STEPENOVANJE

Proizvod a a ... a = a n naziva se n -tim stepenom broja. Ako je a R , a 0 i neka je n N

n puta

Po definiciji je:
0

4
1) a 0 = 1 primer: 50 = 1, (3) 0 = 1, = 1
7
1
1
1
1 1
2) a n = n primer: 3 2 = 2 = , 53 = 3 =
a
5 125
3
9
______________________________________________________________________

Jo vae sledea pravila:

3)
4)
5)
6)

a m a n = a m+n
a m : a n = a mn
( a m ) n = a m n
( a b) = a n b n

b
=
a

primer:
primer:
primer:
primer:

32 35 = 32+5 = 37
710 : 7 6 = 7106 = 7 4
(23 ) 5 = 235 = 215
(12 11) 5 = 125 112
2

72
7
primer = 2
4
4

an
a
7) = n
b
b
a
8)
b

32 9
2
3
primer = = 2 =
2
4
3
2

O emu treba voditi rauna?

Treba paziti na zapis: (5) 2 = (5)(5) = 25 , dok 52 = 5 5 = 25 . Uopteno vai:
( a) paran = a paran
( a) neparan = a neparan
Dakle, paran izloilac uniti minus.

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ZADACI

1) Izraunati:

( 27 : 25 ) 23
24 : 22

(27 : 25 ) 23 27 5 23 22 23 22+3 25
=
=
= 2 = 2 = 25 2 = 23 = 8
24 : 22
24 2
22
2
2
_____________________________________________________________

2) Izraunati:

35 93
27 2 3

35 93 35 (32 )3 35 36 35
= 3 2 1 = 6 1 = 1 = 351 = 34 = 3 3 3 3 = 81
2
27 3 (3 ) 3
3 3 3

______________________________________________________________

3) Izraunati:

( x 4 )3 x 3 : x 5
=
( x 5 : x 2 )3

( x 4 ) 3 x 3 : x 5 x12 x 3 : x 5 x12+ 35 x10

=
= 3 3 = 9 = x109 = x1 = x
( x 5 : x 2 )3
( x 5 2 ) 3
(x )
x
_______________________________________________________________

4) Izraunati:

3n +1 3n + 2
32 n + 4

3 n +1 3 n + 2 3 n +1+ n + 2 3 2 n + 3
= 2 n + 4 = 2 n + 4 = Pazi pa zagrade zbog minusa
32n+ 4
3
3
1 1
= 3( 2 n + 3) ( 2 n + 4 ) = 32 n +3 2 n 4 = 31 = 1 =
3 3
_______________________________________________________________

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5)

Izraunati 0,51 + 0,252 + 0,1253 + 0,06254

0,51 + 0,252 + 0,1253 + 0,06254 =
1

1
1
1
1
+ + + =
16
8
4
2
1

2 4 8 16
+ + + =
1 2 1 1
21 + 4 2 + 83 + 16 4 = 2 + 16 + 512 + 65536 = 66066
_________________________________________________________________

6) Izraunati 11 + 2 2 + 33 + (1) 1 + (2) 2 + (3) 3

11 + 2 2 + 33 + (1) 1 + (2) 2 + (3) 3 =
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ 2+ 3+
+
+
=
1
2
1 2 3 (1) (2) (3) 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1+ +
1+
= + = =
4 27
4 27 4 4 4 2
_________________________________________________________________
4

1 3
5
a = 5 i b = 10 3
4 2
3
3

7) Ako je

nadji a b 1

2
53 44 32
1 3
4 3
a = 53 = 53 2 =
22
4 2
1 2
53 (22 ) 4 32
=
= 53 (22 )3 32 = 53 26 32
2
2

3
2
(5 2)3 32 53 23 32
5
3 10 3
=
=
= 5 23 32
b = 10 = 103 =
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
5


3

Konano:

izraunati i a b 1

1
= 52 23 = 25 8 = 200
3
2
5 2 3
______________________________________________________________
a b 1 = 53 26 32

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 5 x 5 2 y 1 3
8) Izraunati 2 1 : 10 x 2 y 3
2 y 5x

5 x 5 2 y 1 3

1 : 10 x 2 y 3 =
2

2 y 5x

52 x10
y3
2 4 3 3 : 10 x 2 y 3 =
2 y 5 x
(5 2+3 x103 y 3 4 2 2 ) : 10 x 2 y 3 =
(51 x 7 y 1 4) : 10 x 2 y 3 =
20 7 2 1( 3)
x y
= 2 x 5 y 1+ 3 = 2 x 5 y 2
10
__________________________________________________________
1 3 1 4
10 + 10
x
2
2
9) Ako je 10 =
55 10 7

Odrediti x.

