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OKAKURA-KAKUZO
" AUTHOR OF " THE IDEAIS OF THE EAST
Copyright, 1904, by
The Century
Co.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Publishers' Preface
ix
Chapter
I.
The Night
of Asia
of Japan an enigma to foreign observers Asia the true source of Japan's inspiration While Christendom struggled with medievalism the
Buddhaland was a garden of culture Effect of Islam upon Asia The Mongol outburst destroyed Asia's unity The condition of China and India Japan never con-
Chapter
II.
The
Chrysalis
Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate lyeyasu's influence The Mikado's palace the "Forbidden Interior"
The kuges, or court aristocracy The daimios The samurai, or sworded gentry The commoners: farmers, artisans, and traders The outcasts The nation in a
pleasant slumber
22
Chapter
III.
Buddhism and Confucianism never interfered in matters of state Despite its temples and monasteries, Japan has no church Neo-Confucianism
53
Chapter
IV.
The
Three schools of thought united in causing the regeneration of Japan First, the Kogaku, or School of Classical Learning Second, the School of Oyomei Third, the Historical School
70
CONTENTS
Chapter
V.
The White
Disaster
The advent
of the
the Japanese eagerly identify themselves veith Western civilization And are regarded as renegades by their Russia the first European nation to threaten neighbors The advent Japan, at the end of the eighteenth century of American war-vessels a mighty shock
95
Chapter
VI.
Boudoir
The coming of Commodore Perry unites the nation The ladies of Yedo Castle and the shogunate The shogun of Commodore Perry's time The conflict on the succession to the shogunate
Chapter
VII.
The
Transition
.
141
Chapter
mation
VIII.
The Restoration
revived, with the
essentially a return
Past
conditions
freedom and equality' EduConstitutional government a success in Japan The commoner transformed into a samurai by cation The Japanese soldier's the system of military service contempt of death not founded on hope of future reward
spirit of
new
The exaltation of womanhood The question of treaty revision The helm in strong hands
Chapter IX.
162
The Reincarnation
184
Japan accepts the new without sacrificing the old The In art Japan heart of Old Japan still beats strongly stands alone against all the world
vi
CONTENTS
Chapter X.
sion
Relations with China and Korea The war with China in 1894-5 The Yellow Peril The night of the
Orient has been lifted, but the worid
still in
the dusk of
201
humanity
Chronology
224
vii
PUBLISHERS' PREFACE
Okakuea-Kakuzo,
the author of this
work and of " The Ideals of the East," was born in the year 1863. Having been, as he has said, " from early youth
fond of old things," after leaving
formation of clubs and
chaeological
col-
research.
The Japanese
suffered
brief
check during the civil commotion following the opening of the country after
the arrival of the
Perry.
scholars.
In 1886 this scholarly young enthuwas sent to America and Europe as a commissioner to report on Western
siast
art education.
On returning,
ix
he organ-
of which he was
Art School of Tokio, director. He was one of the chief also organizers, and is still a member, of the Imperial Archseoized the Imperial
made
logical
it is
to
study, classify,
architecture,
teries,
and all specimens of ancient art. Okakura was, naturally, one of the promoters of the reactionary movement
against the wholesale introduction of
Western art and manners. This movement was carried on by the starting of
periodicals
work being
field
Nearly one half of the faculty resigned at the same time, and started,
therein.
emy
called
Nippon
Bijitsuin.
Here
are kept
tive art.
up
Prince Nijo,
cess,
the head of the Fujiwara family and uncle of the crown prin-
dent.
It is proper to state that the present work, like " The Ideals of the East," is not a translation, but is written by its Japanese author originally in English. This work is based not merely upon
common
hearsay,
but upon information derived through the author's special acquaintance with
surviving actors in the Restoration.
In
"
the
and
now up-
permost in the minds of Western observers From what sources are drawn the intellectual and moral qualities which have enabled the present generation of statesmen, citizens, soldiers, and sailors, under an able emperor, to enter suddenly, as a first-class liberal power,
:
into the
company of
nations?
clearly
and
pictur-
New Japan
her history,
tradition.
her
He
no
"Yellow
Peril";
that
the
empire,
particularly
upon modern
developments,
the
He
Will Japan's modern successes lead to the loss of its ancient and distinctive art? He indicates some of the tendencies which may affect the future of the Orient; and he speaks especially of the Christian attitude toward woman as an influence upon the society and civilization of Japan.
xiu
THE
She
is
the coun-
the
shad'^
ows
cross
of the
til
New
Un-
recently the
seriously.
West
It
is
Japan
amusing
as
to find
we have
many
as a
menace to
Christendom.
thing
is
improbable.
unknown.
nation,
What
sweeping condem-
world lavished on
New
Japan?
We
Peril itself
Has
not the
West
as
much
In
to un-
West?
it
spite of
command
realize
of the West,
is
sad to
to-day
still
tions are
us.
We
domi-
relic
But
It
may
he that, as our
doxical.
his-
is still
may
pleased
we
constitutional
government,
car-
They forget
the
strength
of
the
movement
the innate
due not
less to
viriHty which has enabled her to assimilate the teachings of a foreign civilization
than
its
to
her
capability
of
adopting
methods.
With
it is
a race,
With immense
still
gratitude to the
West
we must
our inspirations.
She
it
all
to prove ourselves
heritance.
reawakening, a
still
modern
existence.
Until
the
moment when we shook it off, the same lethargy lay upon us which now
on China and India.
lies
Over our
mys-
spontaneity within
its
terious folds.
social progress
Intellectual activity
and
became
mosphere of apathy.
Religion could
wounded
soul.
to the
The decadence of Asia began long ago with the Mongol conquest in the
7
The
classic
civil-
early days evolved a culture comparable with that of the era of highest en-
bound
to-
unification of Asia.
vast stream of
or in
learning in Behar.
monasteries
of
Kashmir,
were
monks
changed
courtesies,
From
of
nation.
It
is
curious
manity
marked by a simultaneous and parallel movement in the other. That liberalism and magnificence, reis
and
Tang emperors
coiu-t
Again
the
marked
is
in
India
followed, dur-
ing the
in
Khan were
to lay waste
and make of
10
valleys
of
the
rule
on the
After a
tamed and
finally absorbed
But
It
Mongol
outburst was of a
in the past.
magnitude unequaled
cross
Moscow.
The
China
descendants of Jenghiz
established
Khan
in
the
The
Yuens
though
still
adhered
to
Buddhism,
in the degenerate
form known
11
Lamaism; but
the
ors of Delhi,
steps of
who came
Mahmud
path
of
on
their
conquest
through
southern Asia.
was a
terrible
inter-
than
the
Himalayas
themselves.
The flow of intercourse, so essential to human progress, was Our own timesuddenly stopped.
honored relations with our continental
neighbors even began to wane after the
Mongol
conquerors
of
China
at-
in the latter
Korea
Their bel-
12
warriors,
we were
remembrance of
their
ancient
friend-
Sung
dynasties was
lost.
war with the Celestial Empire may be found in the mutual suspicion with which the two
latent causes of our late
nations have
now regarded
each other
for
many
centuries.
By
the
Mongol
How
know
little
of each other!
callous to the
doom
neighbors.
tendom.
The maritime
races of the
In
may
first
developed that
formidable to-day.
The Mongol
Saracenic and
Ottoman
empires,
common
in
enemy.
once
and
forever,
the
tendom such
tence.
as
papal
Rome
could
The
fall
of
Constantinople
was
self-contained na-
weak
We
Monof
life
From
per-
Khan
lands
lack
they had
subjugated.
Entire
the
of sympathy between
16
con-
duction of an ahen
official
language,
administration, toge-
and
religious
beliefs,
all
com-
anguish of
spirit
Such scholarship
was
al-
to
barbaric
What was
left
among
and grotesque.
Attempts to overthrow the foreign
yoke were not lacking, and some of
16
But
the
of
the
national
con-
made
to
renationalization
almost
impossible,
In
China,
the
Ming
or
in the mid-
came
prey
to
internal
discords.
north,
ter
made by the wiser statesmen of this new dynasty, no complete fusion of the Manchus and the
Chinese has ever been accomplished.
2
^rj
Empire
it is
is
so di-
vided against
that
powerless
Europe, with
So
Mohammedan
tyrants,
though
parti-
power
Bereft of the
of
initiative, tired
le-
among them
Some memory
and exclusiveness
18
THE NIGHT OF ASIA
while the souls of others, wafted
ethereal dreams, seek solace in
among
an ap-
The Night of
is
not,
perhaps, without
It
own
subtle beauty.
nights
we know
listless like
wonder, serene
man
meets
secret
spirit.
