Wanting to shoot people with muskets on a large scale I mused on the form that the future Shako and

Bayonet, as one of the companion rules set to HFG, might take !ather than idle speculation I decided to write up the following "y way as a suggestion for the rulesgi#er I ha#e "ased this upon the scraps of information we ha#e a"out S$B, ie #irtually nothing "ut the idea that it will show units in formations and that "attalions will "e depicted "y two elements In writing these up I ha#e tried to translate HFG to the new scale and second guess how the particular pro"lems of this translation might "e sol#ed In parts this has in#ol#ed creation of whole sections of rules, such as formations, "ut I ha#e tried not to change %ust for the sake of change Guidance was sought from &Br and &B'' when a new mechanism was needed (ew or altered sections are in red 'ostly I ha#e mo#ed a"out a few sections, necessitated "y remo#al or increasing detail to suit the new scale Stripping out the )* HFG troop types not appropriate for the S$B era did reduce comple+ity and word count, "ut not "y much I ha#e taken the li"erty of creating only a few e+tra troop types, that of Revolutionaries which are poor -uality "ut enthusiastic foot em"lematic of the era, Elephants and Skirmishers Ahead .lephants are treated as "roadly analogous to /uirassiers "ut with some special strengths and weaknesses Skirmishers 0head are those assumed for Bayonets and 1ight Infantry in HFG "ut not depicted separately 2hey are linked to such types in S$B and must remain in close association with them 0rtillery can "e Howitzers or fluky Rockets in addition to their other grades Pioneers are included as a train #ariant to "uild or destroy field structures 2he class of &ismounta"les has "een remo#ed as only &ragoons would "e mem"ers of it 2hose few mounted formations that dismounted in "attles, rather than for the occasional special task, ha#e this capacity noted in their army list and an appropriate foot type is nominated for them !ules for mounting and dismounting are included Firelocks ha#e "een retained to cater for non3.uropeans that may fit the type 1aager has also "een included e#en if its prime users are not significant in the era Strong 4oints ha#e "een altered to match the new game scales Formations of Line, Square and Assault olumn are included for those infantry types using them, some other foot or mounted types may "enefit from 0ssault /olumn 'ost "ut not all foot types must "e depicted in units of two elements that ne#er separate Such a unit represents a "attalion or similar formation of roughly 5663766 men and officers 8so *563966 per element: Some types, such as supporting artillery not in concentrated "atteries must "e single elements while the remaining types ha#e a choice of "eing in units or as single elements depending on their historical organisation 'ounted ha#ing a choice to "e depicted as singles or units recognises that there was great #ariation in nations organisation of their ca#alry s-uadrons into larger regiments or similar groups If nothing else it allows a small num"er of ca#alry to pose a threat to foot Ground scale is set "y the troop scale at 96mm, one element width for )5mm troops, e-ualling )66 paces 2his has had se#eral conse-uences for translating HFG Firstly the mo#e rates of all troops has "een scaled "ack, a: to keep playing ta"le si;e managea"le and troops making outcomes from e+iting the ta"le too easily and ": the more tactical feel of S$B does not always suit wide sweeping semi3strategic marching 0 conse-uence of changing these scales is that the time scale should pro"a"ly "e condensed slightly, although none is here suggested as mo#e rates represent initiati#es not theoretical marching speeds 0 more profound change triggered "y altering the ground scale and reducing mo#e distances is that the HFG re-uirement for some ad#ancing troops to formally stop and compute shooting "efore close conflict is

not needed But these mo#es may cost more 4I4S 4layers must use their tactical skill to a#oid or ma+imise shooting 2he option to press forward after shooting may "e too generous at the new scale, any feed"ack on this is most welcome /om"at outcomes ha#e likewise "een altered to cater for the changed troop scale and the new formations I ha#e not altered troops "asic com"at factors for consistency with HFG "ut ha#e altered other charts 2he com"at charts themsel#es ha#e "een separated into close com"at and distant shooting com"at sections for ease of use 4lay should "e on a ta"le of at least )*66mm + <66 8=+9 foot:, e+pect your troops to "e hotly engaged early in a game 2errain si;e and num"er of pieces has "een altered to suit the ground scale Scale Issues >nresol#ed at this stage 0ny need to separate out 1ancers as a su"3type of 1/a# 1Horse??? It looks like horse and porta"le artillery are separate things "ut I think @am"urak AwaspsB camel gunners whose name and what can "e gleaned a"out their role suggests an emphasis on mo"ility could "e "oth 4orta"le and Horse 2he effect would gi#e them a reduced range compared with other horse artillery 2he 4ersian Shah had 966 of them descri"ed "y one .uropean source as part of his guard, at least two pro#incial rulers had *66 man formations Larger battles may need the troop scale altered to 1 inch = 100p, I have not tested this and there may be unforeseen consequences. 0rmy si;e I sur#eyed )76 .uropean (apoleonic armies in "attles "ut not sieges to gauge their si;e characteristics Where accounts of num"ers differed I a#eraged them 2he num"ers are presented with some rounding up of the lower percentages 63)6C men DE, ))3)5C men )FE, )=3*6C men )*E, *)3*5C men )6E *=3F6C men DE, F)3F5k men )6E, F=396C men )6E, 9)395C men 5E 9=356C men 5E, 5)355C men FE, 5=3=6C men FE, =)3=5C men *E ==3D6C men FE, D)3D5C men FE, D=376C men *E, 7)375C men *E 7=3<6C men *E, ))63)*6C men FE, )*)CG men =E I suspect there is a "ias against the smaller end at say fewer than )5C men as these tend to "e reported 8in generalist pu"lications: only when they are particularly interesting or important for some reason (e+t I took pairs of com"atants 8"ut e+cluding those conflicts where a #ictor mops up an enemy that has recently lost as ma%or conflict and often has a massi#e numerical disparity: and a#eraged the num"ers of the two armies 2he idea here is to take out #aria"ility for position, troop -uality and similar >sing this method armies tend to group at the following si+ num"ers, )=C men, *FC men, a F539FC clump, 55C, D5C, giant )*6C "attles 0t the S$B scale of one manoeu#re item of two elements per )666ish men, the first four groups up to 55C should "e managea"le under the rules 2he D5C group lends itself either to a large S$B game or HFG /learly HFG comes into its own for the titanic )*6C men per side "attles 2he a"o#e si;es might "e a useful guide to the #arious 04 totals for play &a#id Brown

!H"RSE, #""$ A%& '(%S ) Shako and *a+onet,

-%$R"&( $-"%

HInsert hereI

Jou should not assume that the differences "etween my perception of the realities of warfare during the era and recei#ed opinion are due to ignorance Some formerly respected secondary sources ha#e recently "een discredited "y modern research K2he 0natomy of LictoryK and KBattle 2actics of (apoleon and his .nemiesK, "oth "y Brent (osworthy and KForward into BattleK and K!ally Mnce 0gainK "y 4addy Griffith pro#ide good analysis, and many useful "ooks "y )7th and )<th century soldiers or theoreticians e+ist /opyright 8c: 4hil Barker )<<), )<<D, *66), *66*, *66F, *669, *665

"%$E%$S G0'. 4HI1MSM4HJ 4age * 410JI(G .N>I4'.(2 0(& !.4!.S.(202IM(01 S/01.S F 2!MM4 &.FI(I2IM(S 9 M!G0(ISI(G 0( 0!'J 7 S.22I(G >4 0 B0221. )) FIGH2I(G 2H. B0221. )= &.FI(I2IM(S *D 0&LI/. F!M' 2H. '0S2.!S *7 M42IM(01 4!.1I'I(0!J '04 'ML.'.(2 F6 /M''.(2S F) .O410(02M!J &I0G!0'S F*

'A.E PH-L"S"PH/ 2hese rules are "ased on detailed analysis of a num"er of key "attles for which a good se-uence of e#ents is a#aila"le 2his shows that, e+cept for approach marches while out of contact, e#ents are discrete initiati#es and responses 2his #ersion is the result of testing against participants accounts of #ery many more "attles 2he forward edge of an element "ase does not represent the position of the front rank Instead, the com"ined "ase depth "etween figures of opposing elements in "ase contact represents point "lank range Shooting ranges are those at which su"stantial casualties could "e e+pected Shooting is assumed to also occur at up to dou"le that range, "ut to only put a "rake on enemy mo#ement "y for"idding march mo#es in non3tactical formations such as column of route 0rtillery ranges are those considered practical "y contemporaries and were often limited "y considerations of #isi"ility and long range shot dispersion /om"at results are matched to the range or those recorded during confrontations "etween troops of those types in similar situations in real "attles /om"at factors ha#e "een set to produce historical effects in con%unction with the com"at outcome ta"le and should not "e %udged in isolation Mne inno#ation is a ASpentB result for ca#alry that used up their mounts strength and the riders dash and cohesion "ut mostly sur#i#e, so that they are remo#ed "ut do not count as lost 2his encourages use rather than hoarding 0t the other e+treme, another inno#ation for the first time pro#ides an ade-uate reason to reser#e elite troops for the decisi#e moment of the "attle /on#entional rule sets gi#e the player far too much information 0 real general does not know that a unit has %ust lost a certain num"er of men, or e#en its total losses until ne+t day, if then Howe#er, he will usually "e in a position to see if a "ody is mo#ing forward cheering, edging "ack looking o#er its collecti#e shoulders, or has disintegrated We pro#ide players with that information and that only Mur command and mo#ement system is ar"itrary, "ut its results are #ery similar to those from ela"orate systems incorporating written orders, transmission "y a limited num"er of messengers or signals, and then testing interpretation "y the recipient In any case, as /lausewit; points out, confusion is the normal state in "attle, good staff work merely reducing it to a "arely accepta"le le#el 2he function of the command system in a wargame differs from that in a real "attle in that it is not used to ena"le the general to manoeu#re his troops at all, "ut to pre#ent him doing so too freelyP 2his we achie#e Some features of related rule sets are not applica"le in this era and others were less or more important For e+ample, night marches were plentiful, "ut night attacks were rare and usually restricted to localised assaults on strong points, which is surprising considering the need to o#ercome the defensi#e power of longer ranged firearms Successful attacks taking ad#antage of morning mist were less rare, "ut in#aria"ly due to coincidence rather than planning Indeed, on one occasion, the attacker actually waited for an hour in the hope that the mist that was to gi#e him #ictory would clearP (a#al co3operation was more common than pre#iously, especially in 0merica on coasts, great lakes and large ri#ers Mff3ta"le flank marches and decentralisation into semi3independent /orps were increasingly important from the (apoleonic Wars on While treachery resulting in allies changing side in mid3"attle did not occur, misunderstanding and lack of co3operation "etween allies was rife

PLA/-%' E0(-P.E%$ A%& REPRESE%$A$-"%AL S ALES H"- E "# #-'(RE A%& ."&EL S ALE 2hese rules are primarily intended for )5mm or smaller figures *5mm can also "e used if the ground scale is increased "y 56E and its easier #isi"ility may "e helpful in pu"lic demonstration games $R""P REPRESE%$A$-"% A%& AR./ S-1E Figures are com"ined into elements, each of which consists of se#eral figures or figure "locks fi+ed to a rectangular "ase of card or some similar material 0ll "ases used "y "oth sides must ha#e the same frontage .ach element type has a cost in 0rmy 4oints 804: ranging from ) to 56, intended to render opposed armies appro+imately e-ual in a"ility and encourage realistic proportions of elite troops, ca#alry and artillery .lements are often paired to form >nits, especially for infantry, although many types of mounted and some foot can operate as single elements .lements paired as >nits will always "e in contact with each other and positioned to show formations of Line, Assault olumn and Square Mpposing sides must "e historical contemporaries, or if fictional, of the same putati#e year .ach side consists of an agreed total of 04 and each army 8a side may ha#e more than one army: must include one or more staff elements and up to one logistics element Mne staff element represents the sides /ommander3 in3/hief 8/3in3/: and others his su"ordinate or allied army, wing or corps commanders 0 defending player can also use 04 to add garrisoned strong points, pro#ide field defences or conceal troops 0 staff element represents a senior general together with his staff and escorts 0 pair of foot elements forming a >nit represent a "attalion or similar formation of roughly 5663766 men, each element therefore represents roughly *563966 men and officers .lements of 'arksmen not paired into units can represent *66 or so men, and may take an Inferior grade if fewer men are represented 'ounted elements represent roughly *663966 men per element and 9663=66 total for two if paired into a >nit 2he organisation of ca#alry into s-uadrons and regiments or similar higher formal organisations #aried widely "etween nations such that mounted can "e either depicted as single elements or units 0rtillery deployed as a single element represents a small group of up to a few guns detailed to add supporting fire for "attalions and regiments >nits of artillery represent a company or "attery with a few howit;ers and other guns to a typical D3)= 8re#iew?: total guns or 56 rocket men or camel or %ingal gunners 0 na#al element represents )3F #essels (%-$S A%& S-%'LE ELE.E%$S TYPE Staff, 2rain, (a#al, 0rtillery, 'ounted, 'arksmen, Spearmen, Revolutionaries Mther foot

