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Yoga V Cc TM HIU SU PHI TRIT HC N

Yoga Thin Tm Linh Suy Ngm Nng Lng Khonh Khc nh p Yoga Video Clip Yoga

TM HIU SU PHI TRIT HC N

Tm hiu SU PHI TRIT HC N

Thch Mn Gic ======== CHNG III TRIT THUYT YOGA (DU GI)

I. YOGA TRONG UPANISHAD

Yoga gm hai phng din. V mt trit l, n phi hp vi h phi Smkhya, v c nhng t tng cn bn nh mt h
thng trit hay mt h phi hn hoi, xng ng lit ngang hng vi cc h phi khc. V phng din thc hnh, n l mt php mn tu dng m cc h phi khc, ngoi tr Nyya, u phi c. Cng nh Nyya cng hin cn bn l lun cho cc h
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phi, Yoga cng hin ng li thc hin nhng t tng trit l ca chng. Nu t tng ca Smkhya ch c coi nh l c mm mng, hay c nhng du hiu hm ng trong cc Upanishads, th tri li Yoga khng nhng c nh ngha m cn c hng dn bng cc ng li hnh tr trong . Katha Upanishad nh ngha Yoga1: Nhng kim sot cc gic quan nng (indriya) mt cch cht ch, chng c gi l yoga. y l nh ngha kh st sao v yoga, nu chng ta bit rng t ng ny c ng t l yuj, c ngha l ct, tri. Ngha rng ca ng t ny l phi hp, thch hp, nh chng ta thy trong ng t yujyate, va c ngha xng hp, thch hp, m cng c ngha rng ri na l thnh tu. Mt lun chng hp l, n l yujyate. Nhng danh t xut pht t ng t cn ny thy u c ngha l thch hp, tng quan, lin h. Th d, samyoga, vi tip u ng nhn mnh, ch cho s giao tip, giao thip, hip nht hay hip tc, m chng ta gp trong Smkhya, v s giao tip hay hip nht gia purusa v prakrti. Cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa thng dch ngha ch ny l tng ng. ngha ca tng ng c th hiu theo s kin thng thng ni mt nh tu thin, l s tng ng gia tm v cnh. N cng mang mt ngha thn b, nh s tng ng gia c th v tuyt i. Maitr Upanishad 2 a ra mt nh ngha c tnh cch thn b: Ngi tng ng vi hi th, vi ch aum v vi tt c th gii sai bit ny, l yoga. S nht thng (ekatvam) ca hi th, tm , v, cng vy, cc cn (indriyas), v s x tr tt c nhng iu kin ca s hu, l yoga. Theo nhng nh ngha dn chng , yoga l s tng ng v hip nht gia ch th v i tng, m thut ng ca cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa gi l tm nht tnh cnh, tm v cnh tr thnh mt. S tng ng ny i hi phi thu thc cc quan nng, bi v hot ng ca cc quan nng thng phn tn, khng bao gi chuyn ch trn mt i tng. Ngi yu nh tng tnh nhn, thy trn tt c sinh th ca mnh nm trong lng ca tnh nhn. Tn cu nguyn, thy tt c tm tr, tt c i sng ca mnh dng hin trn vn cho ng Ti cao. Nhng s kin u c ngha trong t ng yoga. Cc Upanishads, nh ni, khng nhng nh ngha yoga l g, m cn ch th cc phng php tu luyn t n trng thi tuyt i tng ng ca n. Svetasvatra Upanishad 3 trnh by kh chi tit cc phng php lm th no c th chim nghim v khm ph hin hu ca ng tuyt i. Trc ht, phi gi vng t th ca thn th, cc b phn trn, gm ngc, vai v u phi thng tp, ri hng cc gic quan (indriyas) v tm (manas) vo tri tim (hrdi); v nh m nng con thuyn ca Brahman m vt qua nhng dng sng gieo rc s hi. Con thuyn ca Brahman tc l ch aum. K l s kim sot hi th (prnyma); thc tp cho n khi no cc hi th thnh trm tnh, nh nhng, qua cc l mi. Nh m thu thc tm , nh buc cht con nga chng vo c xe. Hnh gi c khuyn co l nn thc tp yoga trong mt hang cn c gi cao, hay