One may
listen to the
Mongol
found
little
difficulty in re-
that attempt at
Western en-
came
in the
in-
by the
Jesuits.
It has been
19
of Japan, but
from the
outside
from the
Soon
after
war the building of vessels large enough to ride the high seas was forbidden, and no one was allowed to
the Jesuit
leave our shores.
Our
sole point of
contact with the outside world was at the port of Nagasaki, where the Chi-
under
trade.
strict
on
For
Yet a worse fate was in store for us. The Tokugawa shoguns, who brought
about
this
remarkable
isolation
of
all
the nation.
From
of unbending formalism.
all
tradition.
Dark-
Night of Asia.
21
II
THE CHRYSALIS
THE
Tokugawa
tyrants,
who
initia-
lines
of
Mikado, had,
The
its
own
decay.
cial
THE CHRYSALIS
tates,
cised
no
active control.
The
real au-
thority thus
came
into the
hands of the
the
title
of shogun, or commander-in-
Mikado
The
first,
or
Kamakura, shogunate,
city
so called
from the
which
its
repre-
sentatives
made
from 1186
reins of
government soon
line
fell
into
the
hands of another
who from
The
fall
of the Ashikaga
Out of
this state
Napoleonic genius, Taiko Hideyoshi, who, born a peasant, died, in 1598, the
master of unified Japan.
him by
his
father,
first
of the To-
differed
it
in that
was
Even under
composed of
five
Tokugawa
descendants
re-
gime
yasu
it
became purely
his
autocratic.
lye-
framed for
THE CHRYSALIS
course of policy which enabled them to
retain
their
rule
through
fourteen
of the
Mikado
in 1868.
He
not merely-
power of the barons until they were such only in name, but
curtailed the
from
all
outside
The
manifest
not
less
in
his
elaborate
and
secret vanities to
disarm
all
oppo-
In order that he
is
one
of our national
were,
in
fact,
largely
the
it
chrysalis
is
Perhaps
for
this,
that
he
we
execrate
The mechanism of
brief; not only is
plicated, but
allel in
it is
the
Tokugawa
exceedingly com-
the history of
It
self -com-
each with
and
its
own
26
THE CHRYSALIS
and
literature.
tleness of
European
We can here
but indicate
its
main
phases.
sacred
conception
the
thought-inbeit,
heritance of
ginning.
Law," and
it
with the
"Son
cease
of Heaven."
He exis
law,
always there,
We
Mikado same. As we
questioned existence, so
we became un-
above.
By
in reahty absolute
mon-
memory of the personal rule of the Mikado had been lost for four long centuries. The Mikado's
court at Kioto, the former capital of
THE CHRYSALIS
the imperial government, was
istent,
still
exit
owing to
its
reflection of its
former
is
ap-
In
court,
he
He
and
etiquette,
in his
He
gun paying
throne,
personal
brilliant
homage
to the
and a
pageant yearly
S9
Yedo (now
the deit
known
wended
All
this
as
Tokio),
dazzling
way
was
love of tradition.
as
It
was considered
lennium.
But behind
tlest
this
appearance of loy-
snares
of the
Tokugawas.
If
they recognized the necessity of the imperial cult, they determined that they
alone should be
its
high-priests,
and that
In the name of
sanctity, the
last
remnants of
political authority
it
which
to re-
30
THE CHRYSALIS
of the palace, but
sen
its
from the
tried
Tokugawas
ued
themselves.
They
contin-
vows and
reside in
Yedo
ple,
Uyeno temvirtu-
from
al-
No
daimio was
The Mikado, unseen and unheard, commanded a mysterious awe. His palace now became the " Forbidden Interior " in the strict sense of the word.
The
No
who
first visited
two
31
and the
spiri-
In
for the
Mikado
in
Tokugawa
days,
With them
it
it
is
a living
Next
in social
to the
being
considered above
aristocracy
The
From
were
called
poetically
the
Friends of the
Their
those
Moon and
fortunes
which,
of
the
immense
political
THE CHRYSALIS
since the days
when they
actively par-
they
have
ever
lies
remained
faithful.
Herein again
example
of
another remarkable
obstinate
that
tenacity
of
princely
bureaucrats
who
par-
from the
social
year
Q4i5 to
1166.
The
old system of
its
Tang dynasty
and Japan
herself
was passing
phases
through various
different
of
the
life
twelfth century.
Tang
period,
and danced
the
to the classic
measure of
Bugaku
They
Fujiwara
ing.
and
affected
the
to
their
devotion to the
past that
the
The Tokugawa government humored and honored the court nobles because of their association with the Mi-
in the
THE CHRYSALIS
their incomes, if not greatly increased,
This
must have been gratifying to those of them who remembered the disastrous
days when they had to
sell
autograph
poems for
contented,
their sustenance.
and the
titles
still
allowed to retain.
The duty
love-ditty,
ister
consist in debating
on the merits of a
petition
was
in
those days of
folly
that the
sol-
35
(literally
dred in number.
into classes
the
Tozama
daimios,
who
were the descendants of the barons of former days, and the daimios of recent
creation,
the
Tokugawas,
to
or because they
traced their
Hneage
In the
To-
early days of
Tokugawa
rule, the
The meth-
>
study in themselves.
THE CHRYSALIS
in the early
On
such a
map we
ates of
Tokugawa
wedged
creation,
which were
in size
constantly being
strength,
augmented
and
daimiates.
Gradually
strategical
points on the
cation
throughout
country
were
Tozama
daimios, and
The
Yedo
to
sit
terri-
homage
37
In
manner
sumed
in journeying to
and from
their
little
opportunity
to
against
government.
The newly enacted law of inheritance demanded the approval of the government in each case of succession to the
daimiates,
riage.
and
mar-
constant
works.
THE CHRYSALIS
Those Tozama daimios who revolted
against this state of things soon found
punished
by
the
diminution,
transference,
or confiscation of their
territorial possessions,
the
latter pen-
They were
feudal in
monarchy,
lent,
patriarchal
and
benevo-
They
that
they
began to be
distrust-
own
retainers.
This
Tozama
daimios alone.
Dread-
influence,
the
Tokugawas
39
daimios of their
own
creation.
The
aristoc-
Tozama lords, a fact which explains why all the daimios were so lukethe the
the samu-
thousand strong.
They served
either
Their
appointments
their blood
all
were
and
was kept
marriage
except in case
constituted the
of the foot-soldiers,
who
They had
the
THE CHRYSALIS
swords
and
their
bearing
family
crests.
Within
privileges.
The
of high-class
Un-
to comradeship in arms;
and even
as a
gentleman of the
land, so the
first
But with the advent of the Tokugawa regime the existence of the daimio and the samurai,
anachronism.
like that of the
The
samurai, a product
tween the
fall
of the
Tokugawa monarchy
in the
Their
art
school, a re-
Their
six-
Their
and language
immepethose
vital
the
Tokugawa
followed
Their religion
doctrines which
Zen
the
In
fact,
an heirloom
whose
it
was,
and
love
kept the
its
own
and
of
hereditary
4:2
conventions
THE CHRYSALIS
military
obedience.
Everything was
or a daimio folhis
By
Tokugawas both
pacified his
his
warlike instincts
and encouraged
worship of tradition.
The
blessing of
he hoped and
everlasting.
believed that
would be
The
life
of a
Tokugawa daimio
or
had
ceremonies,
and
those
interminable
of his ancestors.
43
Moreover,
He
was often
He
rare
Sung
vase or a
Masamune
blade.
of
the
in
to the disappearance of
Japan
fall of
standard in ar-
Such samurai
as
(the
unattached).
literary
became
44
THE CHRYSALIS
a ronin, and supported himself by teaching.
The
and
an
privileges
their state of
individuality
and
It
freedom
of
message of
was to be announced to
the nation.
Fourth
came the
As
in
European moncame
to the
so
in
found
lies
in the
against
many
life
privileges
unknown. Then
45
and prop-
government.
flourished
unmolested.
was
the
was
medium
It
is
to
we owe the arts and crafts which have made Japan famous. It is to them that we are indebted for
the commoners that
litera-
of Torii and
Ho-
kusai.
Toward
ever,
the
Tokugawas pursued
their
them
by
rate
ture.
compartment of
to their spe-
THE CHRYSALIS
cial
vocations
they were
forbidden
trespass
on
orders.
to
wear family
They
its
line
As
all
the
An
immense body of
was em-
se-
them, for
all
grown
ears.
