- 1I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

THC HNH

H THNG MNG LINUX

Ths. NGUYN TN KHI

(Lu hnh ni b)

Nng 2004

- 2-

MC LC
Bi 1

NG NHP H THNG LINUX ............................................... 4

1.1.
1.2.
1.3.

Truy cp vo my tnh ci t h iu hnh Linux................................. 4

S dng Telnet truy cp vo my Linux t xa........................................ 4
Thot khi h thng..................................................................................... 4

Bi 2

S DNG DCH V SENDMAIL ................................................. 5

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

Gi th bng sendmail................................................................................. 5
Nhn th ...................................................................................................... 5
Cc thao tc h tr....................................................................................... 5

Bi 3

CC LNH TRN LINUX ............................................................. 7

3.1.
T chc h thng tp tin trn Linux ............................................................ 7
3.2.
Cc lnh thao tc trn h thng tp tin ........................................................ 7
3.2.1.
To mi th mc................................................................................. 7
3.2.2.
Thay i th mc hin hnh ............................................................... 8
3.2.3.
Xem th mc lm vic hin hnh ....................................................... 8
3.2.4.
Xem thng tin v tp tin v th mc................................................... 8
3.2.5.
Di chuyn mt hay nhiu tp tin ......................................................... 8
3.2.6.
Sao chp tp tin................................................................................... 9
3.2.7.
To lin kt vi tp tin ........................................................................ 9
3.2.8.
Tm kim mt tp tin ........................................................................... 9
3.2.9.
Xo th mc rng.............................................................................. 10
3.2.10.
Xa cc tp tin hoc th mc ........................................................... 10
3.2.11.
Xem hng dn s dng lnh ........................................................... 10
3.2.12.
Hin th ni ca cc tp tin ............................................................... 10
3.2.13.
Ni cc tp tin ................................................................................... 10
3.2.14.
Xut ni dung thng bo................................................................... 11
3.2.15.
Nn v gii nn tp tin ...................................................................... 11
3.3.
Cc lnh h thng ...................................................................................... 11
3.3.1.
Lnh at .............................................................................................. 11
3.3.2.
Lnh hostname .................................................................................. 11
3.3.3.
Lnh ps............................................................................................. 11
3.3.4.
Lnh clear.......................................................................................... 12
3.3.5.
Lnh date........................................................................................... 12
3.3.6.
Lnh cal <month> <year> ............................................................... 12
3.3.7.
Lnh mount ....................................................................................... 12
3.3.8.
Tin ch mc ....................................................................................... 12
3.3.9.
Tin ch my tnh bc.......................................................................... 13

Bi 4

QUN L TI KHON V PHN QUYN S DNG.......... 14

4.1.
Qun l ti khon ca h thng ................................................................. 14
4.1.1.
Ti khon ngi dng ....................................................................... 14
4.1.2.
Ti khon nhm ngi dng............................................................. 14
4.2.
Phn quyn ngi dng trn h thng tp tin............................................ 14
4.2.1.
Cc quyn truy xut trn tp tin........................................................ 14
4.2.2.
Lnh chmod ...................................................................................... 15
4.2.3.
Thay i ngi hoc nhm s hu tp tin ........................................ 15

Bi 5

S DNG TRNH SON THO VI ........................................... 18

5.1.

Gii thiu................................................................................................... 18

- 35.2.
Khi ng vi .............................................................................................. 18
5.3.
Son tho vn bn...................................................................................... 18
5.4.
Thot khi vi.............................................................................................. 19
5.4.1.
Dng vi vi danh sch cc lnh chy ca Shell ........................... 19

Bi 6
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.

Bi 7
Bi 8

LP TRNH SHELL

22

Chng trnh tnh tng 1-> n..................................................................... 22

Chng trnh tnh giai tha ca mt s ..................................................... 22
Chng trnh m s dng ca mt tp tin ............................................... 22
Chng trnh m s t ca mt tp tin .................................................... 23
Chng trnh tm dng c di ln nht trong mt tp tin..................... 23
Chng trnh tm mt xu trong mt tp tin.............................................. 24

Lp trnh C trn Linux 25

QUN L TIN TRNH 27

8.1.
Gii thiu................................................................................................... 27
8.1.1.
To mt tin trnh - lnh fork............................................................ 27
8.1.2.
Dng mt tin trnh........................................................................... 27
8.1.3.
Giao tip gia cc tin trnh.............................................................. 28
8.1.4.
Lin lc gia hai tin trnh ................................................................ 29
8.2.
Lp trnh a tin trnh ................................................................................ 30
8.2.1.
ng dn lin lc ................................................................................. 30
8.2.2.
Thao tc vi "ng dn lin lc"......................................................... 31
8.2.3.
Lin lc gia tin trnh cha v tin trnh con .................................... 31

Bi 9

LP TRNH MNG TCP/IP ........................................................ 33

9.1.
9.2.

