PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" PHILIPPINE #EO#R$PHY $% Origin of &'e P'ilippine( 1.

Legends T'e (&or) of &'e bird* &'e (+)* and &'e (ea 2. Theories i% Par& of a lo(& ,on&inen& It was believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the pacific which had sunk during pre! 'i(&ori, &i-e( li+e &'e fabled $&lan&i( lo(& somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. This lo(& pa,ifi, ,on&inen& .a( ,alled /Le-uria0 or /1u0% Its remnants aside from Philippines were Borneo, Celebes, ava, !umatra, and other islands of the pacific. ii% 2ol,ani, Origin It was proposed b" 3r% Baile) 4illi(% According to this theor", Philippines was born due &o &'e erup&ion( of (ea 5ol,anoe( in re-o&e epo,'(% iii% Land Bridge T'eor) This theor" suggests that Philippines was once a landmass bridging China and the Asian #ainland, to Borneo, Indonesia, $ew %uinea, and even Australia. The present China !ea was an e&posed dr" land known as the !unda !helf which covered an area of ', ()), ))) s*uare kilometers. +uring the post glacial age, about ,-), ))) "ears ago, the world.s ice melted, causing the sea level to rise. Conse*uentl", the lower land regions including the land bridges linking Asia and the Philippines were submerged, thus, Philippines archipelago was formed. This theor" is supplied b" the following plausible reasons/ a. !imilarit" of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippines b. !imilarit" of rock structure c. 0&istence of the shallow China !ea between the Asia #ainland and the Philippines d. The presence of a fore deep at the eastern margin of the Philippines indicating the archipelago was once the edge of the Asia continental Platform B% $r,'ipelago6( Na-e 1. Filipinas The name given to Philippines in '-12 b" the ill3 starred !panish e&plorer, 4u" 5ope6 de 7illalobos, in honor of Prin,e Felipe of $u(&ria who later became Philip II, &'e grea&e(& +ing of Spain% This name first appeared on a rare map published at 7enice in '--1 b" #io5anni Ba&&i(&a Ra-u(io% 2. Philippine Islands T'e angli,i7ed na-e of Filipina( during &'e $-eri,an ,olonial regi-e% 3. Republic of the Philippines T'e na-e gi5en &o P'ilippine( af&er &'e de,oloni7a&ion in 8"9:% 4. Ma-yi/ a-i Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" The name given to Philippines b" the earl" Chinese traders such as Chau u :ua and ;ang Ta3 <uan. !ame names such as #intolang for #indanao, #akilu for #anila, and Pisho"e for 7isa"as were also dubbed to Philippines b" the Chinese. #a3 i is generall" accepted to refer to the island of #indoro in 5u6on because of its gold and pro&imit" in the Chinese mainland. 5. Ri!aline Republic The name proposed b" the :atipunan %eneral Artemio 4icarte in honor of +r. ose 4i6al. 6. Maharli"a It was proposed b" former President =erdinand #arcos after his dream of making the Philippines great again. 7. Pearl of the #rient $eas The most romantic name of the Philippines. It was originall" given in '>-' b" father uan . +elgado as a name of #anila ?Pearl of the Orient@ and was also mentioned b" #anuel +e A6carraga " Palmero. It was also grunted b" +r. ose P. 4i6al in his published article in the 9ong :ong Telegraph. #eograp') and Re(our,e( 1. Location The Philippine Archipelago sprawls a little above the e*uator in !outheast Asia between latitude 1 degree ,2A and ,' degree ,-A north and longitude ''B degree and ',> degree east. Philippines has a ver" strategic location due to the following/ a. It serves as a bridge between the cultures of the 0ast and the ;est. b. It lies at the crossroad of international air and sea routes. c. It looms as bastion of democrac" in an area where dictators and communism hold swa" over Asian $ations. d. It is the citadel of Christianit" between the largel" Christian west and largel" non3 Christian east. 9ence, its role as CChristian 5ight of the ;orldA. 2. %rea The Philippines is an archipelago of >, ')> islands of which ,, >>2 are named. It has a total land area of ''-, >)> s*. miles or ,DD, B(' s*. km. 5u6on has an area of 1), ('1 s*. miles while #indanao has 2B, D)B s*. miles. <. Ami Isle is the northernmost point of the Philippines. 3. $hape Philippines is an inverted <3 shaped archipelago of numerous islands, islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and ba"s, mountains and valle"s, cool plateaus, and scenic volcanoes. Christian !cholars commented that 5u6on is like a 9elmet, 7isa"as and #indanao is the Arms and 5egs, and Palawan is !pirit !word. 4. &li ate The Philippine climate is tropical and monsoonal in character. The two distinct seasons are dr" season and wet season.

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 5. Regions

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" The temperature varies from ,' degree Celsius to 2, degree Celsius. The coldest month is anuar" and the 9ottest is #a".