Theirs
it
was
to
work and
However
in
commoners born
must
die
commoners.
47
Hemmed
by
customs
and
restrictions,
itself either
life
or the sadthat
Can we wonder
commoners
more
serious
religion
consisted in
an appeal
to the infinite
in
love,
the
expression
of
which
India?
so
marked
in the
Bhaktas of
Can we blame the weaker and more frivolous among them for seeking
forgetfulness
in
the
idealization
of
foUy?
Below the commoners, and, in fact, ostracized entirely from the social
scheme, were the outcasts
Yettas.
known
as
They were
the descendants of
and
so
formed a
distinct caste
by
themselves.
Some
48
of
them became
THE CHRYSALIS
quite wealthy,
sion of a
leather
owing to
their posses-
monopoly
hide,
in the handling of
and
an occupation consid-
Bud-
It was
from
their ranks
considered a pollution.
The
its
dams and
dikes of
own
and
finally
The
flow
of
The microscopic
came
be
known even
like those
Our
life
grew
to
Toku-
49
Only
to
in art
and
litera-
world of freedom,
be found.
The
during
charm
of tra-
The worship
which
is
expressions.
Yet enemy of
demarcation of social
and
ideals
prevented any creative mind from mirroring the whole of national loves and
aspirations.
50
THE CHRYSALIS
Chikamatsu/
like
is
to be found.
Some,
the
beautiful pools,
may
reflect
limitless
Yet
the hibernation of
Japan within
slumbered so long.
to be
of those days of
when no one
was formal.
was
when
was elegant,
if it
enough
tire
them
1
not, let
lye-
51
injunctions
We
change,
we
59
Ill
SOME
in the
critics
ment given
Tokugawa system
of govern-
ment which caused its ultimate downUnder the regime inaugurated fall.
by lyeyasu every
child in the empire
was obliged
under
priests,
to learn to read
and
the
write,
local
the
instruction
of
doubtless
was
mind for
53
Yet, when
we come
to
examine
by the To-
kugawas, we
lyeyasu and
shall
his
immediate successors
their calcu-
to encourage ignorance,
the courses in
lum
in the
Tokugawa
seen
To
those
who have
our landscapes
temple
bells calling
from every
hill,
or
to those
who remember
reciting
voices
in
Tokugawa
village, it
must seem
54
The
l^
ings
state,
of
"^
and
their
influence
was
solely
We
of lyeyasu
who
...
means
to further his
own ends. He was a great statesman who combined many of the characteristics
He
was
and
lights, for
The following
is
enough to
loose-shafted
cruel
and
all
the
Tokugawa arrowheads
should be
We
believe,
"
Old Badger,"
as
he
is
often nick-
named, knew
and knowledge of
men
his
Buddhism was never a menace to the state. The reason for this lies far back
\
^
-
and supersocial
distinguished
By
life
of the householder
56
wander-
Eastern
beauty
and
end
in con-
ventionalism
the
the
moral bondage
of
commune.
furnishes
hand,
means
ideal
of
true
of individualism.
The
monk
is
mundane,
spirit.
is
He
which
rises
He
is silent,
which he meditates;
untrammeled,
his
like the
gown around
him.
He
is
of no
thrones
caste
and no country.
6T
What
if
who
left
lines
Chinese man-
amid
palatial luxuries,
of the pine-clad
hills.
The
highest
desire of
known
as
Banaprasta or Inkyo.
robe, a priv-
open to
all,
world of convention.
was in and
y
priests.
But
In Indian
we
find the
Shramanic as the
China the same
manic
ideal, while in
fucianism.
Herein
the secret of
made of
In-
museum
Nestorianism,
Mo-
The
existence
of this
twofold
59
of
liberalism
toward religious
questions,
an
atti-
European
ticism.
ical
The demarcation of
is
the polit-
from the
no new idea
with us.
The
innate
individuahsm
of
the
Buddhist
of the papal
even
now a
organization to impose
The tem-
60
Mikado
sort of
or his officers,
period.
It
was a
mundane
of-
result of a purely
personal relationship.
The
priesthood,
body or
to reclaim
what
it
own
zeal,
its
special function.
sovereign might
With
Ka-
The
ultra-indi-
M^
which at
school
this kl.*-^
time
became
the
leading
of
W**
monkhood.
These
warrior-priests
mercy
ill
concealing
the
blood-
They
had, how-
by the time
sect
which
still
boasted of some
easily
military adherents,
was
made
to
The
dhism
Bud-
characteristic of the
funda-
Himself
Confucian,
he
counted
among
62
... Christianity,
He
would
.
ilv^^^ if the!
aj
political
He
guaranteed the
and
insured
their
revenues,
and
works.
He
even
enforced
ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
and punished
all
by the
pillory
and banishment
those
at
who broke
But
in the gov-
He
employing Buddhist agents in diplomatic amenities with Korea, and appointed a lay
officer to control all af-
The
,.
influence of
Buddhism was on
the wane.
Under
more for
holiness.
The
single
new
sect
which
and
strict
regime.
become super-
and
ideals.
latter part
of the
Tang
dynasty,
Confucianism
ethical,
as
in
previous
days.
In Japan
age
this
tendency was
^c
Wen
tfeudal
branches
of learning
in
the
Tokugawa
64
'
who had
life
They
up
their
Buddhist
wear swords
all
like
other
samurai.
They were
of
Shiuki,
Neo-Confucian of
the'
Sung
aimed
at a synthesis of Tao-j
Confucian
afiini-
classic,
6
%JJ...S^
leaning toward
the
doctrines
of the
figure
of
Neo-Confucianism.
made
his
official
text-books by the
Em-
Ming
dynasty, and
as
school
was accepted
orthodox
of
by lyeyasu.
abstract
and specuits
so that as a result
votaries
^'
ifv^
Buddha, making
exercise.
The Ming
jj dUjC^v^-t/vt^
^!
CL^A
u'W-'T^^'
Y'^^'^^'^^
tions of Shiuki,
and wasted
their en-
ergy on
and
terminology, an
example
fol-
essence practical
ethics.
foolish as a scholar,"
was a
As common
"
witticism
of
Tokugawa
days.
Two
and infuse
significant
Confucian
fer
its/
own academy.
Thus the knowledge
that lyeyasu
all,
His system of
67
in-
formed
as
much a
part of his
Yet
modern Japanese
Buddhist in
its
Buddhism
is
truly
mind which
makes
initiate
it
possible for
it
to face emer-
If he did not
least he
an era of progress, at
stability.
taught
this,
If
it
tion,
with
its
violent accession of
West-
em
Japan
an un-
sea.
68
nothing
if
man
of the spirit
not one of I
names or forms.
grin,
He
comes,
we
wist
when
revealed,
to fol-
known.
True
rugged
seat
soul
69
IV
THE VOICE FROM WITHIN
among West who,
IT
was the
The
Our
begun
to in-
pan.
The
first
act.
set,
All were tiny streams at their outfinding their source in the solitary
souls
of
independent
thinkers
who
from
within
the
and
trickled
from the
scaffold.
They were
mo-
to leap in cat-
The
(
first,
known
as
the
,
Kogaku
arose at/
ernmental academies.
Buddhism and
Taoism.
meaning
thereof.
take,
This
Toku-
its
vents
it
from
crystallizing
into
any
Some
of
its
go
as far as
was purely
of
ethics.
like
whom we owe
in
the de-
found
Japanese in-
moral
Yet however
and
all
to the authorities,
Yamaga-Soko, who
Yedo
to the dis-
commanded a
tant
considerable following,
and
insignificant
daimiate
of
Akho.
his confine-
ment there
personality
inspired
new
Tokugawa
regime.
73
which started at
first,
is
This
man was
who
a great general as
lived in
well as scholar
China at
under the
Ming
dynasty.
He
never
ceased to discourse
brilliant
torious
Southern
China.
vance
ledge.
With him
to be.
it
knowledge was
To
in
know was
so far only as
was manifested
74
The whole
on
santly surging
join in
glorious advance.
it
To
reaHze their
teachings
was necessary
mankind.
-Thus he brought
its
Confu-
of practical
ethics.
His
itself,
doctrines
of
the Restoration.
One
of the pioneers
of
Lake Biwa
that his
memory
is still
76
Okayama
provinces a
spired
The Oyomian
scholars
of
Japan
in their force.
Zen
sect
of
many
of those
held
by modern
evolutionists.
Buddhas of
The Bud-
dhas of the future, for they must include the former and something more.
