6.1.2. Hm bm n hng
Hm Bm n hng H(M) hot ng trn bn tin M c di tu n to ra mt m bm c di c nh u ra h=H(M). Nhiu hm lm thay i di u vo v cho ngc tr li u ra c di c nh. Cho M ta d dng tnh ton ra h. Cho h kh tm ra c M Cho M kh tm ra c bn tin M sao cho H(M)=H(M) S kh khn y ph thuc vo mc bo mt ti mi v tr nhng a s cc ng dng hin nay xc nh kh l cn 264 hoc nhiu php tnh hn na gii. Cc loi hm hin nay bao gm MD4, MD5 v thut ton bm an ton(SHA). T quan im mng trn nhng thut ton ny thng c s dng cho mc ch chng thc. 6.1.3. Mt m i xng(vi kho bo mt) Mt thut ton m ho vi kho b mt lm thay i bn tin M c di tu thnh bn tin m ho Ek(M)=C c di tng t s dng kho k v bin i ngc li (Dk(M)) s dng cng kho hnh 6.1.
Bn tin M
M ha
C Vn bn chuyn thnh m
Gii m
Bn tin M
Kho b mt K
Mng v tinh
Kho b mt K
Hnh 6.1 H thng kho b mt Thut ton ny xc nh nhng c tnh sau: Dk(Ek(M)) = M Cho M v k d dng tnh ton ra c C Cho C v k d dng tnh ton ra c M Cho M v C th kh tm ra c k
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V tt nhin trong trng hp ny rt kh khn tnh ton ra k v vi thut ton m ho d liu tiu chun (DES) k c di 256bit v thut ton m ho d liu quc t (IDEA) th k c di 2128 bit. Nhng thut ton ny th c s dng cho mc ch ng gi bo mt d liu trong mng (v d m ho d liu) v thng c s dng trong lnh vc thng mi in t. 6.1.4. Mt m bt i xng(vi kho chung v ring) Tri vi trng hp trc, nhng thut ton ny s dng 2 kho khc nhau (hnh 6.2) mt kho e dng m ho (gi l kho cng cng) v mt kho d dng gii m (gi l kho ring).
H thng kho cng cng dnh cho bo mt
H thng kho cng cng dnh cho chng thc Hnh 6.2 H thng kho cng cng dnh cho tng ngi v cho chng thc Xc nh C=Ee(M) v M=Dd(C) Dd(Ee(M) =M Cho M v e d dng tnh ton c C
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Cho C v d d dng tnh ton c M Cho M v C kh tm ra c e v d Cho e kh tm ra c d Cho d kh tm ra c e 2 kho ny c lp , kho m ho c th c bit rng ri l l do v sao n c gi l kho cng khai, ngc li kho ring ch c bit i tng gii m bn tin . Thut ton ph bin ca loi ny l RSA (c t tn ca 3 nh sng lp l Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). nhng thut ton ny c s dng ph bin trong m ho truyn (hnh 6.2a) hoc dng cho chng thc (hnh 6.2b) gia 2 hoc nhiu ngi mun giao tip bng phng php bo mt. 6.2. Bo mt ni mng v tinh Thch thc bo mt trong mi trng mng v tinh c coi l mt trong nhng tr ngi chnh trin khai v ph bin rng ri ca truyn a im IP v tinh v cc ng dng a phng tin ni chung. Vn chnh l nghe trm v hot ng t nhp ngy cng d dng hn trong mng mt t c nh hoc mng di ng do tnh cht ca v tinh l pht sng. Thm vo tr ln v t l li bit cao trong h thng v tinh l nguyn nhn gy nn mt ng b bo mt mng v tinh. y l mt yu cu cn xem xt cn thn h thng m ho ngn chn s xung cp ca QoS do x l m ho. Mt vn na, c bit l multicast (truyn a im) l s lng thnh vin ca nhm multicast c th s rt ln v c th thay i thng xuyn. 6.2.1. IP security (IPsec) y chng ta ch tho lun cc vn lin quan n ch bo mt IP (IPSec). Giao thc bo mt IP c s dng cung cp cch m ho tng thch da trn dch v bo mt (v d nh bo mt, chng thc v tnh ton vn) ti lp IP. N bao gm giao thc chng thc: chng thc tiu (AH), giao thc bo mt: ng gi bo mt ti trng (ESP) v n cng bao gm vic thit lp lin kt bo mt internet v giao thc qun l kho (ISAKMP). IP AH v ESP c th c ng dng c lp hoc kt hp vi nhau. mi giao thc c th hot ng trong mt hoc 2 ch : ch transport hoc ch tunnel (hnh 6.3).