ti mt ni cao ro, trong sch, khng b gy tr ngi bi cc ting ng, ca nc chng hn, v ni m tm tr c th d dng th thi, con mt khng b gy kh chu. Sng m, khi, mt tri, gi, la, nh sng, nh trng, y l nhng hnh thi s khi to ra s biu hin ca Brahman trong yoga. Khi nm c tnh ca yoga c to ra, nh t, nc, la, gi v khng kh, by gi khng cn tt bnh, khng cn tui gi, khng cn s cht, bi v ngi t c mt thn th lm bng la ca yoga. Kt qu u tin ca tin b ca yoga l s khinh an v sng khoi, trng kin ca thn th, vng bt ham mun, da ti nhun, m thanh m tai, hng v du ngt. Maitr Upanishad 4 ch th phng php yoga gm c su phn: iu ha hi th (prnyma), ch ng cm quan (pratyhra), tnh l hay t duy (dhyna), tp trung t tng hay chp tr (dhran), suy l hay qun hu (tarka), v ng tr (samdhi). Bng phng php yoga ny, ngi ta c th bt c ngun mch ca Brahman, tng kh mi ti li, xu c. Cng nh th vt v chim chc khng lai vng ni hn ni ang bc chy, cng vy, ti cu khng lay ng ni nhng ai bit Brahman. Nu xt t thi i Veda tr xung cho n Upanishad, chng ta thy phng php tu luyn yoga t n mc chi tit. Ngay trong thi i Veda, t tng kh tu thng c gi tr kh ni bt. Tapas hay kh hnh, v brahmacarya, tnh hnh hay i sng ly dc, l nhng c l c tn thng, khng nhng ch gii hn trong thi Veda s khi vi Rg Veda , m mi v sau ny, vn l nhng c l c ca ngi nht trong i sng tn gio v o c ca n .

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II. PATANJALI Patanjali l ngi u tin h thng ha t tng v Yoga ri rc trong cc Upanishads v nhng ni khc, son thnh tc phm Yoga-stra . Nin i ca Patanjali khng c r. V li c hai ngi cng tn, mt l tc gi ca Yoga-stra , v mt na l nh vn php, ch gii tc phm ca Pnini. Phn ln cc tc gi phng Ty ngy nay ng ha c hai Patanjali. Nhng cha thy mt gii php no c hon ton chp nhn. Ngi ta vn tm thi chp nhn nin i tc gi Yogastra vo khong th k th II trc ty lch. Yoga-stra khng c coi nh mt tc phm c sng, m ch l tp i thnh nhng g lin h n Yoga ng thi. Cn bn trit l siu hnh trong da trn h php Smkhya. Ni dung Yoga-stra gm 149 stras, chia thnh 4 phm. Phm I: Tam mui (samdhi-pda) gm 51 stras, ni v bn cht ca samdhi; phm II: Phng php (sdhana), 55 stras, trnh by cc phng php thin nh; phm III: Thn thng (vibhti-pda), 55 stras, v cc loi thn thng; phm IV: c tn (kaivalyapda), 33 stras, s gii thot cui cng, trng thi c lp ca purusa nh c ni trong Smkhya. Ptanjala-bhsya l tc phm xa nht ca Vysa, ch gii Yoga-stra , cng c gi l Yoga-bhsya , v c l c vit trong khong th k VII. Khong th k X, mt bn ch gii khc, Rjmtranda ca Bhojarja c tp thnh. V sau na, xut hin nhng bn ch gii khc, cn c trn tc phm ca Vysa, ng k l ca Vcaspati v Vijnnabhiksu. Cc tc gi ny nguyn l nhng trit gia ca Smkhya, v cng c nhng tc phm v h phi . Tuy nhin, s lin h gia Smkhya v Yoga khng phi t h mi c. Ngay ni tc phm ca Patanjali, cn bn siu hnh hc l ca Smkhya. Xa hn na, ngi ta c th tm thy ni ccUpanishads trong nhng yu t ca h phi Smkhya v Yoga xen ln nhau, nh thuyt ng tng c ni trong Maitr Upanishad chng hn; hay cp ca Svetasvtara Upanishad v Smkhya v Yoga, phn bit v t duy, nh l hai phng tin h tng dn n nhn thc v nguyn nhn cu cnh; y l nhng chng c cho thy mi lin h su xa ca hai h phi ny trong lch s t tng n .