76
was
built
on the debris
A reincarnation
change!
transition
was
self-realization
on
is
^_.
a different plane.
How
magnificent
the
I
How
known
beautiful
as life
great
and death
delighted in
Have you
)
J^
The Eastern
dragon
is
He
is
the
life
of
change,
therefore
of
We
associate
su-
forms according to
77
its
surroundings,
The
the
great
mystery
itself.
Hidden
depth of the
sea,
when he slowly
tivity.
;
storm
in the black-
His
heard in the hurricane which, scattering the withered leaves of the forest,
quickens a
new
spring.
The dragon
re-
He
is
inert
Coil-
78
He
strikes not
till
his throat
is
touched.
Then woe
is
to
him who
dallies
The dragon
same.
What
flower
What
life?
The
the
iaa^
g
,
things.
hidden.
lustrate
Real Horse.
related, a
Once upon a
time,
it is
Hakuraku,
all-
knowing
in horses, to
make
search far
and wide.
the
vassals
the
To
the
^^ was visible in something beyond the secJbu ondary features of color and sex. Even
'
thus
it is
with
all
the Oyomians.
The
orthodox
academicians
were
own Neo-Confu-
lay
Yet, in spite of
this,
the
new
idea
was
was comparatively
slight.
two provinces
all
modern Japan
those of
Among
who have
up
Oyo-
mei.
This
it
is
and ever
It
alert to
meet the
dictates
of change.
to the
spread
*
of
Oyomian philosophy
that
Japan recognized
amid the
cretions of centuries,
was
still
manifest.
The Tokugawa
authorities
had every-
cerned.
Oyomei
scholar of Osaka,
some
insufficient reason to
sistence
to
the
He fired on the
ernment
granaries
to
the
famished
met
his
His mental
82
attitude
may
be
itself is al-
ways
clear above."
Classic
of the Oyo-
in themselves
have
They
were, after
ism,
ence to existing authority provided that Jp^^ the moral Hfe of the community was not
thereby destroyed.
the
to
Hence
it
was that
Ming scholars offered no resistance the Manchu rule. It was for this
whatever
their school,
never
dreamed of
political system.
Oyomei taught
to act,
This de-
/ The
/
Historical
heresy,
On
Tokugawas themfor
it
selves
encouraged
their
it,
accorded
with
traditional
policy.
The
and the
Tokugawas
themselves.
One important
history written
is
by the
inter-
^
^^y*^
to
Confucian
tries to
f^ jthor
Mikado from
By
84
This
Motoori and Harumij opened up in our ancient poetry and history a new vista of thought. Toward the end of the
century the study of archaeology increased to such an extent that the
Toku-
manuscripts
and
encyclopedic
old monasteries
Nara and
lift
Kioto.
All
this
continued to
najssancein Japan.
^^
The
know-
85
The purity of
this ancient
had almost
character.
entirely
lost
its
original
it
be-
Budit
dhism and dehghted in mystic symbolism, while after the fifteenth century
was
entirely
Neo- Confucian
in spirit
But with
it
the revival of
ancient learning
became divested of
Shintoism as for-
a religion of ancestrism
down from
^^' teaches
ideals of the
adherence to those
ancestral
Japanese
86
race, simplicity
Mikado,
and devotion
on
upon Japan
to break loose
A^
to Chinese
and Inj
,/
The
historic spirit
swept on through
and
relig-
the samurai.
had
its
A
is
democratization of
the
new message
found
in the
works
among whom
from
the
his lucid
It
was
ronins.
Their
when
was forgot-
ten and the chrysanthemum cowered before the cruel blast of Ashikaga arro-
itself,
its
with
repair,
was sinking
the
in
solitary
moonless night.
They dwelt with mingled pride and sorrow on the story of the Emperor Godaigo, who broke the power of the Kamakura shogunate and for a time reestablished legitimate rule. They
thought of
his
undaunted courage
in
of his exile to the distant island of Sado, of his miraculous escape in a fishing88
enemy,
and of
mountain of
ered his
of tender homage.
The gaunt image of Masashige rose before them, that hero who fought for the Emperor Godaigo knowing that his cause was already lost. They read how he it was who first dared answer the imperial summons to fight the usurper, how he planned and carried out the
guerrilla warfare which led to a tem-
porary
restitution
of
the
Mikado's
"
What
is
thy
wish?" said he to
wounded unto
^
emerged
Yoshino, a hill in the Nara prefecture noted from ancient times for its cherry-blossoms.
89
Ashikaga
Smiling, he listened
"I wish
to be born
and
said,
"Though Buddhists
teach
to
and lead
lives
do I wish to be
refell
end "
then each
other's sword.
was deeply attached to him, when the Mikado offered her to him as a reward
for his hereditary loyalty, pleading that
his life
;
love.
came over the samurai, the lost glory of the Son of Heaven flashed upon
them.
They saw the Mikado himself They leading his army to victory.
90
ancestors
beating
their
sang
side.
They
made pilgrimages
cay,
They mau-
and washed
their
moss-covered
Who
to stand
Oh, to
,1;
die to
Mikado
The
mean
fire in
historic spirit
now
stood sword//,
in hand,
steel.
The
cold,
samurai,
like
his
weapon, was
His impetuosity was always tempered by his In the feudal days code of honor.
which he was forged.
self-restraint
and
gawa
ob-
He
demanded of him.
in penetrating his
being.
now
laid at the
feet of the
Mikado.
historical spirit
Soon the
began to
It
Tozama
Later on
it
began
to
Toku-
gawa
The
Oyomian
tendencies, were
It
is
guns,
who
voluntarily gave
up
the reins
and
was
the villages.
The
lotus trem-
on the nation.
Oyomei
calling at this
was
moment
horizon.
that the
94
V
THE WHITE DISASTER
an unmixed
blessing.
Thinking to
com-
welcome the
benefits of increased
For
with
is
no longer
filled
Yellow
Peril,
may
not the
96
mind of
the average
West-
natural to regard
world
to-day
in
which
or-
ganization has
made
of society a huge
its
machine ministering to
sities.
own
neces-
It
is
and specuis
development which
working
ac-
commerciahsm and
and language.
profound
trust.
reali-
radeship,
and of mutual
The
its
moves
home from
96
of a cosmopolitan culture.
The
nine-
and surgery.
Knowledge
as
ment of a
To the inhabitant of the West all this may well be food for satisfaction; to him it may seem inconceivable that
the bland irony of China the machine f^^i
ideal.
The venis
distinguishes ^^^ween,^
The West
is
for pro-i
but
progress
toward
what?
When
'
material efficiency
will
complete,
When
operation,
what purpose
is it
to serve?
If mere
self-interest,
where do we find
The
picture of
The individuals who go to the making up of the great machine of so-called modern civilizaresult in refinement.
tion
become the
slaves of mechanical
habit
and are
ruthlessly dominated
by
In
spite
is
destroyed in the
sacrificed to
an
in-
The West
emancipation from
98
taken
its
place?
lie
What
sufferings
and
discontent
The
voice
unsatisfied
by
its
own broad
lands,
West also seeks to prey upon the East. The advance of Europe in Asia
so-
crude
if
and author-
The Western
brought con^uests^
lucres of
influence,
till
debasement,
the
and the
for slaves.
pa-
who
all
fifty
years
ago shouted,
"Away
with
Chinese Boxers,
entirely gone.
The
since
tremendous
change
which
has
political life,
foreign
have
so
it
has become
al-
was that
our grandfathers.
On
the contrary, we
stand-
point of a
To
Europe
is
but the
humiliation of Asia.
we
shall
how
the
march of
al-
the
wounded imagination of
the
Orientals his-
began
to seize
tal discovery
when the
The beginning of
century shows the
rise
the
seventeenth
gratification of
whose
political ambitions,
however, re-
mained
of the
as yet unsatisfied
owing
to the
Mussulman power of
102
Delhi, and
awe of
still
which
But
the
of
Kutchuk-Kainarji inaugu-
In
be-
1803 the
last of the
Grand Moguls
European powers.
With
ital
and cap-
during the
European industrialism
ing,
is
set in motion.
spring up in for-
/Jomidable array.
Commercialism makes
Q
-^
West depend upon 'her finding markets for her goods. Her role is now to sell, and that of the East
the very life of the
to
buy.
War
is
factories,
and the
more
humane statesmen
noise
are
drowned
mills.
in the
of
thundering
What
ganized
commerce?
Cheapness
and
away
the crafts.
The economic
life
of
la-
and
action,
and
capital.
