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C. Laminated leaf springs
where:b ... width of spring leaf [mm, in]b' ... leaf width at end of spring [mm, in]E ... modulus of elasticity in tension [MPa, psi]F ... loading of spring [N, lb]k ... spring constant [N/mm, lb/in]L ... functional spring length [mm, in]L' ... length of leaf with constant thickness [mm, in]n ... total number of spring leaf [-]n' ... number of extra full-length leaves [-]s ... spring deflection [mm, in]t ... thickness of spring leaf [mm, in]t' ... leaf thickness at end of spring [mm, in]
ψ 
... shape coefficient [-]
σ
... bending stress of the spring material [MPa, psi]Extra leavesSpring leaves of full length, rectangular shape with constant profile. These leaves are added tothe spring for two reasons:
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to increase the spring stiffness and load capacity
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they are often ended with hooks to fix the spring
Springs calculation.
 The calculation is to be used for geometrical and strength design of metal springs of varioustypes and designs, subjected to static or cyclic loads. The program performs the following tasks:1.Geometrical design and calculation of working cycle parameters for metal springs of thefollowing types and designs:
 
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Helical cylindrical compression springs of round wires and bars
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Helical cylindrical compression springs of rectangular wires and bars
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Helical conical compression springs of round wires and bars
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Helical conical compression springs of rectangular wires and bars
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Belleville springs
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Helical cylindrical tension springs of round wires and bars
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Helical cylindrical tension springs of rectangular wires and bars
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Spiral springs
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Helical cylindrical torsion springs made of round wires a bars
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Helical cylindrical torsion springs made of rectangular wires and bars
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 Torsion bar springs with round section
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 Torsion bar springs with rectangular section
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Leaf springs with constant profile
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Leaf springs with parabolic profile
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Laminated leaf springs2.Automatic proposal (finding) of a spring with suitable dimensions.3.Static and dynamic strength check.4.The application includes a table of commonly used spring materials according to EN,ASTM/SAE, DIN, BS, JIS, UNI, SIS, CSN and others. The calculation is based on data, procedures, algorithms and data from specialized literature andstandards EN 13906, DIN 2088, DIN 2089, DIN 2090, DIN 2091, DIN 2092, DIN 2093, DIN 2095,DIN 2096, DIN 2097.
Control, structure and syntax of calculations.
Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control,structure and syntax of calculations".
Information on the project.
Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can befound in the document "Information on the project".
Theory - Fundamentals.
Springs are constructional elements designed to retain and accumulate mechanical energy,working on the principle of flexible deformation of material. Springs belong to the most loadedmachine components and are usually used as:
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energy absorbers for drives and reciprocating devices
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interceptors of static and dynamic forces
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elements to create force joints
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shock absorbers in anti-vibration protection
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devices for controlling and measuring of forces
 
Spring function is evaluated according to the course and extent of its deformation depending onits load.Based on the deformation pattern, springs can be divided into the following three types:1.springs with linear characteristics2.springs with degressive characteristics3.springs with progressive characteristics The
W
area under the spring characteristic curve represents the deformation work (energy) of aspring performed by the spring during its loading. Deformation energy of springs subjected tocompression, tension or bending is specified by the formula:for springs subjected to torsion: The basic quantity specifying the spring functionality is its stiffness (spring constant). Springconstant
k 
specifies the intensity of load (force or torque) which causes unit deformation (shift orturning) of the spring.  The spring with linear characteristics have invariable spring constant; other springs havevariable spring constant. Springs are mounted with initial stress, i.e. in the state when the spring is subjected to theminimum working load. In view of spring function, there are four basic states of springs:
State of the springDescription of states of a springindex
freethe spring is not loaded0preloadedthe spring is exposed to minimum operationalloading1fully loadedthe spring is exposed to maximum operationalloading8
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