TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 09 - 2008

MY THU AM DA TRN NN TNG SDR

Nguyn Nh Anh, H Trung M, Phan nh Trung Trng i hc Bch khoa, HQG-HCM
(Bi nhn ngy 10 thng 09 nm 2007, hon chnh sa cha ngy 01 thng 07 nm 2008)

TM TT: Software Defined Radio (SDR) hay cn gi l Software Radio (SR) ngha l h thng v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm.SDR bt u c nghin cu vo u thp nin nhng nm 80 phc v cho mc ch qun s. Sau SDR c pht trin cho cc ng dng dn s. ti nghin cu kin trc c bn ca h thng v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm v trin khai trn m hnh my thu AM. H thng c thc hin bng kit FPGA. 1.M U

S ra i ca SDR to iu kin thay th dn cc thit b HDR (Hardware Defined Radio h thng c nh ngha bng phn cng) c chi ph sn xut v bo tr cao, linh hot km, tui th thp, v.v Trong phm vi bi vit ny chng ti s dng m hnh my thu AM din gii cu trc ca mt h thng SDR.
2.M HNH MY THU AM TRN NN TNG HDR

My thu AM c nhiu loi khc nhau i t n gin n phc tp v c chung mt s khi nh hnh 1.

Hnh 1.S khi my thu AM

Cc khi LO1 v LO2 (Local Oscillator) l cc b to dao ng ni, cung cp tn hiu dao ng cho cc b nhn tn s. Hai b lc trung tn v lc di nn lc b tn hiu sng mang v gi li tn hiu m tn mong mun. Khi LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) l b khuch i nhiu thp, khuch i tn hiu ng ra b lc thng di trc khi a vo b nhn tn nhm trnh suy hao tn hiu. Khi PA (Power Amplifier) l khi khuch i cng sut trc khi a ra ti. Khi ti c th l loa, cc loi tai nghe, Khi gii iu ch s dng phng php tch ng bao. Dng sng tn hiu AM ca mt tn hiu hnh sin c dng nh hnh 2.

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 11, No.09 - 2008

Hnh 2. a) Dng sng tn hiu gc ban u., b) Dng sng tn hiu AM sau khi iu ch.

Dng sng tn hiu AM bin thin gia hai ng bao c to bi tn hiu gc ban u. Trong thc t, hnh dng sng AM phc tp hn do tn hiu gc ban u rt phc tp.
3.M HNH MY THU AM TRN NN TNG SDR

Khc vi my thu AM trc y, my thu AM ni ring v cc thit b v tuyn ni chung dng m hnh SDR u c chung mt kin trc nh sau:

RF

ADC

12

FPGA

DAC

Tai

Hnh 3. S khi my thu AM trn nn tng SDR

Trong s khi my thu AM (hnh 3) c 6 khi c bn nh sau: Khi anten: Thu cc tn hiu v tuyn a vo mch x l. i vi m hnh y ca SDR th khi anten l mt anten thng minh cho php thu v pht tn hiu v tuyn trn mt di bng tn rng. c th thu v pht ng thi trn mt anten th tn hiu trc khi ra anten cn a qua b tng hp tn s v tuyn (RF Combiner). i vi my thu AM ny, anten c s dng l anten roi thng thng c s dng trong hu ht cc my thu AM/FM c trn th trng. Khi RF (Radio Frequency): Khi RF c nhim v lc ly di tn s mong mun. Khi ny ging nh khi lc trung tn IF v khuch i nhiu thp (LNA) trong cc h thng trc y. Tn hiu truyn thanh AM nm trong ph tn t 520KHz n 1670KHz. Do , chng ta c th dng b lc thng thp hoc thng di lc ly di tn hiu ny. m bo tn hiu c cng sut bng nhau trong sut chiu di ph tn s, chng ta chn b lc thng di tch cc Butterworth bc 3 ( dc -60dB/decade) . B lc thng di tch cc Butterworth bc 3 c c t vic ghp lin tng hai b lc thng cao v b lc thng thp cng loi (hnh 4).

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TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 09 - 2008

Lowpass Vin

Highpass Vout

Hnh 4. M hnh b lc thng di (bandpass)

p ng ph ca b lc thng di tch cc Butterworth c th hin hnh 5.

1.2V

0.8V

0.4V

0V 100KHz V(VOUT)

300KHz Frequency

1.0MHz

3.0MHz

Hnh 5. Ph p ng tn s ca b lc thng di Butterworth

B lc thng cao/thp bc 3 Butterworth c c t vic ghp hai b lc cng loi c bc 2 v bc 1. t s bc cao hn cho b lc, ta ghp lin tip nhiu tng cc b lc c bc 2 v bc 1 trn. Tn s ct ca b lc c xc nh bng cng thc: f c =