4egion '3 Ilocos 4egion 4egion D3 Eamboanga Peninsula 4egion ,3 Caga"an 7alle" 4egion ')3 $orthern #indanao 4egion 23 Central 5u6on 4egion ''3 +avao 4egion 4egion 1A3 4egion ',3 !OCC!:!A4%0$ CA5ABA4EO$ 4egion '23 CA4A%A 4egion 1B3 #I#A4OPA CA43 Cordillera Administrative 4egion 4egion -3 Bicol 4egion $C43 $ational Capital 4egion 4egion B3 ;estern 7isa"as A4##3 Autonomous 4egion of #uslim 4egion >3 Central 7isa"as #indanao 4egion (3 0astern 7isa"as 6. 'atural Resources !oil is the most important natural resources in the Philippines primaril" of most people earn a living from tiling the land. =ilipinos are fortunate of having a highl" fertile land. The countr" has rich plant life. Agricultural e&perts believed that (,',) species of plants grow in the countr", that is, about ',))) varieties of orchids, ',))) species of rice, and 2,))) species of trees. (-) species of birds are found in the Philippines. Carabao is the most useful animal for it serves as farmer.s best friend. At least ,,))) species of fish are found in the waters of the Philippine archipelago. Philippine forest lands have a total area of 'B,B22,))) hectares which represents -percent of the total land area. The Philippines rank third in forest reserves. Philippines is one of Asia.s great gold producing regions. 0nerg" in the Philippines is used to suppl" electricit" and fuel to run factories, light homes, and offices. 7. (eauty $pots The Banaue 4ice Terraces was built more than ,,))) "ears ago b" hard" Ifugaos using onl" their bare hands and crude stone tools. The #ount #a"on is the Crowning %lor" of the Philippine $atural ;onders. #anila Ba" is one of the 0nchanting ;onders of the Countr". Other beaut" spots are being rediscovered. 8. )istorical Places Lune&a Par+! It was a beautiful setting built in honor of the Philippines greatest hero, +r. ose P. 4i6al. It is used to be called Bagumba"an =ield where 4i6al was e&ecuted b" a !panish militar" firing s*uad at earl" dawn of +ecember 2), '(DB. ;orregidor! It is a national shrine nicknamed as CThe 4ockA. This was the vlast bastion to fall to the invading apanese in 'D1,. !uch made it the s"mbol of the determined resistance of its =ilipino and American defenders. Paoa) ;'ur,'! It was built in 'BD1 commissioned b" the Augustinian friars led b" =r. Antonio 0stavillo. It was declared as one of the national treasures b" former president =erdinand #arcos. Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" In&ra-uro( <For& San&iago=! It .a( &'e old ,api&al of 1anila which was built in '->'. It was used to be the seat of colonial powers of both !pain and the Fnited !tates of America. It was also a dreaded prison under the !panish regime and the scene of countless militar" police atrocities during the apanese occupation. 9ere, too, +r. ose 4i6al spent his last hours before his e&ecution at Bagumba"an. $guinaldo S'rine! It was here where 0milio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from !pain on une ',, '(D(. This was where the Philippine flag first raised. ;a5i&e S'rine! It was in this place where 0milio Aguinaldo was declared the first president of the Philippine republic. The republic of which the first in Asia. Bara(oain ;'ur,'! It was here where the constitution of the republican government was drafted on !eptember '-, '(D(. this constitution was also known as the #alolos Constitution because the church is located in #alolos, Bulacan. 1oun& Sa-a&! It is situated at Pilar, Bataan. It is in this mountain that the gigantic cross named as C+ambana ng :agitinganA ?Altar of 7alor@ was erected on April 'D1,. the cross s"mboli6es the heroic and courageous defense made b" fatigue, hungr", and sick =ilipino and American soldiers in regaing our freedom during world war II.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200"

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE $% Origin of &'e Filipino( 1. The Religious $ources*Friar- )istorians Ideas+ The ancestors of the =ilipinos sprung out of the soil like wild plants. =ilipinos were created b" the sun. =ilipinos were produced from base metals b" the magic act of the ancient alchemist or termed as herbolarios. =ilipinos descended from the Adam of Asia/ the other Adam being 0uropean Adam, for whom the !paniards and the ews came from. =ilipinos were descendants of Tarshish, one of $oah.s great grandsons, who settled in the Philippines after the great flood. 2. Legends The first =ilipino couple sprang out from bamboo nodules. The" were named 5alake and Babae or #alakas and #aganda. The second legend claims a racial superiorit" in the brown comple&ion of the =ilipinos that is =ilipinos were baked b" %od named Bathala. 3. Theories 1igra&ion T'eor)! It was proposed b" Professor 9. Otle" Be"er. Be"er believed that =ilipinos came from to the Philippines in different waves of migration. !uch is e&plained in the table8
3a&e of 1igra&ion ;'ara,&eri(&i,( 3a.n 1an Negri&o( ,-),))) "ears ,-,)))3 2),))) ago "ears ago Thickl" Black skin 9aired - ft tall Brawn" dark kink" hair round black e"es flat noses 9e lived b" means of gathering wild plants, b" fishing, and hunting Indone(ian( $ 2,)))3 1,))) BC tall slender light comple&ion thin lips high a*uiline nose Indone(ian( B ',-))3 -)) BC shorter bulk" bod" dark comple&ion thick lips large nose 1ala)( ,) BC

4a)( of Life

medium height slim but well built brown skin black hair dark brown e"es $omadic The" had permanent dwellings. The" The" lived The" wore clothing and personal introduced iron metal, through ornaments. hunting, The" knew agriculture, mining, smiting, potter" fishing, and and copper tools. making, cloth foraging for weaving, and wild plants. Gewelr" The" wore making. little clothing. The" have crudest religion. The" were among the