FORM Singles Singles or >nits >nits

PLA/-%' AREA A%& 'R"(%& S ALE 0 playing area = foot "y 9 foot, )*66mm + <66mm is suggested as a minimum 0ll distances are gi#en in paces 8p: of 6 D5 metres or F6 inches 0n elementQs frontage represents )66 paces in real life, which sets the standard ground scale at 96mm R )66p, in )5mm scale, and <=6mm R ) mile 'easure distances on the ta"le with a card strip or similar marked at *66p inter#als up to 766p, then at 966p pace inter#als .lement "ase dimensions are significant multiples of )66p and this will often make use of a measure unnecessary 0 pair of 966p + *66p "ases with handles instead of figures can "e #ery

useful for measuring gaps 4lay is smoother and pleasanter if players do not try to position elements K%ust outsideK a critical distance and specify intended separation distance on completing mo#es $-.E S ALE 4lay is in alternate "ounds 2hese do not represent fi+ed ar"itrary di#isions of time, "ut initiati#es and responses "y the two sides Howe#er, di#iding known "attle durations "y the num"er of discrete phases that can "e identified produces consistent enough results to define a "ound as e-ui#alent to an a#erage of )6 minutes in real life .+cept for march mo#ement out of contact, which is assumed to "e continuous and to ha#e "een during the pre#ious enemy "ound as well as your current "ound, mo#e distances are not a function of time a#aila"le and theoretical speeds, "ut are "ased on typical mo#es in real "attles &- E Mne differently coloured ordinary ) to = dice is re-uired for each staff element used $R""P &E#-%-$-"%S 2roops are defined "y "attlefield "eha#iour as well as "y their weapons We distinguish only those troops thought "y contemporaries to differ sufficiently to need different handling "y their commanders or the enemy .ach type is identified "y a name descripti#e of its armament and fighting methods Howe#er, "e warned that these necessarily ar"itrary names may contradict regimental titles, which were often decepti#e andSor o"solete For e+ample, not all regiments with dragoon titles still practised dismounted fighting and many light infantry regiments came to differ from line regiments only in dress distinctions Sta22 elements can "e a large 0rmy HN, a small /ommand 4arty, 0G or a (ati#e 4otentate .ounted elements can "e /uirassiers, .lephants, Hea#y /a#alry, &ragoons, 1ight /a#alry, 1ight Horse or Sipahis #oot elements can "e Firelocks, 'uskets, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry, Stoic Foot, 'arksmen, Spearmen, !e#olutionaries or Skirmishers 0head Artiller+ elements can "e Smooth"ore or 4orta"le %aval elements can "e Flotilla or Sail, one can "e an admirals Flagship $rain elements can "e 4ontooneers, 4ioneers, Supply Base, 1aager or 0eronauts 0 few elements can "e additionally graded as B!I11I0(2 or I(.!2 if staff, as .1I2. if mounted or foot, as HM!S., H.0LJ, HMWI2@.!S or !M/C.2S if artillery 0ny num"er of mounted, foot or na#al can "e graded as I(F.!IM! 0!'J H.0&N>0!2.!S 8HN:, representing the person, ad#isers, aides, staff, gallopers, escort, and sometimes ta"le and chair, tent, tra#elling carriage or e#en ki"it;ing royalty, of an army commander who prefers to change position infre-uently and relies on ample messengers to e+ert authority, such as (apoleon at Waterloo, Schwart;en"urg at 1eip;ig or more rarely, the similar entourage of an ally general /M''0(& 40!2J 8/4:, representing the person and small entourage of an army commander who prefers seeing for himself and personal communication to total reliance on messengers, such as Wellington or of a su"ordinate general or ally general 80G: commanding a wing of the army or a corps (02IL. 4M2.(202. 8(4:, representing the ruler, #i;ier or other commander of an 0frican or 0siatic nati#e army, often mounted on an elephant, horse or camel or sitting on a porta"le throne or litter, together

with his ad#isors, lackeys, fan "earers and "odyguard H.+amples of .lite or Inferior of the particular types could "e included here, taken from the sample HFG listsI />I!0SSI.!S, representing ca#alry in steel plate armour corselet or half3corselet on "ig horses who charged sword in hand in close formation, such as French (apoleonic cuirassiers or later 4russian cuirassiers e#en if "rigaded with uhlans )<th century e+perts disagreed as to whether the protection offered "y a cuirass %ustified its e+tra weight and fatigue, though most agreed it made the wearer "ra#er, especially when attacking foot .1.4H0(2S, representing those war elephants found in 0siatic armies with crews astride or in howdah perhaps as the status riding animal for minor no"ility /rews may ha#e "ows, firearms or a light gun H.0LJ /0L01!J, representing other ca#alry mounted on "ig horses intended almost e+clusi#ely for the mounted charge and inefficient at other duties, such as )<th century British dragoon guards and hea#y dragoons, French cara"ineers and horse grenadiers, or cuirassier regiments that had a"andoned armour &!0GMM(S, representing plainer, cheaper andSor worse mounted ca#alry who could not only charge or carry out outpost duties mounted, "ut retained some a"ility to fight on foot (ot all troops with a dragoon title -ualify 1IGH2 /0L01!J representing regular ca#alry with theoretically smaller men mounted on light fast horses trained to charge in line, "ut also e+pected to perform the "ulk of the armyQs mounted outpost, escort, scouting, screening and skirmishing duties, such as dashing romantic regiments of hussars, light dragoons, chasseurs or lancers, sometimes supported "y duller and less fashiona"le dragoons 1IGH2 HM!S., representing those undisciplined irregular skirmishing horsemen or camel men who dominated the war of outposts, sought to engulf unwary enemy ca#alry, "ut more often ho#ered in swarms around formed enemy than charged desperately to disaster, such as !ussian /ossacks, 2artars, 'aratha pindaris or marauding Bedouin SI40HIS, representing fiercer nati#e ca#alry charging wildly in loose swarms and superior to .uropeans in a confused melee, such as 'amluks, 2urkish Sipahis, Indian silhadars or 2uareg FI!.1M/CS, representing some non3.uropean infantry with matchlock or flintlock muskets who fired a #olley or two, then charged with swords, such as 2urkish Tanissaries '>SC.2S representing infantry armed with mu;;le3loaded smooth"ore musket and "ayonet, "ut using the new &utch drill and firings, such as the &utch themsel#es 8to )D<9:, French 8to )D<):, 4russians and 0ustrians 8to )76D: 2hey usually formed in three ranks with small inter#als and marched in step and drilled in cadence, these greatly impro#ing their a"ility to change formation or direction Whether in attack or defence, they fought erect in rigid shoulder3to3shoulder lines, the ranks Klocked onK "y mo#ing half a man width sideways so that all could fire simultaneously /om"at started with platoon fire, with each platoon #olleying in its succession, "ut tended to degenerate into independent fire 0t short range, their fire was often more deadly than the skirmishing fire or single #olley and charge of the following type, though less decisi#e than the latter 2heir "ayonets were chiefly #alua"le for defence against charging ca#alry, against whom there was only time for a single close range #olley B0JM(.2S representing infantry armed and drilled like those we class as Firelocks or 'uskets, "ut chiefly relying on the moral effect of a "ayonet or sa"re charge in line after a single #olley amid ringing cheers or of a rapid ad#ance in column, such as "rigaded grenadiers, British, French 8after )D<*:, 4russian or 0ustrian 8after )767: 2hose like 'uskets after )D<) preferred to form "attalion s-uares when attacked "y ca#alry and relied for distant or more continuous fire against infantry on skirmishers thrown out in front,

which are depicted as Skirmishers 0head Successful "ayonet charges killed and wounded few enemy compared with more continuous shooting "ut were more decisi#e, since they left fleeing opponents in no dou"t that they had lost 1IGH2 I(F0(2!J representing infantry similar to those classed a"o#e as Bayonets, "ut entirely of men trained to mo#e e+ceptionally fast and act independently, such as those of the 0nglo34ortuguese 1ight &i#ision of the 4eninsular War S2MI/ FMM2 representing infantry with mu;;le3loaded smooth"ore musket and "ayonet and drilled as any of the types a"o#e, "ut still relying on dense formations and #olley fire, more remarka"le for endurance than for marksmanship "ut fond of the "ayonet and whom Kit is = times easier to kill than to defeatK, such as regulars of the Sikh khalsa until )79< and !ussian line infantry SCI!'ISH.!S 0H.0&, representing those men thrown forward from Bayonets and 1ight Infantry a"o#e, to harass snipe at and delay enemy But not necessarily those specialist separate 'arksmen companies which can instead "e depicted as their own elements !.LM1>2IM(0!I.S, representing swarms of .uropeans inspired "y political, national or religious fer#our to take up arms Mften with impro#ised weapons "ut including many indi#iduals firing with du"ious weapons or proficiency /an include rump go#ernment units "olstered "y masses of temporarily enthusiastic #olunteers such as Spanish immediately following their switching alliance against the French in )7678??? check: 0lso non3.uropeans with some firearms deployed in mass "ut lacking the ferocity of Spearmen 2hose with "itter e+perience at losing to regulars or with traditional rural skills many may adopt guerrilla tactics to "ecome 'arksmen, those #olunteering in go#ernment armies may in time "ecome proficient enough to deser#e a 'usket or Bayonet type .+amples include !epu"lican Levee En ass and Lendee French, 4ortuguese, 4olish, 2yrolean, !ussian, Haitian and 'ameluk foot '0!CS'.(, representing "oth the occasional specialist %agers employed "y .uropean armies and the larger num"ers of irregulars such as 0ustrian pandours, Indian na%i"s or %e;ailachis, wily 4athans and 0fghan irregulars, "ut not the Skirmishers 0head of regulars S4.0!'.(, representing undrilled foot mainly relying on a charge with spear andSor sword, such as Irish re"el pikemen, !ussian Mpolchenie militia or &er#ish S'MM2HBM!. 0!2I11.!J representing entirely smooth"ore artillery "atteries Single elements of artillery represent smaller clumps of guns organised to support "attalions or regiments Some armies can also ha#e elements entirely of horse artillery or hea#y guns 4M!20B1. 0!2I11.!J, representing man or pony3carried /hinese %ingals, camel3mounted ;am"uraks andSor swarms of Indian rocketeers launching rockets "y hand and their pack camels Some Indian rockets were kept in support of infantry while some were mounted fi#e or si+ to a launcher contraption that may "e analogous to .uropean artillery units !M/C.2S, some porta"le or other artillery classed as rockets are considered unpredicta"le, they ha#e special rules to simulate this e+tra randomness, they are useful to set B>0 afire HMWI2@.!S, for units only, representing complete formations of howit;ers 4M(2MM(..!S, representing troops a"le to mo#e to a ri#er and construct a temporary "ridge S>441J B0S., representing the armyQs supplies, hospitals, stores and transport depots, and positioned

contiguous to a "uilt3up area 8B>0: or "attlefield edge and also on a waterway, na#iga"le ri#er, road or railway It cannot "e mo#ed during a "attle and is only fee"ly defended "y its own personnel Its function is to increase endurance, re-uire protection and offer a target for raids 4IM(..!S, count as 4ontooneers in all respects e+cepting where noted and, they dont "uild "ridges "ut destroy temporary ones they remain in contact with at the end of a second "ound and permanent ones after three 2hey can repair in one complete "ound )66p of o"stacles destroyed "y 0rtillery or crossed "y troops 2hey add the Staff "olstering factor for foot attacking a B>0 or S4 100G.!, representing circled supply wagons It differs from a Supply Base in "eing hea#ily defended and a"le to mo#e freely, if slowly 0.!M(0>2S, representing an o"ser#ation "alloon tethered at ),666 feet and a"le to see 9 U miles plus its detachment and wagon It can "e mo#ed, "ut can only operate if stationary for the whole of this "ound and that preceding, in good going, in good weather, in daylight and within the /3in3/s easy command distance It can "e attacked, "ut cannot fight "ack F1M2I110, representing small craft effecti#e only in close com"at including "oth groups of "oarding craft such as galleys, cutting3out e+peditions in ships "oats, canoe fleets or war %unks and also unarmoured rams and fire ships S0I1, representing su"stantial wooden "roadside warships dependent entirely upon sail and una"le to mo#e closer than 95 degrees to directly upwind

2roops graded as EL-$E include guard ca#alry, guard infantry or grenadiers, regular marksmen entirely armed with good rifles and fanatic spearmen .lite ca#alry were used for decisi#e attacks, foot guards and grenadiers to press difficult assaults on #illages or as a final reser#e to tip a "attle hanging in the "alance (ot only is the cost increased, "ut also each element counts as two element e-ui#alents 2roops graded as -%#ER-"R include all those ca#alry or foot significantly deficient in some of the "attle skills e+pected of their type, such as recently recruited #olunteers, militia, landwehr, "adly3trained reser#ists, "adly3officered and neglected regulars or ca#alry on "ad or half3star#ed horses 2his grading does not reflect on the mens indi#idual courage or mean that they will not fight well on occasion or "e good #alue (a#al elements similarly graded are those too weakly armed or unseaworthy to lie in line of "attle in open sea, such as sailing frigates, cor#ettes or "rigs 0rtillery is graded as H.0LJ if hea#y )*pdr or larger smooth"ores 0rtillery is graded as HM!S. if either smooth"ores up to =pdr with gun crews carried on the lim"ers or riding the teams off3side horses, or smooth"ores up to light )*pdr with crew riding separate mounts &-S."(%$-%' 2hose &ragoons and any other mounted that can fight either mounted or dismounted ha#e this capacity noted in their army lists which will also descri"e their dismounted type &ismounting or remounting takes a tactical or march mo#e .ach dismounted element must pro#ide an element of horseScamel holders and rider3less mounts to "e placed "ehind them when dismounting Such a mounts element counts as 4ontooneers 8"ut o"#iously not with "ride "uilding capacity: for anything not mentioned elsewhere in the rules 0 >nits mounts themsel#es form a >nit 2roops must "e in contact with their mounts to re3mount 'ounts can "e separately mo#ed, attacked and lost from their parents %A3AL LA%&-%' #"R ES (a#al elements can "ut need not carry one element of crew, perhaps specialist marines, to em"ark or

disem"ark as a suita"le type /rew >nits must "e carried "y a na#al >nit /rew can "e disSem"ark only from a WW or !i#er edge at good going or a B>0SS4 &isSem"arking can "e done as a 2actical or 'arch mo#e Foot or Staff cost *4I4s to disSem"ark, 'ounted F4I4S, 0rtillery or 2rain 94I4s &isem"arked crew can "e transferred toSfrom a command or stay with their original /rew currently ship"oard suffer the fate of their na#al element, they count as addition original elements and losses

"R'A%-S-%' A% AR./ ELE.E%$ 4AS-%' 0n element consists of se#eral figures fi+ed to a thin rectangular "ase of card or similar material 2he si;e of this "ase and e#en the scale of the figures are not critical pro#ided that all land elements ha#e the same frontage Howe#er, some standardisation is needed if you are to play against other peoples armies, and the con#entions specified "elow are the "est that can "e done to represent the true space occupied Standard "asing mounts *5mm figures on =6mm wide "ases and smaller figures on 96mm wide "ases If figures were pre#iously on F6mm wide "ases, fi+ these to the centre of a 96mm "ase 2he standard "asing for *5mm and )5mm figures is the same as in the other sets of the series Figures smaller than *5mm can alternati#ely "e mounted on 76mm "ases, allowing formations to "e depicted more realistically and W!G )=753)795 elements to "e com"ined into a HFG S S$B element If so, use the )6mm num"er of figures per "ase for )5mm figures and dou"le the num"er in each rank for all smaller scale elements e+cept staff B0S. SI@.S =6mm +V96mm +V 76mm +V )*6mm 76mm 0eronauts =6mm 96mm 96mm F6mm 96mm F6mm F6mm *6mm

)=6mm 76mm =6mm F6mm 96mm

0rmy HN, 4ontooneers, Supply Base, 1aager and (ati#e 4otentate, .lephants and 0rtillery 'ounted /ommand 4arty Mther foot, 4ioneers

