The computer program AFES and all associated documentation are proprietary and copyrighted products.

Worldwide rights of ownership rest with GS E&C. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior written authorization from GS E&C, is explicitly prohibited.

While believed to be accurate, the information contained herein should never be utilized for any specific engineering application without professional observance and authentication for its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a competent and licensed engineer, architect or other qualified professionals.

AFES is a suite of proprietary computer programs of GS E&C. Although every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of these programs, GS E&C will not accept responsibility for any mistake, error or misrepresentation in or as a result of the usage of these programs.

Copyright GS E&C, Plant Division of AFES Global Work Team Published January 2007

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from: GS E&C GS Yeokjeon Tower, 537, Namdaemun-Ro-5Ga, Joong-Gu, Seoul, 100-722, Korea C.P.O. Box 8345, Seoul, Korea

Phone: (82) 2-728-3696 FAX: (82) 2-728-1356 M/P: 82-10-7700-6885

e-mail: info@gsafes. com (for general questions) e-mail: jbchoe@gsconst.co.kr (for technical support questions) e-mail: sccho01@gsconst.co.kr (for technical support questions) e-mail: jmlee01@gsconst.co.kr (for sales) web Site : www.gsafes.com

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Contents
This section includes discussion on the following topics: 1. General Information 2. Starting AFES 3. Create a Project 4. Setting Design Parameters 5. Creating a New Structure 6. Importing a Structure 7. Importing a Geometry Data 8. Creating Grouping (Foundation Modules) 9. Creating Tie-Girder 10. Entering Foundation Dimension 11. Setting Strip Data for Reinforcement Design 12. Foundation Reinforcement 13. Pile Array 14. Entering of Anchor Bolt/Box for Drawings and Material Quantities 15. Entering of Equipment Data 16. Load Case/Combination 17. Foundation Analysis and Design 18. Interactive Design 19. Exporting Construction Drawing to Popular CAD 20. Material Quantities (3D BOM) 21. Pile Reaction Table 22. AFES and PDS Integration 23. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.5) 24. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.6) 25. Foundation Modeling with SDNF File 26. Known Bugs

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1. General Information

1.1 Overview

AFES is a comprehensive one-stop solution for all your foundation engineering and design needs. Due to AFES capability to make reports, construction drawing including bar schedule, BOM and generation of 3D CAD(PDS/PDMS) foundation modeling data, it is very powerful solutions for the analysis and design of all kinds of foundation.

1.2 Background Foundation design is usually done manually thus entailing large storage manpower needs, which is uneconomical and in turn leads to difficulties in meeting quality requirements and deadlines.

The shortness of work period for project, frequent design changes of upstream parts, difficulties in assuming the size of foundations for site and the need to check interference between foundation, underground piping, and electrical cable trench, and coordination with other teams are some of the difficulties encountered during the design stage of a project.

With the absence of a one-stop commercial solution that can solve the above mentioned problems, AFES is the system that can produce all type of foundation analysis and design needed for the construction of foundations, quickly and economically.

1.3 Application Area Energy, Petrochemical, Refinery, Gas, Water Supply, Treatment and Recycling Plants Residential, Commercial Buildings

We hope you enjoy your experience with AFES. If you have any questions or problems with the program, Please visit our home page at http://www.gsafes.com or email us at info@gsafes.com, jbchoe@gsconst.co.kr, sccho01@gsconst.co.kr, jmlee01@gsconst.co.kr.

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1.4 Hardware Requirement

The following are recommended as minimum hardware requirements. - PC with Intel-Pentium IV or AMD processor. - Graphics card and monitor with 1024x768 resolution, , 256 color display (16-bit high color recommended). For On-Board System without Graphical card, The resolution limits 1024x768 or lower resolution with 256 color display, or 16-bit high color. - 128 MB RAM or higher. - Windows 2000/XP operating system. Running it on Windows 95/98 systems is not working. - Sufficient free space on the hard disk to save the program and data files. A typical minimum is 500MB free space.

Note : Additional RAM and Video Memory will enhance the performance of AFES software.

1.5 Conventions used in this guide

Click Press and release the primary mouse button on the designated item. Click, hold and drag Press and hold the mouse button while dragging to a specified location. Double-Clicking - Quickly press and release the primary mouse button twice. Select or Choose Click the primary mouse button to select an item. Enter Press the Enter key on the keyboard or enter values in the fields. Click OK or Click Cancel Click on the work OK or Cancel on your screen.

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1.6 Installation

AFES can be installed by using an easy-to-use installation program. During installation the files from the installation CD are decompressed and copied to the appropriate locations on the hard disk. At the end of the installation procedure, a new program group Foundation Design iAFES is automatically created in the program sub-menu of the Start menu, and iAFES Foundation icon on the desktop as well.

1) Setup a) SINGLE MACHINE INSTALL To install AFES software on a single machine or if you have purchase a standalone license. Please follow the installation directions in below procedure.

b) NETWORK MACHINE INSTALL To install AFES software in a network with a hardware lock. Please follow the installation directions included in the Set_Up_AFES_Network_Lock_Driver_2006_09_18.doc file included on the CD.

2) Installation Manual Offers the AFES installation procedure. Please follow the installation directions included in the AFES_Installation_2006_11_16.doc file included on the CD.

3) User Manual Offers the AFES user manual, Please follow the user manual included in the

AFES_English_Manual.pdf file included on the CD.

4) Brochure In this option, you can view the information sheets about the AFES program.

5) Lock Driver You can select type of Lock to be used in your machine when running the program.

6) Browse CD Windows Explorer will be shown and this can be done by clicking on the file of the CD.

7) Close Close installation work

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1) Setup

AFES Installation Main Window.

- Place CD in CD-ROM Drive. On this Main installation menu, choose one from the choices shown. The options presented on the screen are discussed below:

- Close all application programs before installing AFES and then select AFES Install command figure above. - AFES is automatically installed if you place CD in. ( Do not keep pressing [Shift] while placing CD.) - If automatic Installation is not working, follow the steps below. Choose Run from Start Window Menu, and indicate CD-ROM Drive. Input Path and Setup as follow. E:\Install (When CD-ROM Drive is specified as E:) - Typically, an InstallShield Wizard screen appears as shown in the figure below, then click Next command.

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Installation Wizard
Note : In Windows 2000 and XP systems, you have to log in with an administrative rights before commencing installation.

- License Agreement

Review the statement. If you acknowledge the terms and conditions of the agreement, select I accept the terms of the license agreement or if you dont acknowledge the terms and conditions of the license agreement, choose I do not accept the terms of the license agreement.

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License Agreement
- Selection of Installation Folder

You may install the program in any folder of your choice, default folder name is supplied to you as shown in figure below. Choose next to accept the default destination folder or choose change to specify a different directory where you want AFES to be installed then click Next button. To quit installation, click Cancel button. To install to a different folder, click Change install to another folder.

Default folder name is supplied to you as shown in Figure below.

EX )with path c:\Program Files\GS_AFES\AFES 2.5

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Selection of installation Folder

- Ready to Install the AFES program

Choose Install to start installation, choose Back to change any settings of the previous steps or click Cancel to terminate installation.

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Reddy to Install the Program

- Installation Process

Start Copying Files

Setup Status
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Wait while copying files to destination folder.

- Selection of Hardware Lock Type

If you choose software license with authorization code, click on the Cancel button. Choose one from the Hard Lock type selections based from the lock supplied to you. You can see the name of the lock printed on it.

Selection of Hardware Lock Type

Network Lock refers to a system that supports simultaneous multiple-user access. Please follow the installation directions included in the Set_Up_AFES_Network_Lock_Driver_2006_09_18.doc file included on the CD.

If you do not have a lock key for AFES, the program will only work in demonstration mode.

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- Installation of AFES Lock Driver files.

Installation Process
- Finish lock driver

The window below will display after finishing installation of Lock Driver. Click Finish command button.

Finish Lock Driver

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- Completion of installation When the installation is complete, the window below will appear. Click Finish command button.

Completion of Installation
- AFES Shotcut/Desktop Icon

After the installation is completed, you can see AFES icon as shown in figure below in your desktop. Please restart your computer to update any changes made.

AFES Icon
- Running AFES program

Click on the AFES 2006 icon from the Foundation Design AFES group as shown in figure below to start AFES program.

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Starting AFES Program

The AFES screen appears as shown in figure below.

The AFES program Screen

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2) Hard Lock

In case you do not have AFES lock, please do the following. From the screen shown below, select Set Authorization Code (30-days trial ).

Set Serial Authorization Code

a) Authorization Code

Choose one from the selection of Authorization Code then click Ok. If you select 30 days Trial option, you are only permitted to use the program in 30 days. then click Ok button.

If you have a serial license for AFES program, Choose Request Authorization or Register from file, then click Ok button.

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Selection of Authorization Code

After selecting an option, click Ok button. The Request Authorization window will appear to your screen as shown in figure below.

If you are available internet, input Customer Information then click on the Request command button. After automatically received your mail through the internet, we will approve of your request to run one year dealer version.

If you arent available internet, click on the Save As command button after completing the Customer Information to save the file in a directory on your computer. Also you can choose a different directory if you like. A file dialog box displays then you want to save the file to disk. Please send this file to jbchoe@gsconst.co.kr or msheo@gsconst.co.kr so that we may provide you with a license key to run AFES. After received your mail, we will send the license file. Starting AFES, Authorization dialog will display as shown in Figure above (=Selection of

Authorization Code).
Select the Register from file options then file dialog displays. Choose license file in the file selected dialog that display. Upon successful completion of serial license version, then the AFES main dialog is displayed.

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The AFES screen appears as shown in figure below.

The AFES program Screen

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1.7 Basis of Foundation Design

The following assumptions from the basis of foundation design procedures used by AFES. - The program designs a spread and pile supported foundation. - All piers and footings are assumed to be rigid with respect to load, soil bearing and pile load distribution purposes. - All loads at the top of pier are assumed to act the center of the pier. - Factored soil bearing pressure required for obtaining bending moment in the foundation is determined based on uni-axial in each strip separately. - To determine the shears and bending moments in the foundation, the foundation is divided into many strips and the values are calculated at critical and maximum conditions.

1.8 Input and Output File The file names used for Structural Calculation, Construction Drawing, 3D CAD Modeling Data, Bill of Materials and import/export data are as follows; 1) Input Data File Name iAfesanalysis.mdb iAfesconst.mdb iAfesdefault.mdb iAfesproject.mdb Section_Diag.mdb Description File that manages files needed in foundation design Store Data per project File that stores design parameters needed in design Store Data per project File that stores default data needed in foundation design File that stores project information File that stores section information File Format Microsoft Access Microsoft Access Microsoft Access Microsoft Access Microsoft Access

Note : The above files saved in a file located in your program Data and DataBase directory (the program Data and DataBase directory where AFES is installed on the client machine).

2) Output Data File a) Structural Calculation Sheet Name file.pdf file.html file.rtf Description Structural calculation sheet can be saved to pdf, html file. File Format Acrobat Internet Explore

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b) Construction Drawing Name file.dwg file.dxf c) Take Off Bill of Materials Name file.pdf file.html d) 3D CAD Modeling Data Name file.mtl Description PDS 3D CAD modeling data can be saved to mtl(=ASCII) file. file.mac PDMS 3D CAD modeling data can be saved to mac(=ASCII) file e) Import/Export Data Name file.txt Description Structure, group and load combination data export to text file and import is allowed. File Format File Format PDS FrameWorks Plus : INTERGRAPH PDMS : AVEVA Description BOM sheet can be saved to pdf file. File Format AutoCAD, MicroStation Description The drawing can be saved to dwg, dxf. File Format AutoCAD, MIcroStation

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1.9 AFES Program Theory

AFES program has the facility to obtain results of the Conventional and Finite Element Method(=FEM) for foundation analysis and design. The user may use one of the two design methods stated above.

1) Conventional Rigid Method The purpose of a footing is to transfer safely to the ground the dead load of the superstructure (=weight), and all other external forces acting upon it. The type of foundation is also influenced, though to a lesser degree, by the geographical location and climatic of the site, frozen depth, etc.

AFES performs a complete structural analysis and design of foundations as following below. The program uses the following criteria. AFES use two types of load combinations ; Service(=Unfactored Load) and Design(=Factored Load). Service load combinations are used to calculate the soil and pile capacity, overturning moment, and sliding forces for comparison with allowable soil and pile capacity defined in the Setting of Constant window. Design load combinations are used to design the footing and pedestal for flexural and shear as per chosen building code.

1) Conventional Rigid Method a) Soil Bearing Pressure (Shallow Foundation) b) Pile Capacity (Deep Foundation) c) Overturning Moment (Shallow Foundation) d) Sliding Force (Shallow Foundation) e) Shear and Flexural Design (no shear reinforcing assumed) f) Two way Shear Design g) Design of Piers

a) Soil Bearing Pressure (Shallow Foundation) AFES calculates the soil bearing pressure for all service load (=unfactored load) combinations from the allowable soil pressure evaluated by principles of soil mechanics. Any eccentricities, additional bending moments and/or horizontal shears shall be considered in the evaluation of the maximum edge pressures. Soil pressure under the footing is assumed to be linear. For eccentrically loaded footings, the soil pressure may become tension under the part of the footing. In such cases the program set pressure values in uplift zones to zero and calculates new values for the revised equilibrium condition due to Hand Book of Concrete Engineering edited by Mark Fintel. The maximum soil pressure should not exceed the allowable bearing defined in the Setting of Constant criteria window. AFES supports biaxial and uniaxial soil bearing pressure analysis. 20 of 272

Qa >= V_appl / Af Mx / Zx for Uniaxial Qa >= V_appl / Af My / Zy for Uniaxial Qa >= V_appl / Af Mx / Zx My / Zy for Biaxial

Where, Zx = 1/6 x Lx x Ly2, Zy = 1/6 x Ly x Lx2 : Section Modulus, Af : Footing Area

b) Pile Capacity (Deep Foundation) The user provides the following pile parameters such as representative pile name, type of pile, diameter, length, thickness, elastic modulus, area, allowable Vertical/Lateral/ Uplift pile capacity. Based on these parameters, program calculates the maximum pile capacity. The maximum pile capacity should not exceed the allowable pile capacity. AFES supports biaxial and uniaxial pile bearing capacity analysis.

Ha_pile > = H(i)x_appl / N_pile for Uniaxial Ha_pile > = H(i)y_appl / N_pile for Uniaxial Ha_pile > = (H(i)x_appl2 + H(i)y_appl2) / N_pile for Biaxial Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + Mx_appl x Y(i)/ Xi2 for Uniaxial Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + My_appl x X(i)_x / Yi2 for Uniaxial Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + Mx_appl x Y(i) / Xi2 + My_appl x X(i) / Yi2 for Biaxial

Where, Ha_pile : Allowable horizontal pile capacity, Va_pile : Allowable vertical pile capacity H(i)x_appl, H(i)y_appl : Total horizontal load, V_appl : Total vertical load N : Total number of piles Mx_appl, My_appl : Applied bending moment about X and Y axis X(i), Y(i) : Distance from X and Y axis to the farthest pile Xi2 ,Yi2 : Pile group moment of inertia about X and Y axis

c) Overturning Moment. Overturning moments are those applied moments and shears that seek to cause the footing to become unstable and turn over. Resisting moments are those moments that resist overturning and seek to stabilize the footing. The overturning moment safety factor is the sum of resisting moments divided by the sum of overturning moments. Safety factors defined in the Setting of Constant criteria window. The Resisting moment is overturning moment from the vertical forces such as applied loads, self weight and soil weight and overturning moment resulting from the external applied shears and moments and the summation of all these forces becomes the overall overturning moment at the edge of footing. The overturning 21 of 272

moment safety factor is calculated as the resisting moment divided by overturning moment. Calculation of overturning moment is evaluated about all edges of the footing in the service (=unfactored) load combinations for both X and Y directions.

d) Sliding Force Considering V and H at the bottom of footing, it is obvious that H will cause a tendency for the foundation to slide at the bottom of footing, which is prevented by the friction that is mobilized, the maximum value of which is V(=summation of vertical forces) multiplied by the coefficient of friction between the footing and the soil below. The sliding factor of safety (=FS) against can be stated as follows; FS = V x / H. The maximum value of FS normally specified is 1.5. For coarse-grained soils free from silt, may be taken as 0.55, while for coarse-grained soils with silt the same may be taken as 0.45. For pure silt the value goes down to 0.35. Calculation of sliding forces is evaluated at the bottom of footing in the service (=unfactored) load combinations for both X and Y directions. For additional sliding resistance you may enter and select the passive resistance of the soil, also applies this value in the both directions.

e) Shear and Flexural Design (no shear reinforcing assumed) Self weight of concrete and overburden of soil normally do not include flexural and shear in the footing because the footing is continuously supported by the soil beneath it. A buried footing resting on a continuous soil bed. Typically it is not included in the design load combinations but the self weight and overburden of soil automatically included in the service load combinations.

