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Parabolic Reflectors
For above shockwave generators PAREF12 305 mm d 75 mm f l......$7 9.95 PAREF18 460 mm d 115 mm f l....$99.95 PAREF24 610 mm d 152 mm f l .$139.95
50 KV Current Charger
Plans included in this data package
10 to 50 KV capacitor charger with reactance current limiting. Adjustable short circuit current is charging current! Operates from 12 vdc at 5 amps for field use. Output current 100 ua to .5ma.
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The following is a description of the strategic parts used in our lab assembled system. Capacitor ( This part available through our labs)
The capacitor ( C ) used for this type of application must have very low inherent inductance and discharge resistance. At the same time the part must have the energy storage sufficient to produce the necessary high powered pulse at the target frequency. Unfortunately these two requirements do not go hand and hand. Higher energy capacitors always will have more inductance than lower energy units. Another important point is the use of relatively high discharge voltages ( V ) to generate high discharge currents. These values are required to overcome the inherent complex loss impedances of the series inductance and resistance of the discharge path. The capacitor used in our system is .5 mfd at 50,000 volts with a .03 uh series inductance. Our target fundamental frequency for the lower power non disruptive circuit is 1 mhz. The system energy is 400 Joules as determined by E=1/2 CV2.. with E at 40 kv. The terminals of the capacitor are brass blocks intended to keep al impedances as low as possible.
Inductor (Easily made by the experimenter for low frequency radio pulse)
The inductance shown as ( L1 ) is a lumping of all stray connecting leads, spark switch, exploding wire disrupter and the inherent inductance of the capacitor. This inductance resonates at a wide band of frequencies and must be able to handle the high discharge current pulse ( I ) . The value of the lumped value is around .05 uh. .1 uh. The conductor sizes must take into effect the high pulse current ideally equal to V X (C/L) 1/2 . This fast current transition wants to flow on the conductor surface due to the high frequency skin effect. You may use an inductor of several turns for experimenting at the lower frequencies along with a coupled antenna .Dimension are determined by the air inductance formula: L= (10 x D2 x N2 )/l where D is diameter in cm, l is length in cm, N is turns. A coil from 3 turns of 10 mm (.375) copper tubing on a 7.5 cm (3) diameter spread out to 15 cm ( 6). Calculated inductance is close to .3 uh.
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R1 Resistor
Intended as a safety providing a high back impedance should a short occur in the output stage of the current driver. Use approximately 50 to 100 k at least 100 watts
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5 Charger
The charger for the system can be any current limited source with an open circuit voltage in excess of 50 kv. The charging current rate will determine the amount of time necessary to reach a firing level and need not be that fast for this experimental system as shown. A single charging cycle produces approx 500 Joules per shot and requires reloading of the wire for exploding disrupter switch. A 2 ma current source will charge the ..5 mfd capacitor to 50 kv in approx 5 seconds. This is shown mathematically by t = c v /i a spark gap driven radiator or wire dispensing scheme. Our HVOLT10 is an excellent candidate for this section and provides up to 80 kv at 200 microamps. Our 50KVCC10 is shown as plans in this literature and provides an adjustable 10 to 50 kv at up to 500 microamps. Both are available completely assembled and ready to use and are shown on front cover page.. (.5)(10e-6)(5*10e3)/.002. This rate is more than ample and there is no advantage to a higher current system unless you are planning to do a multiple discharge system using
Assembly
Our lab pulser is shown constructed using hardware store available materials and parts. The structure uses a combination of 3/4 schedule 40 PVC tubing for the pillars and flat faced end caps for the retainers. Partitions are made from non conductive material of structural integrity for the application . We used 3/8 clear acrylic plate stock. Fig 2 inse shows the scheme we used to attach these sections to the flat faced end caps. The sections are secured by drilling clearance holes and using plastic tye wraps to keep together. Use of PVC cement is obviously stronger but prevents disassembly without destroying the support structure. The pillar and cap assemblies are attached to the partition plates using 1 x 1/4-20 bolts and nuts. The capacitor (C1) is secured to the bottom partition by a cradle assembly fabbed from wood or plastic pieces. This scheme stabilizes the bottom of the capacitor. The terminal connections of the capacitor are extended by metal plate sections fabbed as shown. These now attach to the terminals connecting to the exploding wire cavity section via brass threaded rods sleeved into pieces of 3/4 PVC pillar tubing. The bottom spark gap electrode is made adjustable by adjustment of the bottom nut on the extended rod. You will note the 4 longer pillars are positioned at the corners of the bottom and middle partition plates. The shorter pillars are positioned at the mid sections of the middle and top partition plates. This layout is shown in fig 4 top view of middle partition plate.
Application
This system in intended for research into the susceptibility of sensitive electronic equipment to E.M.P. (Electromagnetic pulse) The system can be scaled down for portable field use operating on rechargeable batteries. It can be scaled up to produce kilojoule pulses at the users own risk. No attempt to construct or use this device should be considered unless thoroughly experienced in the use high pulse energy systems The electromagnetic energy pulse can be focused or made parallel by use of a parabolic reflector. Experimental targets can be any sensitive electronic equipment or even a gas discharge lamp. The acoustical spark energy can produce a sonic shock wave of high sound pressure at the focal length of the parabolic antenna.