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200"

world.s best archers and herbalists

;ri&i>ue( a. Prof. Be"er used the 'Dth centur" scientific methods of progressive evolution and migrator" diffusion as the basis for his h"potheses, which have now been proven to be too simple and unreliable to e&plain such theor". b. The empirical archaeological data for this theor" was based on surface finds and mere conGecture, which lot of imagination and unproven data included. c. There are no evidences of the e&istence of the +awn #an. !o far, the oldest human fossil in the Philippines is the skull cap of a stone aged =ilipino about ,,,))) "ears ago which was e&cavated b" +r. 4obert B. =o& inside Tabon Cave in Palawan on #a" ,(, 'DB,. d. Fndue credit is given to the #ala"s as the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural transmitters. e. The migration theor" does not agree with the real character of =ilipinos, who are adaptive and highl" creative people because it suggests that the =ilipinos were onl" passive receptors of outside culture. ;ore Popula&ion T'eor)! The earl" inhabitants of the Philippines are treated as a unit, consisting of a core population to which were added accretions of people who moved in from the region, but the movements were erratic rather than se*uential wave. The people of !outheast Asia belonged with the same unit. This theor" asserted that =ilipinos were not merel" passive receptors of outside culture but adaptors and in some wa" initiators of creative changes. It puts emphasis on the cultural integrit" and adaptabilit" of the =ilipinos which made this theor" favored b" modern scholars. ;ri&i>ue( a. The core population theor" is still evolutionist and assumes too man" facts as given where the" are "et man" gaps in the theor". b. It is vague as opposed to the easil" understood migration theor".

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Filipino Trai&( 1. $trengths of the Filipino &haracter Fa-il) Orien&a&ion! It refers to a genuine and deep love for the famil". =or the =ilipinos, the famil", as the basic social institution, includes not onl" the father, the mother, their brothers and sisters, but also the grandparents, the aunts, the uncles, the cousins, and even the ceremonial relatives. Concern for the famil" is elo*uentl" manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and the elders, in the care given to children, the generosit" e&tended to a kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one endures for the welfare of the famil". Hard 4or+ and Indu(&r)! It refers to one.s willingness to risk taking Gobs in a foreign land with a different culture, not to mention the social cost. Fle?ibili&)* $dap&abili&)* and ;rea&i5i&)! =ilipinos have the capacit" to adGust and to adapt to conditions and circumstances in a given environment, both

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2.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" ph"sical and social. The" have the abilit" to improvise and make use of whatever is on hand in order to create and produce new things out of discarded scraps, for survival. Pa+i+ipag+ap.a! &ao! It refers to a deep sense of concern for one.s dignit" and respect. This is manifested in a basic regard for Gustice and fairness to others. CPakikirama"A, the sensitivit" to people.s feelings3 CpakikiramdamA and CpagtitiwalaA are bonds that promote feelings of closeness to one another and become the foundation of unit". @o) and Hu-or! It refers to propensit" to cheer and laugh and have a fun loving approach to the ups and downs of life. 5aughing at themselves and the mess the" are in is an important coping mechanism. Fai&' and Religio(i&)! =ilipinos have a deep faith in %od. Their innate religiosit" enables them to comprehend and genuinel" accept realit" in the conte&t of %od.s will and plan. =ilipinos live ver" intimatel" with religion and pra"ers have been important part of their lives. ,ea"nesses of Filipino &haracter E?&re-e Per(onali(-! It refers to the e&tent to which one is able to relate personall" to things and people determines the recognition of their e&istence and the value attached to them. This e&treme personalism often leads to graft and corruption and other malpractices in our government institutions. E?&re-e Fa-il) ;en&eredne((! The e&treme e&cessiveness of famil" centeredness becomes detrimental to the welfare of a larger communit". The use of one.s office and power to promote the interest of one.s famil" results in the utter lack of concern for the common good. La,+ of 3i(,ipline! This results in the use of shortcuts or the CpalusotA s"ndrome, CnakaisaA, CnakalamangA, and Cnakada"aA, in the =ilipino vocabular", words loaded with implied values. In several instances, =ilipinos are guilt" of the Cningas3 cogonA tendenc". The" start their proGects with full enthusiasm and interest, which abruptl" die down, leaving things unfinished. ;hat a wasteH La,+ of Na&ional ;on(,iou(ne((! A proper understanding of one.s histor" is a ver" important factor in the development of national consciousness because it will serve to demonstrate how the present is influence b" the past. ;olonial 1en&ali&)! These conditions are attributed to two dimensions3 lack of patriotism and national integration and the strong preference for imported goods, foreign ideas and wa"s. Pa((i5i&) and La,+ of Ini&ia&i5e! ;hile it is true that =ilipinos can adGust to circumstances in a given environment and posses some creative talents/ the" are generall" passive and lacking in initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. The" can tolerate inefficienc", poor service, and even violation of human rights. In man" wa"s, it can be said that =ilipinos are too patient for long suffering ?CmatiisinA@, easil" resigned to one.s fate, even if the" are oppressed or e&ploited. Aan)a! +an)a S)ndro-e! It refers to a selfish and self3 serving attitude that generates a feeling of env" towards others, particularl" when one.s peer has gained honor or prestige because of hard work. The" demonstrate some hostile