The design codes available in AFES are as follows: - ACI318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (USA) - BS 8110 (1997), British Standard for Reinforced Concrete Design (England) - IS 456 (2000), Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice (Indian) - KCI-USD99, Korean Concrete Institute of Concrete Design (Korea) -KCI-USD2000 (SI Units) , Korean Concrete Institute of Concrete Design (Korea)

f) Flexural Design In the footing design, the reinforcement required for a footing is computed based on the resulting bending moments at the bottom of footing. In addition, selected reinforcing bars and spacing are computed for the required reinforcing steel area based on the ranges of rebar sizes and spacing specified by the user. The flexural design of footing calculates the maximum moment and required steel for each

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strip and for each design load combination. To select the required flexural reinforcing steel of the footing, AFES considers moments at the face of the pedestal on all four sides. The minimum reinforcing ratio calculates the design code for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. Strength reduction factor can be entered in the Setting of Constant window.

Proportioning the pile cap involves satisfying the one way shear and bending moment requirements at the applicable critical sections in accordance with building concrete design code.

g) Shear Design One way shear (=Beam Action) in accordance with design code at distance of d or d/2 from the face of pedestal in both directions. The d is the distance from the top of the footing to the centerline of the reinforcing steel. The d distance value calculates as follows; Footing thickness the rebar cover half the main bar diameter of the footing. The critical plane is assumed to extend over the entire width or entire width per length of the footing. AFES checks shear assuming only the concrete to resists the applied shear; the contribution of the reinforcing steel to shear resistance is ignored.

h) Two Way Shear Design Critical section for two way shear is perimeter (=bo), a distance d/2 or d from around the supported member in accordance with design code.

i) Design of Piers

AFES can design the shear and reinforcement for the piers. For shear design in either direction, AFES presents the required vertical and tie bar and spacing. Also given are the concrete and steel contributions to resisting shear. The total factored load value is listed. For flexure, AFES uses a rectangular stress block, and considers slenderness effects. AFES presents the required vertical reinforcement assuming an equal distribution of bars. AFES does not account for the development length required and the provided development length for reinforcing if it is not hooked or bent into the footing.

2) Finite Element Method (FEM) The AFES analysis is based on the hybrid finite element method with the thin plate modeling as footing. Footings are automatically discretized into well formed quadrilateral and triangular elements at a specified mesh size. Beams are automatically discretized. Soil response is achieved by employing nonlinear spring (=compressing only) supports to model subgrade reactions. Pile reactions, if present are proportional to linear displacements of the supported node and include both compression and tension. 23 of 272

Also program calculates internal forces and deflections for all slabs and beams elements of the foundation. This information is used in the design stage of the program.

The following is a list of the items included in the element stress output; SQX, SQY : Shear stresses (Force / Unit length / Thickness) MX, My : Bending moment per unit width (Moment / Unit length) The element outputs are available at the center point of the element or all corner nodes of the element. All element stress outputs are in the local coordinate system.

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2. Starting AFES

To start AFES, first click on the Windows Start button. Second, select the Programs option, and then select the Foundation Design AFES program group. Finally click on the AFES 2006 program. Or you can just click on the desktop window screen as shown in figure below.

or

Starting AFES

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When you first start AFES, the main window displays the Project Data Window. You may start a New Project or an existing project.

AFES will start with menus or icons, and every input data can be saved and managed as per project

Menu Icon Toolbar

Working Dialog Model View Window

AFES Main Dialog Window

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Procedure for analysis and design of foundation in AFES program is as follows.

AFES Input Procedure

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3. Create a Project

To open the existing project, or create a new project, Function: Click on the New/Open Project from Top toolbar menu or From the Main Menu select File > New/Open Project then Project Dialog Window as below is displayed.

or

Click on the New Project option box to create a new project for designing the foundation or click on the number of project from below list box to open an existing project for designing the foundation.

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Existing projects are as listed in the dialog box

Creating a New Project

3.1 Creating a New Project for a Foundation

The first step is to enter project specific items. These items include general data, client data and Job data about a project. General data includes project No. Project Name, Client Name, Site Name, any more. The client data includes your client manager name, e-mail, number of telephone and fax, address. Job data includes assigned engineer, supervisor, duration of project, project rate that values the program needs to use for the specific project. The Project Number and Structure Name entered in Project Information will display as a menu header

Note: General Data should be input. This data needs to use for the specific project.

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Input Project Information

After inputting the project data as figure above, click OK command button. TEST-ACI folder is generated in directory of AFES program. Input data is automatically saved in a file located in AFES DataBase and Data directory as follows. AFES directory is installed on the client machine.

Existing projects are included in your program as defaults. You can open these examples to view the entered data and the results of foundation design. Please select a project of most interest to you to become familiar with the project and the process.

File Window Explorer of AFES Project DB

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3.2 Rename Project

Renaming existing project can be done using this command. Below is the procedure.

a) From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option. b) Choose existing project from the selection list you want to rename.

c) Click Rename Project button.

A dialogue window will display as shown.

d) Enter new name then click OK button.

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3.3 Copy Project

Copying other projects can help especially when you have to edit structures and later on you want to restore to its original data.

a) From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option. b) Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c) Click Copy Project button.

A dialogue window will display as shown.

d) Enter Name then click OK button. 32 of 272

3.4 Backup Project

Back up a project is same with copying a project but only it saves in zip file. This is useful in transferring files like sending to other computers.

a. From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option. b. Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c.

Click Backup Project button.

A dialogue window will display as shown.

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d. Enter File name then click Save button. 3.5 Restore Project

This command enables to restore backed up projects and return to project files ready for modeling.

a. From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option. b. Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c.

Click Restore Project button.

A dialogue window will display as shown.

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d. Access the directory where you save the files. e. Select the file (in zip form) then click Open button. A warning message will appear as shown.

f.

Click OK button.

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4. Setting Design Parameters

Main Functions

4.1 Setting of Constants Setting of constants options include design information that AFES needs in order to design a foundation. This includes a number of parameters such as design code, safety factor, bearing capacity of soil, capacity of pile, material and unit weight, clear cover, allowable increase of soil, allowable increase of pile, strength reduction factors, supports and anchor bolt options.

To set user defined Setting of Constant, Click the Setting of Constant icon from top toolbar menu or you may start a setting of constant from Design Parameters/Setting of Constants menu.

A setting of constant dialog window will open as shown in the following figure. The Setting of Constant dialog window displays various tabs.

This dialog box displays eleven (11)-tabbed panels as below.

1) Tabs Code Safety Factor Bearing Capacity of Soil Capacity of Pile Material and Unit Weight Clear Cover Allowable Increase of Soil Allowable Increase of Pile 36 of 272

 Strength Reduction Factors

Supports Anchor Bolt

The data input in the Setting of Constant dialog can later be used in the analysis, design and drawings of foundation. The current Setting of Constant is used only within a specific project. You can use Setting of Constant in a similar project by using Export and Import command button as figure below.

a) Code

1) Concrete Design Codes AFES supports the following concrete design code. Choose the concrete design code by clicking on the appropriate one. For example, American Concrete Institute (ACI 318), output is printed out in Imperial units, if you choose American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : Metric), output is printed out in Metric units.

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AFES now supports seven concrete design codes for foundation design as follows; - American Concrete Institute (ACI 318) - Korean Concrete Institute (KCI-USD99) - British Standard (BS 8110) - American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : Metric) - Korean Concrete Institute (KCI-USD : SI) - Indian Code IS456(2000) - American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : SI) - Singapore Standard (CP-65 Part 1, 1999)

2) Unit System AFES supports three unit systems for input and Output; IMPERIAL(=ENGLISH), MKS and SI. You can select in one system of units and view the results in another system of units. Choose your input and output units by clicking on the appropriate options.

Design Code ACI 318 ACI318(Metric) KCI-USD99 BS8110 IS456(2000) KCI318(SI) ACI318(SI) CP- 65

Input Units MKS, English, SI MKS MKS, English, SI MKS, English, SI SI SI SI SI

Output Units English MKS MKS SI SI SI SI SI

Remark -

3) Horizontal Force Horizontally loaded force including wind and seismic force can be automatically computed in AFES for foundation design of machinery which covers a vertical vessel, exchanger, small tank and large storage tank. Horizontal drum and sphere equipment. To figure out the horizontal load, the user needs to input common and certain information. There are several kinds of design codes for horizontally loaded force. Choose each code by clicking from the Applied wind load and Applied seismic load combo box.

AFES only prints out the following horizontal force code in structural calculation sheet. But in the near the future, we will develop in accordance with following codes.

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No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 None ASCE 7-98 UBC 1997 AIK 2000 BS 6399 Part 2 ASCE 7-95 ASCE 7-02 ASCE 7-05 IBC 2006 -

Wind Load None

Seismic Load

By factored Value ASCE 7-98 UBC 1997 AIK 2000 ASCE 7-95 API 650 Appendix E IBC 2003 ASCE 7-02 ASCE 7-05 IBC 2006

b) Safety Factor for Stability 1) Function Safety factors that generally need to be under consideration for serviceability and stability are Overturning Moment, Sliding Force and Uplift Force. The friction factor is used for Sliding force. Note that you can enter the factor value in the text fields and change the description. After entering all the required data, click save button to save the information.

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2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click save button. The entered new data will not be saved when not pressing the save button and the previous data can be restored by the cancel button as long as the new data has not been saved.

Note that this safety factor will be selected in the Load combination dialog box.

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The following list generally accepted and previously applied safety factors in the tabulated form a) Indian Local Spec. Title 1 2 Erection Operation & Testing Overturning 1.5 1.5 Sliding 1.5 1.5 Uplift 1.2 1.2

b) Iran Local Spec. 1 Title 1 2 3 4 Erection for Rectangular Footing Operation & Testing for Rect. Footing Erection for Octagonal &Round footing Operation & Testing for Oct.& Round Footing Overturning 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sliding 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.9 Uplift 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5

Note: For overturning Moment, the above safety factors provide for a minimum area of footing under compression of 50% for erection and 67% operation & test. For Uplift Force, factor of safety against uplift shall be not less than 1.5 for operation plus wind or earthquake and nor less than1.2 erection plus wind.

c) Iran Local Spec. 2 Title 41 of 272 Overturning Sliding Uplift

1 2 3 4 5

Erection Operation Test Shutdown Accidental

1.5 2 1.5 2.0 1.5

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2

1.2

d) KCI-Usd99(Retain wall) Title 1 Normal Overturning 2.0 Sliding 1.5 Uplift 1.5

e) NODCO PARSON(=Qatar) Local Spec. (BS) Title 1 2 Erection All other conditions Overturning 1.5 2.0 Sliding 1.5 1.5 Uplift 2.0 2.0

f) EGP-3 CHEVRON Local Spec. Title 1 2 Erection & Test Operation & Shutdown Overturning 1.4 1.75 Sliding Uplift 1.2 1.2

g) Widely accepted static friction coefficients of earth against concrete. Title 1 2 3 4 Silt Silty Sand, Silty Gravel Sand, Gravel Rock Friction coefficients 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.60

c) Bearing Capacity of Soil 1) Function To set soil parameters; click on the Bearing Capacity of Soil tab in the setting of Constant dialog box. Enter appropriate values in the field displayed: Soil bearing capacity, water level, frost depth, internal friction angle. The maximum number of soil bearing capacity is 100. Allowable increase of soil in capacities due to the short terms loads will be considered in Allowable increase of soil panel. Choose appropriate option by clicking Yes or No to consider Buoyancy and Passive Soil Pressure. 42 of 272

Choose between Gross or Net which soil bottom pressure shall be considered as provided in the form shown below. Gross soil pressure is taken as the sum of net pressure and pressure caused by the concrete footing thickness and soil above footing.

2) Command button To add different types of soil area to a project click the New button and enter certain values on each blank for designed contents, then click Save button. Now the saved information is shown on the bottom of the setting of constant window in the listed form. If former saved data needs to be deleted, the user can select the soil name that will be removed on the spread sheet and click the Delete button.

Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved, and the previous data can be restored with the Cancel button.

Click Yes option in the statement Consider Passive Soil Pressure if you want passive pressure on of soil be considered in the analysis.

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Note: You can calculate the Bearing Capacity by the Calculation option. Click Calculation button, the Soil Bearing Capacity dialog box displays. Enter the appropriate data in each panel: foundation, soil and load. Then click the calculation button. AFES supports five methods to calculate the soil bearing capacity by Terzaghi, meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic and Bearing capacity from SPT. The calculated soil bearing capacity will be displayed in the Output panel.

The following tables have information on maximum allowable bearing capacity of soil usually and widely accepted by books and references. The unit is presented in ton/m^2. Soil Granite Sandstone Medium sandstone Gravel 44 of 272 Qa 500 250 80 50 Soil Gravel and rock with sand Sand Silty sand 20~40 15~30 Qa 20-40

Medium size Gravel Sandy Gravel

30 30~50

Clay Silt, Clay

10~20 5~10

d) Capacity of Pile 1) Function In the design of pile foundation, the user can make AFES recognize types of piles and their material and structural characteristics on the Capacity of Pile tab. Piles are offered in AFES in seven types that driven pipe, pc, phc piles, cast in place piles, and prebored pipe, pc and phc piles. The sectional shapes of piles supported by AFES are square and circle.

Choose or enter appropriate values in the field displayed: pile type, pile diameter, pile thickness, pile length, allowable capacity, elastic modulus and pile area. Allowable increase of pile in capacities due to short term loads will be considered in the Allowable increase of pile panel.

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2) Command button To add different types of pile to a project, click the New button and enter certain values on each blank for designed contents. Then click the Save button. Now the saved information is shown in the bottom of the setting of constant window in the listed form. If former saved data needs to be deleted, the user can select the soil name that will be removed on the spread sheet and click the Delete button.

Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button

Reference #1. Widely used PHC and steel piles in Korea are designed and produced with capability and sizes listed in the following table. Piles Diameters Ra (Vertical) Ha (Horizontal) PHC Conc. Plie PHC Conc. Plie Steel Pile (t=9mm) Steel Pile (t=9mm) 400mm 500mm 400mm 500mm 70~80 ton/ea 80~90 ton/ea 80~90 ton/ea 90~100 ton/ea 3.0 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 7.0 ton/ea 8.0 ton/ea 8.0 ton/ea Ua (Uplift)

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From the table, Ra means vertical allowable capacity per one pile. As for Ha, allowable capacity of a pile, 5mm shift of piles subjected to horizontal force is allowed. The head of piles is considered the head type.

Reference #2. The length of piles largely accepted is as follows in the table below. Pile types 10m Driven Pile RC Pile Pc Pile Steel Pile Cast-in-situ Pile Earth drill Pile Benoto Pile Reverse Pile Pipe Pile 20m Pile length (m) 30m 40m 50m

e) Material and unit weight 1) Function Through the Material and Unit Weight menu, the user can specify material parameters that shall be applied in the analysis. The parameters focus on concrete and steel. For concrete, the compressive strength, unit weight and modulus of elasticity can be adjusted. Reinforcements are taken into account in accordance with the types of bar, yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The unit weight of soil can also be stipulated. Choose or enter appropriate values in the field displayed: compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of reinforcement, unit weight, using bars, and modulus of elasticity.

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2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the previous data can be restored with the Cancel button.

Note: AFES supports the following bar types. ASTM A615 KS D 3504 BS 4449 SAUDI ARABIAN TS 708 ES 272-74 TIS 2527 IS HSD

Choose the using bar type by clicking from the Select using bar type combo box.

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Material and Unit Weight

f) Concrete covers 1) Function To set concrete covers parameters, click on the Concrete Covers tab in the setting of constant dialog box. It is necessary to specify the minimum depth of clear covers for design and drawings. The clear cover menu is largely divided into two groups, one for footing and piers and the other for tiegirders. Enter appropriate values in the field displayed: S, S1, P.CL, F.CL, F.CLT, F.CLB, FP.CLB, PL.CL, TG.CL, TG.CL2, TG.CL3, TG.CL4 in the pier, footing, and tie-girders.

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Concrete Cover (Footing and Pier)

Concrete Cover (Tie-Girder)

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2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button.

Note: On the concrete covers menu, concrete cover in the pier, tie-girder implies concrete cover from the outside edge of pier and tie-girder tie-bar to edge of concrete face. The concrete cover implies clear distance between the edge of rebar and the edge of concrete.