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EMPFIG1-601
Resistor RFC1
Current charger
Gap Capacitor
Target
Basic Theory
A resonant LCR circuit consisting of components as in the above figure. Capacitor C1 is charged up from constant current charger at Ic. The voltage V across C1 is now related to V = It/C. The spark switch (GAP) is set to fire just before V reaches 100,000 volts. Once fired, a peak current rise of di/dt=V/L occurs. The period of circuit response is functional of .16 x (LC)^.5. The capacitor now discharges into the circuit inductance in 1/4t with the peak current now causing the wire to explode and interrupting this current just before it peaks. The inductive energy (LI^2) is released in an explosive burst of broad band electromagnetic radiation. The peak power is derived via the following and is in excess of many megawatts!!!!! 1. Charging Cycle: dv=Idt/C (Expresses the voltage charging on the capacitor as a f(t) with I constant current. E=.5Cv^2 (Expresses energy in JOULES as the voltage increases)
3. Response time 1/4 cycle current peak: 1.57(LC)^.5 (Expresses the time for the first resonant current peaking when the spark switch fires) 4. Peak current in 1/4 cycle: V (C/L)^.5 (Expresses the peak current) 5. Initial response as a (f)t: Ldi/dt+iR+1/C+1/Cint idt = 0 {Expresses voltages as a f(t)} 6. Energy JOULES in inductor: E= .5Li^2 7. Response when circuit is disrupted at max current through L: Ld^2i/dt^2 + Rdi/dt + it/C = dv/dt. One now sees the explosive effects of the first term of this simple equation as the energy in the inductor must go somewhere in a very short time resulting in an explosive E X B field energy release An appreciable pulse of many megawatts in the upper RF energy spectrum can be obtained by destabilizing the LCR circuit as shown above. The only limiting factor is the intrinsic real resistance that is always present in several forms.such as leads, skin effect, dielectric and switching losses etc. These losses must be minimized for optimum results. The RF output can be coupled to a parabolic microwave dish or tuned horn. The Q of the output will depend to an extent on the geometry of the wire switch. Longer lengths will produce more "B" field characteristics while short more "E" field. These parameters will enter into the coupling equations regarding the radiation efficiency of the antenna. Experimenting is the best approach using your math skills only for approximating key parameters. Damage to circuitry usuallly is the result of very high di/dt (B field) pulse properties. This is point of discussion!!
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EMPFIGZ-601
Dimension of spark switch and output section will depend on the maximum value of the charging voltage used.
Tungsten /cerium electrodes are recommended. The brass spheres provide a frictional press fit as well as some cooling
Partition Plates
Optional 1/4" tungsten inserts
Partition Plates
COMMON/GRD
Extender bracket
C1 Capacitor
Partition Plate
Method we used to attach pillars to partition plates using flat faced end caps attached with 1/4-20 nuts and bolts. Drill holes thru cap and pillar for tye wraps to secure together. Note there are 24 of these attachment points!!
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Fig 4 Top View of Mid Partition Plate Showing Xray View of Capacitor Placement and Mounting Holes
Position of capacitor
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EMPFINAL
Use 1/16 copper or brass brackets shaped as shown. Fab holes for screws. Wire to explode Bracket to reflector connection. Use screw and nut
Target wire is sandwiched by washers and screws to fabbed brackets Conic Reflector-shown as shallow paraboloid. Must be experimented with for best position in reference to target wire
Our low cost open air spark switch is shown. Serious experimenters may want to consider our triggered enclosed devices as on cover sheet.
HV output
HV Return
Current charger-HVOLT10 shown as described on cover Controlled 12 vdc input 1-2 amps
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EMP Spark Switch Setup and Layout for Low Freq Coupling to Antenna.
Form coil from 3 turns of 1 4"ID copper tube 3" diameter. Adjust to 3 to 6" length to obtain required inductance.
1 4" Threaded rod is sleeved into ID of copper tubing and soldered with a propane torch. Rod is retained in position by shaft collars.
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CIRCUIT THEORY
ref FIG 1
Mosfets Q1 and Q2 alternately switch the primary of reactance limited transformer T1. The gates for these transistors are fed out of phase by oscillator/driver I1. Output voltage is adjusted by R3 and R4 that control the oscillator frequency. The built in leakage reactance of T1 now limits the current as a function of the frequency. The output of T1 is rectified and multiplied by the combination of high voltage caps and diodes to over 50 KV See FIG
CONSTRUCTION STEPS
1. Layout and identify all parts and pieces and check against parts list. 2. Assemble and rework T1 ferrite transformer per FIG 4. 3. Fabricate MTGBKT mounting bracket Fig 5a 4. Fabricate channel /cover combination as shown fig 5b 5. Assemble board as shown fig 2 Insert capacitors C1,3 and note polarity as these are electrolytic. Insert C2,4 and 5 Insert R1,2,5,6,7,8 Insert Q1,2 and I1 noting polarity. Solder short pieces of buss wire on points noted as TP1,2. These are test points Solder in components and clip off excess leads 6. Wire in control pot R3 using ( ) #22 hookup wire. Note inset showing trimmer R4 soldered to contacts of R3. 7. Connect ( ) #22 hookup wire from board for connection to FS1 and a piece from board to common ground point lug.
