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Infrared Homing System
Infrared homing
refers to a guidancesystem which uses theemissionfrom a target of  electromagnetic radiation in theinfrared  part of the spectrumto track it. Missiles which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies.Many objects such as people, vehicle engines and aircraft generate and retain heat, and assuch, are especially visible in the infra-red wavelengths of light compared to objects inthe background. NATO brevity code for a heat-seeking missile launch is
Fox Two
.
Seeker types
The three main materials used in the infrared sensor arelead sulfide(PbS),Indium Antimonide (InSb)and MerCad telluride(HgCdTe). Older sensors tend to use PbS, newer sensors tend to use InSb or HgCdTe. All perform better when cooled, as they are both more sensitive and able to detect cooler objects.Early infrared seekers were most effective in detecting infrared radiation with shorter wavelengths, such as the 4.2-micron emissions of the carbon dioxide efflux of a jet engine. Such seekers, which are most sensitive to the 3-5 micron range, are now called"
single-color
" seekers. Modern infrared seekers also operate in the in the 8 to 13 micronwavelength range, which is absorbed least by the atmosphere. Such seekers are called"
two-color
" systems. Two-color seekers are harder to defeat with countermeasures suchasflaresand jammers.
Scanning patterns and modulation
A missile's resistance to decoys can also be determined by the method in which the spacein front of itself is scanned for targets. Early missiles used
spin
scanning while newer seekers use
conical
scanning which gives them superior decoy discrimination as well asoverall increased sensitivity for longer range tracking. There have also been missiles builtusing so-called "rosette" scanning methods. Very modern heat-seeking missiles utiliseimaging infrared (
IIR 
), where the IR/UV sensor is afocal plane array which is able to "see" in infra-red, much like theCCDin a digital camera. This requires much more signal processing but can be much more accurate and harder to fool with decoys. In addition to being more flare-resistant, newer seekers are also less likely to be fooled into lockingonto the sun, another common trick for avoiding heat-seeking missiles.Before imaging infrared sensors there was also the question of sensor modulation; earlier seekers usedamplitude modulation(AM) to determine how far off-center the target wasand thus how hard the missile had to turn to center it, but this led to increased error as themissile approached the target and the target's image became relatively larger (creating anartificially stronger signal). Switching tofrequency modulation(FM) solved this problem, which is better able to discriminate the distance without being further confused by the image size.
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ma1088

Hi, Very nice text. But... can someone tell me who is the author and where did he/she get all this information from? thanks in advance best regards!!

reply11 / 21 / 2009
leocarl23

can you send me an simple circuit control of the guided missile?your reply will highly appretiated thank you............also how it works with the control pannel.

reply06 / 22 / 2009
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