Reference #1. The extension of clear cover is described accordingly in reference to different codes below.

a) ACI318-02, 7.7 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement (Non-pre-stressed) Contents Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth Concrete exposed to earth or weather No.6 through No.18 bars No.5, w31 or D31 wire and smaller Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground Slabs, Walls, Joists No.14 and No.18 bars No.11 and smaller Beams, Columns Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals Shells, Folded plate members No.6 bar and larger No.5 bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller 3/4 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 3/4 2 1-1/2 Value (inch) 3

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b) KCI2000 5.4 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement Contents Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth Concrete exposed to earth or weather D29 bar and larger D29 bar and smaller D16 bar and smaller or Dia 16mm wire Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground Slabs, Walls, Joists D35 bar and larger D35 bar smaller Beams, Columns Shells, Folded plate members 4 2 4 2 6 6 4 Value (cm) 8

The next figure helps to understand the definition of clear cover and spacing.

g) Allowable Increase of Soil 1) Function Soil subjected to short-term loads like wind and seismic can be increased in vertical capacity by certain degrees. In consideration of this increase of soil bearing pressure, allowable increase soil factor can be taken on the Allowable Increase Factor of Soil menu. The factors usually can be out by geotechnical studies and may be considered in the perspective of wind, earthquake and test load. To apply the increased factors for design, they need to be set up in the dialog of load combination that will be described later.

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Allowable Increase of Soil

2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button.

Note: As for short-term external force, allowable increase factor is prohibited as long as reduction factors are already considered. Ex) 0.75 x (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7WL)

Typically accepted increase factors are as follows: LIBYA Foundation subject to stresses produced by a combination of wind or earthquake loads with dead, live, impact and vibration loads shall be proportioned for stresses 33% greater than basic allowable stresses specified by the ACI code. Allowable unit stresses for the design of foundations supporting process equipment may be 20% during the hydrostatic testing of equipment, under static test load.

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 TEXAS ABB The allowable unit stress may be increased by 20%. Do not included earthquake combined with test loads. Use 25%of wind load combined with test load.

h) Allowable Increase of Pile 1) Function As described in the previous chapter, increase factors of soil are explained an applied in design of soil foundations. Likewise, pile foundations can have factors increased. These factors are related to horizontal, vertical and uplift capacity. The factors typically give by geotechnical studies and may be considered in the wind, earthquake and test load. To apply the increased factors for design, they need to be set up in the section of Load Combination that will be described later.

Allowable Increase of Pile

2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button.

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Note: As for short-term external force, allowable increase factor is prohibited as long as reduction factors are already taken. Ex) 0.75 x (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7WL)

i) Strength Reduction Factors 1) Function The design strength of a member refers to nominal strength calculated in accordance with requirements from design codes by a strength reduction factor. The strength reduction factors are taken for the following purpose: to allow for the probability of under strength members due to variations in material strength and dimension, to allow for inaccuracies in the design equations, to reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability of the members under the load effects being considered, and to reflect the importance of the member in the structure. The Strength Reduction Factors menu is displayed below.

Strength Reduction Factors

2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved, and then the former data can be come up with the Cancel button.

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Reference #1. The presented tables below show strength reduction factors according to countries and projects already completed.

a) ACI 318-02 9.3.2 Description Tension-Controlled sections Compression-Controlled section Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3 Others reinforced members Shear and torsion Bearing on concrete (except for post tensioned anchorage zones) Post-tensioned and anchorage zones Strut tie models (Appendix A) 0.70 0.65 0.75 0.65 0.85 0.75 Factors 0.90

b) KCI 2000 3.3.3 Description Bending moment, Bending moment with Axial tension Reinforced members Pre-stressed concrete members Axial tension Axial compression, Bending moment with Axial compression a) Members with spiral reinforcement b) Others reinforced members In compression-controlled section, Pn < (Pb, 0.1fckAg), is calculated by interpolation method with each value: a),b),and Pn=0.. Shear and torsion Bearing on concrete Plain concrete 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.85 0.85. 0.8 Factors

c) BS8110-97 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials) Description Concrete in Flexure (m) Concrete in Axial Load (m) Reinforcement (m) Shear Strength without shear Reinforcement (m) Factors 1.50 1.50 1.05 1.25

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d) CSA-A23-94 (Resistance Factor) Description Concrete (c) Reinforcement Bar (s) Member (m) Factors 0.65 0.85 0.75

e) Euro code2 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials) Description Long Term Load : Concrete (c) Long Term Load : Steel Reinforcement or Pre-stressing Tendons (s) Short Term without Seismic Load : Concrete (c) 1.5 1.15 1.30 Factors

Short Term without Seismic Load : Steel Reinforcement or Pre-stressing 1.00 Tendons (s)

f) IS456-2000 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials) Description Concrete (m) Steel (m) Factors 1.50 1.15

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j) Supports 1) Function AFES program has the facility of the finite element method(=FEM) for foundation analysis and design. To set supports condition parameters, click on the Supports tab in the setting of constant dialog box. Soil foundations need to choose the Elastic Mat or Plate Mat options by clicking Modulus of sub-grade reaction can be calculated by Soil Support button.

Supports of Soil and Pile Foundation

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Click Soil Support to get the modulus. Enter or check appropriate values in the field displayed: Allowable Soil Stress (qa), Long term, short term. Then click the OK button.

Note: See Joseph E. Bowels: Foundation Analysis and Design Page 503. The ks from allowable bearing capacity furnished by the geotechnical consultant as follows;

Fps : ks = 12 x SF x qa SI : ks = 40 x SF x qa

kip/ft3 kN/m3

Where

SF=3.0(Long Term), 2.0(Short Term)

Qa= Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil. This equation is based on qa= qult/SF and ultimate soil pressure is at a settlement H=0.0254m or 1 in.(1/12ft) and ks is qult/H. For H =6,12,20mm,etc., the factor 40(ot12) can be adjusted to 160(or48), 83(or 24), 50(or 16), etc.; 40 is reasonably conservative but smaller assumed displacements can always be used.

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Pile foundations need to choose the fixed But button, then enter appropriate values in the field displayed: KFX, KFY, KFZ, KMX, KMY, KMZ.

Note: Axial Spring Constant of Pile (kg/cm), Kv

Where, Ap : Net cross-sectional area of pile () Ep : modulus of elasticity of pile material (/) L : Length of pile (m) D : diameter of pile (cm) : strength factor of pile

Type of Pile Driven Pipe Piles Driven PC,PHC Piles Cast=in-place Piles Pre-bored Pipe Piles Pre-bored PC,PHC Piles

=0.014(1/D)+0.78 =0.013(1/D)+0.61 =0.013(1/D)-0.15 =0.009(1/D)+0.39 =0.011(1/D)+0.36

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2) Command button Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button

k) Anchor bolt 1) Function AFES enables you use to different anchor bolt sizes for completing your foundation drawing. It provides access to Metric and Unified (=English) bolt tables so that you can complete foundation drawing using the appropriate bolt sizes. It is possible to change the name and size description in the text fields.

2) Command button Click Export button to add or modify the anchor bolt table then modified data table can be imported by clicking Import button.

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Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the Cancel button.

Design Code, Unit System and Horizontal Force Codes

1) Command button : In need of saving design constants for later use. A user can export data on the currently applied design constant into a.txt format in AFES by clicking the Export button. : To refer to previously formed design constants, a user can click the Import button, s elect a file that will be applied and click the OPEN button. Then choose the YES button, through which AFES brings up the information. : To change the applied values conforming the Design Code and Input Unit. : Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save button. : The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be

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restored with the cancel button. : Click Close to close the Setting of Constant dialog box.

4.2 Grid System Setting Grid system can be set or edited after at least a node is created from the Geometric Data command. It maybe in the form of numeric, alphabet or combination. Grids are defined separately for X and Y directions.

Mid-Description

Pre-Description

Post-Description

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a) Pre-Description It is the first item among grid assignments. Select from the options of Alphabet, Numeric or User Define.

-Alphabet Select starting letter to be used for the first grid.

- Numeric Set start and end number to be used when choosing number assignment for grid. It shall be used in making numbering assignment. The format can also be used to define the number of decimals.

- User Define This text box enables us to define our desired variable to be used for the grid assignment.

b) Mid-Description It is the variable between Post-Description and Pre-Description. You can assign letters or numbers.

c) Post-Description It is last assigned variable to a grid. Like in pre-description, you can assign letters, numbers or by user define.

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-Alphabet Select this option to set starting and ending letters in post-description part of grid.

- Numeric Set start and end number to be used when choosing number assignment for grid. It shall be used in making numbering assignment. The format can also be used to define the number of decimals.

- User Define This text box enables us to define our desired variable to be used for the grid assignment.

Defined grids can be reversible using the options Original Grid Arrangement and Reverse Grid Assignment.

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5. Creating a New Structure

Every input and output data can be saved in AFES Data Base according to projects, which provide work efficiency in control over project information. An engineer is able to create a file for a new project, reuse data from projects conducted previously, or eliminate old and useless data for the users own sake.

Structures

Groups

Footings or Piers

Hierarchy System of AFES Data Flow

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To create structure for design of foundation, Click on the Create New Structure icon from top toolbar menu or From the Main Menu select File(F) > Create New Structure

Then the Create a New Structure dialog box will be opened.

It is entered in the text boxes on the New Structure Name in the form dialog below.

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6. Importing Structure

6.1 Main Functions Importing Structure command is used to import existing structure in AFES. You can import single structure or multi-structure. This feature offers two options namely Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name) and Single structure.

6.2 Command buttons. Click on the File menu from top then select Import. Choose Multiple structure to import more than one structure from a project or Single structure to import only one structure.

a) Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name) From various structure lists, you can choose only needed structure or select all structure to import.

1. Select Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name).

2. Access the directory of the file to import. 3. Choose a file by pressing CTRL key then a click by your mouse or CTRL and A key to select all.

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4. Click Open button to initiate import process. Please wait until import processing is completed.

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b) Single structure From various structure lists, select single structure to import.

1. Select Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name).

A warning message shall appear as shown.

2. Click Yes button. 3. Access the directory of the file to import.

4. Choose a file by a click of your mouse from the selection list. 5. Click Open button. 70 of 272

A Geometry window will appear as shown.

Note: If there is no existing structure, you may not enter offset values.

6. Enter values for Offset X and Offset Y. 7. Click Save button.

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7. Geometry Data

7.1 Main Functions The Geometry command is used to define the number of nodes and its coordinates for supports. It can be defined manually through the Add command or by array arrangement through the Wizard (New) command. Those nodes are then employed to be the piers or pedestals. It also contains the Import command which is used in importing models from other programs such as Staad (OpenStaad), Staad (Analysis output file), GT Strudl, SDNF, SAP200 V10, STRAP V12 and MIDAS/Gen V7.

The Geometry window can be entered and edited by the Geometric Data button from top toolbar icon. Click on the icon called Geometry Data in the top toolbar Menu.

The Geometry Data dialog box will be opened.

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The footing origin is at the lower left corner of the footing. You can use following various methods to do footing geometry input.

7.2 Command Button You can use following various methods to do footing geometry input and modify.

1) Add button This command allows us to add nodes and define its coordinates manually by inputting values in the boxes provided for.

a) Click the Add button to add a node. b) Enter values for the X, Y and Z coordinates. Z is considered as the radial or vertical axis.

2) Wizard (New) button As discussed earlier, this command enables us to define nodes and its coordinates as Rectangular or

Circular Array arrangements. This is very useful for foundations with regular layouts of piers.
a) Click the Wizard (New) button to access the node arrangement form.

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b) Start Node no. Enter value for the box provided. It will serve as the starting number for nodes. If some nodes had been defined, the next number available will automatically appear in the box.

c) Start X The X coordinates for the starting node.

d) Start Y The Y coordinates for the starting node. e) Select between Rectangular Array and Circular Array. - For Rectangular Array: - ft The ft is the unit of measurement used. When using other units, it may appear differently such as mm, etc. The purpose of this column is to specify the distance between nodes either for X or Y directions accordingly. - EA The EA column lists the number of nodes for each direction.

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- For Circular Array: - Number The Number is the number of nodes for a circular array arrangement. - Circle Diameter The Circle Diameter is the diameter of the circular array. - Start Angle The Start Angle is the angle of the first node from the positive Y axis in clockwise direction.

3) Add button The Add button for this feature enables to add other nodes. Note that you can define many Rectangular or Circular Array node arrangements by just repeating the procedure as discussed above.

4) Delete button This command enables us to delete nodes. Pick nodes by dragging your mouse in the node list then click this button.

5) Import button This command enables us to import models from other programs as mentioned earlier.

a) Click the Import button to access the command instructions in importing structures. b) Select from the program list that can be found in the right side of the Import button.

c) Find the directory where the model is saved then select the file. d) Click Open button. A window will appear as shown below.

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e) Choose between Replace Geometry Data and Update Load Case/Combination without Geometry Data. - For Replace Geometry Data: The Geometry data of your present AFES model shall be overwrote by the new structure. However, you can choose if the load case and combinations shall also be replaced by the Load Case/Combination import from calculation result command.

- Load Case/Combination import from calculation result Put a check mark by a right click on your mouse on the small square box at the left side of

Load Case/Combination import from calculation result button to import the load cases and
load combinations from the calculation results of the structure. Uncheck the box if you dont want to import.

- Apply Foundation type Select from the dropdown selection lists the foundation type you want to apply to your footings. The selected type shall be applied to all foundations in the imported structure.

- For Update Load Case/Combination without Geometry Data:

By selecting this option, only the load cases and load combinations shall be imported.

- Start X Coordinate The X coordinates for the first node

- Start Y Coordinate The Y coordinates for the first node.

- OK button The OK button enables us to save the imported structure to the present model. 76 of 272

6) Save button This command enables to save all the input data completed in the Geometry Data form.

7) Close button This command enables us to exit from this feature.

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8. Create Grouping (Foundation Modules)

8.1 Main Functions The Assign Foundation Grouping command is used for assigning group for models with multi-foundations. This is very important because it eliminates repetitions of commands. Foundations with the same load combinations are recommended to join in one group. Foundations with different group names do not necessarily mean they have also different settings. The data defined in the Setting of Constants command remains common as long as they belong to the same model. Only some features are different for each group such as the load cases and load combinations.

The available foundation types are as follows;

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The Structure Group window can be accessed by the Assign Foundation Grouping button.

8.2 Assigned Nodes You can set the designations for the groups provided in this function.

1) Merge two groups with You can merge two groups with this command. Note that only two groups can be combined at a time. If you want to combine more than two groups, it can be done by joining two groups first then combine again with another one group.

a) Click on the arrow at the right side of the Merge two groups with message. he remaining groups will appear.

b) Choose from the selections you want to combine with the active foundation group. A warning message will appear for confirmation.

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c) Click Yes button. The two groups will be combined. You can confirm this by taking a look on your screen.

2) Group Description Set the details of every foundation group in this function by filling up the data presented.

a) Group Name When no Group Name has been defined, there will be no selection list from the drop down menu. Assigning name to a group is as discussed below.

- Click New from the bottom tabs.

- The Group name box is ready for defining. Input a name you want to assign.

- Choose nodes you want to join from the Using node list selection.

- Click the arrow pointing to the right.

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- Click Save button.

b) Group Type You can only combine two groups with the same Group Type. Select from the drop down list which consists of Isolated, Octagonal, Combined (X), Combined (Y), Heat_Excng, Tank_1, Tank_2, Mat_Foundation and Irregular.

c) Block Foundation Block Foundation refers to foundations without pier. Isolated, Mat and Irregular foundations are not available for this type. This command function is only activated for Octagonal, Combined (X), Combined (Y), Heat_Excng, Tank_1 and Tank_2. Put a check mark to assign for the active group.

- None Pile Foundation None Pile Foundation refers to soil foundations. Click this option to assign for the group.

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- Pile Foundation Pile foundation refers to foundations supported by piles. Click this option to assign for the group.

- Different size (Each Foundation) Use this option when you want different sizes for the foundations belong to a group. It will reflect in the Feature Data (Dimension) command. The dimensions for every footing will be defined independently.

- Same Size Use this option when you want the same sizes for the foundations belong to a group. It will reflect in the Feature Data (Dimension) command. When you define descriptions for one of the footings, it will automatically duplicate to the other footings. This option is important for footings with identical features. Click this option then select a node from the drop down list. The node will serve as reference for copying to other nodes. If different features are defined earlier for each node, the program can still recognize its properties. Select new node then you can notice that the other nodes will follow the features of the active node in the drop down menu.

3) Node List

a) Using node list The numbers registered in this column are available for grouping. Select nodes then click the arrow pointing to the right.

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b) Assigned node list The numbers registered in this column are the nodes assigned for the active group in the Group name menu. You can unselect a node by sending back to the Using node list column. Choose a node then click the arrow pointing to the left.

c) Assigned to the listed supports This option is recommended for a model with many nodes. If the set of numbers you want to assign is difficult to find in this table, just type the number and press ENTER key from your keyboard.

8.3 Command Button 1) New Button Click this button to initiate the command in creating a new foundation group.

2) Save button This command enables the program to save the actions performed in this function.

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3) Delete button This command enables the program to delete foundation groups with an option if including the nodes. In case you choose the option of deleting the nodes, it will be erased from the current model.

a) Choose a foundation group to delete from the Group name menu. b) Click Delete button. A warning message will appear.

c) Click the option Delete including nodes if you want nodes to be removed from the model. d) Click OK button to accept or Close button to cancel the command.

