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Katie DennisonMay 25, 2009
Unit 8 Study Guide
1)The Yalta Conference was a wartime peace-time meeting between Franklin D.Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945. Thepurpose of the conference was to deal with
post-war Germany. They discussedthe placement of new governments and territorial boundaries.
During thesepolitical negotiations, a rift between the big three had opened because of their differing wants and needs.
 Stalin wanted to establish a government of pro-communists
while FDR and Churchill wanted a pro-western form of government. Further
disagreements between the soviets and England/US wereinevitable as a result of this conference. Due to this, the Yalta Conference is seen asthe onset of the Cold War.
2)Joseph McCarthy was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin who helped in therid of communists within the U.S.A. He would bring suspected communistsbefore the United States Congress to be interrogated. McCarthy also believedthat Soviets had penetrated the U.S. government. Because of this,McCarthy’s actions were justified. At the time, communism was a big threatin the U.S. It is our government’s job to protect our country. If that meansinterrogating potential communists, then I am all for it. After doing somemore research on Joseph McCarthy, I came to learn that his accusations of Soviet penetration in the government were correct. According to the KGBarchives, the NKVD (People's Commissariatfor Internal Affairs or public andsecret policeorganization of theSoviet Union) had 221 agents in the Roosevelt administration in April 1941.3)The time frame of Dwight D. Eisenhower’s presidency marks the beginning of two important social movements in the United States. These movementswere civil rights and the counter-culture. The civil rights movement refers tothe reform movement in the United States aimed at outlawingracialdiscriminationagainstAfrican Americans. It consisted of African American’s
 
using civil disobedience to earn their rights. Although, “Dixiecrats”, orsouthern democrats, fought against this movement. President Eisenhower’sstance was that the federal government should not have to do somethingabout it, that it was a state issue. The next movement was the counter-culture. This consisted of hippies, the beat movement and rock n roll. Hippieswere people who created their own communities, listened topsychedelic rock music, embraced thesexual revolution, and used drugs such as marijuanaandLSDto explore alternative states of mind. The beat generation, alsoknown as the beat movement, was a group of American writers who emergedin the 1950’s. It started out as a small group of close friends first who wouldread poetry about the rejection of mainstream American values,experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality. Rock N Rollstarted out in the early 1950’s. Its roots lay in rhythm in blues. An influentialRock N Roller of the 1960’s was Bob Dylan.4)In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president of the U.S. and was put tothe task of dealing with the Cold War. There were three main conflicts thatKennedy faced. Two years prior to Kennedy’s election as president,communist leader Fidel Castro took over Cuba. By the end of 1960, allnewspapers opposing the government of Cuba had been closed down. Also,allradioandtelevision stationswere in state control. Teachers and professors were purged. Groups of homosexuals were taken to internment camps formedical-political “re-education”. Cuba became allies with the Soviet Unionand built the second largest armed forces in Latin America. By 1961,hundreds of thousands of Cubans had left for the United States. During thattime, Kennedy directed theCIAto conduct theBay of Pigs invasion. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt to overthrow Castro by U.S. trained Cubanexiles. Although, the operation failed. This event was then followed byCubanMissile Crisisin 1962. The Kennedy administration demanded the immediatewithdrawal of missiles placed in Cuba by the U.S.S.R., The U.S.S.R. did thisbecause the U.S. had nuclear missiles in Turkey and the Middle East. Anagreement was made with Kennedy in which all U.S.S.R. missiles were to bewithdrawn from Cuba and the US would remove its missiles from Turkey theMiddle East. The last Cold War conflict that Kennedy faced was the Berlin
 
Wall. The Berlin was built to separate East and West Germany. Kennedy didnothing about the wall.5)The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education
 
is among the most significant judicial turning points in thedevelopment of our country. It dismantled the legal basis for racialsegregation in schools and other public facilities. Although, not everyoneaccepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In Virginia, a senatororganized amassive resistancemovement that included closing schoolsrather than desegregating them. Also, in 1957,ArkansasGovernorOrval Faubustried tostop black students fromenteringLittle Rock High School. However, PresidentDwight Eisenhowerresponded to this by deployingNational Guard troop’s to Little Rock, Arkansas.6)Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other activists of the 1960s adopted civildisobedience techniques to protest civil rights for African-American’s. Civildisobedience is refusing to obey laws by using a non-violence manner.Activists in the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) wouldparticipate in sit-ins. Most sit-ins were done at public places, such asrestaurants’. These students would go into public places, sit down peacefullyand await service. Although, they were never given any. These sit-ins wouldnever end peacefully. Police would come and beat protesters for not obeyingthe law. Another example of civil disobedience would be the Rosa Parksincident. Rosa Park’s would not give up her seat to a white man on the bus.So, the police came and took her to jail. The point of civil disobedience wasfor the public to feel sympathetic towards activists.7)
During the twentieth century, African American’s faced a huge amount of discrimination and it was found to be very difficult to achieve civil rights. In order forAfrican American’s to achieve civil rights they needed a leader. Two of the mostpowerful and influential leaders had to be Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. These two leaders had different approaches to achieving civil rights. The civil rightsmovement began with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. His method to achieving rights forAfrican American’s was through non-violence and civil disobedience. Although,
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