!./M''.(&.& (>'B.! MF FIG>!.S M! 'M&.1S 4.! B0S. G R General, ! R !ider on horse, H R 1ed horse, 0 R 0rtillery piece and crew, Sk R in Skirmisher "lock, 1R in 1oose order "lock, 8? d: is the num"er of ranks a figure "lock is cast in if greater than ) Spacing codes areV Front to rearV o R (o gap "etween ranks, G R Small 8)S* figure depth: gap "etween ranks, GG R largest possi"le gap "etween ranks W R Singly, "etween and "eside columns front ranks Side to sideV (o code R shoulder3to3shoulder in centre of "ase, s R spaced e-ually across "ase, r R spaced randomly, sSr R s if soldiers and r if irregulars, ?+ R in that num"er of separate groups *5mm $ )5mmV HN GG)3*G)3F! /ommand 4arty G)! (ati#e 4otentate G*! 1ight Horse *!sSr Sipahis F!sSr Mthers if mounted F G63=! Firelocks 9 'uskets 9 Stoic Foot 9 'arksmen or Skirmishers 0head *s Bayonets 8linear: 9 Bayonets 8columns: 9 G*+)=89d: 1ight Infantry 9 G*68*d: Spearmen or !e#olutionaries F39ro*39r 4orta"le artillery *0s )6mmV GG*G*3F! G)3*! G*! F!sSr 9!sSr 5! =sG=s 7 =o= 9r *sGG7 FsW*+*o* 9sGG= F39ro93=roF35r F0s *sGG7o7 FsW*+FoFoF 9sGG=o= F3DroD37ro53=r 90s ? ? GR*! Go93=! F!sSr 5!sSr =! =sG=sG=s 7o7 7o7o7 9r =mmV GG*3F G*3F! G*! ? )6!s ? )*3)=!G 9689d: 978Fd: 978=d: )6Sk 5SkGG*=8*d: )6Sk G )6SkG *mmV GI

Mther artillery )0 )0 *0 F0 0 strong point garrison can "e temporarily represented "y un3"ased figures or "lock to fit in among model "uildings 'ost foot figures should "e positioned at the rear of their "ase so that mu;;les do not protrude "eyond its front edge 2hose with an AoB spacing code can "e locked, i e co#ering the inter#als of the front rank with mu;;les "etween the front rank heads Figures further forward represent skirmishers or )7c grenade throwers HN can "e em"ellished with tents, ta"les, led horses or tra#elling coach as desired Supply "ases can "e represented "y tents, field "akeries, transport animals, or anything else your artistic mind desires Ground scale considerations make it incon#enient to represent draft teams under these rule unless using =mm or *mm, so they are otherwise assumed to ha#e "een withdrawn out of sight into dead ground Spearmen or !e#olutionaries can alternately use mounted "ase depth to permit su"stitution of a &B! or &B'' Horde element 0lthough =mm and *mm "locks are intended for use without "ases, our e+perience shows "ases 0!. needed and that using the same "ase si;es as )5mm figures is most realistic *mm "locks are in a #ariety of widths that can "e selected or com"ined *mm ca#alry are cast in "locks of = light or 7 hea#y 'y "asing allows a single line of hea#y or * lines of light, or e#en a mi+ed "rigade of cuirassiers and uhlans Horse artillery are "est represented "y = horse teams with guns hooked up, field artillery "y guns in action with 9 horse teams "ehind, and hea#y artillery "y guns in action with = horse teams "ehind Irregular 'iniatures cast =mm British (apoleonic infantry "locks as loose order, so su"stitute their /rimean "locks When =mm manufacturers do not distinguish hea#y guns, try su"stituting !enaissance sakers, "ut with contemporary horse teams and crew 2hose =mm ca#alry or infantry "locks cast with slight gaps "etween figures can "e easily cut and com"ined to fit "ase frontages (a#al and 0eronaut elements are represented "y smaller models than other land elements, this "eing rationalised as the element "eing #iewed from a greater distance 2here are e+cellent )S*966, )SF666 and )S=666 ships for the wars of our era )S)*66 na#al elements ha#e a frontage of F6mm and depth of )56mm )S*966 or )SF666 na#al elements ha#e a frontage of *6mm and depth of )66mm )S=666 na#al elements ha#e a frontage of *6mm and depth of 56mm (%-$S >nits are a group of two elements that permanently keep company Both o"ey any com"at outcome inflicted on either of them e+cept potentially a Halt which will "e o#erridden "y a su"se-uent outcome in the same "ound on the other element of the group Both will "e lost if one is and "oth will "e of the same troop type 2he elements of a unit must "e in edge and corner contact and thus form a line two3wide or column two deep Firelocks, 'uskets, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry and Stoic Foot can also form a S-uare, which is depicted "y elements placed "ack to "ack 2here is no o"%ection to smaller figures positioned in a s-uare facing all directions on a su"stitute "ase of the right si;e, indeed it will look great Some sections of the rules ha#e the form of words Aelement or unitB for clarity in those parts Howe#er the elements of the unit are still elements in e#ery other sense and must o"ey the rules where this is specified, rather than endlessly repeating elements or units Indi#idual elements of the unit ha#e their com"ats calculated separately, thus one element of the group may pro#ide o#erlap or shooting help for the other .ach will o"ey a shooting target priority separately

Where "oth elements of a unit are in close com"at with enemy elements not of the same unit 8"ecause the enemy is some com"ination of different units or singles:, one element of it su22erin5 an adverse outcome allows other enemy yet to compute com"at to count as also scoring like the first to determine its outcome options 2hus one of two enemies fighting your unit in line, and #ictorious, allows the other enemy to perhaps pursue or press forward and perhaps renew contact and "e in a position to now compute its own com"at 0 unit in line that itself fights two different enemies may defeat one of them, which then makes its outcome immediately, "ut the victor sta+s in place until the last enemy is fought and then it o"eys any outcome of this last com"at only 1ikewise if one element of a unit in line scores a halt outcome, the second element fighting may trigger an ad#erse result for the whole unit if losing "ut will not if #ictorious permit a pursuit or press forward as the original element is locked "y the halt Squares Firelocks, 'uskets, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry and Stoic Foot can form s-uares when not in &ifficult Going, fortifications, gully, steam, ri#er, B>0 or S4 2hey can fight in close com"at from each of its four edges and count each as a front edge S-uares gi#e close com"at factor "onuses when fighting mounted dont count as o#erlapped "y any enemy S-uares can suffer negati#es when "eing fired upon "y artillery 0t the end of all mo#ement a s-uare contacted "y enemy stays in s-uare if any of the enemy in contact are mounted 'ounted fighting a s-uare must ha#e their com*at calculated *e2ore any foot If only foot contact the s-uare, or remain in contact after their mounted friends computed com"at, the s-uare immediately degenerates to a column "ehind that face first contacted "y foot 0 s-uare routing in close com"at will run in the direction faced "y of enemy causing the rout 0 s-uare routing, recoiling or "eing repulsed for any other reason will remem"er its facing when formed, degenerate to a column and respond as usual Forming or dis"anding a s-uare is a tactical or march mo#e, it can include a mo#e of )66p in a different formation 2roops in s-uare may mo#e 56p "ut may not mo#e if there is any enemy within )66p and can not initiate contact with enemy or mo#e to an o#erlap position 0 s-uare can "e dis"anded "y ad#ancing in column off any of its faces (o unit may dis"and or reform a s-uare in the same "ound Where Staff wish to %oin a s-uare they can shelter inside and their element temporarily "e remo#ed from the ta"le 8counting as within the s-uare and not lost: until it lea#es the s-uare Such a staff element "olters the unit and shares the fate of the s-uare unless noted elsewhere S-uares can fire off any two faces, and nearest two targets take priority Assault olumn Some troops two deep can count their column as an 0ssault /olumn to gain close com"at "onuses or special outcomes 2o claim 0ssault /olumn status foot must "e of the same unit, while mounted must "e single elements or of the same unit 2he second element of an 0ssault /olumn shares the same com"at outcome as the first (o "onus can "e claimed "y a column with any part in &ifficult Going, fortification, B>0SS4, ri#er or stream 4a+onets, Li5ht -n2antr+ and Stoic #oot can claim 0ssault /olumn status in close com"at against all foot Spearmen and Revolutionaries can claim 0ssault /olumn status in close com"at against "oth these types

uirassiers, Heav+ avalr+, &ra5oons and Sipahis can claim 0ssault /olumn status only if the second element is of the same type and in close com"at against one of these four types Line 2roops in line can change to or from column as a tactical or march mo#e Such a formation change reduces the mo#e "y )66p if 5oin5 to Line "ut not if going into a /olumn In either case one element holds position as the other is placed 8ie for simplicity units dont growS reduce e-ually off either side of the original element: Where a unit in line presses forward or pursues it can and must form a column if this helps it clear friends it cant interpenetrate

Skirmishers Ahead .lements of Bayonets, 1ight Infantry 8and may"e some Stoics ?: can pay for Skirmishers 0head that are sometimes a separate element and sometimes contained, a"sor"ed, within their parent element Skirmishers 0head count for anything not mentioned as Inferior 'arksmen Skirmishers 0head can "e sent forward from their parents as a mo#e, which can "e made in the same "ound as the parent makes a tactical or march mo#e Skirmishers 0head can operate only in a corridor e+actly straight forward from their parent with their edges "oth e+actly lined up, and facing the same direction 2hey can ad#ance no further than ha#ing their front edge *66p from their parent If the Skirmisher 0head changes direction in response to enemy contact they must restore "ase alignment with their parent "efore making any other mo#e 2he separation "etween parent and Skirmishers 0head can "e #aried "y either making a mo#e, otherwise a mo#e "y the parent drags or pushes the Skirmishers along at the same separation Skirmishers 0head can "e a"sor"ed within their parent and the element temporarily remo#ed "y either mo#ing to %oin the other or if the parent forms s-uare If the parent is destroyed, routs is repulsed or recoiled or for any other reason the separation "etween them e+ceeds the *66p mentioned a"o#e they are a"sor"ed If the Skirmishers 0head are recoiled, repulsed, routed or destroyed in distant or close com"at they are a"sor"ed, "ut can "e sent forward again in later "ounds 0 parent in fortifications or a B>0 S S4 or of a defeated command cant send forward Skirmishers 0head and a column will send forward only one element from the first Skirmishers 0head do not count as original elements or losses (nits and 1" ) 1"&s 2here is no o"%ection to units e+panding into line within a @M/ pro#ided the mo#ing element didnt lea#e a different one to achie#e this Howe#er an element may not lea#e a @M/ as a result of a formation change 0n element of a unit can contract out of a @M/ as it forms a column to contact enemy, pro#ided the @M/ %ust left is from an element which is part of a unit now contacted "y the column AR./ S-1E >nless the "attle is a campaign or scenario game, each side consists of troop elements up to an agreed total of army points 804:, normally "etween )66 and 9353=3D3766 04 8Wwhat 04 is good?W: In all games each side is controlled "y one or more staff elements, which must include a /ommander3in3/hief 8/3in3/: Mther staff elements can "e su"ordinate or allied generals, sometimes grouped under an intermediate army commander .ach su"ordinate or allied staff element controls a command of at least se#en elements including it self .ach element must "e part of one of these commands and, unless na#al crew, in a /3in3

/s or other army commanders command, cannot "e transferred to another 1ogistic 82rain?: elements must "e part of a /3in3/s or other army commanders own command %A3AL "%$-%'E%$S (a#al forces in the army lists reflect the relati#e strength and ship types of opposed nations, "ut not usually o#erall num"ers, since only small portions of fleets were likely to "e in#ol#ed in supporting land forces 0ny na#al element other than a Flotilla can "e nominated as a flagship e-ui#alent to an allied general controlling all na#al elements, otherwise all na#al elements are controlled "y the /3in3/

ELE.E%$ "S$ /ost in 04 ifV Inferior 0rmy HN 3 /ommand 4arty (ati#e 4otentate 0dmiral in Flagship 3

Basic Brilliant Inert

/ost in 04 ifV

Basic

Hea#y

Horse

*6 )5 )6 )6

96 F6 *6 *6

)6 )6 5 5

Smooth"ore 0rty

)*

)=

4orta"le 0rtillery

4ontooneers 4ioneers Supply Base 1aager 0eronauts /ost in 04 ifV /uirassiers 3 Hea#y /a#alry 9 &ragoons 1ight /a#alry 1ight Horse Sipahis most .lephants Firelocks 'uskets Bayonets 1ight Infantry Stoic Foot 'arksmen Spearmen !e#olutionaries ) Basic = 5 9 5 * F = * F 9 5 F * ) * .lite 7 D 5 = F 5 7 9 5 5 = 5 F F 3 Inferior 9 F * F ) * 9 ) * F 9 * ) 3 Flotilla Sail

5 7 9 *5

F =

3 3

3 3

Flagships add the admirals cost 2roops that can dismount pay the cost of the e+pensi#e type G)04

Skirmishers 0head

SE$$-%' (P A 4A$$LE SE$$-%' (P SE0(E% E 8): 8*: 8F: 89: 85: 8=: &ecide which army is the attacker and which is the defender /hoose and place "attlefield terrain &ecide "attlefield "ase edges !ecord command structure !ecord deployment plans 4layers deploy