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Hnh 6.3 Ch transport trong IPv4 C ch bo mt ca giao thc l ch thit lp ln lp d liu v thng tin lin quan ti s hot ng ca lp IP nh ni dung trong tiu ca IP th khng bo v. Trong ch tunnel th c pha trn lpgiao thc d liu v phn tiu ca gi IP c bo v hoc a vo hm thng qua ng gi. ch transport th c dnh cho bo v end-to-end v ch c th c trin khai bi ngun v ch host ca gi d liu IP ban u. Ch tunnel c th c dng gia cc tng la. Ipsec cho php chng ta xem xt bo mt nh l pht ra end-to-end, c qun l bi i tng s hu d liu, iu ny so snh vi bo mt lp lin kt d liu m c cung cp bi nh iu hnh v tinh hoc nh iu hnh mng. B lc cng c th c thit lp bn trong cc tng la chn mt s gi IP vo mng da trn a ch IP v s cng. N cng c c ch bo mt ti lp transport nh l secure socket layer (SSL) ti lp lin kt hoc lp vt l.
Hnh 6.4 Ch tunnelling(trong c Ipv4 v Ipv6) 6.2.2. VPN v tinh (Satellite VPN) Mt tng la bao gm 2 router c kh nng lc gi IP v ca ng ng dng cho kim tra lp cao nh hnh 6.5.
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H nh 6.5 VPN trong v tinh Mt ci u vo dng kim tra cc gi vo v mt u ra kim tra gi u ra. Mt cng ng dng, gia cc router thc hin thm vic kim tra giao thc d liu lp cao bao gm TCP, UDP, email, WWW v cc ng dng d liu khc. y l cu hnh nhm m bo khng c bt c gi no vo hay ra m khng phi thng qua cng ng dng. B lc gi c iu khin bng bng v kim tra cc gi nguyn. Cng ng dng kim tra ni dung, kch thc bn tin v tiu . IPSec c s dng cung cp s bo mt gia cc mng cng ty thng qua mi trng cng cng internet. 6.2.3. Bo mt IP multicast Trong bo mt IP multicast, mt trong nhng vn chnh l m bo rng kho dng m ho lu lng tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm u bit v ch c nhng thnh vin ny, y l vn then cht ca vic phn phi v qun l kho. Kch thc v trng thi ca nhm multicast c nh hng rt ln n h thng phn phi v qun l kho, c bit l cc nhm ln. C mt s cu trc cho qun l kho m ang c nghin cu gn y. Mt mt khc m nghin cu cn m bo rng qun l kho l c kh nng thay i i vi mt nhm qu ln trong multicast v tinh; mt trong nhng c ch c trin vng nht l phn cp kho hp l. Nhng kho ny c th dng trong cu trc bo mt nh IPSec, nghin cu ny ang c iu khin ch o c lp cho bt k v tinh no, nhng kt qu d kin c p dng cho bo mt h thng multicast IP v tinh. gii quyt vn phc tp trong cp nht kho (rekey) ti nhng vng c quy m ln, khi nim phn cp kho hp l (LKH) c th c s dng nh trong hnh 6.6. Kho c t chc vo cu trc cy, mi ngi dng th c phn phi mt chui cc kho cho php mt s trng t l ti gc. Ngi dng c th c nhm li da trn cy ny h chia s mt s kho chung do mt bn tin c th c pht qung b cp nht cc kho ca mt nhm ngi dng.
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Phn cp ca kho
Hnh 6.6 M hnh ca phn cp kho hp l (LHK)
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KT LUN