104
to-
and of national
Burinno-
ma
was
the rubies of
Thebaw
cries the
The Kohi-
noor
is
What
Protectorate
Against whom?
opium on China
non and
on a
extorts
at the
Hongkong.
now
the pride of
European mu-
upon the
EmAmur
and Hi.
Triple
The kindly
Coalition
intervention of the
after
the
Japanese
Russia
Germany Kiau-
Yunnan.
It
is
fury but
;
what could
the
their
old-fashioned
arms
combined armies of
Their ill-judged
aUied powers?
heaping of
the pay-
indignities
and
the persecuted inhabitants of that province behold the graveyards of their be-
just?
if the
If China tried to
lift
her head,'
worm
turned in
its
Europe
low Peril?
West
is
To Japan
United
the
States
America
in
1853
to
other
Eastern
countries.
Opium War
gression.
in
in-
Western nations
In
fact,
in
unfortuexperi-
is
us hope
may
in battle array
first
warned us of the
eign complications.
Russia, sweeping
In
and
in
Hako-
108
Alarming
stories of
North-
Tokugawa
Yezo with
all
family,
all his
proposed to
retainers
settle in
and the
entire population of
his daimiate.
bells
He melted
the bronze
an emergency.
His
misconstrued by the
many
It
is
interesting
among some of
109
their
memoirs
fulfilled.
to the counto
it
Hakodate or Nagasaki but now within a day's march of the city of Yedo lay
the black hulks of a formidable fleet
retire until a
was signed.
Recollection of the
Tartar
armada
flashed
through
the the
Was
his
own
al-
Was
ways prepared
an invasion?
to im-
What
right
we
we
To
110
Jhoi!
Jhoi!
Away
with the
barbarians!
The
alarm-bells
clanged
Foam-cov-
momentous news.
from dust-covered
on
Night and
steel
The old prince of Mito was summoned from his hermitage to take command, and his cannon lined the principal
points of defense. Buddhists wore away
their rosaries in invoking Kartikiya, the
The
historic
spirit
that
had been
moment
to
common
time in two
to delib-
sent
For the time in seven centuries the Shogun a special envoy to the Mikado to
first
what
We
befled
came
Sun.
one,
112
VI
THE CABINET AND THE BOUDOIR
HAD
it
rival of the
American Embassy
attitude which
it
we might have
civil
en-
upon an era of
internal discord
culminating in a
of the arrival
in
abeyance
all
minor matters
Japan against what was regarded as a Western invasion. Thus the Toku-
of
life
and
its
final
overthrow
postponed
for
fifteen
years,
during
from running
riot
for the
momentous change which was to come. Had the Tokugawas better understood their
under
this
own new
position,
they might
condition of affairs,
in-
Tokugawa
114
system.
kugawa shogunate
Of
who
these
represents
an
law.
The
ideal
the
sweet
But
human
nature
weak.
The
its
fortunes of a dynasty
it is
signifi-
116
we
find
is
over-
This arrangement
complire-
has occasioned
many awkward
cations, especially
where diplomatic
have been
may deny
and
vice
afiirmed,
The power of
politician
who
Some of
these
women were
The
cendancy
household
may
Under
there
the
Tokugawa
friction
shogunate
was constant
chosen from
between the
The
minis-
among
resentatives
117
consti-
astute
They were for the most part statesmen who thoroughly un-
It
was
owing to
gun, even
ter,
Sho-
personally of
weak charac-
commanded the respect of his subjects. When, however, the Shogun fell under the influence of the
generally
regardless
who,
of
public
opinion,
the cabinet
made but
slight
protest,
for the code of the samurai forbade resistance to the will of the overlord.
The
ladies of
Yedo
118
Castle
had been
Tokugawa
who
found
among
them
many
It
trusted
formed
se-
and
delicate missions,
come
to be a well-recognized
In
immense
person
influhis
Either
in
the
of
feelings
and sought
character
to
to
mold
his
ac-
tions that he
needed to be a
man of
very
strong
remain untram-
They
all
cabinet minis-
who attempted
was not
reforms.
like the
Their in-
terference
temporary
or
meddling of a
whole
line of
Madame Pompadour
It
female cardinals.
was
owing
that the
ganization
It
was through
Mid-
zuno-Echizen was prevented from enforcing his sumptuary laws, which aimed
at
the
correction
of
many
existent
abuses.
During the
wise mea-
defeat
owing
the
ascendancy
in
At the time of the first American Embassy, the reigning Shogun, twelfth of
his line,
Abe-
who
situa-
policy to which
position.
acts has
The
mass of
and the
states-
men
of a fallen dynasty.
Even
his ne-
Commodore Perry
by
was
this treaty
which
rest
of the world.
if
not cowardice;
to be carried
spirit
away by
animated
which
the
daimios,
pitiful exhi-
A
121
refusal to treat
resulted in a bombardment,
what would
their old-fashioned
cannon
and
fortifications
due to the
full recognition
by Abe-
war
also
that
such disaster.
Our
showed
and fairness
in
his negotiations.
forget a kindness,
and international
people erected a
monument
at the spot
where he landed.
It
is
his
time,
he
merely considered
as a necessary evil.
who
He
recognized nevit
how
necessary
pan
to acquire
Western knowledge,
This he was
upon
the
To-
kugawa
authorities,
He
opened,
first
time openly
Tokio
is
a development from
school.
had been
interdicted,
and students
their
work
in
and
under
great
difficulties.
couraged in
merchant
vessels
and manage-
ment;
this
The
prohibi-
beyond a
certain
size
of
Abe-Isenokami
Tokugawa
rule
on a new
basis.
He ap-
Tokugawa government
could be
new energy. It was his intention to make the shogunate the center of all the forces that moved the
the assimilation of
empire.
It
was with
he
initiated the
Mikado and
on
all
Tokugawa
histori-
He
marriage of
gun.
his
He
active prepa-
He
corrected many-
administration,
appointed
able
men
all
and did
Next
vital
most
and confirmed
invalid.
Indeed, this
latter
the
Tokugawas
in
which
it
was
finally settled.
Among
the
Toku-
gawa
126
He
own
fine personality
and
that
ability.
His devotion
of
to the
it
Mi-
was said
court
Kioto
would be
Abe
saw
bility
for
solidifying
the
Tokugawa
rule, as
accomplish
almost
There
of his
difficulty in the
way
Shogun and
As
a samurai and
power of the
that
Yedo
Castle.
He knew
127
the extreme,
and that
it
as Keiki promised
who might
refuse to become a
mere puppet
count
in its hands.
On
this ac-
Abe dared
upon
gawa
rule.
His
attitude
toward the
Had
he
object; but in
illness
and died
at
the
age of thirty-nine.
Thus perished the last great statesman who might have retrieved the sinking
fortimes of the Tokugawas.
128
Abe
his predecessor.
respect of the
He
was
almost without supporters by the time he left Yedo, in the spring of 1858, to
obtain the imperial ratification to the
new treaty whose terms had been drawn up by him and the American consul, Townsend Harris. Times were indeed changed when a Tokugawa prime minister
was obliged to go
in person to
To
the
court, so long
from
participation in affairs of
was doubly
while
their
conservatism recoiled
from the
It
sin-
was a
difficult
who
first
time,
in
and consequently
failure.
mission
ended
They
asked
many
why
the citizens
of a foreign nation should not obey the laws of the country in which they came
to live.
and dur-
Yedo
Castle replaced
him by a pre-
130
The
new
minister,
gawa
autocracy: he
it
Though
representative
of
its
policy,
Hikone
was possessed of no
servile spirit.
He
his
was a
liege
through
fire
or water.
Descended
upon
Toku-
gawas.
To him
and one
in
which no one
181
else
To
him, the
in-
Shogun from
ancient
and
it
mios about
that
crisis,
it.
He
the
authority of the
be
made thoroughly
It
in
was
the
with this
determination
summer of 1858, he answered the summons of the dying Shogun, who had
been urged to send for him by the ladies
of
after accept-
young prince lyemochi, of the house of Kishiu, who had been the choice of the
dying Shogun, ruler instead of Keiki
132
lyemochi,
thirteen at the
ond
act
was publicly
to disgrace those
daimios
lead-
question of succession.
old prince
and memin
Abe
were
party,
from Hotta
rank.
downward,
degraded
His
third act
was
to sign commercial
Western
nations,
Mikado,
to
whom a report
of his actions
post.
The
court
highly
resented the
audacity of the
new Tokugawa
minister,
and Kioto
be-
met
to conspire
The
prince
Tokugawa
all
cabinet.