1 trong , gi tr t c 2RC

la chn trc v tnh gi tr in tr theo gi tr t v tn s ct [2]. B lc thng di c tn s ct nm hai tn s: f1= 396 KHz v f2=1650KHz. Cc tn s ct ny gn t nh mong mun thit k ban u. Khi ADC (Analog to Digital Converter): Khi ADC chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s trc khi a vo x l. Do tn s ln nht ca bng tn tn hiu AM l 1670KHz nn theo nh l ly mu Nyquist th tn s ly mu khong 3340KHz. p ng yu cu tc ly mu ny,chng ta chn ADC HI5805 ca hng Intersil. HI5805 c tn s ly mu ti a l 5Msps vi 12bit d liu. Mch ADC dng HI5805 [3-a]:

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 11, No.09 - 2008

Vin+ VDC VinJ8 1 2 C25 J10 1 2 CLKin AVCC1 C28 C29 CLK

8 10 9

U2 VIN+ VDC VIN-

HI5805/SO D0(L) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11(M) DVCC2

Vref

11 12 1 6 14 C30

VROUT VRIN CLK AVCC AVCC DGND1 DGND1 DGND2 AGND AGND

28 27 26 25 24 23 20 19 18 17 16 15 22 C26

D00 D01 D02 D03 D04 D05 D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D11 DVout C27 J11 1 2 1DVcc

DVCC1 DVCC1

4 2 DVCC1 C31 C32 C33

7 13

Hnh 6. Khi ADC dng HI5805

Theo gin thi gian, gi tr ng ra ch c ngha sau 3 chu k xung nhp [3-a]. Do , nu tn s ly mu l 3340Ksps th tn s xung nhp cp cho HI5805 ln hn hoc bng 3340*3 KHz = 10020 KHz.

ADC

Ck

NCO

B nhn tn

3 5 21

Lc

DAC

Hnh 7. S khi tng th ca phn FPGA

Khi FPGA: Khi FPGA (hnh 7) m nhn cc chc nng ca b to dao ng ni iu khin s NCO (Nummerically Controlled Oscillator), b lc s, b nhn tn v b gii iu ch.

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TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 09 - 2008 Khi NCO: Tn hiu s t khi ADC c rng 12bit nn dao ng cng c la chn c rng 12bit. Khi NCO thc cht l khi to hai ngun dao ng trc giao nhau I (Inphase) v Q (Quarature) l hai tn hiu hnh Sin v Cosin . Tn hiu dao ng ny dng hiu vi tn hiu u vo v loi tr thnh phn sng mang ca tn hiu. Khi NCO pht nhiu tn s khc nhau v hiu chnh bng phn mm. Do gia tng gc pha l tn hiu u vo ca NCO. S khi ca b NCO cho trn hnh 8.

Mch cng

Thanh ghi

Ck
Hnh 8. S khi bn trong b NCO

Bng tra hm

I Q

Khi NCO dng phng php tra bng (i vi s lng mu thp) nhm gim ti nguyn phn cng. Tn s ng ra fout ph thuc vo tn s xung nhp fclk, s mu trn mt chu k N B (N = 2 N) v gia tng pha . Vi cc thng s bit l N, fclk, fout, ta tnh ra gia tng pha . y l gi tr cn thit cp vo cho NCO. gia tng pha c nh ngha l: =

fout * N . Nu chn tn s xung nhp fclk fclk

bng vi tn s ly mu cao nht ca ADC l 3340KHz, kch thc bng tra N=1024 mu/chu k th gia tng pha s l: a. fout = 520KHz = 520K*1024/3340K = 159.42 b. fout = 1670KHz = 1670*1024/3340K = 512 S bit cn dng th hin l: B=log2(512)=9bit gia tng pha c cng dn lin tc qua mt b tch phn s cu to gm mch cng v thanh ghi.Hot ng kt hp ca cc khi ny c tc dng nh mt thanh ghi tch ly (phase accumulator). Kt qu c em i hiu chnh tm ra ch s mng tng ng vi gi tr ny. Do qu trnh cng dn tn hiu v s lng mu l hu hn nn s xut hin sai s tch ly gy ra gai khng mong mun trn tn hiu ng ra. gii quyt tnh trng ny, ngi ta s dng phng php cng thm (Dither) mt sai lch nh kh sai s tch lu (hnh 9). S bit dither thng rt nh (khong vi bit), cho php hiu chnh ch s mng vi lch ch s mng khong vi ch s.

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 11, No.09 - 2008 B nhn tn: B nhn tn thc cht l b trn s (digital mixer) thc hin nhn hai s thng thng phc v cho vic chuyn dch tn s. C hai b nhn tn c ci t cho 2 tn hiu dao ng I v Q nhm to ra hai tn hiu phc v cho vic khi phc tn hiu di nn sau ny.

Hnh 9. p ng ph ca NCO.