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" attitudes and feelings b" recoursing to unfounded and malicious criticism CtsismisA and CintrigaA to bring others down. This crab mentalit" that characteri6es man" =ilipinos is counter productive. One evident manifestation of kan"a3 kan"a s"ndrome is one.s personal ambition and the drive for power and status that is completel" insensitive to the common good. It often results in the non cooperation of members of the communit". La,+ of E?'au(&i5e S&ud) and Self!anal)(i(! The =ilipinos have a tendenc" to be superficial and sometimes even somewhat flight". Confronted with serious problems, both personal and social, there seems to be no deliberate and intelligent alternative plan to solve the problem. In most cases, the" Goke and laugh about serious problem affecting them. An"wa", these problems are not mine alone. If there are strategies to solve these problems, the" are onl" panacea. The" easil" accept and are even satisfied with the superficial e&planations and hast" solutions to the problems. Another factor related to this issue is that =ilipinos give too much emphasis on form, CmapormaA rather than on the substance. In most cases, the" have a tendenc" to be satisfied with rhetoric and substitute this for realit".

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200"

$SI$N HERIT$#E $% IN3I$NIB$TION OF SOCTHE$ST $SI$ Indiani6ation refers to the propagation of the Indian Civili6ation. This propagation was a two3wa" process, that is, the propagation of the Indian Civili6ation was effected not onl" b" the Indian Colonists and coloni6ers, but also b" the !outheast Asians themselves. These !outheast Asians, particularl" the #ala"s, were bold navigators. 9ence, visiting the parts of India let them ac*uire Indian culture and brought them to their native countries. 8% T'e Sri 2iDa)a and 1aDapa'i& E-pire !ri 7iGa"a #aGapahit Other names !in3fo3tsi?Chinese@ Eabagin?Arabian@ $ationalit" #ala"an Culture Indiani6ed Capital Palembang #aGapahit Capital #aha"ana Buddhist Brahmanistic 9indu

The Philippines was never ruled b" the !ri 7iGa"an and #aGapahit 0mpire due to ff8 There are plent" of historical materials on !ri 7iGa"a as a maritime power and its relation with China in the annals of Tang, <uan, !ung, and #ing +"nast". Of those materials, there is no mentioned about Philippines being a vassal state of the !ri 7iGa"a 0mpire. Chau3Gu3kua in his chronicles, listed fifteen vassal states of the !ri 7iGa"a and the Philippines is not one of them. Contemporar" authorities on the histor" of !outheast Asia never claimed that Philippines was a vassal state of the !ri 7iGa"a 0mpire. The claim of Prapanca in his eulogistic poem, Negarakertagama, that ninet"3 four vassal states of #aGapahit 0mpire includes !olot which he referred as !ulu of the Philippines is not real. #ost likel", !olots are the tin" island in the lesser !undas which still bears the name !olot and the northeastern part of Borneo. 2% Rela&ion( .i&' &'e Orang 3a-puan( The Orang +ampuans or #en of Champa are group of immigrants who came in the Philippines from !outhern Annam ?#odern 7ietnam@ between D))3 ',)) A.+. The" established a trading post in !ulu that resulted in a flourishing trade between !ulu and !outhern Annam.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Their main interest is to have trade with Buranuns People of !ulu@. Their increasing prosperit" aroused Gealous" of the Buranuns who in fit of anger, massacred some Orang +ampuans. 9aving superior weapons, the" took their blood" revenge on the Buranuns and having leveled the enem".s village to the ground, sailed to their homeland.

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Rela&ion( .i&' BandDar-a(in The Orang BandGar ?#en of BandGarmasin@ were immigrants from BandGarmasin, Borneo settled in !ulu and engaged activel" in the rich pearl trade. The" introduced the Indian influences in !ulu in which made Buranuns possessing 9indu customs and worshipping vedic gods. 0vidences8 An evidence of the Philippine intercourse with the Indiani6ed countries of southeast Asian nations is found in the manuscript entitled, Suma Oriental, which was written b" Tome Pires. According to this Pire Code&, the 5ucoes ?People of 5u6on@ annuall" sent trading vessels to Borneo and #alacca and the Bornean traders used to sail to 5u6on to bu" gold or food stuffs. Reli,( %old Image of Agusan Bron6e Image of #actan Copper Image of %anesha Cla" #edallion of Calatagan %d %aruda Pendant of Palawan Ceramics from Cambodia, Annam, and !iam Pla,e Year Spe,ifi,( Tara ?Be"er@ 9indu %od !iva ?Be"er@ 5okesvara ?=rancisco@ 0lephant %od of 9indus Buddho3 !iamese Art ?=rancisco@ #"thical bird which served as a vehicle of 9indu god 7ishnu

;awa 4iver near 'D'> 0speran6a, Agusan Province #actan, Cebu '(12

#actan, Cebu

'(12

Calatagan, Batangas 'D-( Brooke.s Palawan Point, 'DB'

4i6al province, Batangas, 5aguna, #indoro, !orsogon and palawan

9%

Indian Influen,e( in &'e P'ilippine( 4eligious Beliefs Ba&'ala3 Chief %od of the Tagalogs who was derived from Bhattara3 great lord.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Creator of the Fniverse Protector of #en +estro"er of #en