4) Save As button This command enables the program to rename and make changes to a foundation group. It has also the facility to separate nodes from its group. If you click this button, the program orders you to make a new group name and descriptions. You can cancel this action by clicking on the Close button.

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5) Cancel button This command enables the program to cancel the current activity in this function but it will not exit from the Structure Group window.

6) Close button This command enables the program to exit from this function.

7) Import (Group Add) button This command enables the program to import an AFES foundation model. Before proceeding to this function, export first a structure you want to import by the Export (Group) command.

a) Click the Import (Group Add) button. b) Access the directory of the structure to import. c) Select the structure file.

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d) Click Open button. A window will appear.

e) Enter values for OffsetX and OffsetY. f) Click Save button.

8) Export (Group) button This command enables the program to save a file and make it available for importing. The file will be saved in text format.

a) Click Export (Group) button. b) Select the directory you want to save the file.

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c) Type a name. d) Click Save button.

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9. Tie-Girder Data

9.1 Main Functions The Tie Girder Data command is used for creating tie girders. After making a tie girder, define its dimensions including its reinforcement main and secondary bars. The properties defined will then automatically assign to the active tie girder.

This command has also the facility to generate tie girders by making a line between two joints. The elevation of the tie girders from the footing top can also be set on this function. The Structure Tie Girder window can be accessed by the Tie Girder Data button.

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There are two ways to make tie girders. First, select two nodes from the Using node list column selections by your mouse while pressing on the CTRL key then click on the arrow pointing to the right. Second, using the screen image, pick a node by a right click of your mouse then pick another node. Select the Add Tie Girder button as displays.

9.2 Assigned Nodes There are two column lists for this function which you have to select and assign nodes to create a tie girder. You can make use of this if you want to create a tie girder by just selecting nodes.

1) Node List

a) Using node list This is the list of all the nodes created in the Geometry Data and available for assigning. You need to select two nodes to form a tie girder. You can make a tie girder in horizontal, vertical or diagonal directions as long as there are two connecting nodes. Pick the nodes using CTRL key then click the blue arrow pointing to the right direction.

b) Assigned node list If a tie girder is already created, you can view the node lists of which they are interconnected as registered on this column sheet.

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c) Assign to the list The selected nodes in the Using node list command are shown in this function. Every time you make a girder, different node numbers may be shown depending of what you pick from the node list.

9.3 View Options

1) Rebar View Choose a tie girder from the Assigned Node List selection or by picking from the window screen by your mouse. The main and secondary reinforcement bar layouts are being displayed in 3D view as being labeled. Only one girder shall be shown at a time. If no tie girder has been defined, a default arrangement shall appear.

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2) 3D View This command enables us to see the 3 dimensional configuration of the foundation now including the tie girders. You can also manipulate any angle views you want to inspect for this presentation.

9.4 Input Values 1) Name Enter a name for the Tie Girder. This will serve as the identification and use for labeling in the drawings. A default name is given in case of not creating a tie girder. Create first a tie girder before defining its properties.

2) Width Enter Width value. It is the measurement of total horizontal thickness of the tie girder.

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3) Height Enter Height value. It is the measurement of total vertical thickness of the tie girder.

4) Elevation (from girder bottom) to footing top below node No. Enter value for the box provided. It is the distance you want to lay the tie girder from the footing top to its bottom. In case of footings with different elevations, choose between two nodes which will serve as reference. The selected node shall appear on the left side of the box provided for this function. You can change by using the Change Elevation View button.

9.5 Input Bar Size and Spacing

1) Main Bar Main reinforcement bars can be defined in this function which consists of top and bottom although only one layer for each section is available for designation.

a) Size You can choose the sizes of reinforcement bars to assign for the top and bottom accordingly. Select from the dropdown list menu. The selection depends on the building code which is set in the Setting of Constant command.

b) EA Enter values for this column. They are the number of bars for the top and bottom. Note that only one layer is available for each section. The program does not recognize overlapping causing of too many bars entered and does not adjust the layout to several layers. The user has to review the spacing limitations of longitudinal bars as per design code in making this function.

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2) Secondary Bar The number of web bars and spacing of stirrups is defined in this function.

a) Side bar This is also referred as web bars. The top and bottom bars are being counted in entering value for this data. If you want to make one bar for each side, the number to be input should be 3. The program shall automatically distribute the web bars in equal spaces.

b) Stirrup Select stirrup size from the drop down menu and enter the spacing in the right box. The spacing is considered as uniform throughout the length from the first to the last tie bar. The distance of the first and last tie bars from the face of its adjacent piers can be defined in the Setting of Constant command. The following is the procedure for setting this item.

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- Click Setting of Constant command. - Select Concrete Covers from the top tabs. - Click Tie Girder (=Beam) tab. - Set the location distance of the first and last stirrup from the face of the pedestal in the Spacing at Girder Front, Rear Edge (TG.CL4) box. - Click Save button.

9.6 Command Button

1) Change Elevation View button This command is used to choose the node for which the elevation of the tie girder is referred to. The selected node appears in the Elevation (from girder bottom) to footing top below node No. command. It is only activated if the Rebar View is stimulated.

2) Delete button This command enables us to delete tie girders. Choose a tie girder from the Assigned Node list selection then click Delete button. Another way to delete is as describe below.

a) Pick a tie girder from the screen. b) Right click on your mouse. c) Click on the Delete tie girder message as appears.

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d) A warning message will display.

e) Click OK if only one girder is to be removed otherwise click Delete all tie girders if you want all to be erased.

3) Save button This command enables to save the actions performed in the Geometry Data form.

4) Close button This command enables us to exit from this function.

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10. Entering Foundation Dimension (=Feature Data) 10.0 Main Functions The Feature Data (Dimension) command is used to define the dimensions and other parameters necessary for the foundation and piers. This will serve not only for the design and analysis functions but also for estimates of material quantities. Besides, it will reflect in the drawing details. Also other features that can be found in this form are Soil Name, Spring Support Name, Foundation Group Type and Footing Shape. The Feature window can be accessed by the Feature Data (Dimension) button.

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It is important that the parameters in the Assign Foundation Grouping should be done first before proceeding to this feature. 10.2 Input Tabs 1) Footing Tab button Under this form the parameters for footing can be created and edited.

The Footing form can be accessed by the Footing button.

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a) Soil Name You can choose the Soil Name you want to use for your foundation design by this command in the selection lists in its dropdown menu. This is utilized only for soil foundations. Soil names should be created first in the Setting of Constants command to have selection list.

The default number of selection is only one.

b) Spring Support Name This is activated only if the FEM (Finite Element Method) of analysis is used. As in the soil foundations, there is only one default Spring Support Name. Additional support descriptions can be defined in the Setting of Constants command.

c) Fdn. Group Type In this box, the foundation group type can be seen. It is not activated and therefore can not be edited because it is already classified in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

d) Footing Shape You can change the footing shape by this command. Just choose from the dropdown list. The selections available depend on the shape defined in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

e) Fdn. Group Type In this box, the foundation group type can be seen. It is not activated and therefore can not be edited because it is already classified in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

f) Footing Shape You can change the footing shape by this command. Just choose from the dropdown list. The selections available depend on the shape defined in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

g) Name It is assigned for the footing name but not for the foundation group name. Usually the default is the same name with the foundation group for individual footings. You can edit the name by this command.

h) Length Enter Length value. It is the footing plan dimension for X direction.

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i) Width Enter Width value. It is the footing plan dimension for Y direction.

j) Wall Thickness Enter Wall Thickness value. This function is activated only for ring foundations. It is the plan thickness of the footing.

k) Diameter Enter Diameter value. It is the outside dimension of circular and polygon type of foundations. It is only activated when such forms are used.

l) Height Enter Height value. It is the footing total thickness.

m) Lean Concrete Height Enter Lean Concrete Height value.

n) Soil Height from Top of Footing Enter value for the soil height. Lean Concrete Horizontal Dimension Enter value for horizontal dimension of lean concrete.

o) Crushed Stone Height Enter value for height of crushed stone.

p) Wall thickness This text box is activated only when modeling Tank1, Tank2 and Block foundations with hollow footing. Wall thickness is the width of footing.

q) Slope Height This is activated when modeling slope footing. Slope height is the vertical distance from the top edge of footing to the part of footing in the face of pier.

r) Angle (from 0 degrees) This is activated only when modeling isolated footing. It is used to set the angle of horizontal rotation in clockwise direction.

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s) Set Footing Shape tab button

This tab enables you to reassign shape of footing from the selection. You can also edit footing shape by entering values in the corresponding text boxes. Sizes can also be edited through mouse drag.

Footing Name This button enables us to select which footing is to be considered for this auto design function.

Group Type It is the assigned group type from the Assign Foundation Grouping dialogue.

Section Name This button enables us to select section for design consideration.

Length Unit You can set unit in this data selection.

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Grid Step This is used to set spacing of grid to be assigned in the modeling figure. Click on the check box first before entering value in the text box.

Length Dialogue This dialogue enables us to edit footing dimension by just entering values from the text boxes or

Left Bottom Offset This dialogue enables us to assign offset value of pier going to the left from its original location. The Center Offset tab can be used when locating the piers to the footing center.

Draw button This button enables us to reform the footing to the selected shape from the choices at the left side of the Feature dialogue, and from the new entered pier offset values.

Below figure is original shape which we will transform into other shape.

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Select shape from the left side of the Feature dialogue by a click of your mouse.

Note: Other shapes are activated when using Irregular footing shapes.

Click Draw button.

New footing shape is shown above. The footing size can be adjusted by entering value from the Length text boxes.

Click Save button to keep new feature or Close button to retur to original footing setting.

Viewing Mode button This button enables us to keep on viewing mode only. It may not permit for editing.

Edit Mode button This button enables us to edit parameters.

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View Grid button This button enables us to display or hide grids.

or

Snap button This button enables us to perform snap from the footing.

Scale Mark button This button enables us to display or hide scale or grid marks. These are the numbers shown at top and right sides of drawing.

or

Pile Setting button This button enables us to edit pile data.

2) Pier Tab Button You may specify the pier eccentricity from the any point of footing in the local X and Y directions figure below. These values may be either positive or negative.

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Under this form the parameters for Pier can be created and edited.

The Pier form can be accessed by the Pier tab button.

a) Pier Lists The dropdown menu is a selection of pier lists defined earlier.

b) Shape Choose a shape assigned to the pier. Pier Shape selections depends on the shape of the foundation defined in the Assign Foundation Grouping menu.

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c) Pier Diameter Enter Pier Diameter value. It is only applicable for circular and polygon types of piers and activated only for such shapes.

d) Pier Length Enter Pier Length value. It is the X direction dimension for rectangular piers.

e) Width1(Left) Enter Width value. It is the Y direction dimension for rectangular piers.

f) Width2(Middle) Enter value for Width2(Middle). This is available only for heat exchanger pedestal shapes which are a T-type.

g) Width3(Right) This is also for heat exchanger pedestals but not activated because the value is copied from the Width1(Left).

h) Wall Thick. Enter Wall Thickness value. This function is activated only for ring type of piers.

i) Height1(from bot.) Enter value for Height1(from bot.). For regular piers it is the total height from the footing top elevation to the top level of the grout.

j) Height2(mid.) Enter value for Height2(mid.). This is available only for heat exchanger pedestal shapes which are a T-type. It is the Vertical dimension of the hunched part of the pedestal head.

k) Height3(top) This is also for heat exchanger pedestals. It is the vertical dimension of the piers head upper most part.

l) Grout Thickness Enter value for Grout Thickness on top of the pedestal.

m) Top of Grout Elevation Enter value for Top of Grout Elevation. It is the height from the top of soil to the top of grout. 105 of 272

If you enter a value for the grout thickness, the pier height shall be lessen by this amount. You can view this item in the drawing details.

n) Pier Angle (from 0 do) Enter Pier Angle. It is the rotation of the axis of the pier from the Y-axis in clockwise direction.

o) Base Position Select Base Position. It is the locality of the pier within the foundation.

p) Offset X Dir. Enter value for Offset X-Dir. The pier shall be moved by that amount in X direction.

q) Offset Y Dir. Enter value for Offset Y-Dir. The pier shall be moved by that amount in Y direction.

r) View button This command enables us to view the configuration of the selected pier. It is not used for editing.

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3) Irregular-Shaped Footing Tab Button Under this form the parameters for Pier can be created and edited.

The Irregular-Shape form can be accessed by the Irregular-Shaped Footing button.

a) Eliminate inside part This command is recommended only for foundations with holes. It is used to eliminate its open parts.

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b) Sill Thickness from footing edge The boxes provided in this column are to edit the dimensions of the new foundation shape. Perform this only if you selected Eliminate inside part otherwise use the Set Footing Shape button.

c) Set Footing Shape button Several irregular shapes are available in this program. This command enables us to choose a shape from the selection list and define their dimensions as described in the drawing.

The Footing Shape form can be accessed by the Set Footing Shape button.

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a) Origin position You can move the point of origin of the axes by this control button. The available locations where you can set this point are left top, left bottom, right top, right bottom and center.

b) Select Pier A piers location from the foundation layout can be identified using this command. Just select a pier from the selection lists then a cross line shall appear on its center.

c) Len1, Len2, etc. The number of data boxes provided depends on the shape of the foundation. Enter values as being described in the drawing.

d) OffsetX Enter value for OffsetX if you want the piers to be moved in the X direction.

e) OffsetY Enter value for OffsetY if you want the piers to be moved in the Y direction.

f) Move button Click this button to view the latest pier locations based from the input values for the OffsetX and OffsetY.

g) Generate button Click this button to view the configuration of the foundation based from the input data of the previous commands.

10.3 Command button 1) Save as Pier button This button is very useful for foundations with similar piers. Choose from the Pier Lists in the Pier form then click the Save as Pier button then select which is to assign the same properties. It is only activated when the Pier tab is chosen from the bottom menus.

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The Save as Pier form can be accessed by the Save as Pier button.

a) Check All button Make use of this command if all has to be copied to the dimensions of the defined pier. You can also choose only the piers for copying by clicking on the square box on its left side.

b) Check Clear button Click this button to unselect all piers.

2) Save button This command enables to save the actions performed in the Geometry Data form.

3) Close button This command enables us to exit from this feature.

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11. Setting Strip Data for Reinforcement Design

11.1 Main Functions The Setting of Strip Data for Reinforcement Design command is used to define the width of strips that is to be considered for reinforcement design and one-way shear check. A default strip is being stalled for every type of foundation. This item can be defined and edited only for mat foundations unlike for foundations such as ISO, OCT, HEX, Combined, TANK1 and TANK2 wherein the default strip is the whole width of the footing. Critical sections are set in default according to X and Y directions. You can create different width strips for the X, Y or All directions.

The strip generally can be determined in accordance with the followings; - Effective depth/2 + pier width + effective depth/w, - A half of distance between piers from Principle of Foundation Engineering by M. DAS - Equivalent pier width + 3 x effective depth from ACI-1693 Code Commentary

The program has the capability to calculate and show the shear and moment diagrams for the strips.

The Foundation Structure Section (=Width) for Reinforcement Design window can be accessed by the Setting of Strip Data for Reinforcement Design button.

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11.2 Input Values

1) Effective Width Name This is the name assigned to a strip. It is activated only if you create new by clicking on the New button. The name of the default strip is S1 and all its parameters made are not editable. You can make new names as X, Y or any as you want to be.

2) Based Node no It is the reference node in the labeling the strips. For instance you want to create for X or Y direction, the widths to be defined in the Width 1 and Width 2 shall be based from that node. Please refer to the descriptions of Width 1 and Width 2.

a) X Direction It is the direction under consideration for analysis and design of the defined strips. Select if X direction is regarded.

b) Y Direction Select if Y direction is considered in the analysis and design of the defined strips.

c) All Directions Select if the X and Y directions are to be considered in the analysis and design for the defined strips. If you use this, Width 1 and Width 2 need not be defined because the whole width and length of the foundation is regarded to be the effective widths.

d) Width 1 It is the upper part of the strip for X direction and left part for Y direction from the selected reference node. This is not activated if All is the selected direction since it includes the whole width.

e) Width 2 It is the lower part of the strip for X direction and right part for Y direction from the selected reference node. This is not also activated if All is the selected direction as mentioned in Width 1.

3) View of All Effective Width You can use this command to view all the created strips simultaneously in your screen.

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4) List of Effective Width Name In this column, you can view the strip name lists created. Pick one to enable you to edit.

5) Pier List in Effective Width You can verify the piers involved within the effective width as listed in the box of this menu.

6) Define Strip for Foundation Design Use this utility to set the piers involve in a strip by the Pier List (Strip) function. In the shear and moment diagram using the Conventional Rigid Method 1, you can choose which piers to be involve as support. The joint restraints will be considered as pinned for 2 or more than supports and fixed for 1 support. This is not applicable for Conventional Rigid Method 2 because there are always 2 supports considered which are positioned at both ends.

The following are examples for setting piers as supports.

Figure below is a mat foundation consists of 5 piers which shall be used for illustrations.