&E -&-%' A$$A 6ER A%& &E#E%&ER 2he army commanders each dice and add their armys aggression factor 8which is "ased on its historical preference for tactical attack or defence and not on which nation is in#ading the other:, plus or minus ) for a Brilliant /3in3/ 2he high scorer is the attacker and the low scorer the defender .-ual scorers dice again 4A$$LE#-EL& $ERRA-% 4layers must "e a"le to pro#ide a "attlefield in case they "ecome the defender 0s generalship is defina"le as the skill with which generals adapt their troops mo#ements to those of the enemy and to the "attlefield, #aried and realistic terrain is essential for interesting "attles We hope players will spend time and ingenuity on making their terrain as #isually attracti#e as their troops 2he "attlefield is normally produced "y placing separate terrain features of a type appropriate to the theatre of war on a flat "oard or cloth representing flat or slightly rolling good going 2he types of terrain that are significant at army scale during this era often differ from those familiar from other scales and eras 2hose selected appear on pu"lished maps of ma%or historical "attles Features can "e Linear or Area Linear features can "e Waterways, Streams or Gullies, !i#ers, !oads Area features can "e B>0 8Built >p 0rea:, Hills, Woods, 'arsh or Slow Going 0ll e+cept B>0 must ha#e cur#ed edges 0n element in more than ) type of terrain is treatedV For #isi"ility and as a shooting target as in that hindering #isi"ility least For mo#ement, its own shooting and close com"at as in that reducing mounted mo#ement most 2he features chosen may "e restricted "y army lists, otherwise must include a minimum of one !oad, and ma+ima of one each of Waterway, !i#er and four of any single type of feature 2he total "attlefield must include 93D features, at least one of which must "e area features 8only one of which can "e more than 566p across in any direction: 0ll features that cannot "e placed where positioning dice re-uire are discarded .ach short edge of the "attlefield and each half of each long edge are num"ered clockwise from ) to = "y the defender Features are now diced for and placed in the order they are listed in "elow 2he attacker can pro#ide and place up to two features if he chooses 2he remainder to make up the minima and ma+ima are pro#ided and placed "y the defender If "oth defender and attacker wish to place features of the same type, the defender dices and places first If there is a gap "etween area features, it must "e at least )66p wide W02.!W0JS represent the sea or a large un3forda"le and na#iga"le ri#er such as the 'ississippi, lower &anu"e or JiangtseSHwangshi 0 Waterway re-uires one positioning dice and e+tends *663966p inward from a side edge running to, from or along the edge section corresponding to its score S2!.0'S represent minor ri#ers, creeks or "rooks, which, although easily forda"le, are a significant o"stacle due to steep or muddy "anks or rocky "ed 2hey are depicted as half an element "ase width across

and flowing in 8often re#ersing: gentle cur#es 0 Stream re-uires two positioning dice and runs from one of the indicated edge sections to the other unless it meets a pre#iously placed Waterway, Stream or !i#er, which it %oins instead Its length cannot e+ceed ) U times the straight3line distance "etween its ends !IL.!S represent a single wider and mostly unforda"le ri#er, created "y optionally upgrading one Stream that runs "etween the long "attlefield edges "y increasing its width to up to two element widths across 0 !i#er at least an element "ase width wide is na#iga"le, "ut only "y Flotilla elements G>11I.S represent a sunken dry or almost dry sunken stream"ed, gully, wadi, %hil, khor or nullah In dry climates, such as in India during the fighting season or the /rimea in summer, they are su"stituted for all Streams not already replaced with a !i#er 2hey ha#e the same effect as Streams, e+cept that they can conceal foot within them and cannot run through or contact a 'arsh '0!SH.S can "e up to )666p long "ut no more than F66p wide 0 'arsh re-uires one positioning dice and must "e placed "oth nearer to the indicated edge section than to any other and also either at the edge of a Waterway or under a Stream so that it protrudes on "oth sides of this 'arshes are impassa"le to 0rmy HN, artillery unless 4orta"le and 1aager, difficult going to all other troops HI11S must "e "etween F66X)666p across in e#ery direction 0 Hill re-uires one positioning dice and must "e placed nearer to the indicated edge section than to any other It can "e difficult or gentle &ifficult Hills are steep and rocky or hea#ily #egetated and are di22icult 5oin5 Gentle Hills are smooth "are or lightly treed or "rushed good going Gentle Hills whose minimum width is less than 566p and all &ifficult Hills slope up to a central crest line Mther Gentle Hills slope up to a flat plateau starting 566p in, the edge of which counts as a crest 0ll hills gi#e a close com"at ad#antage if all an elements front edge started the "ound higher than all of its opponent, e#en if the hills crest then separated them or the initially higher element mo#ed down or off the hill to contact its opponents nearest edge, "ut not if it contacted any other edge 0n element with such an ad#antage is said to "e AuphillB 2roops within 966p of the far side of the crest of a Gentle Hill can "e fired on "y artillery, though at much reduced effect, "eing reached only "y ricochets, rolling round shot and shell, as were the British s-uares in nominally dead ground at Waterloo !M0&S are the most important terrain features 2hey must form a connected net Some were now metalled, so a single turnpike or similar maintained good road can "e depicted as a roughly )63*5mm wide strip coloured as pa#ing, co""les, gra#el, pale "rown packed dry earth Mthers are "ad roads and should instead "e depicted as earth with deep ruts, potholes andSor stretches of dark wet mud !oads can "e superimposed on any area feature .lements on a road are treated for com"at as in the terrain it is passing through .ach road re-uires two positioning dice and must run from one indicated edge section towards the other, e+cept that if "oth scores are the same, it runs to the orthagonally opposite edge section If the terminal edge is a waterway the road must end at a B>0 touching that waterway 0 good road that reaches a "ad road continues across it 0 "ad road that reaches another road can either end there or continue on the far side 0 road that intersects a ri#er, stream or gully is assumed to cross it at a ford if no "ridge is pro#ided 0 permanent "ridge can "e destroyed "y an element which declares that intention and remains in contact with it for two entire friendly "ounds e#en if in com"at 0 permanent or temporary "ridge can "e destroyed with difficulty "y artillery or na#al shooting or in close com"at "y na#al, foot or dismounted

B>I123>430!.0S 8B>0: must "e F66p3566p s-uare 2hey are usually small #illages or hamlets "ut can occasionally "e sections of a larger #illage or town perhaps separated "y roads 0ll B>0s are di#ided into *39 roughly e-ual si;ed Sections Sections must each ha#e at least )66p of perimeter to the outside and straight internal "oundaries of at least )66p with any contiguous Sections 2hey re-uire one positioning dice 2hey must "e closer to the indicated edge than any other 2hey must "e astride a road or road %unction if it is possi"le to "e so placed 'arch mo#ement completely through a B>0 is in good going Mther mo#ement out from a B>0 other than into an ad%acent B>0 section is at slow going rate e#en if "y road 0 B>0 section can "e garrisoned and defended "y a single foot or dismounted element or unit 2his does not pre#ent other friendly elements passing through it to end on the far side &efenders ha#e a su"stantial ad#antage o#er attackers until these succeed in entering, "ut 8e+cept for specialist skirmishers, who tended to get cut3off inside "uildings: are then "undled out -uickly in disorder Some B>0 deri#e their defensi#e strength from stone or "rick perimeter walls, su"stantial stone "uildings or mud "rick houses with flat roofs and "lind walls, "ut most from gardens, fences, enclosures, winding alleys, general irregularity and especially from orchards 0lthough distant shooting from more than one source can "e com"ined against a B>0, only one element or unit can assault each section edge /lose com"ats against assaults are separate and consecuti#e, the section garrison facing each in turn until one succeeds 2he enemy that defeated the garrison pursues into the section interior It then needs a tactical mo#e to garrison the B>0 section for defence 0 B>0 section set afire "y artillery has smoke and flame markers placed It is not untena"le, "ut is difficult going and its defensi#e #alue reduced WMM&S represent areas thickly co#ered with mature trees 2hey must "e "etween F663)666p across in e#ery direction and are difficult going 2hey re-uire one positioning dice and must "e placed nearer to the indicated edge section than to any other 2hey gi#e a su"stantial com"at ad#antage to foot and dismounted defending them against enemy outside Foot and dismounted getting the worst of a com"at while within them can "e dri#en "ack only slowly Shooting in distant com"at at or "y troops in a Wood is possi"le only if they are within )66p inside its edge and their opponents are outside it S1MW GMI(G is a catch3all term for terrain co#er that offers concealment and hinders mo#ement "ut not shooting, such as "ush or %ungle of low "rush with occasional trees, sand hills or "oulders, elephant grass, ha;el or %uniper shru", gorse, #ineyards, hop gardens, oli#e gro#es, orchards, tall kaoliang millet or areas di#ided into small fields "y su"stantial hedges, walls, sunken lanes, irrigation channels or paddy "unds 0n area of slow going must "e "etween F66p and ),666p across in e#ery direction It re-uires one positioning dice and must "e closer to the indicated edge section than to any other 2roops that end an o227road move in a stream or 5ull+ and any crossing an entrenchment e+cept foot are in slow going until mo#ed clear F102 GMM& GMI(G is the remainder of the playing area surface still e+posed after all terrain features ha#e "een placed It should "e depicted as a reasona"ly uniform appro+imation of flat or slightly rolling pasture, large culti#ated fields or desert, "ut is still assumed to pro#ide some co#er for skirmishing foot E##E $ "# $ERRA-% "% 3-S-4-L-$/ We distinguish the terms C(MW( 8to all elements of a command: and LISIB1. 8to a specific element: .lements #isi"le to any element are known to all elements of its command Features and elements #isi"le to 0eronauts in good weather are known to all commands with the same entry edge e+cept allied commands, "ut not until the /3in3/ has had an unad%usted 4I4 score in any pre#ious "ound of at least 9 2errain features "eyond the crest of any inter#ening hill are #isi"le only to 0eronauts 2roops "eyond an inter#ening B>0 or wood are #isi"le only from the upper half of a hill or to 0eronauts 2roops "eyond the crest of a difficult hill or 966pI "eyond that of a gentle hill, are #isi"le only to 0eronauts

2roops more than )66p inside a wood edge or in the interior of a B>0 are not #isi"le from outside and cannot see out or see other such troops until they contact these H"- E "# 4A$$LE#-EL& E&'E 0fter all terrain has "een positioned, the players commanding each side dice for choice of "attlefield edge, the attackin5 side addin5 two to its score 2he side with the higher total chooses which long side will "e its "ase edge 2he other side takes the opposite long edge as its "ase edge

AR./ "..A%& S$R( $(RE 2roops must now "e allocated to commands It will o"#iously sa#e playing time if this has "een done in ad#ance and this will normally "e the case if the army is permanently organised in /orps Howe#er, some ad%ustment of resource allocation once the terrain has "een seen and a plan formulated is reasona"le, "ut do appreciate that the time a#aila"le for #ictory can easily "e frittered away "y micro3management We allow generals to "e graded according to their historical performance Brilliant generals are capa"le of a sudden stroke throwing the opposing army off "alance Howe#er, only good players will ha#e the necessary situational awareness and sense of timing to "enefit and e#en then opponents may deny them opportunities Inert generals may handicap their troops "y lethargy, indecision, timidity, o#er3confident neglect of elementary precautions, failure to take firm control of su"ordinates, innate incapacity, dementia, %ealousy, e+treme pig3headedness, reluctance to "eat the enemy "adly or e#en wanting to lose, "ut are cheap 0 small army may "e commanded in its entirety directly "y the 0rmy /ommander 2he e+tra 4I4s pro#ided "y additional generals may not %ustify those generals cost 'ost armies, especially those that intend to manoeu#re are "est di#ided into commands for e+tra 4I4s If the 0rmy /ommander is using an HN element, he will usually only retain a reser#e of elite troops or artillery under his personal command and dole these out to the other commands when needful If he is using a /4 element, he may sometimes command a large proportion of the army directly, "ut this may hinder him mo#ing to crucial points using his e+tra mo"ility 4A$$LE#-EL& PREPARA$-"% 2he defender can use 04 he has allocated to prepare the "attlefield as permitted "y his army list "y garrisoning strong points, constructing fieldworks, mining waterways or concealing troops 2he attacker can use 04 only for concealment, all 04 allocated to other preparations "eing wasted 2ypes of preparation areV S2!M(G 4MI(2 8S4:, )66p to *66p s-uare, consisting of a strong stone "uilding, such as a seminary, walled farm, chateau or other large house, or in India a walled gardenSorchard such as a "agh or mango tope, "ut not earthworks It is treated in all respects e+cept where noted as a single3section B>0 It can "e garrisoned "y a single foot element or unit /ost )6 04 >p to two can "e used, placed anywhere in the defenders deployment ;one e+cept within ),666p of a pre#iously placed S4 or redou"t !.&M>B2, representing open3"acked earthwork redou"tSs protecting an artillery or foot element or unit from enemy not directly to their rear It cannot "e enfiladed or o#erlapped, "ut can "e contacted in flank 4re#ents occupants turning, or mo#ing other than directly to its rear /ost 5 04 >p to two can "e used, placed anywhere in the defenders deployment ;one e+cept within *66p of a pre#iously placed redou"t or within ),666p of a pre#iously placed S4 .ach model redou"t represents one large real life redou"t or up to four smaller

.(2!.(/H'.(2, representing *66p of siege trench or =66p of field entrenchments such as a shallow trench, "reastwork or rough line of fleches or sangars to protect foot from enemy not enfilading them or in front edge contact with their flank or rear Mccupiers cannot turn, "ut can slide a "ase width sideways /osts )5 04 >p to three can "e used, placed in good going in the defenders deployment ;one .O41MI20B1. 1I(.0! F.02>!. 8.1F:, up to =66p long, such as a hedge3"anked or sunken road, or a high ri#er"ank on the enemy side of the ri#er If it is a ri#er"ank, the ri#er is forda"le along the .1Fs length, "ut can "e crossed only to retire to the other side or "y the enemy 0n .1F pro#ides the same protection as an entrenchment /ost 6 (eed not "e specified in army list, "ut only one can "e used and then only if diced for at deployment and 5 or = scored and along an e+isting road or ri#er in the defenders deployment ;one annot *e used i2 the 7in7 is inert8 MBS20/1., up to )66p long, such as impro#ised "arricades of wagons or furniture, a"atis of felled trees or thorn "ush ;ari"a 4laced as if an entrenchment "ut protects troops manning it only in close com"at If undefended, counts as difficult going !emo#ed when crossed "y either side /ost *04 /M(/.01.& 4MSI2IM(, representing a hidden position in a B>0, wood, gully or slow going, on a difficult hill, or "ehind a B>0, wood or hill for up to )6 total elements, either singles or units all in a group 2he troops position and direction is recorded, and they are deployed only when they first mo#e, shoot, or "ecome known to enemy It also hides entrenchments, a redou"t or an .1F occupied "y the concealed troops /ost )6 04 Mnly two concealed positions can "e used "y the defender, placed in any such position within his deployment ;one 2he attacker must con#ert any concealed position paid for into a Surprise &EPL"/.E%$ PLA%%-%' A%& -%-$-AL &EPL"/.E%$ 4layers use the following steps to deploy their armies a: 4layers secretly write down the type and position of his "attlefield preparations, the position of any "ridges pre3constructed "y 4ontooneers 2hey now place these in accordance with their instructions ": 4layers secretly write down the order of his initially present commands from left to right and front to rear, the position of his e+treme element on each flank, and the arri#al position of commands not initially present .lements may not "e initially deployed within F66p of the centreline, or within *66p of a side edge unless either na#al or in a B>0 or S4 c: 2he defender now deploys his largest command initially present, then the in#ader alternately deploy any remaining initially present commands starting with the defender d: 4layers must initially deploy at least half of their commands &ELA/E& &EPL"/.E%$S 2he 0rmy /ommanders own command must always arri#e from the sides "ase edge 0n 0llied Generals command or after )D<5 a Su"ordinate Generals command can either "e deployed then or "e retained for later arri#al along an edge specified in deployment planning Such a command arri#es in their own sides ne+t "ound in which the commands unad%usted 4I4 score is 9, 5 or = if all mo#e on #ia on a road on its sides own "ase edge, 5 or = if from a "attlefield side edge or elsewhere on its own sides edge .lements arri#e on a side edge "ut nearer to their sides "ase edge than the enemys 0ll arri#ers measure their mo#e from the edge 0ny enemy element "locking arri#al is repulsed 966p (o more than a total o2 ei5ht elements, either as single or in units, can arri#e on each side in each "ound 0 command that cannot arri#e completely in its initial "ound continues to arri#e in su"se-uent "ounds without needing a further arri#al score 4layers now