Tn hiu ng ra b trn s l tn hiu tng v tn hiu sai lch tn s. Tn hiu ng ra ny s c a qua b lc s loi b thnh phn tn hiu tng.

sin(f 1). sin(f 2) =

1 [cos(f1 f 2) cos(f1 + f 2)] 2

Trong : * f1: l tn s sng n b trn. * f2: l tn s to ra bi NCO. Nu ta la chn tn s f2 sao cho f2= f1- fx th ta s dng b lc thng thp lc ly thnh phn hiu. Trong , fx l tn s tn hiu m chng ta mong mun. B lc s: B lc s ph bin l b lc lc CIC (Cascaded Integrator Comb). B lc CIC c cu to t vic ghp lin tip N tng cc b tch phn, N b vi phn, b gim tc mu . B lc CIC thc cht l b lc thng thp, lc cc tn hiu di nn sau khi ra khi b nhn tn. Thng s ca b lc CIC bao gm: s tng N, gim tc mu R (hay Rd), h s tr hon ca b vi phn M. Bng cch thay i cc thng s ny ta thu c cc p ng ph khc nhau (hnh 10). Tc mu ng ra: fout= fclk/R. Hm truyn ca b lc CIC c phng trnh:

H( z ) =

N N HI ( z )H C (z )

(1 z RM ) N (1 z 1 ) N

RM 1 = z k k =0

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TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 09 - 2008

Hm truyn b lc CIC cho thy r, nu ta tng N s lm gia tng s im cc v s im khng. suy hao ca bng thng tng khi s tng tng. Khi ta tng s tng N th bin ca cc bp ph con gim xung ngha l b lc c p ng tn s tt hn (lc trit ). Khi ta tng gim mu R th s bp ph con tng ln (cng tng vi s thay i M).

Hnh 10. p ng ph b lc CIC ng vi mt s gi tr R,M,N

Khi thit k b lc CIC ta phi cn bng gia cc thng s R, M, N sao cho t cc iu kin i hi ng ra, ng thi trnh dng mt thng s qu ln hoc qu b nh hng n p ng pha v thi gian p ng ca d liu. Khi DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) : Khi DAC c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu s sau x l sang dng tn hiu tng t trc khi a vo khuch i ra ti. Do tn hiu ng ra l tn hiu m thanh nm trong vng tn s t 20Hz n 20KHz (tn s tai ngi cn nghe c), tc l tn s mu ti a khong 44Ksps (theo nh l ly mu ca Nyquist). Tai ngi cng t nhy cm vi s khc bit nh ca m thanh. V vy chng ta chn DAC 0808 ca hng National .

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 11, No.09 - 2008

Trn hnh 10 l mt dng s mch ng dng c bn ca DAC0808. Dng in ng ra Iout c xc nh bi cng thc:

A A1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 + + + + + + + 8) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 V vi K c xc nh bi: K = REF . R 14 I 0 = K(

Khi ti: Khi ti trong m hnh SDR y l thit b cho php giao tip vi cc thit b hay mng hin hu bn ngoi. i vi my thu AM th ti chnh l thit b ti to li dng sng m ban u. Do , khi ti y c th l loa (speaker) hay cc loi tai nghe (head phone hay ear phone). i vi loa, in tr ti c th l 16 hoc 8 v c cng sut ln.V th trc khi a tn hiu ra loa, ta phi s dng mch khuch i cng sut thch hp. i vi cc loi tai nghe th in tr ti nm trong khong t 60 n 180. Nu tn hiu m thanh c gi tr in p l 3Vp-p th cng sut i hi nm trong khong t 6.25mW n 18.75mW. Cng sut ny nm trong gii hn cho php ca b DAC trn.
Vcc U3 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 IN8 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 1 14 15 2 4 16 R13 Vcc R12 Vcc R 5 1 2 3 Vee J13 Jout TL081 6 1 2 PHONEJACK 3 2 1 J15

Vcc

Vee

DAC0808 3 7 C34 Vee 1 R15 4 2

Vee

Hnh 11. S mch DAC dng DAC 0808

4.KT LUN

M hnh SDR thc cht l m hnh y dn khi ADC v DAC n gn vi anten hn so vi cc m hnh trc y. Kt hp vi vic s dng cc linh kin ly mu, x l s tn hiu tc cao v c kh nng lp trnh li, m hnh SDR cho php h thng c cu hnh li nhanh chng p ng cc chun mi vi gi thnh thp. T , sn phm c gi thnh h, tui th thit b cao, d phn phi n tay ngi tiu dng. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh k thut s, SDR ha hn tr thnh chun mc cho vic pht trin cc thit b v tuyn trong tng lai.

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Comp

IN1(M) IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 IN8(L)

Vref+ VrefGND Iout

3 R14

U4 3

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 09 - 2008

A SDR-BASED AM RECEIVER
Nguyen Nhu Anh, Ho Trung My, Phan Dinh Trung University of Technology, VNU-HCM ABSTRACT: The Software Defined Radio (SDR) or called Radio (SR) has begun to appear in the early 1980s for military use. Later, the SDR has been developed for civil purposes. This research work describes basic fundamental structure of Software Defined Radio and implements it on model of AM receiver with FPGA kit. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. [7].

Kazuhiro Uehara Katsuhiko Araki Masahiro Umehira. Trends in Research and development of SDR thng 7 nm 2003. Robert F. Coughlin Frederick F.Driscoll Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits The 4th Edition. Prentice Hall Datasheets ca hng Intersil v ADC www.intersil.com Datasheets ca hng National v DAC - www.national.com Datasheets ca hng Xilinx v NCO v CIC www.xilinx.com

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