Four ;ardinal Poin&(

Also of 9indu origin was the belief of the ancient =ilipinos that the universe is alive with devas and hantus, good spirits and evil spirits or demons, through whom all good and evil are done in this world. #"tholog" and =olk 5iterature Bantugan, the m"thological hero of the #aranaos and 5umawig, the legendar" savior of the Bontoc are identified with Indra of 9indu m"tholog". The +arangan of 5anao, the 5am3ang of Ilokandia, and the Ibalon of Bicolandia and the Ilim and the 9udhud of the #uontain Province were inspired b" the #ahabharata and other 9indu epics. =ables The Tagalog stor" of the monke" and the turtle, the tale of the race between the deer and the snail, and the 7isa"an anecdote of the hawk and the hen. The hilarious adventures of uan Tamad reveal traces of 9indu influences. Customs and Traditions Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck of the visitor upon his arrival or departure, s"mbolic of hospitalit" and friendship. Before marriage, a groom gives dowr" to bride.s parents and renders personal services in the house of his future parents3 in3 law. After the wedding ceremon", the guests throw rice upon the bride and the groom. The offering of a bu"o ?a mi&ture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and lime@ to a guest as an e&pression of hospitalit". A childless couple goes on pilgrimage to a hol" shrine, whose deit" is believed to have the power to grant the virtue of fertilit" to those not blessed with children.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" !uperstitious Beliefs A maiden who sings merril" before a stove while cooking will marr" an old widower. A comet is a bad omen, for it is a harbinger of famine, war, or some other calamit". A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas will give birth twins. ;hen a cat wipes off its face with paws, a visitor is coming to the house. If a sleeping person dreams that one of his teeth falls out, somebod" close to him will die. #ode of +ressing Of Indian origin were putong ?turban@ of the men and sarong ?lower garment@ of the women in pre3!panish Philippines. The #uslim men in #indanao and !ulu wear tight3 fitting trousers which resemble the Indian putees and their women use embroidered shawls which are suggestive of the Indian sari. Industries Iuicklime mining in #asbate Boat building ;eaving of cotton clothes #etal works #usical Instruments :ud"api ?%uitar@ 5anguage =ilipino Ama Asawa 4aha !aksi #aharlika !anskrit Ama Atawa 4aha !aksi #ahardlika 0nglish =ather !pouse :ing ;itness $oble

B%

E$RLY ;ONT$;T 4ITH ;HIN$ !ino3 Philippine intercourse begun in ')th centur" A.+. during the !ung +"nast". The earliest known authentic data of the !ino3 Philippine in D(, A. +. was recorded b" a Chinese chronicler, #a3 Tuan3 5in in his monumental work entitled, ;en !hiann Tung :ao ?%eneral Investigation on the Chinese Cultural !ources@ The following are the Chinese influences in the Philippines8 #anufacturingJ occupationsJ games %unpowder The method of placer gold mining The art of metallurg" The use of porcelain, gold, silver, tin and other metals Blacksmithing %oldsmithing Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" :ite fl"ing %ambling3 Gueteng, kuwaho, pangginggi #anner of +ressing The sleeved Gackets ?kangan@ of the pre3!panish =ilipino males, the loose trousers of the #uslim and the dresses of women of !ulu and #inadanao. The use of slippers, bak"a?wooden !hoes@, fans and umbrellas. Of Chinese introduction was the "ellow garb of native nobilit", the blue dress of the commoners, and the wearing of white clothes for mourning. Culinar" Art and +iet 4oasting of pigs for a delicious meat Brewing of tea for drinking Cooking of such dishes as lumpi"a, pansit, mami, tsapso", and uko" Appeti6ers such as tahuri, heko, to"o 0dible vegetables including bataw, petsa", and upo !ocial Customs =i&ed marriage 9iring of go3between in marital negotiations 0mplo"ment of professional mourners during the funeral and the veneration of departed ancestor. The filial respect accorded b" children to their older brothers and sisters, parents and elders. The e&plosion of firecrackers on the advent of new "ear and other festivals The collection of tong ?percentage fee@ b" the owner of a gambling Goint. The haggling between the merchant and customer to arrive at the final fi& price of commodit" The beating of gongs to celebrate a feast among pagan =ilipinos of northern 5u6on, the #uslim =ilipinos of !ulu and #indanao. 5anguage =ilipino Bak"a Banta" %unting Pinto !usi Chinese Bak3 kiah Bang3 tai :an3 ting Pin3 to !o3 si 0nglish ;ooden !hoes !entinel Pair of scissors +oor :e"

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E$RLY REL$TIONS 4ITH @$P$N The regions settled b" the apanese during the pre3 !panish times were the delta of Caga"an 4iver, the 5inga"en %ulf 4egion, and #anila. The town of Agoo in 5inga"en %ulf was bus" center of trade with apan which was later called b" the !paniards as Puer&o de @apon% The following are the apanese influences8 Industries #anufacture of arms and tools The tanning of deer skins Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Artificial breeding of ducks and fishes which is apan.s greatest legac" to our ancestors.