Hi-
kone,
who watched
these proceed-
move.
forty
tors
agita-
beheaded
All
were famous
men
One
of the time,
among
whom
and
artists.
plicated,
was
exiled.
Many
of
the
their
The
coup d'etat
was the
ber
loss to
of
men
remarkable
genius.
Among
Ito,
and
for
Hashimoto-Sanai of Echizen, a
states-
man
of a Mazzini-like
intellect,
its
Our
Garibaldi,
the
great
es-
In
was snowing
135
The
Hikone
to the
Kamon and
his
passed on their
way
to
morning homage
to the
Mito
clan,
and
Hikone was
swords.
killed
The
assassins fell
upon
own
and not an
Deplorable as
this
tragedy was,
it
had a helpful
determined to
effect
136
Perhaps
lies
justification
of
such acts
sination
is
the only
weapon of a
dis-
armed
protest
patriotism.
No
constitutional
would have
yet
availed
against
the
iron
racy:
icy
structure
melted
away
like the
neath the
ronins.
warm
imagination
was
excited
in
various
at heart the
com-
Mi-
pation of the
public places
doom of
the
to have been
Masked bands
waylaid the
official
money being given to the poor. A great number of samurai forsook their
the
liege lords
and assembled
in
Kioto to
service of
the Mikado.
The
To
cite
one
in-
band of
ro-
nins
entered
the
mausoleum of the
people.
assassination, yet
had
all
quence of one.
gawa
and
tion
of weakness.
Ando-Tsushimanokami,
as senior
memthe
upon hand of
of
the the
Kazunomiya,
sister
This political
Public
sentiment
against
the
about
The prime
139
minister
predecessor.
Ando, who
was a
body-guard desat-
patched the
tacks on the
rest.
These repeated
Tokugawa
ministers were
dai-
became the
Yedo
vassal.
home of
its
The
boudoir, in attempting to
VII
THE TRANSITION
THE
his
Japan assumed
energy which was displayed by the nation in adopting a rapid series of political
changes.
The
ideals.
dragon-spirit of
new
Even
the
the busy
years
that
followed
Restoration
germs of
all later
of of
those
great
transition
European
history
when
cre-
new
forms.
Like the
initiators
of
we had
to solve
much-abused
French
Revolution,
characterized
by an exuberant
was due
desire
its
en-
It
to this feeling of
samurai volswords,
the
his
untarily
gave
fiefs,
up
his
daimio his
hereditary authority.
The
found expression
empire.
THE TRANSITION
Mikado
or to the Shogun, the son op-
of extreme
had
really
summoned to protect the imperial person, and now the court, strengthened
by
their presence at Kioto,
began
to
Shogun.
There
restitution of
sired
many
Two
and the
These
until
upper hand
143
The ascendancy of
parties each in
cessive steps
its
these
different
an-
We
emas-
sumed
forms before
its rebirth.
Of
the
two original
parties, the
Fed-
eralists,
ous daimios.
them
from
welcoming
144
any
abrupt
THE TRANSITION
hoped
gunate.
for
some
sort
of
federation
Tokugawa
fied
made up of
Their for-
eign policy
made a
virtue of necessity,
commercial relationships
The
restitution
it
of imperial bureaucracy as
had exIt
was
propositions, inasmuch as
it
aimed
145
and
posed the
Imperial
were the
and the
Shintoists,
reli-
augmented by
Sun
Goddess.
The
All of these
were
fired with a
burning enthusiasm
They had
much
to
West
the
as to their ex-
asperation
with
shogunate
for
signing treaties with the foreigner regardless of the wishes of the Mikado.
The
on the
Unionists,
scene,
THE TRANSITION
thought who considered that the unity
of Japan should be accomplished at
any
cost,
crisis
through
possible.
They Toku-
gawa
Awa being
lay in the
The
main strength of
however,
New
the
Japan,
mand deep
Statesmen."
respect
"Elder
147
second to none in
Mikado, worked
for the full restoration of his sovereignty; but their theory of administration,
in
In the ideahzed
equal and
Confucian state
all
men were
on account of
his descent,
but by virtue
Wisdom was
ways.
resumed.
re-
by our
THE TRANSITION
the
Celestial
Land.
In one of the
" It
of Sakuma-Sho-
Untutored as
over those
they
their
citi-
/
y
zen
of
the
realm.
Wonder
is
the
mother of knowledge.
Treatises
on
to the
Chow
d5masty.
Montes-
Book of
the
Mencius.
Far from
149
despising
laid themselves at
It
was not the novelty but the what they found that
at-
similarity of
tracted
them.
Sakuma-Shozan
instructors
in
first
ment of European
branches of study.
first
all
He
was
also the
costume.
of
the
decadent
East
and identify
lei-
dress
meant
activity
army of
the
chapeau
Now-
THE TRANSITION
adays a reaction has
set in,
and native
costume
is
progressives.
Few
was
by the ronins of
Yet despite conservative antagonism, Western knowledge became more and more sought
it
has
now
re-
It
must always be
movement toward
historic spirit.
the acquirement of
;!^-^^,
-
common
we
did.
161
the ascen-
escorted
by
the
lords
of
Satsuma
and Tosa,
higher
tration
left
under
his
adminis-
certain
powerful daimios,
to the throne, a
The Tokugawas
refuse,
and
as the
was made
the lord of
Nabeshima
the
and
lord
of
Awa
di-
The
was
first ac-
new
cabinet
to abol-
the custom
THE TRANSITION
were
obliged
to
leave
hostages
at
Yedo and they themselves periodically to pay homage to the Shogun, both
of
which usages
formed so impor-
Tokugawa
system.
re-
Another of
at Kioto
their reforms
was the
a Federal daimio.
this position fell
who
these re-
The program of
instituting
preserving the
and
dissensions
began to spring up
153
in
The
lord of Satsuma,
who
alone might have controlled the daimios, had to return to his territory on
By
the spring of
Eng1863 we find
all
of the daimios
office
cept
Aidzu.
To them
the
daimios
seemed to be
They
The Federal
of
THE TRANSITION
for the Imperialists to take the helm
of
state.
Tokugawas refused
the
to sanction
and
take
which
daimios
would
not
seriously.
The
Imperialists, however,
this rebuff,
and
firing
obliged to
flee
of
Kioto.
They attempted
in order to
make appeal
directly to the
Attempted uprisings
in
three
met with
had
A
of
joint
army
and
led
by the
lords of
Owari
compelled
the
lord
his chief
his
an atonement for
misderetire
or-
de-
The
with
lord of
this
Aidzu was
comparatively
156
THE TRANSITION
light
vailed
upon
the
Shogun
to lead in per-
was formed.
In
their opinion,
it
was
internal disputes
when foreign
inter-
if suc-
cessful,
would
reinstate the
Tokuga-
was
in power,
The
initia-
came from
who
triple
alliance
The Tokugawa army started from Yedo for the second invasion of Choshiu without the support of the
Fed-
167
and
nominal assistance
to the expedition.
before
in the
to
stand
determined
soldiers
of
To add
This
Tokugawas
to
yielded
the
victory
the
158
THE TRANSITION
lord
of
Choshiu.
The seven
sought
court
in
nobles
who had
refuge
were reinstated
It
in their
former rank.
was about
this
Western
countries
abroad
Unionist leaders
knowledge
they
and con-
government.
was himself
called
upon
to
become the
last
his
True
159
to the
Mi-
own
house.
up
and to restore
entire
He
was, in
thorough Union-
Tosa came
urge
his res-
ignation, he bade
at once
in
the powers
his
family
THE TRANSITION
The lord of Aidzu and some of the Tokugawa samurai objected to this
sudden
surrender
of
the
shogunate
and raised
northern
their
revolts in
provinces.
of
leader,
the
Unionist
army under
of Sat-
In the
they were
all
The
11
161
VIII
RESTORATION AND REFORMATION
T
and
In emerging from
same time to
resuscitate the
classic ideals
of the East.
is
The
of
idea of
clearly expressed in
imperial
his
declaration
1868
in
which
^
f.
:
from the
As
the
word
signifies,
our restoration
162
RESTORATION REFORMATION
The government once again assumed the form of an
was
essentially a return.
of feudalism over
The
first
act
of the
to reestab-
together with
their
many
,
many
of
them were
Yet
of
The Mikado,
in-
under which
it
had
lain since
teenth century.