III. QUAN H SMKHYA YOGA (Trit l v Php mn Yoga)

Cui chng lch s ca trit hc phi Yoga, chng ta s ni vn tt v quan h gia Smkhya v Yoga. y, ta ch ni thm mt vi chi tit v quan h t tng ca chng. nh ngha v Yoga, Patanjali trong Yoga-stra I.2 ni: Yogas citta-vrtti-nirodhah, yoga l s dit tr c nng ca tm. Vysa ch gii stra ny ni: tm (citta) c ba guna, vi bn cht sng, ng v tr tr. Ngay trong nh ngha ny, v ch gii ca n, cho thy im tng ng v d bit gia Smkhya v Yoga. Ni ch gii ca Vysa, nhng g m chng ta bit v mahat trong b thut ng ca Smkhya, th n tr thnh citta trong b thut ng ca Yoga. im d bit y l citta bao gm ba c nng ni ti ca Smkhya: buddhi, ahamkra v manas. N l bin thi u tin ca prakrti vi s thng th ca sattva. Mc d c tnh cht v tri, nhng l yu t t nh v gn gi purusa nht, v do phn nh ca purusa, nn n hot ng nh mt yu t c tri thc. Tt c mi hin tng tinh thn u bt ngun t . Yoga c hiu nh l s c ch hay dit tn cc tc dng (vrtti) ca citta. Nhng tc dng ny gm hai loi. Th nht l nhng tc dng trc tip, l nhng sinh hot ca tri thc, v c gi l tm tc dng (citta-vrtti). T stra I.5 n stra I.11, chng ta c tt c 5 citta-vrttis: chnh tr (pramana), t tr (viparyaya), phn bit (vikalpa), thy min (nidr) v k c (smrti).
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Chnh tr l nhng nhn thc chn chnh, t ba ngun mch ca tri thc: hin lng, t lng v chnh gio lng. T tr l nhn thc khng chn chnh, hiu bit sai lm v chn tng ca s vt, nh thy si dy m cho l con rn. Phn bit hay tng tng, l tri thc c c do truyn thuyt, nh s hiu bit v sng th, ch c trn ngn ng ch khng c trong thc t. Thy min l tm tc dng ly cn nguyn ca phi hu hay v th (abhva) lm i tng; n l s vng mt ca tri thc, nhng d vy, sau mt gic ng, ngi ta vn c th ni rng: Ti ng say khng bit g ht v nh vy phi c mt cittavrtti duy tr s vng mt ny ca tri thc. K c l nh li nhng n tng qu kh cha b gii tr, tiu hy. Loi th hai, do s phn chiu ca purusa trong citta hay citta phn chiu trong purusa, to cho citta mang mt hnh nh ca ng tng i, tiu ng (jva), chu nhng au kh ca sanh t lun hi. y c gi l tc dng phin no (klesa), l nhng tc dng tnh , cng c 5 (stra II.3-9): v minh (avidy), ng kin (asmit), tham (rga), sn (dvesa) v hu i (abhinivesa). V minh l i vi nhng g vn v thng, bt tnh, kh v v ng m cho l thng, tnh, lc v ng. Ng kin l s ng nht sai lm gia nng lc kin gii (drksakti) v nng lc tri kin (darsanasakti). Tham l s chp trc v khoi lc. Sn l s bt mn i vi nhng ni khng thch . Hu i l s ham mun, chp trc vo s tn ti ca nhc th. i tng ca Yoga l khut phc v dit tn hai loi citta-vrtti trn