E$RLY FILIPINO $N;ESTORS $% THE B$R$N#$YS ;ell organi6ed independent villages. It originated fro- balangay, a #ala"an word meaning /(ailboa&0% It is a self3 sustaining communit" ruled b" a datu. It consisted of from E0! 800 fa-ilie( while some having a popula&ion of -ore &'an 2*000% B% HOCSES $N3 34ELLIN#S Ba'a) +ubo <nipa 'u&=! houses which were made of wood and bamboo, roofed b" nipa palm leaves% It had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the famil" was out. It had a galler" called batalan where big water Gars were kept for bathing and washing purposes. Fnder the house were kept the rice, firewood, and animals. !ome lived in tree houses which were built on the top of trees for better protection against the enem". The bad-aos sea g!"sies# of Sulu Sea still live in boat houses. ;% FOO3 $N3 3RINAS 4ice3 staple food 0arthen arsJ bamboo tubes ?IlocanoJItawes3 Banga@ 3 where food are being placed for cooking. Banana 5eaves ?don bahat3 Itawes@3 serves as plates Coconut !hells ?tahuk3 Itawes@3 used as drinking cups #akkammat?Itawes@J Agkammet?Ilocano@3 eating with the use of fingers =ire was used to cook food. !uch were produced b" rubbing two pieces of dr" woods ?hulu3 Itawes, bulu3 Ilocano, Boho3 Tagalog@ which, when heated, produced a tin" flame. Angang ?Itawes@J Burna" ?Ilocano@J huge bamboo tubes3 used to store drinking waters Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" ;ines were also drank b" earl" =ilipinos such are the following8 Tuba3 wine taken from coconut sports Basi3 an Ilocano wine brewed from sugarcane Pangasi3 7isa"an wine made from rice 5ambanog3 Tagalog wine taken from coconut palm Tapu"3 Igorot wine taken from rice

3% 1O3E OF 3RESSIN# Fpper %arment 5ower %arment 9ead +ress Accessories 1en 4o-en :angan Baro Bahag Patad"ong Putong Ipit ?Itawes@, punggos ?Ilocano@ :olombigas ?gold armlets@ !amul3 Ilocano, Balitok3 Itawes !amul3 Ilocano, Balitok3 Itawes ?gold between teeth@, aritut3 Itawes ?gold between teeth@ ?earrings@, dusaru3 Itawes ?necklace@, purselas3 Itawes ?bracelet@ Barefooted

=ootwear

E% T$TTOES It serve two purposes a. To enhance their bodil" beaut" b. To show their war record #en were more tattooed than women. Children were not tattooed at all. The 7isa"ans are the most tattooed =ilipinos. The" were called "intad$s or painted people. F% N$TCR$L ;OCRTESY $N3 POLITENESS ;hen two persons of e*ual rank met on the road, the" removed their putong as a sign of courtes". ;hen a person addressed his superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a towel, and bowed low. 9e addressed his superior with the word CpoA, which is e*uivalent to CsirA. ;hen a man and a woman walked together, the man was alwa"s behind the woman. It was considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his woman companion. ;henever the entire famil" went out, the mothers and daughters walk ahead, while fathers and sons walk behind. #% ;LE$NLINESS $N3 NE$TNESS The" bathed dail". Their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when the" had finished their dail" toil. The" washed their hair regularl" with gugo and water. The" anointed it with coconut oil ?denu3 Itawes, 5ana3 Ilocano@ and other lotions. The" washed their mouths ?makkulumummug3 Itawes@ and cleaned their teeth ?ginat3 Itawes8 sand3 0nglish was used to clean their teeth@ upon waking up in the morning. The" filed their teeth to make it even. The" chewed bu"o which made their teeth colored but strong.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" The" kept a vessel full of water at the door of ever" house, and ever" person, whether belonging to the house or not, upon entering, take water from this vessel and wash his feet, especiall" during rain" season.

H% F$1ILY LIFE It is the basis of the societ", hence, famil" ties, as the" are toda", was close and strong. The children were given considerable attention, affection and discipline b" their parents. The" were trained to be lo"al to the ancestral god, to respect the elders, to love their parents and to obe" the datu and baranga" rules. The father was the head of the famil", thus, his words were law to children. The mother was the housekeeper. !he enGo"ed the sole privilege of naming the children. I% SO;IETY $N3 SO;I$L ;L$SSES The pre3 !panish societ" was divided into three social classes8 a. 1a'arli+a(3 nobles3 the" constituted the baranga" aristocrac", the highest social class. This class was composed of the affluent slave3 owning families, including the datu, his famil" and relatives and the rich people. b. Ti-a.a(! freemen3 the" constituted the middle class in the baranga"s. The" were free3 born persons and emancipated slaves. The" formed the maGorit" among the inhabitants of ever" baranga". c. $lipin! slaves3 the" belonged to the lowest social classes. The causes of slaver" were the following8 Birth Captivit" in war Purchase =ailure to pa" debts Penalt" for crimes committed Aind( of Sla5e( '@ Aliping $amamaha"3 the" lived in their houses. The" owned their propert". The" could marr" without their master.s consent. The" could not be sold. ,@ Aliping !aguiguilid! the" owned no propert". The" lived in their master.s house. The" could not marr" without their master.s consent. The" could be sold an"time. !laves could emancipate themselves and become a freeman in various wa"s of emancipation as follows8 '@ #arriage ,@ Purchase 2@ 7oluntar" action of the master 9ence, a slave woman who married a freeman or a noble automaticall" becomes free. A slave man could become free b" pa"ing his master a certain sum of gold. A slave3 owner, according to customar" laws, might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or for having served his famil" faithfull" for man" "ears. Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" There was no caste s"stem unlike in India. 9ence, a noble could become slave, a freeman could rise to nobilit", and a slave could become a freeman.