Lp trnh client /server theo giao thc TCP/IP.......................................... 33

Lp trnh client /server theo giao thc UDP/IP ......................................... 37

Bi 10
Bi 11
Bi 12

DCH V TRUYN FILE FTP .................................................... 40

CC TP TIN CU HNH MNG ............................................. 42
CU HNH DCH V DNS .......................................................... 44

12.1.
Cc tp tin cu hnh dch v DNS ............................................................. 44
12.1.1.
Tp tin /etc/host.conf......................................................................... 44
12.1.2.
Tp tin /etc/resolv.conf ..................................................................... 44
12.1.3.
Tp tin /etc/named.conf.................................................................... 44
12.1.4.
Tp tin /var/named/dng.vn.zone........................................................ 44
12.1.5.
Tp tin /var/named/edu.vn.zone........................................................ 45
12.1.6.
Tp tin /var/named/0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.zone................................. 45
12.1.7.
Tp tin /var/named/localhost.zone................................................... 45
12.1.8.
Lnh khi ng dch v DNS ............................................................ 45
12.2.
Cc lnh v tin ch h tr......................................................................... 46
12.2.1.
Lnh nslookup ................................................................................... 46
12.2.2.
Lnh host........................................................................................... 46
12.2.3.
Lnh dig ............................................................................................ 46
12.2.4.
Tin ch redhat-config-bind .............................................................. 46

- 4-

NG NHP H THNG LINUX

Bi 1
1.1.

Truy cp vo my tnh ci t h iu hnh Linux

Khi ng my ci t Linux, xut hin du nhc khi ng h iu hnh:

Boot : linux

Khi HH Linux khi ng, xut hin du nhc truy cp h thng :

login :
password :

Ngi dng nhp vo username v password tng ng, trn mn hnh xut hin
du nhc ca h thng nh sau :
[user12@linux user12]$

1.2.

S dng Telnet truy cp vo my Linux t xa

Truy cp vo Server LINUX t my Windows. Yu cu my Windows ci t

mng. kim tra h thng mng, t du nhc ca lnh trn Windows, g lnh :
C:\>ping 200.201.202.180

Nu trn mn hnh xut hin :

Reply from 200.201.202.180 ...

th ngha l my tnh c kh nng truy cp vo Server LINUX, ngc li, nu c

thng bo no khc thng bo nh trn th nn kim tra li cu hnh mng trn my.
Tip theo, ta g lnh :
telnet 200.201.202.180

Sau mt khong thi gian thit lp lin kt, trn ca s telnet xut hin :
login :
password :

Ngi dng nhp vo username v password tng ng.

V d : ng nhp vo vi ti khon user12, trn mn hnh xut hin nh sau :

login: user12
Password:
Last login: Wed Apr 7 08:35:50 from 131.16.16.21
[user12@linux user12]$

1.3.

Thot khi h thng

Thot khi phin lm vic :

#exit

hoc

Chm dt hot ng ca h thng :

#shutdown h now

#logout

- 5-

S DNG DCH V SENDMAIL

Bi 2

Trong phn ny ta s dng dch v sendmail ca h thng Linux.

2.1.

Gi th bng sendmail
C php : mail <address1> <address2> <address3> . . .

$mail

user01 root

Tip theo, trn mn hnh xut hin

Subject :

Bn g vo ch bc th. Nhn Enter, bt u nhp vo ni dung th.

Sau khi nhp vo ni dung th, nhn CTRL-D gi th i.
Trn mn hnh xut hin :
CC :

Nhp vo tn nhng ngi cng nhn th hoc nhn Enter b qua.

2.2.