&-LA$"R/ ALL-ES If an 0llied Generals command has a lower aggression factor than that of the 0rmy /ommander, it throws no 4I4 dice until the num"er of friendly "ounds completed e+ceeds the difference S(RPR-SE 0n attacker that has a Brilliant /3in3/ or that has used 04 for /oncealed 4ositions throws ) dice after his )st "ound 0dd ) to the score if its /3in3/ is Brilliant and ) for each /oncealed 4osition, ) if the enemy /3 in3/ is Inert and * if the weather is misty &educt 5 if the enemy has 0eronauts and the weather is good Half the total rounded up is the num"er of further "ounds the attacker can make "efore the defender can throw 4I4 dice, shoot or mo#e any element Surprise ceases early if any of the attackers troops shoot, enter close com"at or "ecome #isi"le within 766p

#-'H$-%' $HE 4A$$LE SE0(E% E "# PLA/ 2he attacker takes )st "ound, and then the two sides alternate "ounds &uring each sideQs "oundV 8): It dices for player initiati#e points 84I4:, and then uses these first to search for fords, then for march mo#ement, tactical mo#es and rallying routers !outers not rallied make a rout mo#e toward their "ase of arri#al

8*: 0ll elements of "oth sides that are a"le to shoot in distant com"at and ha#e a #alid target can shoot
once each and make or inflict outcome mo#es, in an order decided "y the side whose "ound it is 8F: 0ll elements of "oth sides that are now in suita"le contact with enemy fight in close com"at and make or inflict outcome mo#es, in an order decided "y the side whose "ound it is .lements whose pursuit mo#e contacts their original or fresh enemy immediately fight these and make or inflict outcome mo#es !outers with no chance left to "e rallied are &estroyed PLA/ER -%-$-A$-3E P"-%$ &- -%' 2he army commander simultaneously throws a differently coloured dice for each command that has any element on the "attlefield or yet to arri#e 0 4rilliant general or admiral can dou"le his raw score in two "ounds of his choice, unless within his Inert /3in3/s easy command distance 0n -nert general or admiral always deducts ) from his raw score If a /3in3/ or army commander so wishes, he can e+change his final score with that of a single directly su"ordinate 8"ut not an allied: general whose element is now within the seniors easy command distance 8*,966p if an HN and 766p if a /4 or (4: and whose score was lower 0n army commander or commander of na#al landing forces can transfer one element, unit or group of his own command per "ound to that of a su"ordinate general within easy command distance of it 0ny general can mo#e or rally a non3staff friendly element in front or rear edge contact with him of a different or e#en allied command >nused 4I4s are lost (o 4I4 is used "yV road ) 4I4 is used "yV 2he )st march mo#e this "ound of an element or column if entirely "y

0ny other mo#e "y, or transfer "etween commands of, a single element, unit or group /hanging formation with or without any remaining mo#e counts as a mo#e as does 'ounting or dismounting or

disSem"arking * 4I4s are used "yV F 4I4s are used "yV ) e+tra 4I4 is used for each ofVV 8a: If land using 4I4s to mo#e, rally or search is "eyond its generalQs easy command distance, or its general is in difficult going off3road, in close com"at, routing, disa"led or has "een lost 8": 2he mo#e is off3road and includes 0rtillery unless singles, Stoic Foot, troops starting in an entrenchment or redou"t, .lephants, an 0rmy HN, a 1aager or 0eronauts 8c: 'arching that has already made three march moves this "ound if entirely along good roads andSor "ad roads in dry weather, or two if at least partially along "ad roads in wet weather or off3road or if na#al 8d: !etiring an element or unit now within one "ase width distance 8)66p: of any enemy 8e: !allying a routing element or unit that is .lephants or has neither passed through friends facing in the opposite direction who do not rout, nor is in full front edge to front edge contact with any friendly staff element 8f: If it includes disSem"arking foot or staff While disSem"arking 'ounted is G*4I4S, 0rtillery or train is GF 4I4S 8g: 0 mo#e to contact enemy that mo#es more than =66p if land, *66p if na#al 9EA$HER Wind direction is chosen "y the attacking /3in3/, weather decided "y his )st "ound unad%usted 4I4 score If this is =, it is misty 8or dust storm in desert: and continues so until the attacking /3in3/ has an unad%usted 4I4 score of = >ntil then, ma+imum #isi"ility and shooting range is *66p, 0eronauts cannot function, (a#al other than Flotilla cannot mo#e and off3road land mo#ement cannot e+ceed slow going distance If it is ), the weather is wet and rain continues so until the defending /3in3/ has an unad%usted 4I4 score of ) >ntil then, ma+imum #isi"ility is ),*66p and 0eronauts cannot function >ntil he has a *nd such score, 0rtillery and 1aager cannot mo#e more than slow going distance off3road >ntil the end of the "attle, mo#ement on "ad roads is hindered "y mud and gullies are changed into streams $A $- AL, .AR H A%& "($ ".E ."3ES 2actical and 'arch mo#es are #oluntary mo#es "y a single element, unit or a group of elements or units in their own sideQs "ound "efore com"at and e+pend 4I4s 0 'arch mo#e cannot start or go closer than =66p to known enemy If in difficult going, it must "e "y road or column unless "y Spearmen or 'arksmen 0n element can take part in either one or more 'arch mo#es or one 2actical mo#e 0 legal mo#e cannot "e taken "ack once made Mutcome mo#es are compulsory or optional 4ress Forward, /harge, !ecoil, !epulse, !out and 4ursuit mo#es made "y single elements in "oth sidesQ "ounds as result of com"at and do not re-uire 4I4s ."3-%' S-%'LE ELE.E%$S 0 tactical or march mo#e "y a single element or unit can "e in any directions, e#en diagonal or o"li-ue, can Searching for a ford !allying a routing element or unit

pass through any gap as wide as its leading edge, and can end facing any way It can therefore "e used not only to ad#ance, "ut also to retire, to e+pand a groupQs frontage, to pi#ot an 0rtillery element to face in another direction, or to rally and turn a routed element It cannot "e used to "reak3off from close com"at ."3-%' ELE.E%$S $"'E$HER AS A 'R"(P .lements are a group if each is in edge and corner contact, and either facing the same direction or in column 0 column is a group only one element wide with each element following that in front 2his represents "odies larger than an element with parts all mo#ing in succession along a road or on a constricted frontage Groups are temporaryV if the whole of a group cannot mo#e, some of its elements or units will pro"a"ly "e a"le to mo#e as a smaller group or as indi#idual elements or units /on#ersely, a group or single element or single unit can mo#e to %oin other friends and make its ne+t mo#e as a group with these 2o mo#e as a group, each element must remain in its relati#e position within the mo#e in the group and not e+ceed its permitted mo#e distance 0 group mo#es only in the direction it is facing It can change direction "y one or more wheels, each pi#oting on the inner front corner of the group and measuring mo#e distance along the outer arc of the wheel If the group is a column, each element wheels in succession as it reaches the pi#ot point If it is not, all elements wheel simultaneously 0 column with no "end in it can use a group mo#e to turn <6 degrees into a ) or * element deep "lock representing a single line of "attle or pair of successi#e lines 2he leading elements open flank ends in the former position of its front edge /on#ersely, such a group can turn <6 degrees into column (o more than a total of < elements, either singles or in units can "e in#ol#ed in either type of <6 degree turns 0 group mo#e can end in a column, and must do so if either, lea#ing a B>0SS4, or mo#ing along a road, or following the "ank of a ri#er, or crossing a ri#er, stream, gully or 8unless Spearmen or 'arksmen: difficult going 2he future front element of the column mo#es forward the full mo#e of its slowest element Mther elements mo#e without measuring, the nearest falling in "ehind the column, others to close up any resulting gaps (o element can end further to the rear than its pre#ious position 0ll elements count as mo#ing along a road if the head of the column does It may take more than one mo#e "efore the whole group is in column 0 group can mo#e less than a "ase width sideways to line up directly opposite enemy within )66p 2his is the only sideways or o"li-ue mo#ement permitted to an entire group and is not deducted from the mo#e $A $- AL A%& .AR H ."3E &-S$A% ES "% LA%& 0 single element or unit that o#erlapped an enemy last "ound can always mo#e into close com"at against its flank Mtherwise, mo#es are measured "etween the starting point of the front "ase corner mo#ing furthest of a single element or group and that corners final position, and cannot e+ceedV -2 entirel+ alon5 road or in 5ood 5oin58 in: Slow 5oin58 5oin58 0rmy HN, (4, .lephants or /uirassiers Hea#y /a#alry or Sipahis &ragoons *66p 1ight /a#alry )56p 966p =66p =66p 766p *66p *66p *66p *66p )66p )66p &i22icult -2 at least partl+ o227road

/4 or 1ight Horse )56p 'uskets or Stoic Foot unless marching, or Firelocks 1ight Infantry, Spearmen if .lite, or 'arksmen F66p Mther foot, 4ioneers *66p Horse artillery )66p 4orta"le 0rtillery *66p Hea#y artillery 6p Mther artillery )66p 4ontooneers, 1aager or 0eronauts !eduction for some formation changes 3)66p 'a+imum mo#e if in S-uare na *66p *66p

)666p

*66p

*66p 966p F66p 966p *66p

)66p

=66p 966p *66p F66p

F66p *66p )66p *66p

)66p 3)66p 56p 3)66p Y 6p

6p 6S

R"SS-%' "R ."3-%' 4/ 9A$ER Water features include Waterways, !i#ers, and Streams and also Gullies, e#en if currently dry 0 Waterway is unforda"le and is always na#iga"le "y na#al elements If it is a giant ri#er rather than a sea or lake, the army list will specify which end is upstream 0 !i#er, Stream or Gully can always "e crossed at a road ford or road or temporary "ridge "y a single element or column, it "eing assumed that if there is no "ridge there is a relia"le ford or easy gully crossing /rossers mo#e normal distance 4ontooneers intended to construct a temporary "ridge are mo#ed to the ri#er"ank, then e+changed for a "ridge at the end of their Frd consecuti#e full "ound there unless repulsed Such "ridges can also "e pre3constructed at deployment "y the defender in his deployment area 0 !i#er cannot "e crossed where there is no ford or "ridge unless an .1F 8see 4 )9: It may ha#e unknown fords, "ut these must "e searched for 2o search for a ford, mo#e troops up to the ri#er edge using up * e+tra 4I4s, and dice 0dd ) to the score if there is a B>0 within 966p on the near side of the ri#er or within 966p plus the width of the ri#er on the far side, or 9 if "oth If the total score is nowV 1ess than 5V (o unknown ford e+ists within =66p, e#en if searched for again 0t least 5V 0 one3element wide ford is marked and the searcher is mo#ed until its front edge touches the far "ank

0 Stream or Gully can "e crossed off3road anywhere, "ut the initial mo#e 8whether 'arch, 2actical or Mutcome: must end when the rear "ase edge of a single element or of the leading element of a column is half way across .lements crossing or mo#ing in or astride it are treated as in slow 5oin5 until clear 0 !i#er at least one land element "ase width wide is na#iga"le, "ut only "y Flotilla elements 'o#ement on it counts as upstream if mo#ing away from its %uncture with a Waterway, mo#ing in the direction from which most streams %oin it, or failing that, mo#ing away from the end specified "y the player who placed it 2he ma+imum distance "etween the starting point of any front corner of a na#al element mo#ing on a

na#iga"le water feature and that corners final position isV (nless partl+ upstream8 upstream8 Sail or Flotilla =66p 966p -2 partl+

."3-%' $HR"('H "$HER $R""PS "R 'APS Friendly na#al elements can always interpenetrate if they ha#e a clear space to end in within mo#e distance 1and making a tactical or march mo#e can mo#e through friendly 0rtillery or friends occupying a B>0 section or S4, in any direction Staff can mo#e through friends facing in any direction 'arksmen can pass through any friends, and "e passed through "y friendly mounted, facing the same or opposite direction 0 Supply Base can "e passed through "y any friends "ut only as single element or single unit mo#es 1ight Horse or 1ight /a#alry making tactical or march mo#es can pass through or "e passed through "y any mounted 0 repulsed or routed element can pass through friends facing in any direction If there is insufficient mo#e to clear the first element or unit met, the interpenetrating troops are inserted immediately "eyond it, su"se-uent elements "eing mo#ed "ack to make room 'ounted mo#e through enemy 0rtillery, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry or Stoic Foot after scoring e-ual to these in close com"at or if su"se-uently repulsed or routed "ack into these 2his simulates flowing around un"roken s-uares or failing to take possession of "atteries 0n element cannot enter a space "etween elements or terrain features insufficient for its own frontage 2his does not pre#ent it mo#ing sideways out of a column 0 gap less than one element wide "etween the flanks of friendly or enemy redou"ts or entrenchments 8including elements in them:, or "etween these and a terrain feature, can "e mo#ed through, the mo#e ending when clear of the gap ."3E.E%$ RES$R- $-"%S &(E $" E%E./ PR";-.-$/ 'arksmen can contact only 2rain HN, 0rtillery or 2rain can contact enemy only "y an outcome mo#e, andV