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Example 1. Setting for all piers as support. Enter piers 1 to 5 in the box provided as shown below.

In X and Y directions, there are 3 supports for each sections for the whole strip caused by the 5 piers as you can see as connected by a line. For X direction, support1 are piers 1 and 4, support2 is pier 5 and support 3 are piers 2 and 3. For Y direction, support1 are

piers 1 and 3, support2 is pier 5 and support3 are piers 2 and 4. You can check this by accessing the shear and moment diagrams.

a)

Click Foundation Analysis/Design button.

b) Select Regular Shaped Foundation Design Method (Default). Other design methods is also available of this function but with different steps in accessing the shear and moment diagram. The purpose of this example is to only show the supports as

being labeled in the Define Strip of Str. Design Fdn. utility and therefore need not to discuss for the other methods. c) Click OK button. An image will appear as shown below.

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d) Click Goto Diagram button. A figure will be shown.

As you visualize, there are 3 supports resulted as defined and considered as pinned. Example 2. Setting for two piers as support. Enter piers 1 3 in the box provided as shown below.

In X direction, there are 2 supports created by the piers 1 and 3 whereas 1 support only for Y direction formed by the same piers.

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Follow the same steps in example 1 in accessing the diagram. At the end, you can see the supports for X and Y sections. - X-Direction: Select S (X) in the drop down from the Section menu.

The 2 supports are shown and considered as pinned.

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- Y-Direction: Select S (Y) in the drop down from the Section menu.

Only 1 support is shown and considered as fixed.

7) Pier List (Strip) You can edit the piers involved within the strip by typing the node number of pedestals in this box then click Save from the bottom tabs.

8) For Generation Drawing Make use of this menu to order the piers to be shown in the section details in the drawing reports.

9) Pier List (Section) Type the piers you want to be shown in the section details.

10) Section Draw Put a check mark on the left square box of Section Draw to enable the program to recognize and include the pier list as identified in the Pier List (Section) function in the section detail of drawing reports. If uncheck, the program makes the section detail of the direction where the first node belongs, as a default function.

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11.3 Command Button

1) New button Use this command to make a new strip.

2) Delete button Use this command to delete a strip. Select from the List of Effective Width Name lists then click Delete button from bottom tabs.

3) Cancel button Use this to terminate any activities made for this command provided that the Save command button has not been pressed.

4) Save button This command enables to save the actions performed in this feature.

5) Close button This command enables us to exit from this feature.

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12. Reinforcement Data

12.1 Main functions The Reinforcement Data command is used to assign bar sizes and spacing for piers and footings. Reinforcement bar sizes depend on the design code designated in the Setting of Constant command. Set of bar array options are available in the Footing option. The arrangement of footing bars are parallel to the X and Y axis except for Tank1 and Tank2 Ring type modules which are in radial and longitudinal directions.

From the main tool bar, Click the Reinforcement data shown in the following figure.

button. A pile data window will be appeared as

Separate windows for Footing and Pier are provided in this function.

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12.2 Footing Tab Button This option enables us to set the number of reinforcement bars, size, spacing and array type arrangement for the footing.

1) Array Type Select from the array types of reinforcement layout. Different forms for single and double layer arrangement are presented.

2) Top Bar This function is activated when two layers of reinforcement is selected in the Array Type Option.

a) Size Select bar size for X and Y from the dropdown menu. You can assign differently for each direction.

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b) Number Select this option if you want exact number of bars. The program will automatically distribute in uniform spacing throughout the length minus clear covers for each side.

c) Spacing Select this option if you want to set spacing of bars. The program will automatically distribute in uniform spacing throughout the length minus clear covers for each side.

3) Bottom bar This function is always activated whether one or two layers of reinforcement is selected in the Array Type. The procedure for labeling the Size, Number and Spacing is the same as discussed in the Top bar option.

4) Display rebar separately (footing/pedestal) Click this function if you want your reinforcement bars to be displayed per item. This means when the Footing tab is selected, only its bars will display, same case with the Pier tab.

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But if you unselect this option, bars for both pier and footing will appear in the screen image.

12.3 Pier Tab Button This option enables us to set the number of reinforcement bars, size, spacing and tie arrangement for the pier.

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1) Pier Name Select a pier to designate in the drop down menu. You can set for one pier and later on you can copy to other piers.

2) Tied Array (Tie Bar) This type of tie bar arrangement usually occurs in rectangular piers. Click this option for such type.

3) Spiral Array (Tie Bar) This type of tie bar arrangement usually occurs in circular and polygon types of piers. Click this option for such type.

4) Rectangular Shape Bar The Rectangular Shape Bar will appear when the shape of the active pier in the Pier Name dropdown menu is rectangular.

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5) Vertical Bar These are the main reinforcing bars. They are parallel to the direction of the pier.

a) Size: 1, 2 Select sizes in the dropdown menu. It will be assigned to all vertical bars.

b) X No: 1 Enter value for this item. It is the number of bars for X direction for each side.

c) Y No: 2 Enter value for this item. It is the number of bars for Y direction for each side.

6) Tie Bar It is referred as the lateral reinforcement bars.

a) Size: 3 Select sizes in the dropdown menu. It will be assigned to all tie bars.

b) Spacing: 3 Enter value for this item. It will be used for all tie bars.

7) Octagonal/Circle Shape Bar The Octagonal/Circle Shape Bar will appear when the shape of the active pier in the Pier Name dropdown menu is circle or octagonal.

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8) Top Tie-Bar This option is activated when octagonal shaped pier is used. You can leave as blank when you dont want to have such bar item in your pedestal.

a) Size Select sizes in the dropdown menu. It will be applied for both X and Y directions.

b) Spacing XY Enter value for Spacing XY. It will be applied for both X and Y directions.

9) Vertical Bar These are the main reinforcing bars. They are parallel to the direction of the pier.

a) Size Select sizes in the dropdown menu. It will be assigned to all vertical bars.

b) No Enter value for this item. The vertical bars will be distributed with equal spacing depending on the input number.

10) Tie Bar a) Size Select sizes in the dropdown menu. It will be assigned to all tie bars.

b) Spacing Enter value for this item. It will be used for all tie bars.

11) Earthquake Proof Concrete column ends for regions with high seismic risk requires adequate transverse reinforcement to ensure ductility in the event of hinge formation. This option in the program helps us to satisfy requirements for different building codes depending on frame type, pier dimension and clear height, tie bar and vertical bar diameters.

You can ignore this option if it is not necessary.

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12) Dowel Bar Dowel bar lap length is required especially on long pedestals or columns which no commercial length is available to cover up piers total height. There is a need to lap the connecting bars with sufficient length to ensure proper transfer of forces.

Enter lap length if only required. It will be shown in the drawing report.

12.4 Command Button

1) Save as Pier button This command enables to copy the designations of a pier to other pedestals. It is discussed in the Feature Data (Dimension) command.

2) Save button This command enables to save the actions performed in this feature.

3) Close button This command enables us to exit from this feature.

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13. Pile Data

13.1 Main Functions The Pile Data command is used to layout and assign piles in the foundation. Regular pile arrangements are available for circular or rectangular arrays.

This function is activated only when the selected type is Pile fdn. in the Assign Foundation Grouping command. Define pile features first before proceeding to this function in the Setting of Constant command.

From the main tool bar, click the figure.

button. A pile data window will be appeared as shown in the following

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13.2 Input Values

1) Pile Name Choose which pile to use from the dropdown menu. The piles created in the Setting of Constant command will be available for selection. You can only assign one type for every foundation.

2) View Group Reduction Click on the square box at the left side of the View Group Reduction option to turn on the command. This will enable us to check the spacing between piles. The diameter of the circle outside the pile (with hidden lines) is computed as 2.5 x pile diameter which is based from the minimum requirement of design codes. If those circles overlap to its adjacent, it means its distance is below minimum allowed.

3) Coordinates Select this tab if you want to make pile arrangement and locate pile through input of coordinates.

- X Coor. The location of pile in X-direction with reference from the selected point of origin.

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The location of pile in Y-direction with reference from the selected point of origin.

4) Array Wizard Select this tab if you want to set pile arrangement in array type as circular or rectangular. This is recommended for regular pile layout.

5) Origin Point This option enables us to set reference point from the footing in defining pile coordinates.

13.3 Command Button The Coordinates window can be accessed by the Coordinates tab.

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- Add button Click this button to enable us to add or insert pile then enter value for the X and Y coordinates to where you want to put within the footing area.

- Delete button This command enables us to delete a pile. Select a pile then click Delete button either from the tables or screen.

- Modify button This command enables us to modify pile arrangement as a group. The Array Wizard can be accessed by the Array Wizard tab.

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Array Select pile array options from circular or rectangular

Rectangular This selection enables us to set rectangular pile arrangement.

- Spacing Enter value to define center to center spacing between piles

- Number Enter value to define quantity of piles in a specified direction

Circular This selection enables us to set circular pile arrangement.

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- Start Angle It is measured as angle rotated clockwise from positive Y-axis. Enter value to define location of start pile.

- No. Enter value to define quantity of piles in an array.

- Pile Circle Dia (PCD) Enter value to define diameter of pile array.

- Add Draw This command button enables us to add another pile array arrangement.

- Regenerate This command button enables us to remove existing piles and define new arrangement.

Below feature is used only for Auto Design function. Series of selection of arrangement can be set from the Arrange Type as supported by a figure.

- Arrange Type This selection enables us to set arrangement type of piles to be utilized for auto design.

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- P2P Dist. Enter value to set pile array diameter or pile to pile distance.

- Generate This command button enables us to remove existing piles and define new arrangement.

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14. Anchor Bolts/Box Data for Drawings and Material Quantities

14.1 Main Functions The Anchor Bolts/Box Data command is used to make bolt arrangements. You can define the parameter of bolts, select sizes, bolt types and designate them to the pier. The sizes available as choices depend on the design code being utilized.

You can easily create regular arrangement of bolts using the Rectangular or Circular Array Method. Adding or inserting bolt is also possible using the Add button.

From the main tool bar, click the figure

button. A pile data window will be appeared as shown in the following

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14.2 Bolt Data 1) Supplied by subcontractor This option is provided for information purposes only. This will not affect bolt data.

2) Supplied by vendor Also, this option is provided for information purposes only.

3) Units a) Unified Units When you choose this option, the selections of bolt sizes in the dropdown menu shall be based from SI units.

b) Metric Units When you choose this option, the selections of bolt sizes in the dropdown menu shall be based from Metric units.

4) Bolt Size Choose bolt size from the dropdown menu. You can only use one size of bolt for every pier.

5) Projection Enter value for Projection as described in the figure. Projection 6) Length Enter value for Length as described in the figure. Length

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7) Type Select bolt type from the dropdown menu. Several bolt styles are available.

8) Node No. Select piers node number from the dropdown menu.

9) Anchor Bolt Setting You can set anchor bolt setting of bolt type, bolt size, supplier, units used, projection and length from this feature.

10) Anchor Box Setting You can set anchor bolt setting of bolt length, width and height from this feature. Normally anchor box is provided if there is delay for anchor bolt delivery and pouring of concrete is already done.

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14.3 Coordinates Choose this tab if you want to create anchor bolt layout by entering coordinate values for X and Y froma selected point of origin/reference.

- Origin Point It is the reference from the pier in defining location of anchor bolt

- X Coordinate Enter value to define location of anchor bolt in X direction from the set point of origin

- Y Coordinate Enter value to define location of anchor bolt in Y direction from the set point of origin

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14.4 Array Wizard Two types of array arrangement are available. Select from this option if you want to set regular layout.

Rectangular Array This option will access you to the data form in making rectangular array.

- Spacing Enter value to define center to center spacing between anchor bolt

- Number Enter value to define quantity of anchor bolts in a specified direction

- Regenerate This command button enables us to remove existing anchor bolt and define new arrangement.

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Circular Array This option will access you to the data form in making circular array.

- Start Angle It is measured as angle rotated clockwise from positive Y-axis. Enter value to define location of start anchor bolt.

- No. Enter value to define quantity of anchor bolts in an array.

- Bolt Circle Dia. (BCD) Enter value to define diameter of anchor bolt array.

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15. Equipment Data

15.1 Main Functions The Equipment Data command is used to create equipment data information. Several equipment types are available such as Column (Vertical Vessel), Heat Exchanger/Hor. Drum, Large Storage Tank and Ball tank. Different data forms are provided for each category. The Equipment Assign window can be accessed by the Equipment Data button.

15.2 Command Button 1) New button This command enables us to make new equipment data. The procedure is as follows:

a) Click New button.

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b) Enter Equipment Name. c) Select Equipment Type from the dropdown menu. c) Select node from the Using node list to assign then click arrow pointing to the right. This will allow the program to assign the equipment to that node.

2) Using node list The list of nodes available for assigning equipment can be found in this column.

3) Input Values a) Equipment Name The box is provided to designate a name for equipment to be assigned to a node or nodes.

b) Equipment Type This is the selection list for equipment types. Offered equipment types are: - Column (Vertical Vessel) - Heat Exchanger - Large Storage Tank - Ball Tank

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c) Assigned node list The number found in this dialogue is the node assigned for the equipment. You can edit by reentering other numbers then click Save button.

4) Input button This command is used for entering parameters for the equipment. The form appearance is different for each equipment type. Fill up the data boxes provided for corresponding items. The outlines for various types are as follows:

a) Column (Vertical Vessel) Equipment type selection is also available for the vertical vessel.

- Equipment Type Offered types for Column (Vertical Vessel) are: - Vertical vessel: non-uniform cylindrical column with variable cross section - Vertical vessel: uniform cylindrical column - Vertical Vessel: uniform cylindrical column with ladder - Vertical Drum with legs - Small Tank

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- Equipment name The equipment Name can be edited in this dialogue box.

b) Heat Exchanger This equipment type requires at least two supporting nodes.

- Equipment No. Select number of equipments to be applied from the drop down menu. Default maximum is three.

- Type of equipment Select type of equipment. Choices are Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Drum.

- Equipment Name The equipment Name can be edited in this dialogue box.

- Orientation of Fixed Point Select orientation of fixed point. Choices are East, South, West and North. Point of reference is as described in the figure.

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- Sliding Plate Material Choices of sliding plate material are available in the dropdown menu as: a) No Sliding Plate (Steel support on concrete) b) Steel Slide Plate c) Teflon slide plate: Bearing pressure over 100 psi d) Teflon slide plate: Bearing pressure 100 psi and below e) Lubrite slide plate f) others

c) Large Storage Tank It is applicable only for Ring Type foundation modules.

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- Equipment Type Offered types for Large Storage Tank are: a) Type 1 b) Type 2 c) Type 3 d) Type 4 e) Type 5

- Equipment Name The equipment Name can be edited in this dialogue box.

- Existing of Sump Pit This option is used for drawing purposes only. Switch on by putting a mark by a click of your mouse in the square box to be able to include the data made in the drawing report.

d) Ball Tank This equipment type requires a minimum of three supporting nodes.

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- Equipment Name The equipment Name can be edited in this dialogue box.

- Weight This parameter offers input data for Empty, Operation and Test weight cases.

1. Input values for Empty Weight, Operation Weight and Test Weight.

2. Create Load cases for Empty, Operation and Test through the Load Case/Combination command. Refer to Load Case/Combination for procedure in creating Load Cases.

3. Enter load values for Empty, Operation and Test Loads. Note: Entered load values in the Equipment Data form is not carried out in the Load Cases.

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4. Create Load Combinations involving the created Load Cases. Refer to Load Case/Combination for procedure in creating Load Cases.

- Set Wind Parameters button This command enables to input parameters for wind loading.

- Set Seismic Parameters button This command enables to input parameters for seismic loading.

5) Save button This command enables to save the actions performed in this feature.

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6) Delete button This command enables to delete an equipment data.

The procedure for deleting assigned equipment is as follows:

a) Select Equipment name to remove in the Equipment Assign form.

b) Click Delete button. A warning message will appear.

c) Click OK button to delete selected equipment name or switch on the Delete all equipment data to erase all.

7) Close button This command enables us to exit from this feature.

8) Viewing Equipment and Structure The equipment defined from the above procedures or structure imported from other program can be shown in 3D image graphics from your screen.

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a) Right click from your mouse. A window will appear as shown below.

b) Select Structure-frame View.

Model not showing equipment

Model showing equipment

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16. Load Case/Combination

16. 1 Main Functions The Load Case/Combination command is used to define, add, edit or delete load cases and combinations.

Assigned load cases can be combined with factors in accordance with a few design methods and specifications. Mainly applied load combinations are Allowable Strength Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination. Combinations by Allowable Strength Design are normally applied with 1.0 factored value. The purpose of the combinations is to take into account soil bearing capacity, sliding, overturning, uplift check, and pile capacity check for a pile supported foundation. Combinations referring to Ultimate Strength Design are used for footing reinforcement, pier design, one way shear check, and taking different factors for various cases. Loads represent actions upon the structures into a form of force. A spatial distribution of loads upon the structure is called a load case. An unlimited number of load cases can be defined in AFES. Separate load cases would be defined for dead load, live load, wind load, operational load, test load, etc. You can create limitless load combinations from the defined load cases as the program offers default load combinations that are editable. Load cases include self weight, which the program has an option if it shall be included. Wind or earthquake load definitions are also available when using the Ball Tank equipment type. The Load Case and Combination window can be accessed by the Load Case/Combination button.