@% 4O1ENS6 POSITION Tribal 5aws and Customs recogni6ed them as e*ual to men. The" could own and inherent propert". The" could engage in trade and industr". If the" were daughters of datus who had no sons, the" could inherit the chieftainc" and rule baranga"s. The" had the e&clusive privilege of naming their children. #an" women were famous in songs and stories as follows8 !ibabae3 the legendar" first woman in the world 5ubluban3 the legendar" lawgiver of the 7isa"ans 5alahon3 the 7isa"an goddess of fire and volcanoes :alangitan3 the sultana of the Pasig and 5akandula.s grandmother A% $1CSE1ENTS The" held ban*uets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice and a victor" in war. !uch are celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Though the" drink too much, this does not mean losing their senses rather, the" will onl" become talkative and livelier. The" had games such as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races and stone3throwing contests. L% 1CSI; The" were lovers of music. The" had various musical instruments as follows8 '@ :ud"api3 Tagalog guitar ,@ :alaleng3 Tinggian nose3 flute 2@ :ulintamg3 #uslim &"lophone The" had plent" of folk dances such as8 '@ :umintang3 Tagalog love dance ,@ #ahinhin3 Tagalog courtship dance 2@ +andanso"3 7isa"an tuba dance

1@ Tultogan3 7isa"an bamboo drum -@ !ilba"3 Ilocano reed flute B@ !uracan3 !ubanun c"mbal 1@ :innoton3 Ilocano ant.s dance -@ PanGala"3 #uslim wedding dance B@ Tadek3 Tinggian love dance

Their songs e&pressed all aspects of life. Among these are the following8 '@ Tagumpa"3 Tagalog song of victor" -@ +al3lot3 Ilocano ballad song ,@ +allu3 $egrito religious song B@ :uila"3 kuila"3 Tinggian wine song 2@ A"eg3 klu3 Igorot serenade song >@ Tudob3 Agusan harvest song 1@ Bactal3 Tagbanua death song

1% 1$RRI$#E ;CSTO1S

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Before marriage, the groom gave a dowr" to the famil" of the bride ?biga"ka"a@. It consisted of gold, land, slaves or an"thing else of value. The groom had to work in the house of his bride for a certain period of time to do the following8 Carr"ing water and firewood to the house Assisting the bride.s father in plowing the field Assisting in the planting and harvesting of rice Other dowries were in the form of the following8 Panghimu"at8 the amount of mone" given to the bride.s parent, the mother for the nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood. Biga"3 suso3 the pa"ment given to the girl wet3 nurse who fed the bride during infanc" with milk from her breast. 9umaraw3 the amount given to the bride.s parents as reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the bride during infanc". !ambon3 the amount given to the bride.s relatives. The state of courtship immediatel" before marriage is called %amumulungan $r %amamalae. =or #uslims ?#indanao@8 Panalanguni3 betrothal or engagement Pedsungud3 settlement of dowr" Pegkawing3 marriage ceremon" The" also practiced divorce with the aforementioned grounds8 '@ Adulter" on the part of the wife 1@ Cruelt" ,@ +esertion on the part of the husband -@ Insanit" 2@ 5oss of affection B@ Childlessness N% B$R$N#$Y #O2ERN1ENT Baranga"s were virtuall" independent village3 kingdoms. 0ach baranga" was ruled b" a chieftain called +atu. The rulers of bigger baranga" kingdoms assumed the title of raha, hari or lakan. +atu3 he was the chief, e&ecutive, legislator, and Gudge of the baranga" and in time of war, he was the commander of the baranga" warriors. 9e obtained his position b" inheritance, being a son or daughter of a datu. In case the datu died without an" legitimate son or daughter, the people of baranga" choose their new datu who should be the strongest, richest, or wisest man in the baranga". +espite his great powers, he was not an absolute ruler % The datu should consult the baranga" elders in their approval of the following matters8 +eclaration of war with the enem" baranga" The marriage of the baranga" lakan ?prince@ or lakambini ?princess@ The negotiation of a political alliance with another baranga". #aking new laws for the baranga". The baranga" elders also took part in Gudicial trials of persons accused of certain crimes and the datu.s decision could not be binding without their approval. There were also confederations of baranga"s. The causes of these emergence were the following8 =or better protection against enemies The marriage of a lakan of a baranga" with the lakambini of another baranga" O% B$R$N#$NI; REL$TIONS Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Baranga"s concluded treaties of alliance and friendship with each other, sealed b" a traditional ceremon" of the blood compact called sandug$ ?one blood@. !ometimes wars broke up between baranga"s. !uch according to Captain #iguel 5oarca were caused b" the following8 ;hen one goes to another village and was put to death without an" reason ;hen one.s wives were stolen from them ;hen one went to an" village and he was badl" treated or aggrieved