y. Ch gii stra I.12, v s dit tn ca loi citta-vrtti th nht, biu dng cho nhng tc dng tri thc, Vysa ni rng: Dng citta tri chy theo hai hng, hoc chy v hng thin, hoc v hng bt thin. Nu s tri chy ca citta dn n c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot v n lnh vc ca tri thc phn bit, n c gi l dng hnh phc. Nu dn vo ti sanh v chy xung lnh vc v minh, n c gi l dng au kh. Gii thch ny trn i th khng my khc xa vi ch thuyt v lch trnh hin tng ha ca Smkhya. D bit ln nht gia Smkhya v Yoga l mt bn v thn v mt bn hu thn. N lc thit lp mt quan nim hu thn cho Yoga c thy r trong Stra I.23-29 v cc ch gii lin h. Stra I.23 v 24 ni: Hoc do nim tng ng ton thin svara m t n samdhi. Isvara l mt purusa ti thng (Purusa-visesa), khng b xc nhim bi phin no (klesa), nghip (karman), qu d thc (vipka) hay d nghip (saya). Vcaspati Misra trong Tattva-vaisrad, khi ch gii cc stras ny, t thit lp cc chng c hu thn, phn bit gia cc purusas, m Smkhya quan nim l phc th, vi mt purusa th thng ti thng, Isvara. Th gii gm c hai nguyn l cn bn, v ch c hai: purusa hu thc v prakrti v thc. Nh Isvara khng phi l nguyn l v thc lm nguyn nhn ti s cho vn hu trong lch trnh hin tng ha hay sng ha ca v tr. V nu Isvara l nguyn l v thc, nht nh ngi phi l mlaprakrti, cn bn t tnh hay bn tnh, vt cht cn nguyn, v nh vy khng c g khc vi nhng tc dng v tri. Isvara cng khng phi nh cc purusa trong lch trnh hin tng ha, v ngi khng lin h g n nhng phin no, ng kin. ng khc, vi ch gii ca Vysa, khi mt ngi gii thot, ngi khng phi l Isvara, khng bao gi tr thnh l Isvara, v Isvara khng lin h g n cc phin no tri buc. Smkhya khng quan nim s hin hu ca mt tuyt i hay thn ng hay Isvara no ngoi hai nguyn l cn bn v ti s, purusa v prakrti. Nu mun ni n ton tr, th ng ton tr hay nht thit tr l purusa. Nu mun ni n ton nng, th ng ton nng l prakrti. Th nhng, mi chng sanh u c ring mt purusa v nhng phm tnh ca prakrti. Tri li, Yoga-stra I.25 v cc on tip theo xc chng rng c mt Isvara nh vy. Stra I.25-29 ni: Ht ging ca nht thit tr ny mm trong Ngi. Ngi l bc thy ca cc tin thnh, khng l thuc thi gian. Mt ng biu th Ngi. Cng tng c mt ng cng thu hiu ngha ca n. Nh m thu hiu Ng c bit v dt tr cc chng ngi. S gii thot ch c ngha l tr thnh mt purusa thanh tnh, tch tnh, cng bn cht nh Isvara, khi hnh gi (yogin) lp li nhiu ln mt ngn aum cho n lc tm hon ton chuyn ch vo mt im trn . Gii thot tuyt i c m t Stra IV.34 nh l lc m cc phm tnh tr li trng thi vi t tim n ca chng, sau khi vng bt tng ca purusa; nng lc tm linh an tr trong bn cht ca chnh n.