1
1
1 3 1 4
+
10 + 10
2
2
= 2000 20000 = Izvuemo gore zajedniki
7
55
55 10
10000000
1
1
11
1 11
1 +

2000 10 2000 10
=
= 20000 =
55
55
55
10000000 10000000
10000000
1110000000 1110000000 10000000
=
=
= 100 = 102
20000 55
11100000
100000
sada je 10 x = 10 2 , dakle x = 2
________________________________________________________
10)
a) A 10 5 = 0,2 0,008

b)

B 10 6 = 0,04 0,006

A 10 5 = 2 10 1 8 10 3

B 10 6 = 4 10 2 6 10 3

A 10 5 = 16 10 4

B 10 6 = 24 10 5

16 10 4
10 5
A = 16 10 4( 5)
A=

A = 16 10 4+5
A = 16 10
A = 160

24 10 5
10 6
B = 24 10 5+ 6
B = 24 10
B = 240
B=

Ovde smo koristili zapisivanje realnog broja u sistemu sa osnovnim 10. Ovo je dobra
opcija kada je broj glomazan.
Primeri:
1) Brzina svetlosti je priblino c 300000000m / s a mi je lake zapisujemo
c 3 108 m / s , 108 -znai da ima 8 nula iza jedinice!!!
1
1
1
2
2)
=
= 10 5 = 10 5 = 2 10 1 10 5 = 2 10 6
5
500000 5 10
5
10
5
5
3) 0,000069 = 6,9 10 7 10
4) Povrina zemlje je 510083000km 2 ali mi zapisujemo 5 108 km 2

3a x
ax
ax
2a x

11) Izraunati

:
x
1 + a x a 2 x 1 a x a x
1 a
3a x
2a x
ax
ax
:

x
1 + a x a 2 x 1 a x a x
1 a
2
1
3

x
x
x
ax

a
a 2x : a
=

1
1
1
a
1

x
1 x 1+ x
a x
a
a
a

2
1
x
x

x
x
a
=
xa xa 2 x : 2ax
a 1 a +1 a 1 a 1
x

ax
a
ax
3

ax
2
1

=
x
: 2x
x
x
x
a 1 a + 1 (a 1)(a + 1) a 1
3(a x + 1) 2(a x 1) a x a 2 x 1

=
(a x 1)(a x + 1)
1
x
x
3a x + 3 2a x + 2 a x (a 1)(a + 1)

=
1
(a x 1)(a x + 1)

= 3+ 2 = 5
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12)

Izraunati

1 x 1
x x 2
x x 1
:
2

1
2
1
1
x + x +1 1+ x + 2 x 1+ x

x x 2
1 x 1
x x 1

=
:
2
1
2
1
1
x + x +1 1+ x + 2 x 1+ x
1
1
1

x
1
x x2

x
x =

1 1
:
1
2
1
2 + +1 1+ 2 + 1+
x
x
x
x
x
x3 1
x2 1

x2
x

:
2
x2 + 1 + 2x
1+ x + x

x2
x2

x 1
x =
x +1
x

( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) x( x 1) ( x + 1)

( x + 1) 2
x
+
x
+
1

x 1
:
=
x +1

x 1 x( x 1) x 1

:
x +1 x +1
1
( x 1)( x + 1) x( x 1) x + 1

=
x +1
x 1
( x 1) [ ( x + 1) x ] x + 1

= x +1 x = 1
x +1
x 1

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 an
a n a n
a n

13) Izraunati A =
+

+
n
1 + a n 1 + a n 1 a n
1 a
an
an an
an
A=
+

n
1 + an 1 + an 1 an
1 a

1
1

n
n
n
an

a
A=
+ a
+ a
1 1n 1 + 1n 1 + 1n 1 1n
a a
a
a
n
a
1
1

an

n
n
A = n1 + na n
+ na
a 1 a +1 a +1 a 1
n

an an
an
a
a 2n
1 a 2n
1
A= n
+ n
+ n
n
a 1 a +1 a +1 a 1
A=

a 2 n (a n + 1) + 1(a n 1) a 2 n (a n 1) + 1(a n + 1)

(a n 1)(a n + 1)
(a n + 1)(a n 1)

A=

a 3n + a 2 n + a n 1 (a 3n a 2 n + a n + 1)
(a n 1)(a n + 1)

A=

a 3n + a 2 n + a n 1 a 3n + a 2 n a n 1
(a n 1)(a n + 1)

A=

2a 2 n 2
2(a 2 n 1)
2(a n 1)(a n + 1)
=2
=
=
(a n 1)(a n + 1) (a n 1)(a n + 1) (a n 1)(a n + 1)

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