The
class distinction
was nominally
retained,
and the
dai-
Chinese system.
new
aristocracy
from
to
down
New Common-
The
object of those
who conducted
the
RESTORATIONREFORMATION
hardened strata of Tokugawa
life
social
and responsibilities of
There were four main
the Restoration.
lines
modfirst,
/
ern
life
was
carried.
These were,
;
constitutional
government
second, lib- 1
\
womanhood.
Constitutional government has been
and
us,
in
Turkey
it
was a sad
failure.
With
of our
first
have been so
affirm
we can safely
age
to
experimental
have
been
consciousness.
aU
The tem
new
sys-
partly
due,
no doubt, to an
many
government.
the
leading
daimios
from
various daimiates.
When
166
his
JMajesty
RESTORATION REFORMATION
the
present
Emperor
ascended
the
by
pubHc
lation
net,
opinion.
cabi-
and
Appeal.
and
judicial
to decide the
and
acit
of the
House of
House of
and
the people.
traditions, our
tion,
democracy
is
an accre-
not an eruption.
question of education for the
The
knowledge from
the world.
all
sources throughout
the existence in
of
ele-
RESTORATION REFORMATION
academies of learning for the higher
classes.
its
new
environment.
Elementary
all
education
boys and
There are
crafts, while
and
science.
Female education
is
A few years
all
ago a
versity
compulsory in
A great number of
are
Americans
and
Europeans
em-
men and women study abroad either at their own or the governsands of young
ment's
acquire
expense.
Our
eagerness
to
hosts of our
young men
to seek menial
work
in foreign countries,
service,
The
ac-
derogatory.
ethical
RESTORATION REFORMATION
The
lated after
ples
code of morality,
the universal princi-
summing up
of ethics,
:
concludes
with
these
words
the path
It
is
followed
by your ancestors."
Mikado.
Our system of
proved more potent than any other factor in strengthening national loyalism.
It has, in fact, transformed the
com-
moner
rise
into
a samurai.
Conscription
practice
was
French
lines.
liable to
and second
reserves.
In case of extreme
trained in
The
and
officers,
special schools
staff* colleges,
come
the entire
the nation at
many
cen-
sworded
own
ren; he
now
man
is
soul of honor.
He
RESTORATION REFORMATION
tering his tactics and imbibing that pro-
is
the essence
At
first,
on account of
were
courage; but
his
Western
halla or
on the hope of
a future reward.
We
preach no Val-
Buddhism promise
man.
It
causes our
at the
lies
word of command.
of country.
Our
who
173
If he
it
sometimes offers
is
no
womanhood.
The Western
attitude of
It
is
Christianity origi-
womanhood,
not
its
new
it
to Eastern minds.
religion
As
rope,
174
RESTORATION REFORMATION
German
forest,
and, above
all,
the clean
race,
manhood of
all
the
Anglo-Saxon
tion of
probably
con-
woman.
respect and freedom not to be
in the East.
manded a
found elsewhere
We have
from a
it is
his lineage.
During
many
we were under the rule of a female sovereign. Our Empress Zingo personally led a victorious army
ancient history
into Korea,
and
it
sovereigns
own
right
we
considered
woman
in all respects
classic lit-
as the equal of
man.
In our
erature
we
find the
Kamakura
knights.
As
ries
social
woman was
relegated
to
from public
and confined
what
Our
and
1630 a female
RESTORATION REFORMATION
considered part of the education of a
samurai's daughter, and
so considered
is,
indeed,
still
among many
old families.
in-
Among
dustries
the
we have
eternal
womanhood,
or friend.
We
woman.
his help
To-day we
She
man
is
is
the epitome of the past and the reservoir of the future, so that the responsibilities
of the
new
social life
which
is
may
be safely intrusted
we
West pays
all
to
woman.
the
rights of her
Western
sister,
though she
;
al-
most
all
of our
women
still
consider the
society, as their
proper
Time
178
RESTORATION REFORMATION
womanhood
social life
is
and
its
web of convention. In
has always been worall
the East
woman
those hon-
homage
not that
the wife
nity
is
is less
hoUer.
Again, our
woman
loves
is
the
and love
more
the
man
cup of happiness.
179
We had es-
government
we had
remodeled our
civil
oped
extensive
commercial
with the rest of the world, yet the foreign powers persistently refused to revise the obsolete treaties signed
under
the
Tokugawa
shogunate.
We did not
merce
meant a heavy
loss to us,
Japan was
restored,
There were
own
180
RESTORATION REFORMATION
realize
the
anguish
that
they
cause
to those
It
is
ministered at
all is in itself
a condem-
necessarily a humiliation
Since the
peremptory refusal or
orbitant
some ex-
demand
in
exchange.
it
The
true,
is
the other
pow-
would
was something
181
to convince the
West
cessfully
assume the
responsibilities of
an enhghtened people.
It
was not
until
Japan.
It
that civilization, in
progress, often
last
few
many
unnecessary
if
ful measures.
RESTORATION REFORMATION
wildered in the mid-stream of conflicting
opinions,
watching
with
dismay the
of subconscious thought.
diculousness of paradox,
all
All the
ri-
the cruelty
We might have
Conservative
local rebel-
and
which we
lost
est pioneers
the
and contrary
currents.
183
IX
THE REINCARNATION
PESSIMISTS
pan
is
Old Jathat
no more.
They hold
individuality
Eminent European
Japan
as transient
doomed
to
in the
change
our disregard of
permanence
in the
daily swept
away
by
conflagrations.
To them
184
everything
THE REINCARNATION
Japanese lacks
solidity
and
stability,
from
Buddhism teaching
all things.
the evanescence of
It
is
new
life
many
we have
still
main true
though
shows the
virility
of the mighty
fish
that
should
be
remembered that
in
more
real
and
vital
by the movements of a huge fish which bears the of Japan upon its back.
186
transitory
of
the
munsoul.
moment
ceased to
immutabihty of the
dawn of
history our
Mikado show a consistent tenacity of ancient ideals, while the fact that we have
preserved the arts and customs of ancient
have become
birth
of their
is sufficient
Our
conservatism
Ise,
our imperial
forever worshiped.
That
holiest shrine of
our ancestrism
its
pristine
beauty as
it
was twenty
centuries ago,
186
THE REINCARNATION
The world may, perhaps, laugh
us of a lack of constancy.
viduality has been preserved
at our
Our
indi-
from sub-
Western
ideas
characteristics
of
foreign
thought.
From
coasts of Japan.
its
flooded us with
of ro-
From
the dualistic
to the ultra-
theories of the
Hinayana*
monistic doctrines of Bodhidharma,^ InSouthern school of Buddhism, or Lesser Vehicle. An Indian monk who came to China in the sixth century and started the early form of Zen.
^
187
conflicting as
inheritance.
ideals
ancient
eclecticism,
our national
tile
involved
unknown
to India
and China.
It
is
we
ciate
more
easily than
our neighbors
188
THE REINCARNATION
those elements of
Western
to
civilization
which
quire.
it is
desirable that
Accustomed
generally
The same eclecticism which ''^^^ had chosen Buddha as the spiritual and
supposed.
Confucius as the moral guide, hailed ^-^X modern science as the beacon of material
progress.
Our
scientific
sanitation
ordinary comforts of
life are
much more
however,
lines,
effect
189
beyond acting
as a stimulus for
further efforts.
and
social
sitated so great a
might
at first
seem apparent.
Our
past
It
must be
seeming
remembered that
in spite of the
human development
and that
is
fundamen-
social usage.
We
The
five
Chow dynasty
three
THE REINCARNATION
ished
first
by the
Hang
^^''^'^
cialistic
distribution of property
and govern-
ment management of
ucts,
agricultural prod-
during the
Hang
Modern German
pated in India
Christianity
many
other points of
Japan was
able to
One who
191
modern
is still
Japan
Civil
beating
strongly.
Our
spirit
Code,
of Western
Our
simiis
may seem
many Western
constitutions,
prototype in
began
course.
Armed
our scholars
and
literature.
The
Historical
our annals.
cal
The Imperial
has,
Archseologithe last
fif-
Commission
in
192
THE REINCARNATION
teen years, ransacked the monasteries
tradi-
tions of the
Tokugawa
critics.
Rare
an extremely valuable
recently acquired
chives of Peking.
collection being
ar-
An
interest in
San-
and the
Max
are studied
Old cus-
did, the
tendency of
it
more
have
The
tea-cere-
mony and
^
flower-arrangement
193
common
features in the
of our ladies.