Nhn th
Khi c th n, trn mn hnh xut hin thng bo :
You have mail

c th, g vo lnh :

$mail

Trn mn hnh s lit k cc bc th theo th t 1, 2, 3 ... c ni dung

th no, g vo s th t ca bc th .
Du & nhc rng bn ang chng trnh c th.
xa th ang c, ti du nhc bn g :

&d

thot chng trnh c th, ti du nhc bn g :

&q

V d Mt phin gi mail ca user12 :

[user12@linux user12]$ mail user15 root
Subject: Chao ban
Thuc hanh LINUX
Cc:
[user12@linux user12]$

2.3.

Cc thao tc h tr

hy b th trc khi gi, bn nhn CTRL-C hai ln.

c ni dung mt tp tin trn th mc hin hnh vo mail : ~r

Thay i ch ca th :

Xem tt c cc th lu trong hp th :

~s
$more mbox

filename

- 6-

Cc lnh thao tc trn sendmail

t <message list>
type messages
n
goto and type next message
e <message list>
edit messages
f <message list>
give head lines of messages
d <message list>
delete messages
s <message list>
file append messages to file
u <message list>
undelete messages
R <message list>
reply to message senders
r <message list>
reply to message senders and all recipients
pre <message list> make messages go back to /usr/spool/mail
p <message list>
print message
m <user list> mail to specific users
q
quit, saving unresolved messages in mbox
x
quit, do not remove system mailbox
h
print out active message headers
!
shell escape
cd [directory] chdir to directory or home if none given

- 7-

CC LNH TRN LINUX

Bi 3
3.1.

T chc h thng tp tin trn Linux

/etc
/usr/bin
/dev
/usr/man
/usr/include
/var/log
/home
/usr/lib

Cu hnh h thng cc b theo my

Cha hu ht cc lnh ngi dng.
Cc tp tin thit b.
Cha cc ti liu trc tuyn.
Cha cc tp tin include chun ca C.
Cc tp tin lu gi thng tin lm vic hin hnh ca ngi dng.
Cha cc th mc con ca cc user.
Cha cc tp tin th vin ca cc chng trnh ngi dng.

Khi truy cp vo h thng, th mc lm vic ca ngi dng c xem nh l th

mc ch. V d : Th mc ch ca user01 s l /home/user01
Nu ng dn bt u bng du /, h thng xem nh l mt tn ng dn
y bt u t th mc gc.

3.2.

Cc lnh thao tc trn h thng tp tin

Cc tham s lun bt u bi du -, v trong hu ht cc trng hp nhiu tham

s mt ch ci c th kt hp dng mt du -.
V d: Thay v dng lnh ls -l -F, ta c th dng lnh tng ng ls -lF.
K t
*?[ ]

K t i din hay theo mu

&

Chy ng dng ch nn (background), tr li du nhc h thng cho

cc tc v khc .

Du phn cch nhiu lnh trn mt dng lnh.

Tt tc dng ca nhng k t c bit nh *, ?, [, ], &, ;, >, <, |

>

nh hng d liu xut ra file.

<

nh hng d liu nhp t file.

>>

3.2.1.

Chc nng

nh hng d liu xut ra cui file nu file tn ti.

nh hng d liu xut l d liu nhp cho lnh tip theo.

S dng bin mi trng.

To mi th mc

C php :

mkdir <dir1> <dir2> ... <dirN>

<dir1> . . . <dirN>

l tn cc th mc cn to.

[user01@linux user01]$ mkdir baitap

- 8[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux

3.2.2.

user01]$
user01]$
user01]$
user01]$
user01]$

mkdir
mkdir
ls
mkdir
mkdir

document
baitap\ltc
baitap/ltc
baitap/perl

Thay i th mc hin hnh

C php :

cd <directory>

<directory>

l th mc mun chuyn n.

. : yu cu chuyn n th mc hin hnh.

.. : chuyn n th mc cha.
[user01@linux user01]$ cd baitap
[user01@linux user01]$ cd /home
[user01@linux user01]$ cd

3.2.3.

Xem th mc lm vic hin hnh

C php :

pwd

[user12@linux user12]$ pwd

/home/user12
[user12@linux user12]$

3.2.4.

Xem thng tin v tp tin v th mc

C php :

ls

<file1> <file2> ... <fileN> <Tham s>

<file1> . . . <fileN>

l danh sch tn tp tin hay th mc.