P% L$4S The earl" =ilipinos had both oral and written laws. The oral laws were their customs ?ugali@ which had been handed down orall" from generation to generation. According to legend, the lawgiver of the pre3 !panish Philippines was a woman named Lu&lu&an, the great granddaughter of the first man and the first woman of the world. The written laws were promulgated b" datus with the help of the baranga" elders and announced to the people b" a baranga" crier known as umal$h$kan. Take note that the much known :alantiaw Code of the Philippines has been proven to be suspect of origin and contents. 9ence, it should be believed in. F% RELI#ION The earl" =ilipinos were pagans e&cept that of #oros in #inadanao and !ulu. The following were their gods and goddesses8 Bathala3 supreme god and the creator of heaven and earth Idianale3 Tagalog goddess of agriculture 5akampati3 Tagalog god of harvest !idapa3 7isa"an god of death Apolaki3 Pangasinan war god :idul3 :alinga god of thunder +al.lang3 Ilocano goddess of beaut" #al"ari3 Eambal god of power and strength Poko3 Tagbanua god of sea :ol"og3 Ifugao god of earth*uakes The" worshipped ancestral spirits called anit$s ?Tagalog@ or diwatas ?7isa"an@. To these anitos the sacrifices called, maganit$, were offered. The ritual was performed b" a priest or priestess called katal$na or &a&a!lan. The" also worshipped nature in the belief that such natural obGects were the habitats of the spirits. The" also believed in life after death. The good soul would go to heaven, called kaluwalhatian ?Tagalog@ or Ol$gan ?7isa"an@, while the bad soul would go to hell called, kasamaan ?Tagalog@ or S$lad ?7isa"an@. R% BCRI$L $N3 1OCRNIN# ;CSTO1S Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" The corpse was embalmed and was buried near his home, in a cave or on headlands overlooking the sea. Clothes, foods, weapons and, sometimes slaves were buried with the dead. The relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their neck, arms, and legs/ used white garments/ and abstained from eating meat and drinking wine during the period of mourning. #ourning for a dead man is called maglahe, for a dead woman it was termed m$r$tal/ and for a datu, lara$. ;hen a datu died, a herald announced the event and the larao were then observed. $o colored clothes were worn b" the grieving people. All wars and *uarrels were suspended. !inging in boats returning from sea was prohibited. All warriors carried their spears with points downward and their daggers with hilts reversed.

S% SCPERSTITIONS 0arl" =ilipinos believed in witches as follows/ Asuang3 assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or an" animal and devoured human flesh #angkukulam3 caused people to die or be sick b" pricking a to" with his magic pin Tianak3 sucked the bab".s entrails b" means of his elongated proboscis Tigbalang3 appeared in a form of a dog, a horse or an old man to deceive his victims. The" believed in the magical power of amulets and charms such as/ Anting3 anting3 believed to make its possessors invulnerable %a"uma3 a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman.s affection Odom3 Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human e"e Figa3 7isa"an charm which enables an" man to cross a river without getting wet The" also had superstitious beliefs which until now are surviving as follows8 The appearance of a comet is an ill omen, for it is harbinger of war, pestilence or calamit". If a pregnant woman cuts her hair, she will give birth to a hairless child. A pregnant woman should not eat twin bananas, otherwise she will give birth to twins. A girl who sings before the stove while cooking will marr" an old widower. ;hen a cat wipes its face with its paws, a visitor is coming to house. T% L$N#C$#ES The earl" =ilipinos had different languages and dialects which were originated from a common linguistic form, the #ala"o3 Pol"nesian language. Tagalog was regarded b" the earl" !panish writers as the best. C% 4RITIN# The ancient =ilipinos had their own writing s"stem following their alphabet called &a!&a!in which was originated from the asokan alphabet of India. A sharp3 pointed iron instrument called si"$l was used as pen. The" engraved words in a bamboo tubes, wooden boards, or leaves of plants which were used as paper. The ancient writing is still preserved b" the #ang"ans of #indoro and the Tagbanuas of Palawan. Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" 2% LITER$TCRE 0arl" =ilipino literature consisted of bugtong ?riddles@, awit ?songs@, salawikain ?proverbs@, m"ths, legends and poetr". The following folk epic have been preserved8 Ifugao Alim and 9udhud Ilocano 5am3ang Bicol 9andiong :alinga Fllalim #aranao Bantigan #aguinadanao Indarapatra and !ula"man Illanon Ag"u Taosug Parang !abil 4% E3C;$TION 0arl" =ilipino education was both academic and vocational. The father trained his sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen, and shipbuilders. The mother, on the other hand, trained her daughters in cooking, gardening, sewing, and other household chores. There was an ancient baranga" school in Pana" termed as Bothoan under the charge of a teacher, usuall" an old man. 24.s were taught in this school3 arithmetic, reading, and writing G% $RTS Architecture was e&pressed in the baha"3 kubo st"le of dwelling. The" earl" painting was that of tattoo. !culpture was manifested in their anit$s. Y% S;IEN;ES =ilipinos had knowledge of medicine since the" knew the curative power of man" medicinal plants. There were herbalists. There was some crude knowledge of astronom" such as8 Tala ?morning star@ b" the Tagalog Po"o po"o ?Pleiades@ b" the Bagobos #onbunkol ?+ipper@ b" the Ifugaos #amacta ?astrologer@ b" the Ilokanos The" also knew #athematics The" had native terms for numericals/ Isa3 one Puo3 ten +aan3 hundred 5ibo3 thousand <uta3 one hundred thousand Angao3 one million :ati3 ten million Prepared b"8 #r. 9erbert !a*uing Corpu6

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 200 ! 200" Bahala3 one hundred million

B% 4EI#HTS $N3 1E$SCRES 0arl" =ilipinos had their own weights and measures. The" used talaro a kind of balance with scales. Their measure of capacities were the ff/ :aban3 ,- gantas !alop3 one ganta :aguitna3 one half ganta %ating3 one chupa Their measures for length were the ff/ +ipa3 the length of the outstretched arms Tumuro3 the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the forefinger when e&tended. !andamak3 the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together !andali3 the width of one finger $$% BB% ;$LEN3$RS

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