IV. BT PHN DU GI
Nh ta thy, Yoga c nh ngha nh l s dit tr cc tc dng ca tm (citta-vrtti), cho n khi cc phm tnh, hay guna, c thu hi tr li trng thi nguyn s, v purusa tr thnh c lp, khng b chi phi v rng buc bi th gii vt cht. Cc tc dng ca tm trn bnh din tri thc gm c hai kha cnh, hoc au kh hoc khng au kh. Tu tp l n lc a
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cc tc dng tm ny xui theo dng thin. trong chiu , nh phn bit chnh tr m ta dit tr cc tc dng tng vn l bt thin, gy au kh. Stra II.28 ni: Khi dit tr bt tnh bng s tu tp kin tr v tm phn Du Gi (astga-yoga), th nh sng ca tr tu soi n chnh tr phn bit. Trong tm phn Yoga, c n 6 chi c thit lp t Maitr-Upanishad . Patanjali b qun hu (tarka), thm vo 3 chi: cm ch (yama), khuyn ch (niyama), ta php (sana) v t chng ln hng u. Tm phn Du Gi c trnh by t Stra 30 n 55, ht chng II, v t Stra 1 n 3, chng III. 1. Cm ch (yama), nhng iu rn cm khng c vi phm, c 5: khng st sanh (ahims), khng ni di (asatya), khng trm cp (asteya), khng t dm (arahmacarya) v khng tham (aparigraha). Nhng rn cm ny c coi l c gi tr ph bin, khng hn cuc khng gian, thi gian hay hon cnh. 2. Khuyn ch (niyama), tin thm mt bc, hnh gi thc hin cc khuyn co: thanh tnh (sauca), tri tc (samtosa), kh hnh (tapas), hc tp (svdhyya) v tng nim Thng (Isvara pranidhna). 3. Ta php (sana), ngi ng t th, vng vng v thoi mi. T th ngi c coi l hon ho khi no khng cn c c gng, khin cho thn th khng b dao ng. Hoc khi tm tr m rng v hn. Nh t th ngi hp cch m khi b gy phin nhiu bi nng v lnh. 4. iu tc (prnyma), kim sot v iu ha hi th sau khi thn th ngi vng. Th c ba vic: th ra, th vo v ngng th, v iu khin ty theo v tr, thi gian v s. V ni chn, ch quan st hi th khi vo th n v tr no trong ngc v bng, khi ra th n u trong v tr. V thi gian, hi th u n theo s di, ngn, nht nh. V s, tc m hi th, theo mt con s vi gii hn no . Nh vy, cho n khi hi th di v t nh. Cui cng l tm v cnh hp nht; tm c tp trung trn mt im duy nht ca i tng, khng cn tn lon (dhrana). 5. Ch cnh (pratyhra), ch ng cc cm quan v tch chng ra khi nhng i tng ngoi gii, khng bung th chng theo bn cht ca citta vn lun lun hng n cc i tng. S ch cm l hng chng n mc tiu ni ti. Nm phn Du Gi trn l nhng b mn tu tp v tm, thuc ngoi phn tu tp (bahir-anga sdhana), cng gi l hu c Du Gi (saguna-Yoga), tc php Du Gi (kriy-Yoga), n lc Du Gi (hatha-Yoga). Ba chi cn li thuc ni phn tu tp (antaranga-Sdhana). 6. Chp tr (dhran), sau khi ch ng c cc cm quan, tm khng cn tn lon theo ngoi gii, by gi chuyn ch trn mt i tng ca tu tp, nh chp mi, giao im hai chn my, hoa sen ca tri tim, an in, hay hnh nh ca thn linh. Tm phi an tr vng vng khng dao ng, nh ngn la khng lung lay ca mt ngn n. 7. ng tr (samdhi: tam ma a, tam mui), trng thi hon ton tp trung t tng. y l giai on cui cng ca Yoga. Trong giai on tnh l (dhyna), vn cn c s phn bit gia nng v s, nhng n y s phn bit y bin mt, tm hon ton th nhp lm mt vi i tng (arthamtra-nibhsa). Tt c 7 chi trc u c mc ch a n s thnh tu ca ng tr (samdhi). Vcaspati, khi ch gii Stra III.1, phn loi tnh cht v nhim v ca chng, v ni