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Hypothetical: A hypothetical
proposition unites or separates, not
two concepts but two enunciations
by means of a non-verb copula
PROPOSITIONS
Examples of Categorical
Propositions
Examples of Hypothetical
Propositions
An argument is a group of
propositions in which one
proposition is asserted to be
true on the basis of the other
proposition
An argument is not categorized
as true or false but as either
logical or illogical, valid or
invalid sound or unsound
ARGUMENTS
Conclusion-indicators
therefore, thus, hence, so,
accordingly, consequently
PROPERTIES OF
ARGUMENTS
TRUTH – refers to the
conformity of proposition to
reality
LOGIC – refers to the
connection between the
premises and the conclusion
SOUNDNESS – property of
argument as a whole
PROPERTIES OF
ARGUMENT
An argument maybe logical
while one or more of its
premises are false. For
example:
All Filipinos are Asians.
But Bill Clinton is a Filipino.
Therefore, Bill Clinton is Asian.
PROPERTIES OF
ARGUMENTS
There are arguments whose
premises are true but are not
logical:
Cows have horns.
Horses are not cows.
Therefore, horses have no
horns.
Using your common-sense
knowledge, which of the following
are sound arguments, which are
merely logical and which are not
logical at all?
No voter is an alien
________________.
Therefore, some citizens are not
aliens.
_______________________.
But a chair is material.
Therefore, a chair is not a spirit.
Every X is Y.
But __________________.
Therefore, no W is Y.
Human is the subject matter of
psychology.
But an eagle is not human.
Therefore, ________________.
______________________.
But you are honest.
Therefore, you are not a liar.
Nobody is perfect
But he is a nobody.
Therefore, he is perfect.
A hypothetical syllogism is a
syllogism that contains
hypothetical proposition as its
premise.
Hypothetical syllogism is of
three kinds:
Conditional
Disjunctive
Conjuctive
Conditional Syllogism
A conditional syllogism is a
syllogism whose major premise
is a conditional proposition.
A conditional proposition is a
compound proposition which
asserts that one member is true
(the “then” clause), on the
condition that the other is true
(the “if” clause)
Implications or Connections
Logical implication – the implication
means that the antecedent flow with
logical necessity into the consequent
Examples:
If he is a catholic, then he believes in
Christ.
If he is a fiscal, then he must be a
lawyer.
Causal implication
Its implication is suggestive of
cause and effect relationship.
Examples:
If you touch a live wire, you will be
electrocuted.
If the plants are always in the
shade, then they will not flower
well.
Contextual implication
The implication depends on the
will of the person or on
particular circumstances
Examples:
If I win the lotto jackpot, then I will
travel around the world.
If you do not pay your debt now, I
will never lend you money
again.
Rules for Conditonals