8F: (o element can mo#e into frontal contact with a known enemy elementQs flank or rear unless the
contacting element starts entirely "ehind a line prolonging that "ase edge of the enemy element or partly "ehind "oth flank and rear edges 8": (o element may mo#e while within )66p of the front of a #isi"le enemy element or enemy3 occupied B>0 section or S4 to its front 8see p *D:, e+cept to mo#e directly towards, line up opposite or into close com"at with this, or directly to its own rear 8c: (o element can disem"ark and contact enemy RESP"%&-%' $" "%$A $ 9-$H E%E./ 0n element, unit or group mo#ing, pressing forward or pursuing, or a /4 not in a group, must conform to enemy in contact It can pi#ot andSor shift sideways an e+tra distance of up to one "ase width if necessary to do so 0 staff, mounted or foot element contacted "y enemy only on its flank or rear edges turns after all mo#ement to conform to whiche#er opponent the contacting player prefers Such an element contacted "y

an enemy pursuing after a close com"at turns immediately If two elements are contacted "y one, "oth turn, the * nd mo#ing "ehind the )st Mnly the )st fights, "ut "oth o"ey the outcome If a unit 8not in S-uare: is contacted only to flank or rear "oth turn to face the enemy, the second closing any space created "etween them $/PES "# ".4A$ /om"at is either distant or close &istant com*at consists entirely of shooting and is limited to those troop types that shot effecti#ely at long range and their targets lose com*at includes not only hand3to3hand com"at with sword, lance, "ayonet or pistol, "ut also musketry and canister at decisi#e range or at charging enemy and "ridge destruction "y foot or dismounted &-S$A%$ ".4A$ Shooters .ach element of a type that can shoot and is neither in close com"at nor pre#ented from shooting "y its own mo#ement, com"at outcome or situation can shoot at one enemy element that is a #alid target, either as a primary or aiding shooter 2he "ase edge shot from is the Kshooting edgeK 2his is any edge of a garrisoned B>0 section, an S4, a 1aager or any na#al elements e+cept Flotilla, the front or side edge of an element in a redou"t, "ut the front edge only of any other element S-uares and units in B>0 or S4 can shoot from any two edges and must choose the two closest targets 0n o#erlapping element which is part of a unit that has its other element in contact with enemy may not shoot Foot, .lephants and singles of 0rtillery must shoot if they can Mther shooting is #oluntary If more than one #alid target is a#aila"le, 0rtillery with no #alid target within 966p and na#al can choose which to shoot at Mther elements must shoot at that closest to the centre of the shooting edge, or if e-uidistant, most directly in front 0ll mutual shooting is simultaneous 0rtillery or (a#al with no #alid target within 966p and in contact with friendly staff can "e ordered to shoot at "ridges (o element can shoot that made a march mo#e this "ound 0rtillery cannot shoot while crossing a ri#er, stream or gully, e#en if "y a "ridge, or while e#en partly in a marsh, wood or B>0, or from any part of a difficult hill e+cept its crest, or from there to less than 966p "eyond its foot 0rtillery units also cannot shoot if they made a tactical mo#e this "ound 0rtillery as singles can make a tactical mo#e and shoot "ut with some negati#e modifiers 0 na#al elements target is in arc if any part of the target element is "etween lines e+tending "eyond the shooting edge through diagonally opposite corners of the na#al elements, B>0 sections or S4s "ase Mther shootersQ targets are in arc if any part of the target is within an element "ase width 8)66p: of straight ahead of any part of the shooting edge or S4 or B>0 sections garrison edge and no part is "ehind a line e+tending that edge Mther troops in woods or B>0 can only shoot outward from the edge "verhead Shootin5 or Shootin5 $hrou5h $roops 2he only shooting allowed o#er inter#ening hillcrests or unconcealed troops isV

89: Smooth"ore 0rtillery units "ut not singles can shoot at enemy more than 966p from them and up
to 966p "eyond a gentle hills crest 2his simulates ricochet fire with round shot and shells from the one or two howit;ers included in each smooth"ore "attery

85: Inter#ening troops more than 966p from "oth shooter and target can "e shot o#er "y 0rtillery on a
hill, or "y 0rtillery or na#al shooting at a hill

8=: 0rtillery can always shoot o#er enemy 'arksmen more than 966p from the shooters, or o#er
friendly 'arksmen

8D: 0rtillery singles, "ut not units, can shoot o#er one element of friendly foot or mounted they are in
contact with and facing the same direction

87: Skirmishers 0head whose target edge is within )66p of their parent can "e shot o#er S through and
the parent "e the target $ar5ets 0n element is a #alid target if it is #isi"le to the shooting element, in arc and range, it is not in frontal edge contact with enemy other than routers, nor in a B>0, S4 or field work in such contact, and 8unless o#erhead shooting is permitted: no part of any element is "etween imaginary lines connecting one shooting edge corner to any #isi"le corner of the target edge and the other to its other corner without the lines crossing 2he edge shot at is the Atarget edgeB 0n o#erlapping element which is part of a unit that has its other element in contact with enemy may not "e shot at When artillery or na#al shoot at a B>0, S4 or "ridge, this is at an "ther target, "ut occupiers also ha#e separate com"at outcomes Mther elements shoot at the occupiers unless these are now in the interior of a B>0 section 2roops in a wood can "e shot at only from outside and then only if within )66p of the near edge 2argets "eyond a wood or B>0 S S4 cannot "e shot at unless shooting "etween upper hal#es of two hills If more than one element shoots at a single enemy element, the additional elements aid the primary shooter instead of their shooting "eing resol#ed separately If 0rtillery or na#al shoot at the same target as foot and are not shot "ack at, the latter are the primary shooters Mtherwise, the primary shooter is that which the target element will shoot "ack at or if it will not shoot "ack, the closest to the target 0 target element that will "e shot at without shooting "ack at any of the shooters can shoot at a third party 8or aid friends shooting at this: immediately after, pro#ided it can still shoot and has a legal target after com"at outcomes It then uses the same dice score, "ut not the pre#ious com"at and tactical factors Ran5es 'a+imum ranges from the nearest point of the shooting edge to the nearest point of the target areV 0rtilleryV 766p if 4orta"le, ),*66 if howit;er, ),=66p if smooth"ore, 0dd 966p if Hea#y 0rtillery (a#alV MthersV Flotilla 966p, Mthers 766p *66p if Firelocks, 'uskets, Bayonets, Stoic Foot, Skirmishers 0head 966p if 'arksmen or 1aager )66p if !e#olutionaries or .lephants

L"SE ".4A$ /lose com"at occurs when an elementQs front edge is in "oth edge and front corner3to3any enemy corner "ase contact lined up with an enemy element, or in contact with 8assaulting: an enemy3held B>0 section or S4 0n element in close com"at with the flank or rear of an enemy element or unit which is also fighting to its front, or which o#erlaps it, acts as a tactical factor instead of fighting itself It acts as an o#erlap if eitherV

8<: Both right or "oth left front "ase corners touch and at least the nearest part of the o#erlapping
elements front edge is not in contact with an enemy element

8)6:

Both elements flank edges are in contact, neither element is 0rtillery, and the elements are facing in opposite directions, e#en if the o#erlapping element is in contact with a friendly or enemy element to its front .ach then mutually o#erlaps the other

'ounted take no negati#e factor from the first o#erlap "y foot, e+cepting where the mounted fight 0rtillery 2actical factors and more dangerous outcomes for an enemy front edge in contact with an elements side or rear edge apply in all circumstances S-uares ne#er count as o#erlapped "ut can themsel#es o#erlap in the same circumstances as other foot 0n element can o#erlap two enemy elements on opposite flanks or enemy elements e+posed "y its own frontal opponent ha#ing recoiled or "een repulsed, routed or destroyed that "ound 0n element can only "e o#erlapped once on each flank and cannot "e "oth o#erlapped and contacted on the same edge 0 S4S B>0 section, Supply Base or 1aager can o#erlap "ut not "e o#erlapped .ach element in close com"at with its edges fights it separately and consecuti#ely 0 redou"t cannot "e o#erlapped, "ut can o#erlap or "e contacted in flank 0 staff element that would fight as such cannot pro#ide o#erlap or flank or rear contact tactical factors other than "olstering friends RES"L3-%' ".4A$S 2he order of /om"ats is chosen "y the mo#ing side Whether in close com"at, shooting in distant com"at or only shot at, "oth sides dice for each fighting element and add the com"at factor "elow and any tactical or grading factors that apply to its score Staff can "olster an element or unit contiguous to its front when shot at in distant com"at or close com"at Staff not "olstering friends use their own factor When troops occupying a S4 or B>0 section or Bridge are in com"at only against 0rtillery that are all "eyond 966p, one dices score is used for "oth, e#en though the troops and the S43B>0SBridge will ha#e different outcomes 'ounted in close com"at with .lephants roll two dice and take the worst, .lephants against 0rtillery roll two dice and take the worst !ockets shooting in distant com"at that roll the same dice score as the enemy now count their dice score as a )

om*at 2actors o2: "ther8

A5ainst:

Sta22 or .ounted8

&ismounted

or

#oot8

0rmy HN G* /ommand 4arty GF (ati#e 4otentate G* /uirassiers, .lephants G* Hea#y /a#alry G* 1ight /a#alry or &ragoons G* 'uskets, Bayonets or 1ight Infantry G* Stoic Foot G* Firelocks G* 'arksmen GF Skirmishers 0head G* Hea#y 0rtillery G9 Mther 0rtillery GF Sipahis G* Spearmen or !e#olutionaries G) 1ight Horse G* Sail G9 Flotilla G* 4ontooneers, 4ioneers or 0eronauts GF 1aager G* Supply Base G* B>0, S4 G5 2emporary "ridge GF 3 G* G) G9

G* G* G*

G*

G9 G9 G*

GF G* G*

G9 G9 GF G) G)

GF G* G* G* G)

G9 GF GF

GF G* G)

G* G* G)

G* G)

GF G)

G) G5 GF

G) G9 G)

3 G*

4ermanent "ridge G9

GF

&-S$A%$ ".4A$ $A $- AL #A $"RS: 0d%ust your elements, B>0s, S4s or "ridges score "y each of the following that applyV G* if either shot at while either 8a: protected in a redou"t or siege entrenchment, or 8": a garrison defending the edge of a B>0 section or a S4, if these are not yet afire if 'arksmen shot at while defending a B>0, wood or difficult hill if foot, for each ofV Shooting or shot at while protected in a field entrenchment Shot at on a "ase edge entirely in difficult going other than a "urning B>0 or marsh Shot at "y 0rtillery while in slow going other than a gully or stream Shot at and "olsterd "y Staff if shot at "y enemy all of which are "eyondV *66p if the shooters are foot or 1aager, and the target is not 0rtillery 966p if the shooters are 0rtillery and the target is neither 0rtillery, a B>0 or a S4 Half ma+imum range if "oth shooters and target are 0rtillery or na#al if shot at only "y non3howit;er 0rtillery either "eyond a hill crest, or shooting o#er its own troops, or a single that made a tactical mo#e this "ound for each element up to F 8only ) of which can "e 0rtillery: aiding a primary shooter or a target if !ockets shooting at a B>0 SS4 not already afire if any land shot at either 8a: in column after making a march mo#e or 8": if 0rtillery shot at after a tactical mo#e or who were repulsed this "ound or last if Sail shooting from or shot at on its front or rear edge if a damaged na#al element

G* G)

G)

G)

G) G) 3)

3* 3*

&istant om*at 'radin5 2actors: /ompare your elements current total after tactical factors to that of its opponent, and then ad%ust it "yV G) ifV 3 ) ifV EL-$E and its total is 3 Less, unless shot at "y 0rtillery or na#al -%#ER-"R and its total is 3 Equal or more if shot at "y 0rtillery or if shooting

&-S$A%$ ".4A$ "($ ".E (ow compare the final total of your element with that of its opponent, and then make any immediate outcome mo#e specified "elow 2his depends on its type and that of the primary shooter at it 2he affected player can often choose "etween outcomes or #ary the distance mo#ed If none of the outcomes apply, the element does nothing .lements shooting in distant com"at "ut not shot at "y any enemy ignore outcomes e+cept press forward

.lements attempting to destroy an undefended "ridge ignore outcomes

MtherwiseV

&-S$A%$ ".4A$ "($ ".ES -2 its total is more than that o2 the enem+: 'ounted If in their own "ound, charge to contact any enemy in good going and within 966p 8Wre#iew this distance after trialW: directly to front Foot Halt if in S-uare or defending B>0, S4, redou"t, entrenchment, .1F or o"stacle If notV against foot, press forward *66p if desired 'o#e into close com"at against enemy within *66p if desired

(a#al

-2 its total is the same as that o2 the enem+: 'ounted or Halt 0rtillery Foot S-uares against foot, Halt Mthers in their own "ound against foot shooting "ack, press forward *66p if desired If in enemy "ound against foot, units in olumn e+pand to line Mthers halt Set afire "y !ockets

B>0 or S4

-2 its total is less than that o2 the enem+ *ut more than hal2: 'ounted or staff 1ight Horse repulsed 766p to ),*66p Mthers repulsed F66p to =66p "y enemy within *66p, recoiled if "eyond *66p S-uares if total is at least * less Foot &amaged "y 0rtillery

Silenced if in a redou"t or entrenchment Halt if will "e contacted "y enemy pressing forward Mtherwise 'arksmen shot at from "eyond *66p, S-uares or Stoic Foot halt, /olumns recoil or form line, others recoil In addition to these, 0rtillery destroy any o"stacle protecting the target element Silenced and repulsed )66p if in difficult or slow going or a redou"t, *66p if foot, =663766p if Horse 0rtillery

0rtillery singles

0rtillery units if total is at least * less (a#al if its total is at least * less B>0 or S4

/hoose whether to "e silenced, or to "e repulsed )66p if in difficult or slow going or a redou"t, otherwise =66p to 766p if Horse 0rtillery, 966p if not &amaged "y na#al or 0rtillery

Set afire "y 0rtillery or na#al

-2 its total is hal2 or less than hal2 that o2 the enem+: Staff &estroyed if a (ati#e 4otentate If not, recoil disa"led

'ounted 'arksmen (a#al Mthers

!epulsed =66p if in enemy "ound If not, destroyed !epulsed 966p (a#al destroyed "y Sail or 0rtillery, repulsed *66p "y land other than 0rtillery B>0 or S4 set afire "y 0rtillery or na#al or "ridge destroyed 2roops in B>0 or S4 routed *66p 4ontooneers, repulsed *66p if not Mther land troops not in a S4 or B>0 destroyed

L"SE ".4A$ $A $- AL #A $"RS: 0d%ust your elements, B>0s, S4 or "ridges score "y each of the following that applyV G* G* if against an element of a defeated command if either 8a: protected in a redou"t or siege entrenchment, or 8": a garrison defending the edge of a B>0 section or an S4, if these are not yet afire 'arksmen while defending a B>0, wood or difficult hill if foot 4rotected in a field entrenchment or manning an o"stacle or if in S-uare against mounted if "olstered "y Staff or foot "olstered "y 4ioneers when attacking a B>0 S S4 for each flank of a land element o#erlapped or with an enemy elements front edge contacting it or the rear edge if opponents started the "ound uphill or if Firelocks, 'uskets, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry or Stoic Foot fighting mounted and not in S-uare if mounted, 0rtillery or a 1aager, and in slow or difficult going or in a B>0 if silenced 0rtillery, or a damaged na#al element if repulsed or routing, or if pursuers against fresh enemy mounted

G* G) G) 3)

3)

3* 3* 3*

lose om*at 'radin5 2actors: /ompare your elements current total after tactical factors to that of its opponent, and then ad%ust it "yV G) ifV G) if 3 ) ifV EL-$E and its total is Less EL-$E and its total is Equal unless either is mounted and the other is foot or artillery -%#ER-"R and its total is Less