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16.2 Load Case Enter force values for the corresponding load cases. Orientation of load directions is shown in the Load Case form. The Ball Tank loading option is also featured in this function

1) Input Buttons a) Edit node list button This command enables to assign or un-assign a node for load definition to a load case. The program automatically assigns all nodes to load cases but you can assign or un-assign using the following procedure.

- Click Edit Node List button. The node numbers in the Assigned node list section will be activated. - To un-assign, select number from the Assigned node list then click arrow pointing downward. - To re-assign, select number from the Unassigned node list then click arrow pointing upward.

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b) Remove button This command enables to remove assigned load cases.

- Select a load case from the Show state of load case section. - Click Remove button. A warning message will appear as shown.

- Check Remove all load cases button to erase all or just click OK button to delete selected load case.

c) Ball Tank button This command enables us to apply lateral force to equipment which the program automatically distributes to each of its pier supports. Select by just picking a load case from the Load Case form to assign this load before proceeding to this activity.

Follow the steps.

This

calculation

report

will display in whole page using this button.

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d) Assigned node list This section consists of the node numbers assigned to a load case.

Unassigned node list This section consists of the node numbers un-assigned to a load case.

e) Assigned Load Case This button enables us to view and enter values for the assigned load cases.

- Click Assigned Load Case button. - Select Load Case from the list. - Enter corresponding values for each of the load cases. - Click Save button to keep new data.

f) Unassigned Load Case This button enables us to view the un-assigned load cases and assign them.

- Click Unassigned Load Case button. - Select Load Case from the list. - Click Save button.

g) Current load case In this message box, you can see the current load case for designation.

f) Edit assigned node list In this message box, you can edit assigned node numbers to the current load case.

- Type numbers of the nodes you want to include in the load case. Provide space between numbers. You can observe the changes in the Assigned node list section. - Click Save button.

Note: The following are load considerations taken for Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundations.

a) Bundle Pull (Exchangers) Bundle full force is an estimated friction force generated from exchanger tube bundle installation or removal. This load is applied longitudinally at the center of the bundle and distributed between the piers. For stacked exchangers, the load is applied at the center of the 153 of 272

top bundle. The portion of the bundle pull force at the sliding end support is calculated as the

lesser of the friction or the bundle pull force and the remainder is resisted at the fixed end support.

b) Thermal Force Thermal force is the force due to the growth of the horizontal vessel or exchanger between supports. Thermal growth is calculated using the maximum design temperature.

Smaller value resulting from the following calculations is used as thermal force and is applied at the top of the piers.

c) Force required to overcome static friction between the vessel support and side plate. Ff = (Pop)

where, Ff Pop = static friction force = coefficient of friction = operating compressor load on slide plate

d) Force required to deflect the pier or column an amount equal to of the thermal growth between supports. Fd = 3 EI/2L3

where, Fd = pier deflection force = total deflection between piers E = modulus of elasticity I = pier moment of inertia L = distance between piers

a) Slide Plates A steel plate shall be provided at the sliding end of every vessel regardless of the flexibility inherent in the structural support.

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Use low friction slide plates such as lubrite or Teflon for large movements or if the operating weight at the sliding end exceeds 25 kips. Exceptions to this are as follows:

b) When the deflection force Fd is equal to or less than the sliding force Ff for low friction bearing. c) When it is more economical to distribute a large load more evenly between the two piers by increasing the friction force on the sliding end.

Typical coefficients of friction are as follows:

- No slide plate (steel support on concrete) - Steel Slide Plate - Teflon Slide Plate - Bearing Pressure 100 psi and below - Bearing Pressure Above 100 psi - Lubrite Slide Plate

0.50 0.30

0.10 0.06 0.10

The following criteria are used in sizing low temperature (les than 500 degrees F) slide plate elements. Plate width: ( = total thermal growth between plates) a) lower element = (saddle width) + 2 () + in b) upper element = (lower element) + 1 in

Allowable bearing in psi: (T = saddle temperature in degrees F) - for T 100 - for 100 < T < 500 2000 2000 17 (T-100)/4

The thermal and friction forces are automatically calculated in AFES. After getting the values input manually the in the load case data.

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16.3 Load Combination Define load combinations using this command. You can define limitless load combinations though default load combinations are available but they can be edited or deleted. You can only assign load combinations name using numbers. Create first load cases before proceeding to this activity.

1) Command Button a) New button This command enables us to create new load combination. - Click New button. - Define load combination name in the box provided. Note that it should compose of numbers. - Select load case to combine from the Load Case section. - Click arrow pointing to the right. - You can unselect load case by sending it back in the load case section using the arrow pointing to the left. - Enter load factors. 156 of 272

- Select if for stability or reinforcement design. - Click Save button.

Note: When creating load combination for stability, select options for sliding, overturning and allowable soil increase. The safety factors for these items have default values but can be edited in the Setting of Constant form under Safety Factor tab. For load combinations under Reinforcement, these items shall automatically set to N/A.

b) Import button This command enables us to import load combination. Load combination data that was exported in text file in AFES program can be imported. 157 of 272

- Click Import button. - Access the directory where the load combination in text file is saved. - Select the file to be imported. - Click Open button. A warning message will appear as shown.

- Select if Yes or No based from the statements on the warning message.

c) Export button This command enables us to export load combination data that was saved in text file in AFES program. After exporting the file, it will be available for import in this program. Be sure there are already created load combinations before proceeding to this activity.

- lick Export button. - elect the directory you want to save the file. - lick Save button.

d) Delete button This command enables us to delete load combinations.

- elect load combination to delete. - lick Delete button. A warning message will appear as shown.

- Check Delete all load combination if you want to remove all or just click OK button to erase only selected load combination.

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e) Default Load Combination button This command enables us to obtain the default load combinations.

-Click Default Load Combination button. A warning message will appear as shown.

- Click Yes button if you want the default load combination to replace the existing load combination or click No button to cancel.

16.4 Set Load Case Several load cases are stored up in the program as defaults. The load cases present in the New Load Case form are available for assigning but you can create additional load cases.

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1) To create load case:

2) Usage a) Click New button. b) Enter Load Case number. c) Designate a Name for the load case. d) Designate Load Case Description. e) Click Save button.

16.5 Representative Applied Load Combination This command is used only for foundations of different group and combined by a tie girder. Generally, foundation of different group has separate load combinations. So the program might be confused of which load combination is to be employed.

This feature then is provided to select which load combination is to be applied for the linked groups.

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1) Command Button

a) Assign Load Combination You can see the assigned load combination for the linked foundation.

b) Group Description Information for the group which its load combination is selected for analysis and design can be seen in this part.

Group name You can choose from the selection of which group shall use of its load combination. This command is activated by first pressing on the Change button.

Group type The assigned foundation group type from the Assigned Foundation Grouping command.

Main Group for joint load combination Check on this option to be able the program to operate Change command.

Other information are provided such as foundation type whether block, pile or non-pile foundation in this form.

c) Change button This command enables the program to select and change load combination to be used for the linked foundation.

2) Procedure

2.1 Click Change button. 2.2 Select group from the Group name selection list.

Load combination for the selected group shall be used. 161 of 272

2.3 Check on the Main group for joint load combination.

2.4 Click Save button.

16.5 Viewing Load Case/Combination Load case and load combination values for every pier can be seen on your screen.

a) Right click from your mouse in the screen of your AFES program. A window form will appear as shown below.

b) Select Load case View or Load combination View from the dialogue window. This will enable to view values to the corresponding nodes. Deselect from the window items you dont want to be shown from the structure image.

You can choose which load case/combination

shall be displayed from this dropdown menu.

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17. Foundation Analysis/Design

When you are ready to analysis and design the foundation, you can click Foundation Analysis/Design icon from top toolbar menu below. or From the Main Menu select Design (D) > Run ( = Analysis) > Rigid Method

17.1 General AFES executes Foundation Analysis and Design according to design standards widely accepted. It is assumed that all external forces are loaded at the center of the piers and the connection between the pier and the footing is considered to be rigid enough to carry those forces. Strength, stability and sectional design of components of footing, pier, corbels and tie girders are properly examined. The design codes of AFES support ACI318-99, 02, BS 8110, Korean and IS456 (2000). Some shapes of footing and pier are available for design and analysis with AFES. Usable footing shapes are rectangle, circle, octagon, circle with a hole, while available pier shapes are rectangle, circle, octagon, T-shape.

17.2 Design Method AFES supports Automatic Analysis and Design and Manual Analysis and Design at the same time.

17.3 Automatic Analysis and Design With externally loaded forces, AFES is able to do automatic analysis and design of foundations, which bring out optimized sections of a footing against stresses by the external loads. The application can proceed in analysis and design without detailed design data including the assumed size of a footing, the assumed number of piles, specifications on spacing, and types of reinforcement. After analysis and design, the recommend result can be saved in the database and seen in a summarized form.

Note : The load case and combination should be input before executing auto design.

17.4 Main Functions The Foundation Analysis/Design command is used to run the program for the Analysis and Design calculations. All input data should be done before proceeding to this activity.

For preliminary design, you can use the Auto Design function. The program automatically brings out optimized sizes against stresses by the external loads. Recommended results can be saved in database and can be seen in summarized form. The following is the procedure in utilizing Auto Design.

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17.5 Performing Design 1) Performing Auto Design a) Click Design from top menu.

b) Select Auto Design. A window will appear as shown.

c) Click Set Parameters button.

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A window will appear. Set Design Options from this form.

After setting desired data, click Save button or Default button to restore original.

d) Click Auto Design button. The recommended foundation image and new values in the Footing Dimension table will come out.

Original Size

Automatic Design Size

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e) Click Save to DB button to keep new data.

f) Click Close button then open corresponding forms for each item such as Geometry, Pile and Reinforcement to see changes.

2) Performing Detail Design After having set up all important data, whether from Auto Design or by manual input, you can run analysis and design using the Foundation Analysis/Design button of which several types of Analysis Methods presented.

The following are Analysis and Design Methods offered in this program. a) Foundation Design Old Version (Only Regular) b) Foundation Design New Version

3) Performing Design and Viewing Report The Analysis and Design Methods window can be accessed by the Foundation Analysis/Design button.

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4) Design Method : Foundation Design Old Version (Only Regular) This method is used for regular shape foundations only. It will be deleted at the end of this year.

a) Analysis/Design In this function, set analysis and design preferences. Note that default settings are provided; however, review the options, and if necessary change them, to ensure they are suitable.

- Select Load Distribution Method When using Conventional Rigid Method 2 analysis, the pier reactions will be applied to the footing as loads. You can set if this load will be applied as concentrated or uniform load. - Concentrated Force Select this option if you want pier load to apply as concentrated force. - Uniform Force Select this option if you want pier load to apply as uniform force.

- Shear and Reinforcement Design This option enables you to choose the location of design shear and moment to be considered if using value from critical or at maximum point. For mat and other foundation with piles, top moment usually occurs. The top moment should then have to be regarded.

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- Critical Point (Pier Left/Right of Any Sections)

If you choose this option, the value at a distance d from the face of support is to be considered for shear design and the moment at the face of the pier shall be used to determine the required area of reinforcement.

- Maximum Point (Maximum Value at Any Section)

The maximum bottom moment at any location within the foundation is used to determine the reinforcement area required. Maximum shear value at any section shall also be compared to that of the computed shear strength in that position.

- Consider Top Moment

Selecting of this option means the program considers top moments for reinforcement design. Switch on the Consider Top Moment message to include top moment.

b) Footing Bar Each design code has different shrinkage and temperature reinforcement ratio. Default values are provided but you can change using this function if necessary.

- General Code Subsequent design is based on the selected design code. Temperature and Shrinkage Bar

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This is a user input value. The ratio which is being assigned in the Temperature and Shrinkage Bar box is multiplied by that in the percentage value entered for the Top and Bottom boxes for the top and bottom reinforcement design respectively.

- Not Consider Temperature and Shrinkage Bar Temperature and Shrinkage will not be included for reinforcement design considerations.

c) Command Buttons - Next button Use this command to display the equivalent beam diagram with moment of inertia values for every segment and joint support conditions.

- Goto Diagram button Use this command to display the load, shear and moment diagrams where you can view the member forces, maximum forces and critical shear and moment forces.

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- Goto #L/C button Use this command to display the load combinations applied for stability analysis and reinforcement design.

- Goto Summary button Use this command to display the summary report. In this information, you can compare the allowable against the actual stresses and easily trace the items which fail due to red marks on the result tables.

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Set screen sheet size option.

View last page View next page View previous page View first page

- Print button This command enables us to set the range of sheets to print.

- To PDF File button This command enables us to save the summary report in pdf file in any directory.

- Print Set button This command enables us to select the printer and set its properties and set sheet size and orientation.

- Show Detail Report button This command enables us access the calculation report in detailed form.

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View first page View previous page View next page View last page

- Out button This command enables us to view current page in smaller image.

- In button This command enables us to view current page in larger image.

- Printing button This command enables us to set the range of sheets to print.

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- Pdf button This command enables us to save the summary report in pdf file to any directory.

5) Design Method : Foundation Design New Version

Foundation/Analysis Design form

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Performing Pre-Analysis and Design Select this button to access the pre-analysis and design form which offers to set the design options before proceeding to run analysis and design

Analysis Setting form

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5.1 Analysis Set Analysis method before proceeding to perform Analysis command.

a) Analysis Only Selected Group The program will only perform design and analysis for the selected group when using this option.

b) Analysis All Group The program will perform design and analysis for all groups when using this option.

c) Rigid Method Foundation Design This is the conventional rigid design method. It offers options for foundations with or

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- Ignore Tie Girder - Consider Tie Girder by Inner Solver This method is used for regular shape foundations with tie-beams. Aside from footing and pier, it also includes tie-beam analysis and design.

- Consider Tie Girder by Staad.Pro Analysis

d) Finite Element Method (Footing as Plate) This method is used for any type of foundation using the analysis of footing as finite element. Define first the soil support conditions in the Setting of Constant command under Supports tab before performing this method. Refer to Setting of Constant command manual the procedure for defining soil properties used as spring supports.

The procedure for creating soil support condition for FEM is as follows.

- Click Setting of Constant command. - Select Supports tab. - Click New button. - Enter Support Description.

For pile foundations:

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- Select Fixed But option. - Enter values for soil springs and assign releases. - Click Save button.

For soil foundations:

- Select Elastic Mat option. - Select Z option. - Enter value for subgrade modulus.

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- Click Soil Support button. A warning message will appear as shown.

Select Support type option.

If Soil Stress: Enter value for Allowable Soil Stress. Select if Long Term or Short Term.

If Manual Input: Enter value for Subgrade Modulus. Click Apply button. Click Save button.

Note: Before running the FEM analysis, select first the corresponding Spring Support Name in the Feature Data form.

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1) Mesh Generation and Foundation Analysis (Interface with STAAD.Pro) Select this button to run the STAAD solver for finite element analysis. After selecting this option, click OK button then Run.

The STAAD Analysis and Design run solver status window will appear. After finish running the analysis, click Done button.

2) View Stress Contour for Shear and Moment Forces Select this button to view the 3D Model, Mesh diagram and Stress contour for Shear X, Shear Y, Moment X, Moment Y and displacements for X, Y and Z directions for various load combinations.

3D Model Mesh Generation Stress Contour

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5.2 General Click this button to display the General data and review or modify the options used for load distribution method, pile reaction distribution method, reinforcement width consideration, shear and moment design locations, BMD and SFD diagram considerations in report, Analysis and Design method and option for self weight inclusions.

a)

Select Load Distribution Method Load distribution for pedestal maybe in the form of concentrated or uniform force. For concentrated, it is the actual load while in uniform it is the concentrated load divided by the pedestal length.

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Select Pile Reaction Distribution Method

Load distribution for pile reaction to the pile cap maybe in the form of concentrated or uniform force. For concentrated, it is the actual load while for uniform the concentrated load is distributed to the pile diameter in case of circular or pile length in case of rectangular pile.

c)

Structural Analysis Design of Foundations You can select between two methods of foundation design. Conventional Rigid Method 1 considers the supports at pier locations. Conventional Rigid Method 2 regards supports at both ends with equilibrium equation.

d)

Reinforcement Width Select which width shall be used for design of reinforcement between All Width and Unit Width. The calculation of rebars shall consider the selected reinforcement width which shall reflect in the calculation reports.

e)

Shear and Moment Design Select shear and moment design locations for design considerations as explained in the corresponding options.

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f)

Add self-weight This option is provided to include or omit self-weight. If selected, self-weight shall be reflected in the load case calculations.