Classic music
and
not,
drama of European
ancient
by people
may
of
perhaps, be generally
known
that the
ceremonial
functions
the
alteration in form.
stance of this,
As a we may call
war with
Mikado, and a special guard was detailed for service at the shrine in Ise
hostilities.
real
real
the reincarnation of
Old Japan.
In the
194
THE REINCARNATION
same hands whose untiring patience
gave
its
samurai,
sadness of
his
things"
enemy's
that
wound
is
The ardor
inspired
trine
to
do.
pie have
crisis is
Buddha who
All that
is
mon-
and representative in
is
The
brilliant creations
195
inseparably connected
vi^ith
Natsuo,
Zesshin,
Hogai, and
spirit
Gaho mean
art
illustriously
We do not
European
its
and
in
THE REINCARNATION
amid the adverse surroundings
it
in
which
found
itself.
The
ma-
poses the
of the variety of
The cheap
is
wor-
exis-
Patronage
is
Music
is
criticized
The
may
a matter of
It
should be
known
is
suffering not
of Western ideas.
The demand of
the
art goods,
Our
We no lon-
China to excite our rivalry and urge us on to fresh endeavors. On the other
hand, the unfortunately contemptuous
attitude which the average
Westerner
our canons of
art.
may
THE REINCARNATION
West, as a whole,
is
constantly preachits
own
culture
and
Japan
It
the world.
among
upholders
of
our
national
The
delight of
some of our
Lon-
don
is
from Paris
customs.
re-
maining true
it
We
trust
and hope
it
has
199
ture.
Every
self-confidence
a strong incentive to
A
We
still
and
hope that our success over a stronger adversary than China will give us a
deeper self-confidence.
We
shall
be
as-
to offer, but
we must remember
spect
lies in
own
ideals.
200
X
JAPAN AND PEACE
WE
and expan-
sive ambitions.
Perhaps to European
it
may
be incon-
we
by
to
But
final recourse to
Confucianism, which
is
an
epit-
China,
is
essentially self-contained
its
and
fer-
non-aggressive in
tility
nature.
The
rendered
any overstepping
of
their
The
and consecration of
labor,
go hand
taught
in hand.
(
He
and
his followers
Later came
Buddhism
contentment and
'
Not
we
\ collision
The only
oc-
menaced Ja-
own Mongol
their authority
upon
us.
of!
narrow
limits of her
J
The fact that in the eighth century we had given up our ancient dominion over Korea, proves how
island empire.
'
The
origi-
Archaeological remains in
as
the
Our
earliest traditions
and Dankun,
is
first
the rise of a
^
/dent kingdoms.
Our
annals are
filled
'-^
\our
From this
our energy
This
all
the
unheeded by
invasion of
the mother-country.
who
Our
to
mea-
whom
he consid-
But
re-
The only
result of
was the
from the
homage of a
205
till
we
imphed by
ourselves
it
to interfere in
continental politics.
On
the contrary,
we prided
isolation
from the
The Tokugawa
policy of non-interis
well ex-
of the
Ming
dynasty,
who drove
the
three
against the
Manchu
conquerors of China.
all
The governors of
Ming
au-
206
Half a Japanese
himself,
Ming
refugee by a
his birth
an
alliance
kugawa
to allow
them
to
do
so.
Our
relations with
and non-aggression.
conditions
When
were
international
changed indeed!
No
hope to maintain
less it
independence un-
The Yellow Sea and the Korean straits, which we formerly considered as invincible obstacles to aggression
from the
continent,
amounted
range ordnance.
Any
hostile
power
in
if
it
be
laid
their hands
Under
we
are compelled to
It
was for
this
same indepen-
we
the
tribute to the
shogunate.
for
Korea
209
labored
under
"
recognize
the
government of the
upon
us.
Much
less
European
by the
nations.
The
ists
1873 and
secession-
which the
latter
always came
out victorious.
At
West
East
interest in the
and would
The members of
that the unique
the
moment had
when Japan might assume control of Korea and lay at rest forever the danger
of her falling into the hands of some
other power.
al-
nation,
and we
exist-
the
Korean ques-
The Mikado's
who had
a voice
In
had a higher
significance
To them
it
repre-
The
lives
of those
moral tone
government and
and purity.
who appear
critical
ing the
tional regeneration.
The advocates of peace prevailed, and the war party resigned from the government and rose
those
in rebellion, so that
who remained
inlBlict
in
obHged to
upon
their
erstwhile
In 1876
first
time
Our
China
kingdom was
to force
and Russia had respected the independence of Korea, no wars would have
taken place.
in 1894-95
was
make
owner of
treaty of 1876
the independence of
blow.
Japan
kingdom beyond
Her
con-
213
insignificant
in point
of
size.
The
Weeks' War,
outcome of a
and was
once for
still
practically the
The
parallelism
may
be
division of Austria
for
it
ligerent party
Manchurian court
In
this
may
hands.
214
Here again
the antagonism
was the
real
cause of
all trouble.
To
the enlightened
The
ment which
tablish.
the cabinet
to
The
history of
war
is
well known.
Ping-yang was
quered the
ria,
Korea
and
ceded
to
us
territories
By
this treaty
we had
was the
any furvirtual
Korea
as a safeguard against
ther danger
from China.
With
It
triple coalition
bly
we had
made
in the war.
We were, however, in
had only
mands of
tion
came
in the sacred
European diplomacy, we
fair
still
and
on the
terests of universal
commerce.
Nine
after
prom-
to be ful-
huge armies
itself.
The
we we
arose.
Among
in
deadly
conflict.
We
218
mony
for
in
all
Asia.
Who
The
tion
drawn by the
utterance.
It
may
that
first
known
coined in
Germany when
we become suspicious when Russia takes up the cry at the very moment when she is tightening the grasp of her mailed hand on ManNaturally, therefore,
churia and Korea.
on earth of
sufficient
monu-
219
stretching
from Shan-hai-kuan
Tonkan
territorial
During the
its
twenty-one centuries of
existence
gates,
of chastising predatory
fact peculiarly
It
is
no
prises,
quests or
Roman
triumphs.
The
epics
no echo in the
literature of the
Flow-
ery Kingdom.
This cry of a
YeUow
220
now
White
ri-
diculous.
conditions
may
be, there is
no reason for
in-
and
set forth
on a career of over-
whelming devastation.
If the wont of history
itself, if
is
to repeat
a real peril
it
is
again to threaten
his-
the world,
will be
valleys of the
was from
221
It
is
among
the tall
wave
to the
banks of the
Amur
Ural Mountains that the Siberian Cossacks and Tartars, grim descendants of
still
In the
atrocities
committed in
of Kishinef,
the
world
loose.
Russia
now
attributes to
When
will
wars cease?
In the West
international
JAPAN AND PEACE
tions have
is
no conscience, and
all
chivalry
races.
courage and
is
bound
What mean
these strange
Such contradic-
The
find
we
the world
still
in the
dusk of humanity.
shall
223
CHRONOLOGY
India
B.C.
823
China
B.C.
604 Lao-tsze
B.C.
Japan
660 First
Buddha
Em-
pwror of
Japan
551
Confucius
24SAsoka
221 Tsin
Dynasty
202
Hang
Dynasty
A.D.
50 Kaniska
A.D.
67 Introduction of
220 268
Confucianism
550
Vikrama^
ditya
552 Introduction of
618
800 Sanchara-
Tang
Dynasty
700
800
907
The Heian
Period
charya
The Five
Dynasties
900
The Fujiwara
Period
960
Sung
Dynasty
1024
Mahmud
ofGhazni
1100 Rise of the
1150 Decline of
Mongols
1219 Beginning
1200 Jenghiz 1192
Imperial
Rule
Kamakura Sho-
of Mongol Invasion
1260
Khan
Yuen, or the Mongol, Dynasty
1281
gunate Mongol
Invasion
224
CHRONOLOGY
India
China
Japan
A.D, 1S34 Temporary Restoration of
Imr>erial
Dynasty
1526
The Mogul
Empire King
1664
1664 Sivaji,
Manchu
Dynasty
Tokuga-
of the
wa Shogunate
Mahrattas
1757 Battle of
1800 Russians
on
1806 Russian
En-
the
Amur
croach-
Moguls
1842
ment on
Yesso
Opium War;
British in
Hongkong
1858 British Sov1853
Sack of the
1860
Summer
Palace
1861
1867 Resignation
of Keiki,
the last
Shogun
1868 Restoration
of the Imperial
Rule
1874 French Pro-
tectorate over
Annam
1894
War with
China
1806 Russia in
many
in
1904
Kiao-chau
War with
Russia
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