Lin kt mng IP qua h thng v tinh th h sau cho php lin kt cc mng mt t vi nhau thng qua h thng v tinh. Vi nhng u th v tnh linh ng, phm vi hot ng bao ph trn ton th gii, d dng trin khai i vi cc vng hi o xa xi. Thm vo do da trn cng ngh l IP sn c iu lm tng kh nng bo tr, qun l, trin khai trn din rng, cng ngh ngy cng c ci tin dn n cht lng ca cc dch v do v tinh cung cp ngy cng c ci tin mt cch ng k. Truyn thng IP qua v tinh thc s l mt cng ngh y trin vng pht trin trong tng lai. Trong phm vi n tm hiu mt cch s lc v h thng v tinh, cc c im cng nh cch thc hot ng. Sau n tm hiu v cng ngh IP mt c trng ca mng mt t, cch thc ng gi, cc giao thc dng trong mng v tinh nh lin kt d liu lp cao (HDCL), giao thc im-im (PPP) v nh tuyn trong mng v tinh lm cho mt gi tin c th n c ng ch m n cn chuyn n. Cui cng n cp n mt vn c th ni l mt thch thc ln i vi tt c cc mng khng ch ring mng IP qua h thng v tinh l bo mt. c im ca mng v tinh chnh l truyn bng v tuyn cho nn kh nng nghe trm d liu cng nh xm nhp vo mng bt hp php l rt ln dn n mt yu cu bc thit l bo v tnh ring t cng nh tnh ton vn ca d liu c truyn i. Trong giai on hin nay, khi xu hng ca mng vin thng l IP ha hay chuyn sang mng th h mi NGN. Mt trong nhng u vit ca NGN l tch hp gia c nh v di ng. V vy, trong tng lai IP-v tinh s c ng dng cho in thoi di ng, cc dch v a phng tin. Khi , cc dch v vin thng s rt linh hot, kt hp gia truyn hnh nh, s liu v thoi. y cng chnh l hng pht trin tip theo ca ti. Do kin thc em cn hn ch m cc vn lin quan ti mng v tinh kh rng nn trong phm vi ti khng th cp ht c v khng th trnh khi sai st, em mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy v cc bn. Em chn thnh cm n.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1].Zhili Sun, Satellite Networking: Principles and Protocols. [2].Linghang Fan, Haitham Cruickshank, Zhili Sun, IP Networking over NextGeneration Satellite Systems ,7-2007. [3].PGS.Ts. Nguyn Bnh, L Thuyt Thng Tin, 2006. [4].Ths.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng Tin V Tinh, 2007 [5].Nguyn Quc Tun, ISDN And Broadband ISDN With Frame Relay And ATM, 2002. [6].Website Tp Ch Bu Chnh Vin Thng, www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn.
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Lien Ket Mang Ip Qua He Thong Ve Tin The He Sau WWW - Vieteboo VAeIj1NG1a 20130322013925 4

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! !

Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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! ! K o an tot nghiep IKE IGP IN IP IP-Sec ISAKMP

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! ! K o an tot nghiep VPN WAN

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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! ! K o an tot nghiep 1.2.

Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

Cc ng dng v cc dch v mng v tinh

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

Hnh 2.5 H thng iu khin v tinh

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! ! K o an tot nghiep 2.1.5. Phm vi mt t

Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

LNA/C B phn x parabol

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

My thu bng rng

My thu bng rng

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !

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Lien ket mang IP qua he thong ve tinh the he sauK !