#ormation Assault olumn 4onus 2actor: 0fter all the pre#ious factors are computed add G) to a drawn score for an element that can claim the 0ssault /olumn "onus if mounted in either "ound or if foot that %ust mo#ed to contact L"SE ".4A$ "($ ".E (ow compare the final total of your element with that of its opponent, and then make any immediate outcome mo#e specified "elow 2his depends on its type and that of the enemy element in close com"at against it 2he affected player can often choose "etween outcomes or #ary the distance mo#ed If none of the outcomes apply, the element does nothing .lements in close com"at against the flank or rear of an enemy element always recoil if the enemy total is higher .lements attempting to destroy an undefended "ridge ignore outcomes MtherwiseV Foot, Staff, 2rain or 0rtillery with any in frontal contact with their flank or rear that recoil or are repulsed or routed are instead destroyed 'ounted with any mounted in frontal contact with their flank or rear that recoil or are repulsed, spent or routed are instead destroyed

L"SE ".4A$ -2 its total is more than that o2 the enem+: 'ounted 4ursue *66p to =66p Foot Halt if defending a B>0, S4, redou"t, entrenchment, .1F or o"stacle -2 its total is the same as that o2 the enem+: 'ounted or staff If fighting 0rtillery, or S-uares and there is room "eyond these, interpenetrate them and pursue *66p to 966p If there is insufficient room or if fighting other troops, repulsed F66p to =66p unless 1ight Horse Horse 0rtillery in support are repulsed with them Foot If fighting defenders of a B>0 or S4, Halt if in their own B>0 section, if not recoil If in fighting mounted who interpenetrate them, A*andon their guns

0rtillery

-2 its total is less than that o2 the enem+ *ut more than hal2: 'ounted Spent if fighting routers &estroyed if already routing or if fighting o#er an o"stacle &estroyed if /uirassiers, .lephants, Hea#y /a#alry or &ragoons and fighting Sipahis or 1ight Horse !outed =66p if not destroyed or spent and already repulsed this "ound If none of these, repulsed F66p to =66p Foot or staff &estroyed if in good going and fighting mounted &estroyed if either 8a: defending a redou"t, or 8": 'arksmen in a B>0 !outed 966p if in an entrenchment or others in a B>0 or S4 !ecoiled if in a Wood or defending an o"stacle !epulsed *66p if fighting the edge of a B>0 section or S4 or an entrenchment or redou"t If none of the a"o#e, recoiled if Stoic Foot, otherwise routed 966p "y Firelocks, Bayonets, 1ight Infantry or Stoic Foot if these mo#ed or pressed forward into contact this "ound, destroyed "y Spearmen If none of these apply, repulsed *66p Mther land (a#al !out =66p if Horse 0rtillery in good going fighting foot If not, destroyed !epulsed 966p if Flotilla If not, destroyed "y Flotilla, damaged "y Sail

-2 its total is hal2 or less than hal2 that o2 the enem+: Staff &estroyed 'ounted Spent fighting any e+cept mounted !epulsed =66p if 1ight Horse fighting /uirassiers, .lephants or Hea#y /a#alry If none of these, destroyed

'arksmen

&estroyed if in the interior of a B>0 or fighting mounted in good going or any foot e+cept 'uskets or Stoic Foot If none of these, routed =66p (a#al destroyed "y na#al, repulsed *66p "y land Bridge destroyed S4 rendered useless !epulsed "y Supply Base, 4ontooneers or 0eronauts Mther land troops destroyed

(a#al Mthers

&estro+ed elements are remo#ed 2his represents artillery ha#ing lost too many men and horses to function effecti#ely or retire safely, other troopsQ "roken sur#i#ors dispersing, fleeing discarding weapons, surrendering as prisoners or "eing slaughtered "y a sa#age pursuit, or a na#al elementQs #essels "lowing3up, sinking, running aground as wrecks or "eing taken "y "oarding or rammed &ama5ed na#al elements incur a permanent X* tactical factor and their ma+imum mo#e is permanently reduced "y *66p If markers are needed, small puffs of dark "rown cotton wool or wreckage are suita"le S-uares pounded "y artillery and incur a 3* tactical factor for the remainder o2 this *ound and all o2 the ne<t8 2he s-uare cant #oluntarily "reak the s-uare until the tactical factor negati#e is lifted 0 dead figure casualty marker can "e left ad%acent as a reminder Spent elements ha#e e+pended their mountsQ strength and the ridersQ dash and cohesion "ut mostly sur#i#e, so are remo#ed "ut do not count as lost 2hey reappear "efore the ne+t "attle of a campaign &isa*led staff elements remain so until they ne+t ha#e an unad=usted P-P score o2 > 2his simulates the effects of confusion while a general reco#ers from in%ury or is "eing replaced "y the ne+t in command 0 Brilliant generals replacement is not Brilliant 0n Inert generals replacement is Inert Silenced elements remain so until the end of the immediately following "ound >ntil then, they cannot shoot in distant com"at or make a tactical or march mo#e 2his represents a temporary unwillingness of troops "ehind defences to e+pose themsel#es, or 0rtillery crew depleted, dri#en from or repairing guns If a marker is needed, a small puff of dust coloured cotton wool, a casualty figure or a shell hole are all suita"le Mpponents they would otherwise ha#e shot at can charge or press forward as if shot at unsuccessfully A*andoned artillerymen lea#e their guns and find shelter when interpenetrated "y enemy mounted, then in su"se-uent "ounds while these mounted remain to their rear, they cannot mo#e, shoot or "e shot at or fight in close com"at and are destroyed "y enemy foot or dismounted in contact Halted elements do not make an outcome mo#e this "ound, "ut act normally in su"se-uent "ounds (ote that the outcome of a second element of a unit will o#erride an earlier halt on the first Recoiled elements ha#e staggered "ack a short distance in response to casualties 2he element mo#es "ack )66p still facing its original direction, pushing "ack friends facing the same direction or following it along a road, or 'arksmen, or friendly staff If the recoil would "e from shooting from entirely "ehind a line e+tending its rear edge, it turns to face instead .lements recoiling across a "ridge end on the "ank .lements recoiling into a B>0 end in its interior .lements recoiling against occupied entrenchments end "eyond !ecoiled elements that cannot complete a recoil are destroyed if reaching terrain they cannot cross or enemy they cant push "ack If "locked "y friends not facing the same direction whom they cant interpenetrate or push "ack they rout a tactical mo#e distance #riends o2 close com"at losers who must recoil "ecause they were helping "y contacting an enemy flank, "ut are "locked from doing so "y anything other than enemy are not destroyed, they %ust recoil as far as they can If these friends of losers recoil is "locked "y enemy are destroyed Repulsed elements ha#e lost cohesion and are falling right "ack to reorganise 0ny repulse from com"at that starts "eyond F66p of the ta"le edge can halt on reaching the edge 2hey recoil 8"ut dont add )66p to their mo#e distance:, then turn )76 degrees and mo#e the remaining distance directly to their former rear, e+cept that they di#ert around impassa"le terrain or to cross a "ridge 2hey pass through any friendly elements met causing all "ut 0rtillery and train to recoil as well, the repulsed element is always placed "eyond the recoiler If there is a pursuit or any enemy now within =66p they turn )76 degrees at the end of their mo#e, if not they end facing the direction mo#ed

0rtillery retaining a one "ound memory of a !epulse can "e marked with a dead crew figure as a reminder Routed elements turn )76 degrees and mo#e either straight "ack to their rear or follow a road, ri#er "ank or terrain feature edge leading nearer to their original "ase edge or na#al capa"le of em"arking them within their mo#e reach 2hey pass through any friendly elements in contact with their rear 8or the rear of their unit: causing them to "e repulsed for a normal tactical mo#e, they pass through other friends met causing them to recoil, the router is always placed "eyond the recoiler or repulsed friend if their mo#es would end on top of each other !outers that reach a "ridge or ford stop at the nearside !outers end their rout mo#e facing in the direction they are mo#ing and remain there until their armys ne+t "ound If they are not rallied in that "ound they rout again after all other tactical or march mo#es, if they are not rallied in their army ne+t "ound they are destroyed 2he second rout mo#e will "e toward their edge of arri#al "y the fastest route a second rout that starts "eyond F66p of a ta"le edge can stop at the edge %owhere to run .lements routing or repulsed that ha#e their route "locked "y enemy or impassa"le terrain will contract to column andSor de#iate "y up to <6 degrees to find a gap within *66p in the direction now mo#ed If no such gap e+ists a repulsed element halts on reaching the terrain, a router reaching impassa"le terrain is destroyed If either a repulsed element or router is surrounded without gap "y enemy they immediately conform to enemy in their direct path and fight them in close com"at If it cannot conform or is not destroyed "y the ensuing com"at it routs =66p straight ahead, "ursting through the enemy %ust fought or "locking, who now halts .lements recoiled, repulsed or routed from outside into a friendly or unoccupied B>0 section, S4 or redou"t are assumed to flow through or round it, and end in the first clear space "eyond it if they ha#e insufficient mo#e to go further Pressin5 2orward is always straight ahead unless along a road or the element contacts enemy .lements pressing forward cannot shoot or "e shot at again until ne+t "ound Friendly elements lined up either in flank contact with or to rear of that with the press forward outcome, "ut which ha#e not and would not themsel#es "e shot at or shoot, can choose to mo#e with it 8conforming with it to enemy it contacts: .lements pressing forward into close com"at as a result of distant shooting fight this "ound .lements pressing forward after close com"at 8unlike pursuers: do not fight again until ne+t "ound har5e to ontact ?mounted@ and .ove into contact ?naval@, the first must contact an enemy that is at least partly in front of any part of the element or unit of mounted, "ut not necessarily the shooter causing the outcome 0 na#al mo#er to contact can so mo#e to force a close com"at with any enemy it can reach Both are outcomes so can ignore enemy pro+imity olumns 2orm line, foot units that ha#e this outcome must form a column if there is good going space for them to do so 2he element that e+pands out can not shoot this "ound

Pursuin5 elements follow recoiled, repulsed or routed opponents they were in close com"at with this "ound, or if these were destroyed, mo#e straight ahead 2hey need not e+ceed minimum pursuit mo#e or enter slow or difficult going 8other than a B>0: or lea#e the ta"le If they contact enemy, one side must conform in the usual way descri"ed in !.S4M(&I(G 2M .(.'J /M(20/2 on 4 )<W and the com"at is resol#ed immediately 4ursuit of opponents in or entering a B>0 section ends in its interior Sta22 When Staff adds the "olstering factor to an element or unit contiguous to its front, it is repulsed F66p to =66p if the latter "ecomes spent, otherwise "oth o"ey the latters outcome If the outcome is charge to contact enemy, press forward or pursue the non3HN staff "ehind follows the same distance HN do not charge to contact, press forward or pursue Rallied elements turn )76 degrees instead of mo#ing that "ound 2hey act normally in su"se-uent "ounds L"S$ ELE.E%$S &estroyed troops are permanently lost 0 routing element that has not left the "attlefield counts as lost until it rallies 2roops that recoil, rout or that are pushed "ack or repulsed across its edge are counted as lost, "ut reappear in the ne+t period of a campaign ELE.E%$ E0(-3ALE%$S 0n 0rtillery units or any .1I2. element counts as * element e-ui#alents 0 1aager counts as two and a Supply Base as three element e-ui#alents per *66 04 8rounded up: of elements in the army 0 Flotilla, or inferior Sail, inferior 'arksman, inferior 1ight Horse or !e#olutionary element count as U an element e-ui#alent 0ll other elements count as one element e-ui#alent &E#EA$E& "..A%&S 0 command 8"ut not a na#al contingent: that at the end of any "ound has lost more than a third of the total of its original element e-ui#alents plus or minus any elements transferred to or from it, or which has all its original elements lost or spent is defeated 2roops cannot "e transferred to a defeated command or from a command that would then "e defeated If allied, all its 4I4s must "e used for single elementSunit mo#es towards and o#er its original "attlefield edge If su"ordinate, its elements cannot mo#e closer to enemy elements unless these are "etween them and the commands original "attlefield edge 9-%%-%' "R L"S-%' $HE 4A$$LE 2he first side at the end of any "ound to ha#e its cumulati#e losses e+ceed a -uarter 8re#iew this: of its original element e-ui#alents and to ha#e lost more element e-ui#alents in that "ound than the enemy loses the "attle 0ll "attles end at nightfall unless renewed the ne+t day (ightfall occurs after *9 pairs of "ounds unless the optional map mo#ement system is "eing used AR./ L-S$S 2he sample HFG lists can "e used to inspire S$B armies al"eit the larger ones are of an impractical si;e without lea#ing off some parts Where elements are specified simply dou"le 8or perhaps more in some armies: these to make units 4layers own research will tell them when singles are re-uired rather than whole units (ote that some HFG elements ha#e "een gi#en an Inferior grade "ecause they are deployed in smaller than ideal num"ers in the scale of those rules 2hey may well deser#e a Basic grade in S$B #($(RE L-S$S 0ny suggestions on how these should "e organised? By Battle, /ampaign, pastiche "y year? I cant see any rules reason why a unit needs "oth elements to "e of the same grade, so you could ha#e a unit one element of Basic one of Inferior to allow shades of gray in grading where appropriate So the whole might "e MC when ad#ancing in mass columns and e+pose a weakness when in line shooting

'E".E$R- PL"/S Geometric ploys must not "e used to stop elements making contact, call a reasona"le person to shift the elements to allow proper contact