rng: Samdhi v phng tin thnh tu ca n din t ni chng I (samdhi) v chng II (sdhan). Chng III (Vibhti) din t cc thnh tu tip theo trong s pht khi ca chng v l nhng phng tin lm khi dy tn tm. Cc thnh tu ny c thnh tu bi samyama (tng ch). Samyama gm chp tr (dhran), tnh l (dhyna) v ng tr (samdhi), ba b phn ny su xa hn 5 ngoi phn tu tp. Chp tr, tnh l v ng tr lin h nhau nh nhn qu tip ni. Samdhi gm c hai loi: hu tm tam mui (samprajnta-samdhi) v v tm tam mui (asamprajnta-samdhi). Hu tm tam mui do tm nim duyn vo i tng m tu tp. Vysa ni rng nhng tam mui thuc loi ny c mt ci g duyn (lambana: s duyn). V tm tam mui l trng thi hy dit mi tc dng ca tm, gm c 2: a. Hu tm tam mui (savitarka-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i tng th ph nh 5 i (bhtas), 5 tc cn (karmendriyas). b. Hu t tam mui (savicra-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i tng t nh nh 5 duy (tanmtras), 5 tr cn (jnnendriyas). Tm (vitarka) v t (vicra) l hai trng thi mt th v mt t trong nhng tc dng ca tm. Tm l sn ui, tm bt i
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tng, v ch mi bt gp nh con bm tm thy mt a hoa, v t l bt u ng yn trn i tng nh con bm sau khi tm thy a hoa th bt u p xung. Theo gii thch ca Vysa, c hai u l hai n lc th v t ca tm, tm bt i tng. c. H lc tam mui (nanda-samdhi), tm n lc chuyn ch trn i tng cho n khi i tng tr thnh vi t, xut hin vi ba guna ca n; tm nim tng ng vi h cht hay sattva, nhng vn cn hin din ca u cht hay rajas v m cht hay tamas. V tng ng vi h cht ca i tng, cho nn trng thi h lc khi ln. d. Tn ng tam mui (ssmit-samdhi), by gi u cht v m cht b loi tr, ch cn thun ty h cht, v tm nim cm gic v cng hoan lc kia cng chm dt, ch cn mt tm nim duy nht l cm gic v s hin hu ca mnh: ti l hay ti ang hin hu (asmi). V tm tam mui (asam prajnta-samdhi) vt ln mi tc dng ca tm tng. N l trng thi siu thc. Trong cc giai on ca hu tm, s din tin nh mt ngn la t chy ci ln hi khi kt hp lm mt vi ci; cng vy, y cc hnh nghip (samskara) c hun tp trong qu kh, do tm vn cn tc dng. Khi ci ht, la cng tt; cng vy, khi cc hnh nghip qu kh b tiu dit, tc dng ca tm cng chm dt; l trng thi ca v tm tam mui. Hu tm v v tm nh th cng c gi l hu chng (sabja) v v chng tam mui (nirbja-samdhi). Ni l hu chng, c ht ging, bi v bn trng thi ca sampatti u c mm ging (bja) trong cc i tng ngoi ti. Sampatti hay ng ch c m t l khi tm trong sut nh pha l, hnh nh ca i tng hin ln v phn chiu trong ton vn v trung thc. C 4 ng ch: 1 v 2. hu tm v hu t, nh hu tm tam mui. 3. V tm ng ch (nirvatarka) l trng thi trong tm ta sng nh ch c i tng duy nht (arthamtra-nibhsa: pht quang duy cnh), tch khi nhng c nim. Trng hp ny, Vysa th d nh mt ngi nhn thy mt con b m cc c nim qu kh vn cn chi phi nim th khng th nhn nh n mt cch minh bch, chnh xc; cng vy, khi bn cht ca i tng phn nh ni tm, nu bn cht tc dng ca tm bin mt, th i tng s xut hin nh chnh l tm trong tm, hay ngc li, hnh nh ca tm by gi l ton th hnh nh trung thc ca i tng. Trng thi ny c m t ch cho giai on tu tp ca ng tr (samdhi). 