5.3 Temperature and Shrinkage/Stability Click this button to display the Temperature and Shrinkage / Stability data and review or modify the options used for temperature and shrinkage factor, temperature and shrinkage bar factor for top and bottom, buoyancy check consideration, sliding passive soil pressure check, and stability check.

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a)

Temperature and Shrinkage The temperature and shrinkage factor to be considered when choosing General Code option is the factor for the assigned code in the Setting of Constant. You can input a factor value by selecting User Input option or Not Consider for no bearing.

b)

Sliding Check Set from this feature the consideration for passive soil pressure in sliding check. You can enter value for Kp and select whether only footing height or with soil height for pressure calculation.

c)

Direction of Sliding Check Set direction for sliding check. Uni-axial is for X and Y directions while bi-axial is both directions acting simultaneously.

d)

Pressure Check Set direction for pressure check.

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Pile Check

Pile stability check can be set between Uni-axial or Bi-axial directions.

f)

Temperature and Shrinkage bar Division Default option gives 50% distribution for top and bottom reinforcements. Use User Input option to set any distribution factors between top and bottom reinforcements.

g)

In Pressure Check Check this option to consider load combinations set for reinforcement design the pressure effect.

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Click this button to display the Tank Design data and review or modify the options used for Tank design method, and ring wall foundation.

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The table for contents is blank if analysis is not completed. Click Analysis button to perform.

Set items to be included in the calculation report by checking on its corresponding boxes.

5.6 Detail Report Option 186 of 272

Select this tab to assign options to be used in the detailed report. You can set for output unit system, shear and moment diagram, pile reaction table and stability check preferences.

a)

UNIT SYSTEM You can set unit to be used as Imperial, MKS or SI.

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BMD, SFD Diagram

Set which diagram to include in the detail report as all diagram, only critical diagram or no diagram.

c)

Pile Reaction Table Set pile reaction table to be shown in the detailed report.

d)

Design of Reinforcement Set which load combinations shall be considered for design of reinforcement. Options are only critical or from all load combinations.

e)

Stability Check Report Option Set which stability check direction shall be included in the detailed report.

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Result of Frame analysis Showing Option

This option is only necessary when designing footing with tie-girder. The option sets to show if only tie-girder member end force shall be presented or all member end forces.

5.7 Command Buttons

- Analysis button Use this command to run the Analysis after which the Report button will be activated.

- Report button Use this command to view the calculation report. Review or modify the options with check marks to set the items to be included in the report details.

This function offers Detailed and Summary report.

View first page View previous page View next page View last page

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- Zoom button This command enables us to select image size and set the number of sheets on screen. You can also enlarge report sheet in screen image by double click on left of your mouse or

reduce by double click on right of your mouse.

- Analysis in order method button This command enables the program to rerun analysis and design.

- Detail Report button This command enables us to view calculation report in detailed form.

- Summary Report button This command enables us to view calculation report in summarized form.

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- Auto Design button This command enables us to access Auto Design dialogue form. In this form, you can change footing shape, sizes and bar settings. Analysis and Design results are also provided at the bottom part of this form.

For Feature Data operations, refer to Set Footing Shape for more detailed discussions.

Footing Rebar Reinforcement bar sizes and spacing can be adjusted using this form. Click Calculate button after setting desired arrangements to view summary results of design.

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Stability Check/Reinforcement Check/One-Way Shear Check/Two-way Shear, Pile Punching Check Summary result of above items is provided in this form. From the Result table, remark is in red color if it does not meet the allowable limits.

- Diagram in Picture button This command enables us to view the shear and moment diagrams from the screen. You can choose footing name (in case of group foundation), section, diagram (shear or moment) and load combination. From this diagram you can look over load, shear and moment values to any point within the length using your mouse.

- Diagram in Report button This command enables the program to include the shear and moment diagrams in the calculation report.

- Structure frame with girder button

- Tools button This command enables us to set preferences to be used in the calculation report. It includes font style, colors, etc.

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Header Text Enter header for the space provided.

Header Default Check this option to use default header.

Back Image Use this option to set background image for calculation report.

View Date Check this option to include calculation execution date in the report.

View Page Check this option to include page number in the report. Note that it shall be only reflected in the Header part.

No. of start page Enter page number for starting page. Starting page for page mark 193 of 272

Enter starting page number page mark.

Page Position Set location of page number from the selections in the dropdown menu.

HEADER TYPE Select header type from the three options.

Normal Header This option does not include logo and detailed information.

Title Bar This option offers AFES logo, project and client information.

External Logo Image Use You can assign your logo that replaces default logo which is AFES. Note: A logo should be done first before proceeding to this activity. Pixel size should not be larger than 200 x 65.

b) Check on the box to activate file button.

c) Click file button to access directory of saved logo.

Cover Image You can assign cover image using this command. It replaces the default AFES logo. The file must be in jpg format.

Background Image You can assign background image using this command. Except for the cover page, all sheets shall be applied of this image file.

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d) Select logo for use in the calculation then click Open button.

e) Click Save and Apply button.

Font Set font style by a click of your mouse on the texts. Select font style as the choices appear.

Dimension Type Select dimension style from the two options as shown from the function.

Diagram In this section, select diagram report option. Check if you want filled diagram or uncheck if unfilled diagram.

Page Select screen sheet size option from the Zoom default dropdown menu.

UNIT SYSTEM Select Output unit from the dropdown menu.

Default button This command enables the program to restore default values.

Save and Apply Later button 195 of 272

This command enables the program to save modified data. It will be applied after running analysis and design.

Save and Apply button This command enables the program to save and apply modified data instantaneously.

- Summary Report button Use this button to view the calculation sheets in summary form. This is recommended when doing the initial stages of design to easily inspect the items which does not meet the code minimum requirements.

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18. Interactive Design

18.1 Main Functions Interactive Design can be accessed by the Design menu from top. This function involves design of pier with different shapes like rectangular, octagonal and ring wall. On pier design, different design methods are presented such as using the PM interaction diagram, Cantilever Beam and Tension Design.

Other facilities are also featured in this command as shown in the command function selections below.

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18.2 Design of Piers

1) PM Interaction Design This command enables us to review the results of pier design including the PM interaction diagram. You can view the location of load points plotted in the interaction diagram. The input parameters are also shown but can not be modified in this form. They can only edited on the corresponding command functions such as Setting of Constant and Feature Data.

a) Input Data (Pier Data/Load Combination (L/C)) button When calculation for the pier has not been performed, the pier input data will display but if it is already executed, the calculation report will be presented on this form.

b) PM Diagram button This button enables us to review the pier PM interaction diagram. Click the PM Diagram button. The diagram will appear as shown. Press the arrows to display diagram for different load combinations. Check the All Load Combination Show option to view the diagram with all the load combinations load plotted in the diagram. Check the L.C. Name Show to view the load combinations name.

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c) Calculation button This command enables the program to perform the calculation only for the selected pier in the Pier List. You can use this command if only one pier is present in a foundation or if you want only one pier to be designed.

d) Total Calculation button This command enables the program to perform the calculation for all the piers in a foundation.

e) Save as file button This command enables us to save a pier input data file to any directory. The file saved from this command can be opened using the Open Data file button.

f) Open Data file button This command enables us to open an input file that was saved by the Save as file command.

2) Cantilever Beam (Rect. Circle Shaped Pier) This command enables the program to perform design and analysis of pier considering as cantilever beam. The design loads to be applied are taken from the maximum load produced from the load combinations.

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a) Input Data button This button enables us to view the input data information for the piers including the applied loads from this form. Select the pier from the Pier List which one you want to view.

b) Detail Report button This button enables us to view the calculation report in detailed form.

c) General button This button enables us to view the general data information such as design code, pier clear cover, strength reduction factors, material properties and printing option. In the printing option, the selected direction shall only be included in the calculation report.

d) Calculation (One Pier) button This command enables the program to perform the calculation only for the selected pier in the Pier List. You can use this command if only one pier is present in a foundation or if you want only one pier to be designed.

e) Calculation (All Piers) button This command enables the program to perform the calculation for all the piers in a foundation.

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f) Save button This command enables us to save the pier calculation report in pdf file. Be sure the calculation command has already performed before proceeding to this activity.

3) Cantilever Beam (New)

a) Critical Load Combination option b) All Load Combinations option

4) Tension Design (Octagonal and Rectangular Shaped Pier) This command is used in designing piers subjected to tension forces. The program computes the total loads from each load combinations. Only load combinations that produce tensile forces shall be considered in this design function.

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a) Input Data button This button enables us to view the input data information for the piers including the applied loads from this form. Select the pier from the Pier List which one you want to view.

b) Detail Report button This button enables us to view the calculation report in detailed form.

c) General button This button enables us to view the general data information such as design code, pier clear cover, strength reduction factors and material properties.

d) Calculation One button This command enables the program to perform the calculation only for the selected pier in the Pier List. You can use this command if only one pier is present in a foundation or if you want only one pier to be designed.

e) Calculation (Only OCT Piers) button This command enables the program to perform the calculation only for octagonal shaped piers.

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f) Calculation (All) button This command enables the program to perform the calculation for all the piers in a foundation.

g) Save button This command enables us to save the pier calculation report in pdf file. Be sure the calculation command has already performed before proceeding to this activity.

5) Ring Wall Design (Tank Foundation with Ring Wall Shaped Pier) This function is only used for design of Ring Wall Shaped piers.

a) Input Data button This button enables us to view the input data information of a pier including its illustration labeled with dimensions.

b) Equipment button This button enables us to view all the input data information of equipment created from the Equipment Data command for the selected pier.

c) Detail Report button This button enables us to view the calculation report in detailed form.

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d) General button This button enables us to view the general data information such as design code, pier clear cover, strength reduction factors and material properties.

6) Distribution of Horizontal Loads for Sphere Equipment This function is used only for foundations containing Ball Tank type of equipments. The procedure is inserted in the figure as shown below. After completing the procedure, the horizontal load is distributed to the pier supports accordingly and linked to the load cases. A detailed calculation report for this item is shown presenting the computed values. You can check the linked load values from the tables in the Load Case form.

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19. Export DXF File to Popular CAD (AutoCAD, MicroStation)

19.1 Main Functions AFES is a completely integrated software package for automatically producing drawings of reinforcing details for foundations that have been analyzed and designed using AFES. AFES interfaces with AutoCAD and Microstation to create a construction drawing with bar-schedule.

The Export DXF File command is used to export the drawing files made from AFES to other programs such as AutoCAD and MicroStation. Standard drawings are already set up for various design codes. The program will create the DWG or DXF file format and display a construction drawing through a viewer.

The drawing report consists of the Standards, Layout and Drawing detail including plan and sections of foundation with reinforcement schedules. You can set from this command the drawing preferences to be utilized before exporting to AutoCAD. The AFES MAKE DRAWING FILES window can be accessed by the Export DXF File button.

Footing name Project file name

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19.2 Detailing Procedures 1) ADF FILES LIST This area is assigned for the drawing list choices to be exported from the current open AFES file. You can set a drawing list to be considered from the Option of Drawing Generation for Selected files command.

2) OUTPUT FORMAT Set the drawing format to be used from this section.

a) Drawing Format Select drawing format from the dropdown menu.

3) PARAMETER Set the sheet size and drawing scale from this section.

a) Sheet Size Select sheet size from the dropdown menu.

b) Drawing Scale Double click on Automatic to set drawing scale. Just leave this option if you want automatic scaling. The following is the procedure in setting scale.

Double click the Automatic button provided as shown.

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A window will appear as shown.

Select from the dropdown menu. Choices will come out depending on the unit used.

- Click OK button.

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4) Selection of file for Drawing Generation This command enables us to choose the drawing files to be exported from the current open project. Only selected files will appear in the drawing report.

a) Select All button Click this button to pick all footing and include for drawing generation.

b) Unselect All button Click this button to unselect footing for drawing generation. After unselecting all you can choose footing by a click on the corresponding check box.

5) Option button This command enables us to set the drawing preferences to be carried out in the AutoCAD drawings.

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6) Drawing The following are items listed in the Drawing column for setting.

a) Sheet Three schemes of sheet layout are available. Choose from the Sheet files selections. In the first format, the title is located at the bottom of title block whereas in the second format, it is placed at the right side of title block.

Changing of Sheet Block

Note) Sheet block currently supports only A1 size (=841 x 594). Open the Sheet block drawing from AutoCAD and MicroStation 2D CAD. Specify the drawing area of client. Client area has set 255 color polylines for AutoCAD, you can specify by adding Entity. Client area has set 254 color polylines for MicroStation, you can specify by adding Entity.

Set up letter tag of title. Tag is automatically converted to real letter when drawing is worked.

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Tag does not affect drawing, so you do not have to use it.

$11 = Drawing Name, $14 = Work No. $12 = Drawing No., $15 = Not on use. $13 = , $16 = Scale

Save drawing in AFES 2.5\DrawApp directory. Save a file with the name start with AFS_. EX) AFS_A1.dwg Use drawing as a sheet block. Click option when drawing dialog is shown.

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Choose sheet from drawing and AFW_A1 file from Sheet files menu, and then click on the OK command button.

b) Font You can set a font style to be used for the drawing report. Assorted font styles are provided for various languages.

- Font Name: AFES designated name to a font.

- Font File: The true name of the font style.

- Font Path: It sets the directory location where the font file can be found.

- Code Page: Different fonts are offered for different languages. Select code page from the dropdown menu.

c) Layers The layers defined in this table shall be carried out in the AutoCAD drawings. You can add, modify and delete default layers from this form.

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- Add button This command enables us to add a layer.

- Click Add button and a window will appear as shown.

- Enter Layer Name - Select Color from the dropdown menu. - Enter description name. - Click OK button.

- Edit button This command enables us to edit a layer.

- Select an item from the table then click Edit button. Also other way is double click to any entry from the table. A window will appear as shown.

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- Make changes for entry you want to modify. - Click OK button.

- Del button This command enables us to delete a layer. Note that you can only remove an unassigned layer.

- Select a layer from the table. - Click Del button. A warning message will appear.

- Click Yes button to confirm.

d) Entity The layers defined are applied to the entities.

- Entity The items found in this column are description name for entities.

- Layer The items found in this column are assigned layers for entities.

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- Color The items found in this column are assigned colors for entities.

- Edit button This command enables us to edit an entities designation.

- Select an entity then click Edit button or double click to an item. A window will display as shown.

- Make changes for entry you want to modify. -Click OK button.

e) Drawing In this item two options is offered for bar leader call outs.

- Bar Leader Select which bar leader type you want to apply. Difference between two types is shown in the figure.

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- Bar List The bar list offers an option if the bar bending schedule will be included. Switch on the Draw option to enable the program to consider this item in the drawing report.

7) Rebar DB Various design codes are available in this program. These codes offer different reinforcement bar size descriptions, lap lengths and bend details. Select design code and make rebar settings using this form. Default values are set but it can be modified using this form.

a) Setting Bar Data Reinforcement bar of the following codes are available in this program. KS 3504 ASTM A 615 BS 4449 TS 708 SAUDI ARABIAN ES 272-74 TIS 2527 IS HSD

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b) Units Select the units of rebars from the dropdown menu as shown.

c) Lap Length Lap length is considered in this function but you can edit by reentering data and click OK button. You can restore modified data to default values by clicking on the Default button.

d) Production Length Production length is considered in this function. You can edit by reentering data and click OK button.

The default formulas for computing these lengths can be accessed by clicking on the Setting button.

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You can modify a formula by double clicking on it. Selection will appear as show.

You can restore modified data to original values by clicking on the Default button.

8) Help button This command enables us to access the Drawing User Manual.

9) Generation of Drawing To generate drawing, Click on the OK command button, then drawing view will open as following page.

10) Drawing Viewer You can see the drawing through a viewer as follows. The generated drawing file automatically save in the following directory.

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Where, Number of Project(=KCI_MKS) is the project name wherein the structure is created. This maybe in the form of combination of design code and the unit used like the default in the program such as ACI_IMP, KCI_IMP, etc. However if the user has defined new project in the Projects Dialogue window, it maybe in different form. Ex) C:\Program Files\GS_AFES\DxfData\AFES 2.5\DxfData\Number of Project

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20. Material Quantities (3D BOM)

20.1 Main Functions Excavation 3D feature is used for estimate of earthworks including other related items such as excavation, backfill, disposal, concrete, lean concrete, crushed stone, grout, formworks, protection materials, anchor bolts and steel reinforcements. It offers two options for BOM take off for foundation groups. 1. Take off BOM 3D BOM take off only for selected foundation group 2. Take off BOM 3d (All Structure) BOM take off for all structures You can set parameters such as excavation side slope, excavation shape, and offset distance from footing edge, etc. 1) Quantities take off summary, excavation layout and foundation information taken from this function can be exported to excel file. Also copy and paste functions of the report to excel program is supported. 2) Automatic foundation grouping is also offered to merge foundations to one excavation. 3) Several shapes are also presented for excavation. 4) You can check the excavation configuration through the 3D function.