<Tham s> :
-F : dng hin th mt vi thng tin v kiu ca tp tin
-l : (long) lit k kch thc tp tin, ngi to ra, cc quyn ngi s dng.
[user12@linux user12]$ ls -lF
total 75
drwxrwxr-x 2 user12
user12
drwxrwxr-x 2 user12
user12
-rwxrwxr-x
1 user12
user12
-rw-rw-r-1 user12
user12
-rw-rw-r-1 user12
user12
[user12@linux user12]$
ls lF
ls *a*
ls F*E

3.2.5.

1024 Apr 7 09:41 baitap/

1024 Apr 7 09:41 doc/
71 Mar 31 10:39 hello*
126 Apr 7 09:26 baitho.txt
70 Apr 7 08:26 hello.c

: hin th tt c tp tin hay th mc con c k t a

: hin th danh sch bt u bng F v kt thc bng E
Di chuyn mt hay nhiu tp tin

C php :

mv

<file1> <file2> ... <fileN> <destination>

- 9<file1> . . . <fileN>
<destination>

l danh sch tn tp tin cn di chuyn

l tp tin hay th mc ch.

Lnh mv c th dng i tn tp tin.

Chuyn nhiu tp tin
$ mv * directory

Di chuyn th mc
[user01@linux user01]$ mkdir ctrinh
[user01@linux user01]$ ls lF
[user01@linux user01]$ mv ctrinh baitap

Di chuyn th mc /home/user01/ctrinh vo th mc /home/user01/baitap

3.2.6.

Sao chp tp tin

C php :

cp <source> <destination>

[user01@linux user01]$ cd baitap

[user01@linux baitap]$ vi tho.txt
[user01@linux baitap]$ mv tho.txt baitho.doc
[user01@linux baitap]$ ls
baitho.doc ctrinh
hello.c
ltc
perl
[user01@linux baitap]$ cp baitho.doc ~/document

Sao chp tt c cc tp tin vo mt danh mc

$ cp

3.2.7.

directory

To lin kt vi tp tin

To lin kt vi tp tin l to thm cho tp tin tn mi v ng dn tng ng.

C php :

ls -l

ln

<source> <destination>

: xem s lin kt ca tp tin.

Mun xa mt tp tin ta phi xo tt c cc lin kt ca n.

[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux
[user01@linux

3.2.8.

user01]$
user01]$
user01]$
user01]$
user01]$
user01]$

pwd
ls -l
ls -l baitap
ln baitap/file1
ls -l baitap
ls -l file.link

file.link

Tm kim mt tp tin

Lnh find cho php tm kim mt hay nhiu tp tin trong mt cy danh mc.

Tm theo tn:

Tm theo s i-node ca tp tin:

Tm theo tn ngi s hu :

find
find

<path> -name

<filename>

<path> -inum <number>

find <path> -user <username>

- 10 trnh cc thng bo li a ra mn hnh, ta c th i hng u ra li

chun (standard error) ti mt tp tin rng (/dev/null ):
$ find

-name

filename

- print

2>/dev/null

V d:
$ pwd
/home/user01
$ find / -name ttyc2d1 - print 2>/dev/null
/dev/ttyc2d1
$ ls -i /unix
2810 - r- xr- - r- - 2 bin bin 508516 Mar
$find / -inum 2810 - print 2>/dev/null

3.2.9.

10 1989

/unix

Xo th mc rng

C php :

rmdir <dir1> <dir2> ... <dirN>

<dir1> ... <dirN>

rmdir /home/baitap

xa th mc

l tn nhng th mc cn xa.
/home/baitap

3.2.10. Xa cc tp tin hoc th mc

C php :

rm <file1> <file2> ... <fileN>

3.2.11. Xem hng dn s dng lnh

C php :
ho?c

Trong

man <command>
<command> --help
<command> /?
<command>

l tn ca mt cn xem hng dn.

[user12@linux user12]$ man ls

[user12@linux user12]$ cp --help
[user12@linux user12]$ cp --help >cp.txt

3.2.12. Hin th ni ca cc tp tin

C php :

more <file1> <file2> ... <fileN>

<file1> <file2> ... <fileN>

[user12@linux user12]$more baitho.txt

[user12@linux user12]$more mbox

l nhng tp tin cn hin th.

// hin th tp tin baitho.txt

// Xem tt c th lu trong hp th

3.2.13. Ni cc tp tin
C php : cat <file1> <file2> ... <fileN> [>filename]

Lnh dng hin th ton b ni dung ca nhiu tp tin cng mt lc.

<file1> <file2> ... <fileN>

l nhng tp tin cn hin th ni dung.