4. Sau ht, v t ng ch (nirvicra-sampatti), trng thi tr v nguyn y ca t tnh; bi v bn cht ca tm chnh l t tnh (prakrti), do , khng c s sai bit gia tm v cnh. Ngoi ra, Yoga-stra cng d liu 14 trng hp gy tr ngi cho vic tu tp (Stra I.30-31): bnh (vydhi), tr n (styna), nghi hoc (samsaya), bung lung (pramda), bing nhc (lasya), say m (avirati), thy sai (bhrnti-darsana), khng ch ch (alabdhabhmikatva), khng xc lp (anavasthitatva), thng kh (duhkha), lon ng (daurmanasya), lo s (angamejavatva), th ra v ht vo khng trng cch (prasvsa-svsa). V phng din tch cc, Stra I.20 cng ngh 5 yu t h tr cho s tu tp: tn (sradh), tn (vrya), nim (smrti), nh (samdhi) v hu (prajn). Vysa gii thch: tn, nh mt ngi m h tr cho hnh gi gi vng mc tiu v theo ui mc tiu ca mnh. Nim tin ny s thc y hnh gi khng ngng tin ti, tn. Khi hnh gi tinh tin khng ngng, s chuyn nim s h tr khng bao gi xao lng mc tiu. Nh chuyn nim m tm khng b dao ng v i n chnh nh. Do nh, t duy quyt trch pht khi, v nh pht hu. Cc ngh ny ca Patanjali hnh nh chu nh hng ca Pht gio, v chng l 5 cn v 5 lc trong 37 phm tr o (bhodyanga).

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V. THNH TU V GII THOT

Chng III ca Yoga-stra , gm 54 stras, ni v nhng thnh tu ca tu tp hay thn thng: vibhti. Stra I.1, ch gii ca Vcaspati ni rng nhng vibhtis c thnh tu bng nguyn l tng ch, hay samyama.Stra II.9-15 trnh by s din tin ca samyama qua th t chng c ba giai on cui ca bt phn Du Gi. Samyama, nguyn ngha l k lut ni ti c k chung cho ba giai on cui, v cc b phn Yoga ny khng cn ly ngoi gii lm i tng na. Vysa, ch gii Stra III.6, ni rng: khi mt tm a (citta-bhmi) c chinh phc bi samyama, n c p dng ngay cho giai on tip theo sau. Nu cha chinh phc c tm a thp khng th nhy ngay ln mt tm a cao hn. Theo gii thch ny, samyama hay nguyn l tng ch l k lut ni ti m s tin b trong lc tu tp ty theo mc kin c ca n v kh nng chinh phc mt tm a thp nhy ln mt tm a cao hn. y, chng ta cng nn bit l c 5 cp bc, hay trnh ca tm, hay tm a (citta-bhmi): ksipta, tn lon; mdha, hay qun; viksipta, va tn va nh, ngha l ch c th ch tm trong khong thi gian ngn; ekgra, nht tm; v nirudha, tnh ch. Cc tu tp u c mc ch l hng n hai tm a sau cng ny. Do kh nng t c bng nguyn l tng ch, khi chinh phc c mt tm a, th m ra mt tm a khc, cao hn, v tm a cng s b chinh phc do kh nng t c bng tng ch. S din bin ny c ba giai on, coi nh l ba giai on khai trin (parinma) ca tm. Trc ht, ni giai on tu tp chp tr (dhran), tc dng ca tm by gi din ra theo hai chiu hng: chiu hng ng, khuynh hng i ra ngoi (vyuthna) b ch ng, khut phc bng tng ch (samyama) v khuynh hng tnh ch (niroddha) xut hin. Giai on ny c gi l khai trin tnh ch (niroddha-parinma). Giai on th hai l khai trin ng tr (samdhi-parinma). Sau khi khai trin c khuynh hng tnh ch, thnh tu dhran tc th tin ln dhyna. Trong dhyna, tm cng c hai phng din, mt tn (sarvthat) v mt nh (ekgrat). Bng tng ch, khut phc sarvthat v khai trin ekgrat. Sau cng l khai trin tm nht cnh (ekgrat-parinma). y, cng i vi hai phng din ca tm m tng ch l iu ha s qun bnh ca chng: phng din tch tnh (snta) v phng din hot ng (udita). T