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20.2 Command Buttons 1) Select All All created structures for a certain project can be seen in the dialogue form. Click this option to select all and shall be included in the report. 2) Unselect All To choose only structures you want to be included in the BOM report, you may choose this alternative. Click this option to unselect all structures then select from the structure list. 3) Parameter Set grout material specifications from the selection in the dropdown list. a) Click Parameter tab

b) Select Grout to be used from the dropdown list as shown

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c) Select Grout to be used for Rebar from the selection list

d) Enter value for height of superstructure. 4) Model The colors and texture set on this feature shall be reflected on the 3D model. a) Click on the object you want to set color.

b) Set color as the selection appears.

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c) Click on the object you want to set texture then select texture items to assign. Click on the Other button to choose other selections.

d) Click OK button. 5) Report Set color settings for various items to be used in the report by clicking color selection next to the object.

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6) Excavation This option enables us to label the excavation dimension settings including the side slope. Set slope values shall be applied to all footing edges.

a) Enter values on the space provided for side slope and bottom-length. b) Select excavation shape from the dropdown list.

7) Protection Protection from corrosion and any other factors that may cause damage for the footing materials is provided for some cases. You may utilize this option to set length and material descriptions.

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Enter values for length of protection materials separately for both sides. a) Enter material description on the spaces provided as labeled in the figure within the form. 8) Allowance Increase allowance for excavation and concrete volume, reinforcement bar total weight and formworks area can be set in this option.

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a) Click on the dropdown list next to the material item and enter value desired for increase of allowance. 9) Default Set Click this button to reset all items to default settings of the program. 10) OK button After setting all necessary items make use of this command to be able to view detailed excavation report.

a) Total Summary button

Click this button to access BOM summary report. This report can be copied and paste to Microsoft Excel program. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Click one of the cells in the report. Click CTRL key and C from your keyboard. Open Excel program. Click one of the cells in the excel program. Click CTRL key and P from your keyboard to duplicate report to excel program.

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b) Structure dropdown list

Select which structure you want to view summary report through this command. c) BM option

Click this button to return to BOM form.

d) Excavation Modify

This command enables us to group footing into one excavation. 1) Press CTRL key then select footing to group by a click of your mouse. You can just click Select All button to group all.

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2) Click Make Group button to group selected footing.

3) Click Excavation Setting button in case to reedit excavation parameters. 4) Click OK.

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5) Click Total Summary tab to view BOM summary of the grouped foundation. This report can be exported to excel program. 6) Click the other tab besides Total Summary tab to view more detailed report. It is called as the structure name. Under this form there are offered tabs below to provide information for every footing involved in the group. Model 3D tab - Representation of the 3D model showing excavation Summary tab - Detailed summary for the footings

Excavation tab - Shows excavation dimension with quantities of volumes of Excavation, Back Fill and Disposal.

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FDN F1, FDN F2, etc. - These tabs are the footing labels on a foundation group. You can view BOM report for each using this tab.

e) Excel Export

Click this option to view Excel Export form. 1) Check items to be included in the report. Click Select All button to include all items or click Unselect all button to clear selected then choose only desired items.

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2) Click OK button. The report in excel format shall appear as shown below.

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21. Pile Reaction Table

21.1 Main Functions

This feature is added to provide informative figures about pile reports. You can check reports on all sections for static and X and Y directions for reinforcement design with respect to its load combinations.

After completing all necessary information for pile foundations, below is detailed procedure for utilizing Pile Reaction Table to be able to access pile detailed data.

1) Execute Foundation Analysis/Design command.

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2) Select second option (Foundation Design New Version) then click OK.

3) Analysis Setting form shall appear as shown. Refer to Help menu under Foundation Analysis/Design for operating General, Temperature and Shrinkage/Stability and Tank Design tabs.

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4) Choose Analysis Only Selected Group then select from the dropdown list if analyze only per group or choose Analysis All Group if analyze all groups.

5) Select analysis method between Rigid Method Foundation Design and Finite Element Method (Footing as Plate).

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6) Click Analysis button. 7) After analysis is completed as shown with note of Analysis is completed detailed report is ready for viewing. 8) Click Report button.

9) Click on the Pile Reaction command button.

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10) The Pile Reaction Table shall appear as shown.

a) Select Footing Name from the table.

b) Select Section or direction to analyze.

c) Select Load Combination.

d) Select Report to view detailed information.

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22. AFES and PDS Integration 22.1 Main Functions Today, plant design works involve many design parts, modeling objects from each part allows other parts to assess those object on their work process helping streamlining the work process through project completion. A 3D foundation model of the objects designed by various design parts effectively communicates the geometric design data. Therefore automating the work process from design to 3D modeling forms an integral component of reducing overall project cost. With our design to modeling interface from AFES to Frameworks Plus, you will experience significant productivity. 22.2 Import Geometry Data from Frameworks Plus 1) Making New Structure a) Select the Create New Structure command from Icon menu or menu bar or

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The Create New Structure window will appear allowing you to create a new structure. - Enter sample1 at the text box. - Click on the New button to save to DB.

New structure creates

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2) Use New Nodes Wizard a) Run FrameWorks Plus, which is steel modeling program of PDS

b) Choose as follow in AFES. (File > PDS TO AFES > New Nodes Wizard)

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c) Click Select Multi Column to choose columns all at once. Set up the value of Column Low Elevation as 1 to choose columns less than 1 m.

d) If you click Select in PDS in PDS, you can automatically choose the location of columns that you set up.

e) Click on the Next command button in AFES f) The coordinates of column in PDS are automatically imported to AFES.

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g) Click Finish button, then Foundation model, which is suitable for each coordinates in FES, is generated.

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22.3 Adjust module of Foundation 1) Change size of footing and piers To change size of footing and pier, click Feature Data button from top toolbar icon, then the feature dialog window open that allows you to modify values.

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2) Procedures a) Enter proper data in the following form. b) Click on the Save and Close button

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22.4 Generate Model in PDS 1) Procedures a) FrameWorks Plus program should be run before starting this function. b) Select Export PDS Data button, then PDS Export form display as follows.

c) You can use standard Output File Path & Name, which is provided by AFES, or you can designate on your own. d) Choose Output Unit, which is same unit with PDS. e) When you import coordinates from PDS, choose Automatic option for Coordinate Mapping. f) if you want to do modeling directly in FrameWorks Plus, check on Send Model to PDS. g) Foundation modeling is automatically generated in FrameWorks Plus if you click OK command button.

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22.5 Automatically Update adjusted coordinates

To update automatically revised coordinates. 1) Procedures a) FrameWorks Plus program should be run before this function is executed. b) Move coordinates of Steel Structure in FrameWorks Plus.

c) Choose as follow in AFES. (File > PDS TO AFES > Update Nodes Wizard)

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d) Choose Update Location of Column option. e) Click Next button.

f) Click Finish button if you see the Window above. g) If you want to see the changed details, click Yes button.

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h) Select Export PDS Data button from file menu, or Click

icon from top toolbar

i) Foundation model is automatically updated in FrameWorks Plus if you click OK button.

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You can see the model before and after as follows.

Before update

After update

23. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.5) 248 of 272

The following functions are available; Import data from PDMS to AFES Export data from AFES to PDMS Model Update from AFES to PDMS

23.1 Procedure 1) Import coordinates of PDMS in AFES 2) Adjust module of Foundation 3) Generate model in PDMS 4) Automatically model update

1) Import coordinate of PDMS in AFES In this activity you will a) Make New Structure b) Use Get Location c) Before you start this activity, you must select KCI_MKS project.

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Select the Create New Structure command from Icon menu or Menu bar. or

The Create New Structure input form displays.

a) Enter sample1 at the text box. 250 of 272

b) Select New button to save. c) Select Close button.

New structure creates

3) Use Get Location a) Run PDMS (Version 11.5) and load specific steel structure model.

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b) Select as below menu in PDMS menu bar.

Display > Command Line

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c) Select as below menu in AFES

File > PDMS to AFES > Get Location

d) Select a column in PDMS.

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e) Click Get Data button.

f) Repeat 4, 5 to import all coordinates of columns.

g) Completing import coordinates, click Generate Nodes command to show location of foundations in AFES.

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3) Generate Model in PDMS In this activity you will generate model directly in PDMS

a) Procedure - Specific STRU hierarchy should be existed in PDMS. - Select Export PDMS Data button. or PDMS Export form display.

- You can use standard Output File Path & Name., which is provided by AFES, or you can designate on your own. - Input specific STRU name in STRU Name for Modeling - Choose PDMS Unit, which is same unit with PDMS. - When you import coordinates from PDMS, choose Automatic option for Coordinate Mapping. - If you want to do modeling directly in PDMS, check on Send Model Data to PDMS - Foundation models are automatically generated in PDMS if you click OK.

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4) Automatically Model Update In this activity you will update revision feature automatically. a) Update Revision Feature Automatically - Before this work, PDMS should be run and Specific STRU hierarchy should be existed in PDMS - Change Footing Size from 1500mm to 2000mm - Change from None-Pile FDN to Pile FDN in the window of Structure Group. - Insert piles in the window of Pile Array Form.

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- You can see the changed Foundation as below.

- Select Export PDMS Data button

- Input specific STRU name in STRU Name for Modeling - Click OK button and you can see Foundation models are automatically updated in PDMS.

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24. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.6)

24.1 Procedure 1) Complete Modeling of Foundation in PDMS Version 11.6.

2) Run AFES program. 3) From File menu, select Export then click PDMS Data (11.6) button.

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A window dialogue will display as shown.

4) Access directory of PDMS model. 5) Enter structure name for modeling in the text box. 6) Select PDMS units. 7) Select options for coordinate mapping. 8) Click OK button. 9) Run PDMS program through Start menu>Programs>AVEVA>VINTAGE PDMS 11.6>Run PDMS. You may refer below.

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A window dialogue will display as shown.

10) Enter various data in corresponding text boxes. 11) Click OK button.

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A window dialogue will display as shown.

13) From top menu, click Display then select Command Line

A command window will appear at left corner of window as shown.

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14) From the Command text box do the following. a) Type New Site then press Enter key. b) Type New zone then press Enter key. c) Type New Stru then press Enter key. d) Type New Frmw then press Enter key.

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15) Then still from the command line type $M/C:/ACIM_TNK2OCT.mac then press Enter key.

16) From top menu, select Settings then Graphic Settings.

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17) Under Graphic Settings dialogue window, select Representation tab.

18) Check Tube option 19) Check Holes Drawn option

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20) Click OK button.

The holes are reflected in the image as shown.

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25. FOUNDATION MODELING WITH SDNF FILE The following functions are available; Create geometric data using SDNF Modify size of footing and pier Create tie Girder Export PDS model file

25.1 Procedure 1) Importing SDNF format 2) Modifying Size of Footing and Pier 3) Placing Tie Girder 4) Exporting PDS Model file

1) Importing SDNF format In this activity you will a) Make New Structure b) Export SDNF in FWP c) Import SDNF

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Before you start this activity, you must be in the ACI_IMP project.

After opening ACI_IMP project, you select Setting of Constant command. You should click Set Default Data button to set proper value of foundation design. Click Save button and Close the window of Setting of Constant.

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a) Make New Structure - Select the Create New Structure command from Icon menu or Menu bar.

- The Create New Structure input form displays.

- Enter sample1 at the text box. - Select New button to save to DB. - Select Close button.

New Structure created.

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b) Exporting SDNF in FWP - Select File>Steel Detailing Neutral File>write>Version 2.0 or Version 3.0.

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- Enter the data in the Title Packet Information and click Select button.

- Enter name of SDNF output file - Select OK button.

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c) Importing SDNF in FWP - Select Geometry command.

- The Geometry input form displays as below figure. - Select PDS option to import SDNF.

- Select Import button and then Input form display - Click SDNF_STR.dat then select Open button.

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- Confirm bottom elevation of column and the select Save button. - Select Close button to exit this form

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2) Modifying Size of Footing and Pier. In this activity you will modify size of footing and pier.

Before you start this activity, you must import SDNF.

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a) Modifying size of footing and pier. - Select Feature Data button.

- The Feature form displays as below figure.

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- Enter proper data at the following form. - Select Save and Close button.

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3) Placing Tie-Girder. In this activity you will make Tie-Girder and modify location of Tie-Girder.

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a) Making Tie-Girder. - Select Tie-Girder Data button

The Structure Tie-Girder form displays as below figure.

- Click pier of F1 and click pier of F2. Select Add tie Girder

Click these piers

- Click pier of F4 and Select Add tie girder continuously. - Click pier of F6 and Select Add tie girder. - Click pier of F5 and Select Add tie girder. - Click pier of F3 and Select Add tie girder. - Click pier of F1 and Select Add tie girder. Click right button of mouse to exit this function. - Finally, click pier of F3 and click pier of F4 to complete input of tie-girder.

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b) Modifying location of tie girder - Select tie girder to move location as following picture.

- Enter 0 ft in the elevation of tie girder. The bottom of tie-girder will be faced on the top of footing.

- Select Save button. - Select tie girder to move at the footing as following picture.

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- Enter -2 in the elevation of tie girder.

- Select Save button. - Select Close button.

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4) Export PDS Model file In this activity you will Make PDS model file and Import model file in Framework Plus. a) Making PDS Model file. - Select Export PDS Data button.

- PDS Export form display. - Select OK button.

- Enter file name and then select Save button.

b) Importing Model file in Framework Plus. - Run Framework Plus - Select File>FPL Application - Select AFES_Interface.ma made by GS E & C. cf) If you want to get this ma file, please send e-mail to jbchoe@gsconst.co.kr.

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- Select OK button.

Create Multi-Foundation models

- Select Multi Icon. - Model Import form display.

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- Select file made by AFES. - Select OK button.

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26. Known Bug

26.1 nVIDIA (VGA Graphic Card)

AFES clashed with the nView Desktop Manager program. We recommend to make the settings of the said program as discussed below to be able not to experience again the same thing.

1. In the nView Desktop Manager Program window, select Enable tab to change setting to Disable.

Click this tab to change to Disable button. This allows the shortcut keys not shown in the window screen.

2. Make the settings as shown with check marks.

Click on the check boxes as shown to close the shown program shortcut keys from the upper right side of the screen.

This program creates a problem with AFES OpenGL library. Shown at the right upper corner in the figure below are the programs shortcut menus.

These

shortcut

keys

should

be

closed

after

completing the above settings.

or

These

shortcut

keys

should

be

closed

after

completing the above settings.

26.2 Troubleshooting of OpenStaad Program

AFES can import Geometric, Load Case & Load Combination Data using OpenStaad Function. There might be problems importing data depending on installed Staad.Pro version. These kind of problems caused by OpenStadd and Staad.Pro version can be solved by resetting program

1. Run : Driver directory can be found in installed AFES directory. Run OpenSTAAD_patch\ OpenStaadSet.exe in subdirectory. Here is example of full path for executed file. EX)C:\Program Files\GS_AFES\AFES 2.5\Driver\OpenSTAAD_patch\OpenStaadSet.exe

2. Window for Running.

Installed OpenStaad Path This text box is shown as blank when not installed. In that case specify directory of where the installer is saved. Then choose from Ver. 2004 or Ver. 2005 of version you want to install. The program shall automatically perform installation Note: Close AFES and Staad programs before proceeding to installation of OpenStaad program otherwise it will Installation button You can install version 2004 or version 2005. Version 2004 is recommendable, but version 2005 is also available in some cases. Note: Ver. 2004 and Ver. 2005 are versions for OpenStaad macro not Staad.Pro program.

You can test OpenStaad. You can test existing sample files by [Test] command button, also test other files, which is not existing. (In this case, Other file should be analyzed using Staad.Pro.)

Technical Support
Before contacting Technical Support, please check the online Remote Help system. If you still can not solve the problem, you can obtain product support in several ways:

E-mail Ask questions and receive answers from the Technical Support Department via email. Just send e-mail to info@gsafes.com or jbchoe@gsconst.co.kr, sccho01@gsconst.co.kr, or jmlee01@gsconst.co.kr. You will receive a reply via e-mail. Fax You can also fax your questions. You will receive a response via email or fax. GS Engineering & Construction Company CAS Team Fax: 82-2-728-1356 Telephone You can reach GS Engineering & Construction Company CAS Team by phone between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. Central Time, Monday through Friday. Technical Support Phone: 82-2-728-3696, 82-2-728-1589, 82-2-728-1620 When you request support by using any one of the methods above, please provide the following for a speedy resolution: Product Update Date. The windows operating system (including the version no and service pack numbers if any) on the machine on which you are experiencing problems The exact wording of any messages and pictures that appears on your screen. What happened and what you were doing when the problem occurred.

For the usual "How To ...." questions, you can use any one of the above methods to obtain technical support. However it is strongly recommended that for questions specific to the foundation design problem you are trying to solve in AFES, you email the questions to info@gsafes.com with the input file of the problem foundation design project attached. This will help the technical support team to reply to your questions efficiently.