&E#-%-$-"%S B.JM(& means Afurther thanB WI2HI( means Aat or closer thanB &I!./21J S>BM!&I(02. means one command le#el down i e 0 /orps commander is directly su"ordinate to one 0rmy commander If there is more than one 0rmy commander, all are directly su"ordinate to the /3in3/ 0n allied commander is directly su"ordinate only to a more senior commander of his own nation .(FI10&.& means a line e+tending your elements rear edge meets an enemy shooting edge 0n S4, B>0, Supply Base or 1aager, or a 4ontooneers, 0eronauts or na#al element cannot "e enfiladed 2M I2S F!M(2S !.0! means with any part directly in front ofS"ehind the element /M(20/2 means Atouching on any edge or cornerB F!M(201 /M(20/2 means Awith own front edge in contact with any enemy edgeB S0'. &I!./2IM( means Ae+actly the same directionB /M1>'( means Aa group only ) element wide with each element following that in front 1I(. means Aa group only ) element deep with each element in front corner3to3front corner contactB 1and means not na#al A&3- E #R". $HE .AS$ERS AIn war all is simple, "ut the most simple is still #ery difficult 2he instrument of war resem"les a machine with prodigious friction, "ut cannot, as in ordinary mechanics, "e ad%usted at pleasure, "ut is e#er in contact with a host of chancesY It thus falls out that we remain "ehind the line we ha#e drawn "y anticipation, and that no common powers are re-uired to maintain us e#en at a medium point B 8/lausewit;: A2actical talent consists in causing the une+pected arri#al, upon the most accessi"le and the most important positions, of means which destroy the e-uili"rium, and gi#e #ictory, to e+ecute, in a word, with promptness, mo#ements which disconcert the enemy, and for which he is entirely unpreparedB 8'armont: AFatigue the opponent, if possi"le, with few forces and conser#e a decisi#e mass for the critical moment Mnce this critical mass has "een thrown in, it must "e used with the greatest audacity B 8/lausewit;: A0lways mystify, mislead and surprise the enemy if possi"leB 8Stonewall Tackson: AIf the art of war consisted merely in not taking risks, glory would "e at the mercy of #ery mediocre talent B 8(apoleon: AFirst reckon, then risk B 8'oltke: A2here is always ha;ard in military mo#ements, "ut we must decide "etween possi"le loss from inaction and the risk of action B 81ee: AIf you attack e+pecting to pre#ail, do it in full strength, "ecause a surplus of #ictory ne#er caused any con-ueror one pang of remorse B 8Oenophon: A1uck is like a sum of gold, to "e spent B 80llen"y: A(ot only strike while the iron is hot, "ut make it hot "y striking B 8/romwell: AIn war there is only one fa#oura"le moment Genius sei;es it B AIt is #ery ad#antageous to rush

une+pectedly on an enemy who has erred, to attack him suddenly and come down upon him with thunder "efore he has seen the lightningB 8(apoleon: AIf a segment of ones force is located where it is not sufficiently "usy with the enemy, or if troops are on the march X that is, idle X while the enemy is fighting, then those forces are "eing managed uneconomically In this sense they are "eing wasted, which is e#en worse than using them inappropriately When the time comes, the first re-uirement should "e that all parts must act, e#en the least appropriate task will occupy some of the enemys forces and reduce his o#erall strength, while completely inacti#e troops are neutralised for the time "eing B 8/lausewit;: A2here is a gift of "eing a"le to see at a glance the possi"ilities offered "y the terrainYMne can call it the coup doeil and it is in"orn in great generals B 8(apoleon: A0 general should show "oldness, strike a decided "low, and manoeu#re upon the flank of his enemy 2he #ictory is in his hands B A/arry your troops well on and attack the enemy #igorously B AIn war as in lo#e, we must achie#e contact ere we triumph B AIn order to smash, it is necessary to act suddenly B 8(apoleon: A2he "ayonet is a wise man, the "ullet is a fool B AWe must attackPPP /old steel 3 "ayonets and sa"res 4ush the enemy o#er, hammer them down, dont lose a momentP M#ercome e#erything that stands in your way, howe#er insurmounta"le it may appearP Follow on their heels, destroy them to the last manP 2he /ossacks will catch the fugiti#es and all their "aggage Forward without rest and e+ploit the #ictory B 8Su#oro#: AHe who stays on the defensi#e does not make war, he endures it B 8Golt;: A2he defensi#e3offensi#e is the strongest form, "ut the most difficult of e+ecutionB 8/lausewit;: A(othing is more dangerous than the attempt at defending seriously a ri#er line, "y keeping his side of the ri#er occupied, for if the enemy were to cross suddenly with surprise effect X and that he will always "e a"le to do somehow X we would find the defender in e+tensi#e positions from which the latter will "e una"le to assem"le in time B 8(apoleon: A2ime spent in reconnaissance is seldom wasted B 8FS! )<)*: A0 general should ne#er ha#e to say, AI did not e+pect it B 8'aurikios: AJou will usually find that the enemy has three courses open to him, and of these he will usually choose the fourth B 8'oltke: A2he first duty of an ad#ance guard is to ad#ance B 8Slim: A2he true speed of war is not headlong precipitancy, "ut the unremitting energy that wastes no time B8'ahan: A'ost opponents are at their "est if they are allowed to dictate a "attle, they are not so good when they are thrown off3"alance "y manoeu#re and are forced to react to your own mo#ements and thrusts B 8'ontgomery: A2he use of ca#alry demands "oldness and a"ilityV a"o#e all, it should not "e handled with any miserly desire to keep it intact B A/harges of ca#alry are e-ually useful at the "eginning, the middle and the end of a "attle 2hey should "e made always, if possi"le, on the flanks of the infantry, especially when this last is engaged in front B 8(apoleon: A2he defeat of the hostile ca#alry is purely a family affair and without influence on the course of the "attle if the ca#alry contents itself with this small success and does not endea#our to attain the greater and more important result of ad#ancing against the flank and rear of the enemy B 8Balck: AIt is with artillery that one makes war B AMne must ha#e as much artillery as ones enemy B A2here is no infantry, howe#er "ra#e, which can, without artillery, march with impunity ten or twel#e hundred yards against )= pieces of cannon well placed and well3ser#ed B 8(apoleon: A(o e+traordinary effort is re-uired for infantry to sei;e a few guns, "ut when the fire of many guns is

concentrated to oppose its attack, the ha#oc created is so dreadful that the most courageous infantry fre-uently fails in the attempt to carry a powerful "attery B 8!o"ertson: AWe still ha#e in our recollection the character of weariness and e+haustion which it 8the "attle of Borodino: assumed 2he infantry masses were so reduced, that, perhaps, not more than a third of their original strength was engaged 2he rest were either killed, wounded, engaged in remo#ing the wounded, or rallying in the rear 1arge #acancies were e#erywhere apparent 2hat enormous artillery, which had "rought on the two sides nearly *,666 pieces into the field, was now heard only in single shots, and e#en these seemed to ha#e lost the force and thunder of their original #oice, and to gi#e a hoarse and hollow tone 2he ca#alry had almost e#erywhere taken up the place and position of the infantry, and made its attacks in a weary trot, riding hither and thither, disputing and gaining "y turns the field works 2owards Fpm it was e#ident that the "attle was on its last legs, and that, according to all rule, the decision depended entirely on the possession of the last trump card, i e the strongest reser#e B 8/lausewit;: A4ro#idence is always on the side of the last reser#e B A0 general who retains fresh troops for the day after a "attle is almost always "eaten He should throw in his last man B 8(apoleon: A2he great secret of "attle is to ha#e a reser#e I always had one B 8Wellington: A2o fight without a reser#e is like playing cards without capital X sheer gam"ling B 8Fuller: A0 prompt and #igorous pursuit is the only means of ensuring complete success B 8Sheridan: A(e#er let up in pursuit while your men ha#e strength to follow, for an army, if hotly pursued, "ecomes panic stricken and can "e destroyed "y half their num"er B 8Stonewall Tackson: AHistoryYis indeed little more than a chronicle of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankindB8Gi""on: A2he kind of person who could not lead a patrol of < men is happy to arrange armies in his imagination, criticise the conduct of a general, and say to his misguided self A'y God, I know I could do "etter in his place B8Frederick:

"P$-"%AL PREL-.-%AR/ .AP ."3E.E%$ !eal "attles were not mutually arranged, "ut were the conse-uence of pre#ious mo#ement "y the opposing sides in attempting to apply their respecti#e strategies 2he deployment rules gi#e some of the fla#our of this, "ut this can "e enhanced if you wish "y a simple preliminary map campaign using the following system 'ore ela"orate campaigns using real maps and third party umpires can "e su"stituted, "ut will need more time, effort and organiser e+pertise 2he two sides share a single stylised map 2his is marked with road or water links "etween nodal points which are usually #illages, "ut can also "e road %unctions, defiles or %ust ar"itrary intermediary points 2he distance "etween two ad%acent nodes is called a S20G., and is notionally D 5 miles or )* kilometres Mnly ma%or ri#ers are shown and in .urope are crossed "y e+isting "ridges .ach campaign day is split into three periods 'M!(I(G, 0F2.!(MM( and (IGH2 'o#ement is simultaneous, to simulate the fact that generals usually heard of other actorsQ mo#ements, "ut only after some delay Before the start of play, each player writes down mo#ement orders that will "e implemented at game start 0t dawn each day, each player then writes down mo#ement orders for that day 2he pre#ious days mo#es are then implemented on the common map 2he only reason for ha#ing weather in a war game is to cause incon#enience It should not therefore "e omitted "ecause it is incon#enientP &ice at the end of each afternoon 0 score of ) indicates "ad weather, which for our purposes is assumed to "e prolonged hea#y rain that turns "ad roads to mud &ice again at

the start of each succeeding period, a score of 9 or more indicating that the rain stops, "ut that roads are still affected until the end of that period /ommand parties, &ragoons, 1ight /a#alry, 1ight Infantry, 1ight Horse, Spearmen or 'arksmen march up to F stages in one period and up to F stages in total per day /uirassiers, .lephants, Hea#y /a#alry, Sipahis, Bayonets, or HN march up to * stages in one period and up to F stages in total per day Mther foot march * stages in one period and up to * stages in total per day Horse 0rtillery or 4orta"le 0rtillery march F stages in one period and up to F stages in total per day Mther 0rtillery and train other than a Supply Base march ) stage in one period and up to * stages in total per day 0 march partly or entirely o#er "ad roads in "ad weather andSor "y night cannot e+ceed ) stage ) period of work is needed to construct infantry entrenchments or "reak down a "ridge, * periods to construct artillery redou"ts or repair a "ridge, F periods to construct a "ridge >nless in rout, no more than * commands or )5 elements can "e marching on the same stage during the same period 2roops cannot march or work for more than * successi#e periods 0 march starting or finishing at night must "e followed "y a rest period In colonial warfare, we suggest that the nati#e side mo#es only e#ery second day, "ut then makes two daysQ mo#es, so as to pro#ide an e+tra element of surprise (a#al can mo#e ) dice score of stages per period and F periods per day If the score for the latest stage is 9 or more, surf pre#ents landing or em"arkation other than at a friendly port 1anding or em"arkation takes ) whole period for foot or command parties and * consecuti#e periods for other troops Mnly foot can land at night When opposing forces meet, they are transferred to the wargames ta"le and a "attle is fought 0 side arri#ing first is always the defender, "ut not all the opposed troops will necessarily "e on the "attlefield at the start and if not they will continue to arri#e 0fter )* "ounds "y each side, another map period starts during which troops may start arri#ing from ) stage away Amarching to the sound of the gunsB !etreat to a#oid "attle is possi"le only if the retreating force has mo#ement remaining and has no troops with a shorter tactical mo#e than the shortest of the other force !etreat from a "attle once started is "y a compulsory army rout of ) or * stages Battles cease at nightfall 2he night can "e used to retreat, or the "attle can resume ne+t morning

"..E%$S 2he primary we" site for HFG is now horsefootgunslistZyahoogroups com, "ut HFG can also presently "e accessed #ia my own personal we" page at www phil3"arker pwp "lueyonder co uk Suggestions, comments and criticisms are still #ery welcome Ideally, you should send me a "rief report on each game you play, prefera"ly to the list if you are a mem"er, otherwise to my current email address of pc "arkerZ"lueyonder co uk 'y thanks are due to all those that ha#e pro#ided HFG input, especially to Tohn !ohde, 0drian We"" and (orman Whapshott, who ha#e "een from the start prolific and e+ceptionally well informed testers and commentators, to 'artin Winser and Sue 1aflin3Barker for pro#iding the diagrams, and to Geoff 4earson for the "irds eye #iew photograph of his )5mm Waterloo game that pro#ides the "asis for the front co#er

'y own we" page also pro#ides access to other e+perimental rules, currently including A&amn Battleships 0gainB 8&BS0: 3 simple Lictorian na#al set, A&e Bellis LelitumB 8&BL: 3 &B style ancient skirmish set, A&e Bellis 'agistrorumi 'ilitumB 8&B'': 3 a radical successor for &B', and A2he Sharp .ndB X a ground3"reaking company le#el modern set co#ering AWars in the 2hird WorldB instead of the A2hird World WarB HFG has already inspired a tempting new range of e+cellent li#ely )5mm figures for the Balkan wars Sadly the designer, Spiros Coumassis, has since died, "ut we hope that the range may "e adopted "y some other manufacturer

4hil Barker

E;PLA%A$"R/ &-A'RA.S ABC &istant om*at Fig ) ) AIn arcB

Mne "ase width e+tension of frontage of A In this case 4 is in arc of A 8and #ice3#ersa: XA any part of the target is within an element "ase width of straight aheadB is not in arc of A 8see a"o#e: whereas A is in arc of

Fig ) * ALalid S In#alid target

(o #alid target here X It is not possi"le to draw "oth a line "etween ) shooting edge corner and a #isi"le corner of the target edge and another line "etween the other shooting edge corner and the other target edge corner, without the * lines crossing If Wood * was not present, it would "e possi"le and A and 4 could e+change shooting

8Isnt there supposed to "e a wider gap "etween terrain?:

Fig ) *) Lalid SIn#alid 2arget

In this case is not a #alid target for A 8or #ice #ersa: X since 4 does not fulfil A(o part of any element is "etween imaginary lines connecting ) shooting edge corner to any #isi"le corner of the target and the other to another corner of the target without the lines crossing

Fig ) F A.nfiladeB

A is enfiladed "y 4 "ut (M2 "y X A.nfiladed means a line e+tending your elements rear edge meets an enemy shooting edgeB

Fig ) 9 A2o rearB

is to the rear of A 4 is not A2o rear means with any part directly "ehind the

elementB

8Start of 'o#e: Fig * 9 Both Figs * 9 and * 9) 8o#erleaf: are legitimate group mo#es sinceV A0 column can use a group mo#e to change into a ) or * element deep line at <6 degrees to its leading elements facing at the start of the mo#e 2he leading elements open flank ends in the former position of its front edgeB 8so the * corners marked M are in the same position:

Fig * 9)

ADC .ovin5 into lose om*at

F)

F ))

F )*

0ssuming that 4 has made a tactical, press forward or pursue mo#e into contact with A 8Fig F ):, B will now pi#ot and Sor shift sideways to conform with to A 8Fig F )): Howe#er, if A is a /4 8/ommand 4arty: not currently part of a group, A will instead pi#ot andSor shift sideways to conform to 4 8Fig F )*:

Fig F F

2he elements shown in Fig F F are not in close com"at, since "oth the front edge of 4 and a front corner of 4 are not touching A

AEC "verlaps Fig 9 )

is o#erlapped "y 4 Fig 9 *

2here are no o#erlaps

9F

4 o#erlaps & and #, while "oth & and # o#erlap 4