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13 8. Attach TI to channel using tye wrap as shown fig 6. 9. Snake wire leads from T1 thru bushing and solder to board assembly as shown. 10. Attach board assembly into MTGBKT1 mounting bracket. Fasten Q1,2 as shown on mounting scheme inset. Note that metal tabs of Q1,2 as shown must be totally insulated from metal bracket. 11. Wire in leads to S1,FS1 and COMMON GROUND LUG asshown fig2 12. Assemble multiplier board as shown fig3. Output wire is lead of R10 that is fed thru small hole in CAP1. 13. Fabricate EN1 multiplier enclosure from 1 5/8 X 12 X 1/32 plastic tubing. Cut in 2 slots for passage of HV output wire and ground return per fig6. 14. Assemble multiplier section and wire in to T1 as shown fig6. Note EN1 enclosure sliding into plastic cap CAP2 secured to channel via SW2/NUT. 15. Final connect up all wiring points noting the common ground point lug. Note external leads to power and ground should be about 3 (1 meter)
TEST STEPS
16. Obtain a 100 megohm 5 to 10 watt high voltage resistor. We use a combination of (4) 100 megohm 3 high voltage tiger resistors in a parallel series connection. Connect across output and ground. 17. Preset R3 and R4 fully clockwise. Install 3 amp fuse in holder. 18. Connect scope to TP1 and ground. Connect a 12 vdc 3 amp power supply to input leads. You may also use a vehicle storage battery. 19. Connect a high voltage high resistance meter across output to ground. 20. Apply power via S1 and note wave shape on scope. Adjust R4 trimmer for a period of 18 micro-secs and note wave shape as shown on inset fig1. Meter should be reading 50kv with an input current of approx 2.5 amps. Turn R3 control CCW and note output voltage and input current dropping smoothly. Please note that this unit is more of a current source rather than a voltage source. Do not operate without a load connected and always preset control R3 full CCW and adjust very slowly. It is suggested to monitor output with a suitable voltmeter or keep load resistors connected.
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Parts list
PART# R1,6,7 R2 R3 R4 R5 R8 R9 R10 AMT 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 DESCRIPTION
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ELECTRICAL
10 OHM 1/4 WATT RESISTORS (BR,BLK,BLK) 1KOHM 1/4 WATT (BR,BLK,RED) 10K OHM POT 5KOHM TRIMMER 10 OHM 1/2 WATT (BR,BLK,BLK) 15 OHM 3 WATT NON INDUCTIVE (BR,GRN,BLK) 220 OHM 1/2 WATT (RED,RED,BR) 47K 1 WATT (YEL,PUR,OR)
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6-n
1 1 1 1 1 12
100M/25V VERT ELECT CAP 4700P/50V POLYESTER 1000M/35V VERT ELECT .1M/100V POLYESTER .0033M/250V POLYPROPYLENE .001M/15KV CERAMIC ( RED CAP) .001M/10KV
I1 Q1,2 D1-n T1 WR1BLK WR1RED WR1GR WR2 PC1 PERF SW1 SW2 NU1 MICA TYEWRAP FS1 S1 LUGS BU1 BU2 1
1 2 12 1 6 6 6 6 IN 1 3 3 6 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
DRIVER IC 3525 IRF540 MOSFETS 12KV AVALANCHE 100ns 5ma RECT SPECIAL REWORKED FLYBACK-FIG 4 #20 VINYL HOOKUP WIRE-BLACK #20 VINYL HOOKUP WIRE-RED #20 VINYL HOOKUP WIRE-GREEN #20 BUSS WIRE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD-VARG PERFORATED CIRCUIT .2X.2 1-1/2X4-1/2 6-32X1/2 NYLON SCREWS 6-32X1/2 STAINLESS SCREWS 6-32 NUT MICA WASHERS FOR Q1,2 -FIG 6 10 NYLON TYEWRAP FUSE HOLDER AND 3A FUSE SPST PANEL TOGGLE SWITCH #6 SOLDER LUGS 3/8 BUSHING SMALL STRAIN BUSHING
PCVARG
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AMT 1 1
MECHANICAL
MTGBKT CHANNEL PLASTIC CAP1,2 EN1 COVER SLEEVE 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 MOUNTING BRACKET-FAB FIG 5A PLASTIC CHANNEL BASE-FAB FIG 5B 2X2 THIN PLASTIC SHEET 1-5/8 PLASTIC CAP-FAB AS DIRECTED 1-5/8 X 12 X 1/32 WALL PLASTIC TUBE PLASTIC COVER -FAB FIG 5C 1 X 1/4 VINYL TUBE -PREVENTS ANNOYING SHOCKS
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F S 1
CONT R OLR 3
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