giai on ny bc sang mt giai on khc, mi ni u xy ra s bin i v pht huy nng lc cao hn v tnh cht (dharma), c tng (laksana) v trng thi (avasth) ca nhc th (bhta) v quan nng (indriya). V nhng bin i ny, ni mt cch n gin, khi tc dng ca tm cng vi t, th i tng cng xut hin t nh; cho n khi tm cnh hip nht, v s bin i cng lc cng t nh ca tm lm thay i c cu vt l v sinh l. Cc nng lc c pht huy v cui cng hnh gi t c thn thng bt t ngh. Mc ca thn thng ty mc ca tng ch i vi i tng m n phi ch ng. Th d, Stra III.16 ni: bng s tng ch trn ba khai trin m t c tri thc v qu kh, hin ti v v lai. Hoc Stra III.17: ngn t, i tng v nim xut hin nh l mt, bi v mi ci mt lin h nhau; bng s tng ch v sai bit ny m t c thng tr hay thn thng nghe m thanh ca cc loi hu tnh. Hoc Stra III.25: bng tng ch i vi mt tri, thng tr v cc phng hng v.v C nh vy, bng tng ch trn mt i tng, s t c thng tr hay thn thng tng ng. Cng bng tng ch y, khi phn bit r s khu bit gia t tnh v thn ng, by gi hnh gi s t c nht thit tr, v
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Yoga V Cc TM HIU SU PHI TRIT HC N

cui cng t n trng thi c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nng lc thn thng t c bng s tng ch v mt i tng , Yoga-stra cnh gic rng chng c th l nhng tr ngi cho samdhi, m mc tiu cui cng phi l kaivalya. Chng IV, gm 34 stras, ni v kaivalya hay c tn, hay gii thot. Khi nim v gii thot cng c cp ri rc trong cc chng trc. Th d, Stra 19, chng I, trnh by hai trng hp gii thot t c sau khi thnh tu v tm tam mui (asamprajn-samdhi). Trng hp th nht l v thn (videha) m hnh gi t c, hng th khoi lc khng c thn th. Trng hp th hai, xc tnh (prakrtilaya) khi tm (citta) thu hi v nguyn y prakrti. Stra 27, chng II, trnh by by giai on m phn bit tr tri qua t c hai loi gii thot l thn gii thot (kyavimukti) v tm gii thot (citta-vimukti). Trong din tin ca thn gii thot, phn bit tr lt qua bn bc: (1) bit rng s kh b tr, khng cn g cn phi bit thm na; (2) bit rng cn nguyn dn n s kh b hy dit, lun hi i b bng trc gc r; (3) s on tr c kinh nghim trc tip nh mt s kin hin nhin; (4) thu trit phng tin ca tri thc do phn bit t tnh v thn ng. Bn tr (prajn) trn thnh tu do phn tch hin tng ngoi gii. Chng c trnh by nh c nhiu lin h vi T diu ca Pht gio, v nh vy cng cho thy tng quan nh hng nh th no gia Pht gio v Yoga. Ta nn nh l Yoga ch c h thng ha sau Pht. Ba tr cn li din tin trong tm gii thot l: 5. trc nhn hai mc tiu ca buddhi, hoc hng th (bhoga) hoc gii thot (apavarga); 6. ba guna c khuynh hng tr li nguyn y prakrti ca chng nh nhng tng nng t nh cao phi ri xung t; 7. by gi, purusa c lp, v buddhi b thu nhip vo ba guna v cc guna tr v vi prakrti. Sau khi t n tr (prajn) th by, purusa c lp trong trng thi ca mt samdhi c m t nh l m my gia h khng v purusa khng cn ham mun, cc ht ging ng chp, ng kin, v.v hon ton b hy dit. y l trng thi samdhi m Stra IV.29 mnh danh l php vn tam mui (dharma-megha-samdhi). T , hnh gi dit tr tt c nghip v phin no, gii thot ngay trong i hin ti: hu thn gii thot (jvan-mukta).

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