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Problem Set 1 -SolutionsDue: Sept. 7
PHY 342 Fall 2006
1 The Non-linear Schr¨odinger Model
The Non-linear Schr¨odinger model is a (1+1)-dimensional quantum field theorydescribing a non-relativistic Bose gas. It is based on “second quantizing” thecubic Schr¨odinger equation
i∂φ∂t
=
−
∂ 
2
φ∂x
2
+ 2
c
|
φ
|
2
φ.
(1)Assume
c >
0, and that the gas is confined to a box of length
L
, 0
≤
x
≤
L
with periodic boundary conditions.(a) Show that the field Hamiltonian
1
H
(
t
) =
 
L
0
dx
−
φ
∗
∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x,t
) +
cφ
∗
φ
∗
φφ
(
x,t
)
(2)and quantum conditions (ETCR)[
φ
(
x,t
)
,φ
∗
(
x
,t
)] =
δ
(
x
−
x
)[
φ
(
x,t
)
,φ
(
x
,t
)] = [
φ
∗
(
x,t
)
,φ
∗
(
x
,t
)] = 0(3)reproduce Eq.(1) as an operator equation of motion.
1
Note on notation:
φ
∗
φ
(
x,t
)
≡
φ
∗
(
x,t
)
φ
(
x,t
) etc.
1
 
In Quantum Mechanics, the canonical commutation relations are given by the com-mutator of operators[
X
,
P
] =
i.
(4)In the “position representation” we may write
P
as
P
=
−
idd
X
.
(5)In this field theory,
φ
(
x,t
) palsy the role of 
X
. From Eq.(3) we see that the canonicalconjugate “momentum” Π
φ
to
φ
is given byΠ
φ
=
iφ
∗
.
(6)Note that we may also consider
iφ
as the canonical momentum of 
φ
∗
. In theHeisenberg picture, the operator equations of motion are given by
ddtφ
(
x,t
) =
i
[
H
(
t
)
,φ
(
x,t
)]=
i
 
dx
[
−
φ
∗
∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x
,t
) +
cφ
∗
2
φ
2
(
x
,t
)
,φ
(
x,t
)]=
i
 
dx
[
−
φ
∗
(
x
,t
)
,φ
(
x,t
)]
∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x
,t
)+
c
[
φ
∗
2
(
x
,t
)
,φ
(
x,t
)]
φ
2
(
x
,t
)
=
i
 
dx
δ
(
x
−
x
)
∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x
,t
)
−
2
cδ
(
x
−
x
)
φ
∗
φ
2
(
x
,t
)
=
i∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x,t
)
−
2
icφ
∗
φ
2
(
x,t
)
,
(7)where we made use of the identity[
ab,c
] =
a
[
b,c
] + [
a,c
]
b.
(8)We could have taken a shortcut in computing the commutator by using
φ
=
−
i
Π
φ
∗
=
δδφ
∗
(9)and the functional identity[
φ
(
x,t
)
,φ
∗
(
x
,t
)] =
δδφ
∗
(
x,t
)
,φ
∗
(
x
,t
)
=
δ
(
x
−
x
) (10)in the “position representation” of 
φ
∗
.2
 
(b) The equivalent “first quantized” system may be obtained by requiring the
N 
-body state
|
N 
=
 
dx
1
···
dx
N 
f 
N 
(
x
1
,
···
,x
N 
,t
)
φ
∗
(
x
N 
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
1
,t
)
|
VAC
(11)to be an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian, Eq.(2), with eigenvalue
E 
N 
. Whatcondition must
f 
N 
satisfy for this to be true? Note: periodic boundaryconditions mean that
f 
N 
(
···
,x
i
= 0
,
···
,t
) =
f 
N 
(
···
,x
i
=
L,
···
,t
)
∀
i.
(12)Note that we regard
φ
∗
as “creation” operators and
φ
as “annihilation” operators.The eigenstate equation is
H
|
N 
=
E 
N 
|
N 
,
(13)and making use of 
∂ 
2
x
φ
(
x,t
)
φ
∗
(
x
N 
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
1
,t
)
|
VAC
=
N 
i
=1
∂ 
2
x
δ
(
x
−
x
i
)
φ
∗
(
x
N 
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
i
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
1
,t
)
|
VAC
(14)and
φ
2
(
x,t
)
φ
∗
(
x
N 
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
1
,t
)
|
VAC
=
N 
i
=
j
=1
δ
(
x
−
x
i
)
δ
(
x
−
x
j
)
φ
∗
(
x
N 
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
i
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
j
,t
)
···
φ
∗
(
x
1
,t
)
|
VAC
along with integration by part (to move the derivatives on the
δ
-function
a 
onto
f 
N 
)and boundary conditions on
f 
N 
as well as the fields, we find that
f 
N 
has to satisfy
−
i
=1
∂ 
2
∂x
2
i
+
c
i
=
j
δ
(
x
i
−
x
j
)
f 
N 
=
E 
N 
f 
N 
.
(15)This is a first quantized Schr¨odinger equation. The potential is only non-zero if we have a contact interaction - not surprising if we treat fundamental particles aspoints. The first quantized
N 
-body potential that arises from a QFT will always beproportional to a
δ
-function for that reason. This property is also called “locality.”
a 
Recall that
∂ 
x
δ
(
x
−
y
) =
−
∂ 
y
(
x
−
y
).
3
of 00

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